1
|
Ludi AB, Baker H, Sanki R, De Jong RMF, Maryan J, Walker M, King DP, Gubbins S, Limon G, Officer K. Epidemiological investigation of foot-and-mouth disease outbreaks in a Vietnamese bear rescue centre. Front Vet Sci 2024; 11:1389029. [PMID: 38952803 PMCID: PMC11215046 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2024.1389029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2024] [Accepted: 06/03/2024] [Indexed: 07/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) outbreaks affecting Asiatic black bears (Ursus thibetanus) and a Malayan sun bear (Helarctos malayanus) were previously reported in 2011 in two housing facilities at a Vietnamese bear rescue centre. In this study, demographic data of all animals housed in the centre at the time of the outbreaks (n = 79) were collected. Blood samples drawn from 23 bears at different timepoints were tested for FMDV-specific antibodies targeting using a non-structural protein (NSP) ELISA and by virus neutralisation test (VNT). The relationship between seroconversion and clinical signs was explored and epidemic curves and transmission diagrams were generated for each outbreak, where FMD cases were defined as animals showing FMD clinical signs. Outbreak-specific attack rates were 18.75 and 77.77%, with corresponding basic reproduction numbers of 1.11 and 1.92, for the first and second outbreaks, respectively. Analyses of risk factors showed that after adjusting for sex there was strong evidence for a decrease in odds of showing clinical signs per year of age. All samples collected from bears before the outbreak tested negative to NSP and VNT. All cases tested positive to VNT following onset of clinical signs and remained positive during the rest of the follow up period, while only 6 out of 17 cases tested positive to NSP after developing clinical signs. Six animals without clinical signs were tested post outbreaks; five seroconverted using VNT and three animals were seropositive using NSP ELISA. This study provides initial epidemiological parameters of FMD in captive bears, showing that FMDV is easily spread between bears in close proximity and can cause clinical and subclinical disease, both of which appear to induce rapid and long-lasting immunity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anna B. Ludi
- The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, United Kingdom
| | - Hannah Baker
- The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, United Kingdom
| | | | - Rosanne M. F. De Jong
- Veterinary Epidemiology, Economics and Public Health Group, Department of Pathobiology and Population Sciences, WOAH Collaborating Centre in Risk Analysis and Modelling, Royal Veterinary College, University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Julie Maryan
- The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, United Kingdom
| | - Martin Walker
- Veterinary Epidemiology, Economics and Public Health Group, Department of Pathobiology and Population Sciences, WOAH Collaborating Centre in Risk Analysis and Modelling, Royal Veterinary College, University of London, London, United Kingdom
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Imperial College, London, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Georgina Limon
- The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, United Kingdom
- Veterinary Epidemiology, Economics and Public Health Group, Department of Pathobiology and Population Sciences, WOAH Collaborating Centre in Risk Analysis and Modelling, Royal Veterinary College, University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Kirsty Officer
- Animals Asia Foundation, Hanoi, Vietnam
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
İnce ÖB, Şevik M, Şener R, Türk T. Spatiotemporal analysis of foot and mouth disease outbreaks in cattle and small ruminants in Türkiye between 2010 and 2019. Vet Res Commun 2024; 48:923-939. [PMID: 38015325 DOI: 10.1007/s11259-023-10269-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2023] [Accepted: 11/23/2023] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
Determining the dynamics associated with foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) outbreaks is important for being able to develop effective strategic plans against the disease. In this direction, spatiotemporal analysis of FMD virus (FMDV) epidemic data that occurred in Türkiye between 2010 and 2019 was carried out. Spatiotemporal analysis was performed by the space-time scan statistic using data from a total of 7,796 FMD outbreaks. Standard deviational ellipse analysis (SDE) was performed to analyse the directional trend of FMD. Five, six, and three significant and high-risk clusters were identified by the space-time cluster analysis for serotypes A, O, and Asia-1, respectively. The SDE analysis indicated that direction of FMD transmission was northeast to southwest. A significant decrease in the number of outbreaks and cases were observed between 2014 and 2019 compared to 2010-2013 (p = 0.010). Most of the serotype A, serotype O, and serotype Asia-1 associated FMD outbreaks were observed during the dry season (April to September). Among FMD cases, cattle and small ruminants accounted for 80.75% (180,932 cases) and 19.25% (43,116 cases), respectively. Among the serotypes detected in the cases, the most frequently detected serotype was serotype O (50.84%), followed by serotypes A (35.67%) and Asia-1 (13.49%). The results obtained in this study may contribute to when and where control programs could be implemented more efficiently for the prevention and control of FMD. Developing risk-defined regional control plans by taking into account the current livestock production including uncontrolled animal movements in border regions, rural livestock, livestock trade between provinces are recommended.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ömer Barış İnce
- Department of Virology, Veterinary Faculty, Necmettin Erbakan University, Ereğli, Konya, 42310, Türkiye
| | - Murat Şevik
- Department of Virology, Veterinary Faculty, Necmettin Erbakan University, Ereğli, Konya, 42310, Türkiye.
| | - Rümeysa Şener
- Department of Geomatics Engineering, Sivas Cumhuriyet University, Sivas, 58140, Türkiye
| | - Tarık Türk
- Department of Geomatics Engineering, Sivas Cumhuriyet University, Sivas, 58140, Türkiye
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Guessoum M, Adnane M, Baazizi R, Derguini MS. Spatial and temporal distribution of foot-and-mouth disease outbreaks in Algeria from 2014 to 2022. Vet World 2024; 17:509-517. [PMID: 38680156 PMCID: PMC11045538 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2024.509-517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 05/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Background and Aim Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD), a major transboundary animal ailment in Algeria, is a serious economic burden on the livestock sector. This study aimed to investigate the spatiotemporal distribution of FMD in Algeria and identifies the factors contributing to this phenomenon. Materials and Methods Data on FMD cases occurring in Algeria from 2014 to 2022 were collected from various sources, including archives at the Ministry of Agriculture, peer-reviewed journal articles, conference proceedings, reference laboratory reports, and unpublished scientific reports. The data were compiled and analyzed using MS Office Excel® and SPSS® software. Results A total of 22,690 FMD cases and 1,141 outbreaks were reported in Algeria between 2014 and 2022. The apex of infections occurred in 2014 (34.5%), followed by an increase in the number of infections in 2019 and 2017. The prevalence of FMD extended to 91.6% of the districts of the country, particularly in the north (center) and eastern regions. Cows were the most affected, with 654 outbreaks and more than 3,665 cases. Although FMD affected all four regions, there was a statistically significant long-term decline in the incidence. Conclusion These spatial and temporal trends underscore the robust disease control methodologies implemented by the Algerian government, such as the strategic immunization of livestock to fortify their viral resistance, stringent constraints on animal mobility, and enlightenment of farmers regarding the hazards associated with unrestricted livestock movement to effectively curb FMD dissemination.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Meryem Guessoum
- Local Animal Resources Management Laboratory, National Veterinary School, BP161 El-Harrach, Algiers, Algeria
| | - Mounir Adnane
- Department of Biomedicine, Institute of Veterinary Sciences, University Ibn Khaldoun of Tiaret, Tiaret 14000, Algeria
| | - Ratiba Baazizi
- Department of Clinic, National Veterinary High School, ENSV, Algiers, Algeria
| | - Madina-Saliha Derguini
- Veterinary Inspection of Algiers, Department of Agricultural Services, Ministry of Agriculture, Algeria
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Iriarte MV, Gonzáles JL, de Freitas Costa E, Gil AD, de Jong MCM. Main factors associated with foot-and-mouth disease virus infection during the 2001 FMD epidemic in Uruguay. Front Vet Sci 2023; 10:1070188. [PMID: 36816185 PMCID: PMC9932531 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1070188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Accepted: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Large epidemics provide the opportunity to understand the epidemiology of diseases under the specific conditions of the affected population. Whilst foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) epidemics have been extensively studied in developed countries, epidemics in developing countries have been sparsely studied. Here we address this limitation by systematically studying the 2001 epidemic in Uruguay where a total of 2,057 farms were affected. The objective of this study was to identify the risk factors (RF) associated with infection and spread of the virus within the country. The epidemic was divided into four periods: (1) the high-risk period (HRP) which was the period between the FMD virus introduction and detection of the index case; (2) the local control measures period (LCM) which encompassed the first control measures implemented before mass vaccination was adopted; (3) the first mass vaccination, and (4) the second mass vaccination round. A stochastic model was developed to estimate the time of initial infection for each of the affected farms. Our analyses indicated that during the HRP around 242 farms were probably already infected. In this period, a higher probability of infection was associated with: (1) animal movements [OR: 1.57 (95% CI: 1.19-2.06)]; (2) farms that combined livestock with crop production [OR: 1.93 (95% CI: 1.43-2.60)]; (3) large and medium farms compared to small farms (this difference was dependent on regional herd density); (4) the geographical location. Keeping cattle only (vs farms that kept also sheep) was a significant RF during the subsequent epidemic period (LCM), and remained as RF, together with large farms, for the entire epidemic. We further explored the RF associated with FMDV infection in farms that raised cattle by fitting another model to a data subset. We found that dairy farms had a higher probability of FMDV infection than beef farms during the HRP [OR: 1.81 (95% CI: 1.12-2.83)], and remained as RF until the end of the first round of vaccination. The delay in the detection of the index case associated with unrestricted animal movements during the HRP may have contributed to this large epidemic. This study contributes to the knowledge of FMD epidemiology in extensive production systems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- María V. Iriarte
- Quantitative Veterinary Epidemiology, Wageningen University, Wageningen, Netherlands,Department of Epidemiology, Official Veterinary Services, Ministry of Livestock, Agriculture and Fisheries of Uruguay, Montevideo, Uruguay,Department of Epidemiology, Bioinformatics and Animal Models, Wageningen Bioveterinary, Lelystad, Netherlands,*Correspondence: María V. Iriarte ✉
| | - José L. Gonzáles
- Department of Epidemiology, Bioinformatics and Animal Models, Wageningen Bioveterinary, Lelystad, Netherlands
| | - Eduardo de Freitas Costa
- Department of Epidemiology, Bioinformatics and Animal Models, Wageningen Bioveterinary, Lelystad, Netherlands
| | - Andrés D. Gil
- Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de la República del Uruguay, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Mart C. M. de Jong
- Quantitative Veterinary Epidemiology, Wageningen University, Wageningen, Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Hosamani M, Gopinath S, Sreenivasa BP, Behera S, Basagoudanavar SH, Boora A, Bora DP, Deka P, Bhanuprakash V, Singh RK, Sanyal A, Weerdmeester K, Dekker A. A new blocking ELISA for detection of foot-and-mouth disease non-structural protein (NSP) antibodies in a broad host range. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2022; 106:6745-6757. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-022-12151-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Revised: 08/05/2022] [Accepted: 08/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
|
6
|
Lysholm S, Lindahl JF, Munyeme M, Misinzo G, Mathew C, Alvåsen K, Dautu G, Linde S, Mitternacht L, Olovsson E, Wilén E, Berg M, Wensman JJ. Crossing the Line: Seroprevalence and Risk Factors for Transboundary Animal Diseases Along the Tanzania-Zambia Border. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:809128. [PMID: 35359681 PMCID: PMC8962627 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.809128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2021] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Transboundary pathogens pose a threat to livelihood security in countries such as Zambia and Tanzania. This study aimed to investigate the seroprevalence of peste des petits ruminants virus (PPRV), foot and mouth disease virus (FMDV), sheep and goat pox virus (SGPV), Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV) and Brucella spp. in sheep and goats along the Tanzania-Zambia border. Another aim was to assess the association between certain predictor variables and seroprevalence, focusing on trade and proximity to an international border, to a town and to the Tanzania-Zambia highway. During September-October 2018, 486 serum samples from small ruminants in Zambia and 491 in Tanzania were collected and analyzed using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA). A questionnaire focused on management strategies was administered to each household. The animal-level seroprevalence in Zambia was 0.21% [95% confidence interval (CI) (0.01–1.14) for PPRV, 1.03% (95% CI 0.33–2.39) for FMDV, 0% (95% CI 0–0.76) for SGPV, 2.26% (95% CI 1.14–4.01) for RVFV and 1.65% (95% CI 0.71–3.22) for Brucella spp.]. In Tanzania, animal-level seroprevalence was 2.85% (95% CI 1.57–4.74) for PPRV, 16.9% (95% CI 13.7–20.5) for FMDV, 0.20% (95% CI 0.01–1.13) for SGPV, 3.26% (95% CI 1.87–5.24) for RVFV and 20.0% (95% CI 14.5–26.5) for Brucella spp. For PPRV (OR 6.83, 95% CI 1.37–34.0, p = 0.019) and FMDV (OR 5.68, 95% CI 1.58–20.3, p = 0.008), herds situated more than 30 km from an international border were more likely to be seropositive, while being located 10–30 km (OR 4.43, 95% CI 1.22–16.1 p = 0.024) from a border was identified as a risk factor for Brucella spp. For FMDV (OR 79.2, 95% CI 4.52–1388.9, p = 0.003), being situated within 30 km from a town was associated with seropositivity. Furthermore, contact with wild ruminants (OR 18.2, 95% CI 1.36–244), and the presence of sheep in the household (OR 5.20, 95% CI 1.00–26.9, p = 0.049), was associated with seropositivity for PPRV, and FMDV. No significant associations between trade or distance to the Tan-Zam highway and seroprevalence were found. We recommend that the impact of trade and proximity to borders, towns and roads should be further evaluated in larger studies, ideally incorporating aspects such as temporal trade fluctuations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sara Lysholm
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
- *Correspondence: Sara Lysholm
| | - Johanna F. Lindahl
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- Department of Biosciences, International Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Musso Munyeme
- Department of Disease Control, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - Gerald Misinzo
- SACIDS Foundation for One Health, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro, Tanzania
| | - Coletha Mathew
- Department of Veterinary Anatomy and Pathology, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro, Tanzania
| | - Karin Alvåsen
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - George Dautu
- Department of Veterinary Services Ministry of Fisheries and Livestock, Central Veterinary Research Institute, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - Siri Linde
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Lydia Mitternacht
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Emelie Olovsson
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Elsa Wilén
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Mikael Berg
- Department of Biomedical Science and Veterinary Public Health, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Jonas J. Wensman
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
- Department of Epidemiology and Disease Control, National Veterinary Institute, Uppsala, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
van Andel M, Tildesley MJ, Gates MC. Challenges and opportunities for using national animal datasets to support foot-and-mouth disease control. Transbound Emerg Dis 2020; 68:1800-1813. [PMID: 32986919 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.13858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2020] [Revised: 09/20/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
National level databases of animal numbers, locations and movements provide the essential foundations for disease preparedness, outbreak investigations and control activities. These activities are particularly important for managing and mitigating the risks of high-impact transboundary animal disease outbreaks such as foot-and-mouth disease (FMD), which can significantly affect international trade access and domestic food security. In countries where livestock production systems are heavily subsidized by the government, producers are often required to provide detailed animal movement and demographic data as a condition of business. In the remaining countries, it can be difficult to maintain these types of databases and impossible to estimate the extent of missing or inaccurate information due to the absence of gold standard datasets for comparison. Consequently, competent authorities are often required to make decisions about disease preparedness and control based on available data, which may result in suboptimal outcomes for their livestock industries. It is important to understand the limitations of poor data quality as well as the range of methods that have been developed to compensate in both disease-free and endemic situations. Using FMD as a case example, this review first discusses the different activities that competent authorities use farm-level animal population data for to support (1) preparedness activities in disease-free countries, (2) response activities during an acute outbreak in a disease-free country, and (3) eradication and control activities in an endemic country. We then discuss (4) data requirements needed to support epidemiological investigations, surveillance, and disease spread modelling both in disease-free and endemic countries.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mary van Andel
- Ministry for Primary Industries, Operations Branch, Diagnostic and Surveillance Services Directorate, Wallaceville, New Zealand
| | - Michael J Tildesley
- School of Life Sciences, Gibbet Hill Campus, The University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
| | - M Carolyn Gates
- School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Enhanced Immune Responses with Serum Proteomic Analysis of Hu Sheep to Foot-and-Mouth Disease Vaccine Emulsified in a Vegetable Oil Adjuvant. Vaccines (Basel) 2020; 8:vaccines8020180. [PMID: 32326379 PMCID: PMC7349086 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines8020180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2020] [Revised: 03/30/2020] [Accepted: 04/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Our previous study demonstrated that a vegetable oil consisting of soybean oil, vitamin E, and ginseng saponins (SO-VE-GS) had an adjuvant effect on a foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) vaccine in a mouse model. The present study was to compare the adjuvant effects of SO-VE-GS and the conventional ISA 206 on an FMD vaccine in Hu sheep. Animals were intramuscularly (i.m.) immunized twice at a 3-week interval with 1 mL of an FMD vaccine adjuvanted with SO-VE-GS (n = 10) or ISA 206 (n = 9). Animals without immunization served as control (n = 10). Blood was sampled prior to vaccination and at 2, 4, 6, and 8 weeks post the booster immunization to detect FMD virus (FMDV)-specific IgG. Blood collected at 8 weeks after the booster was used for the analyses of IgG1 and IgG2, serum neutralizing (SN) antibody, IL-4 and IFN-γ production, and proteomic profiles. The results showed that IgG titers rose above the protection level (1:128) in SO-VE-GS and ISA 206 groups after 2 and 4 weeks post the booster immunization. At 6 weeks post the booster, the ISA 206 group had 1 animal with IgG titer less than 1:128 while all the animals in the SO-VE-GS group retained IgG titers of more than 1:128. At 8 weeks post the booster, 6 of 9 animals had IgG titers less than 1:128 with a protective rate of 33.3% in the ISA 206 group, while only 1 of 10 animals had IgG titer less than 1:128 with a protective rate of 90% in the SO-VE-GS group, with statistical significance. In addition, IgG1, IgG2, SN antibodies, IL-4, and IFN-γ in the SO-VE-GS group were significantly higher than those of the ISA 206 group. Different adjuvant effects of SO-VE-GS and ISA 206 may be explained by the different proteomic profiles in the two groups. There were 39 and 47 differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) identified in SO-VE-GS compared to the control or ISA 206 groups, respectively. In SO-VE-GS vs. control, 3 immune related gene ontology (GO) terms and 8 Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathways were detected, while 2 immune related GO terms and 5 KEGG pathways were found in ISA 206 vs. control. GO and KEGG analyses indicated that 'positive regulation of cytokine secretion', 'Th1/Th2 cell differentiation', and 'Toll-like receptor signaling pathways', were obviously enriched in the SO-VE-GS group compared to the other groups. Coupled with protein-protein interaction (PPI) analysis, we found that B7TJ15 (MAPK14) was a key DEP for SO-VE-GS to activate the immune responses in Hu sheep. Therefore, SO-VE-GS might be a promising adjuvant for an FMD vaccine in Hu sheep.
Collapse
|
9
|
Chase-Topping M, Xie J, Pooley C, Trus I, Bonckaert C, Rediger K, Bailey RI, Brown H, Bitsouni V, Barrio MB, Gueguen S, Nauwynck H, Doeschl-Wilson A. New insights about vaccine effectiveness: Impact of attenuated PRRS-strain vaccination on heterologous strain transmission. Vaccine 2020; 38:3050-3061. [PMID: 32122719 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2020.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2019] [Revised: 02/03/2020] [Accepted: 02/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Vaccination is the main tool for controlling infectious diseases in livestock. Yet current vaccines only provide partial protection raising concerns about vaccine effectiveness in the field. Two successive transmission trials were performed involving 52 pigs to evaluate the effectiveness of a Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome (PRRS) vaccinal strain candidate against horizontal transmission of a virulent heterologous strain. PRRS virus, above the specified limit of detection, was observed in serum and nasal secretions for all but one pig (the exception only tested positive for serum), indicating that vaccination did not protect pigs from becoming infected and shedding the heterologous strain. However, vaccination delayed the onset of viraemia, reduced the duration of shedding and significantly decreased viral load throughout infection. Serum antibody profiles indicated that 4 out of 13 (31%) vaccinates in one trial had no serological response (NSR). A Bayesian epidemiological model was fitted to the data to assess the impact of vaccination and presence of NSRs on PRRS virus transmission dynamics. Despite little evidence for reduction in the transmission rate, vaccinated animals were on average slower to become infectious, experienced a shorter infectious period and recovered faster. The overall PRRSV transmission potential, represented by the reproductive ratio R0 was lower for the vaccinated animals, although there was substantial overlap in the credibility intervals for both groups. Model selection suggests that transmission parameters of vaccinated pigs with NSR were more similar to those of unvaccinated animals. The presence of NSRs in a population, however, seemed to only marginally affect the transmission dynamics. The results suggest that even when vaccination can't prevent infection, it can still have beneficial impacts on the transmission dynamics and contribute to reducing a herd's R0. However, biosecurity and other measures need to be considered to decrease contact rates and lower R0 below 1.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Margo Chase-Topping
- Roslin Institute, Easter Bush, Midlothian, EH25 9RG Scotland, UK; Usher Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH8 9AG Scotland, UK.
| | - Jiexiong Xie
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Christopher Pooley
- Roslin Institute, Easter Bush, Midlothian, EH25 9RG Scotland, UK; Biomathematics and Statistics Scotland (BIOSS), The King's Buildings, Edinburgh, EH9 3FD Scotland, UK
| | - Ivan Trus
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Caroline Bonckaert
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Kelly Rediger
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Richard I Bailey
- Roslin Institute, Easter Bush, Midlothian, EH25 9RG Scotland, UK
| | - Helen Brown
- Roslin Institute, Easter Bush, Midlothian, EH25 9RG Scotland, UK
| | | | - Maria Belén Barrio
- INRAE Département Santé Animale, UAR 0564 - ISP Bât 213, 37380 Nouzilly, France
| | - Sylvie Gueguen
- Biological Development Department, VIRBAC, 13ème rue, LID, BP27, 06511 Carros cedex, France
| | - Hans Nauwynck
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
McLachlan I, Marion G, McKendrick IJ, Porphyre T, Handel IG, Bronsvoort BMD. Endemic foot and mouth disease: pastoral in-herd disease dynamics in sub-Saharan Africa. Sci Rep 2019; 9:17349. [PMID: 31757992 PMCID: PMC6874544 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-53658-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2019] [Accepted: 10/31/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Foot and mouth disease (FMD) burden disproportionally affects Africa where it is considered endemic. Smallholder livestock keepers experience significant losses due to disease, but the dynamics and mechanisms underlying persistence at the herd-level and beyond remain poorly understood. We address this knowledge gap using stochastic, compartmental modelling to explore FMD virus (FMDV) persistence, outbreak dynamics and disease burden in individual cattle herds within an endemic setting. Our analysis suggests repeated introduction of virus from outside the herd is required for long-term viral persistence, irrespective of carrier presence. Risk of new disease exposures resulting in significant secondary outbreaks is reduced by the presence of immune individuals giving rise to a period of reduced risk, the predicted duration of which suggests that multiple strains of FMDV are responsible for observed yearly herd-level outbreaks. Our analysis suggests management of population turnover could potentially reduce disease burden and deliberate infection of cattle, practiced by local livestock keepers in parts of Africa, has little effect on the duration of the reduced risk period but increases disease burden. This work suggests that FMD control should be implemented beyond individual herds but, in the interim, herd management may be used to reduced FMD impact to livestock keepers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- I McLachlan
- The Epidemiology Economics and Risk Assessment (EERA) Group, The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Edinburgh, Midlothian, Scotland, United Kingdom.
- Biomathematics and Statistics Scotland, Edinburgh, United Kingdom.
| | - G Marion
- Biomathematics and Statistics Scotland, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - I J McKendrick
- Biomathematics and Statistics Scotland, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - T Porphyre
- The Epidemiology Economics and Risk Assessment (EERA) Group, The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Edinburgh, Midlothian, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - I G Handel
- The Epidemiology Economics and Risk Assessment (EERA) Group, The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Edinburgh, Midlothian, Scotland, United Kingdom
- Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Edinburgh, Midlothian, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - B M deC Bronsvoort
- The Epidemiology Economics and Risk Assessment (EERA) Group, The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Edinburgh, Midlothian, Scotland, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Nyaguthii DM, Armson B, Kitala PM, Sanz-Bernardo B, Di Nardo A, Lyons NA. Knowledge and risk factors for foot-and-mouth disease among small-scale dairy farmers in an endemic setting. Vet Res 2019; 50:33. [PMID: 31088554 PMCID: PMC6518695 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-019-0652-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2019] [Accepted: 04/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is a highly contagious viral infection of cloven-hoofed animals. In Kenya, the disease is endemic with outbreaks typically occurring throughout the year. A cross-sectional study was undertaken in Nakuru County to investigate farmer knowledge and risk factors for clinical disease. Semi-structured interviews were conducted on 220 smallholder farmers, selected using random spatial sampling. The majority of respondents (207/220 [94.1%]) knew of FMD and 166/207 (80.2%) of them could correctly identify the disease based on their knowledge of the clinical signs. Forty-five out of 220 farmers (20.4%) vaccinated their livestock against FMD in the previous 6 months, although of those who knew of FMD only 96/207 (46.4%) perceived it as a preventive measure undertaken to reduce the risk of disease in their farm. FMD had occurred in 5.9% of the surveyed farms within the previous 6 months (from May to November 2016). Using multivariate analysis, the use of a shared bull (OR = 9.7; p = 0.014) and the number of sheep owned (for each additional sheep owned OR = 1.1; p = 0.066) were associated with an increased likelihood of a farm experiencing a case of FMD in the previous 6 months, although the evidence for the latter was weak. This study reports risk factors associated with clinical FMD at the farm level in a densely populated smallholder farming area of Kenya. These results can be used to inform the development of risk-based strategic plans for FMD control and as a baseline for evaluating interventions and control strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dickson Machira Nyaguthii
- Department of Public Health, Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Nairobi, P.O. Box 29053, 00625, Kangemi, Kenya. .,Department of Veterinary Public Health, Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery, Egerton University, P.O. Box 536-20115, Egerton, Kenya.
| | - Bryony Armson
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Woking, GU24 0NF, UK.,Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Graham Kerr Building, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Philip Mwanzia Kitala
- Department of Public Health, Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Nairobi, P.O. Box 29053, 00625, Kangemi, Kenya
| | | | | | - Nicholas Anthony Lyons
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Woking, GU24 0NF, UK.,European Commission for the Control of Foot-and-Mouth Disease (EuFMD), Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Viale delle Terme di Caracalla, Rome, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Tadesse B, Molla W, Mengsitu A, Jemberu WT. Transmission dynamics of foot and mouth disease in selected outbreak areas of northwest Ethiopia. Epidemiol Infect 2019; 147:e189. [PMID: 31364529 PMCID: PMC6518559 DOI: 10.1017/s0950268819000803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2018] [Revised: 03/29/2019] [Accepted: 04/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Foot and mouth disease (FMD) is a highly contagious and economically important disease of cloven-hoofed animals, which is endemic in Ethiopia. An outbreak follow-up study was undertaken to quantify the transmission parameters of FMD in the crop-livestock mixed (CLM) system and commercial dairy farms in selected areas of northwest Ethiopia. The transmission parameters were quantified using a generalised linear model (GLM) based on a susceptible-infectious-recovered (SIR) epidemic model. The per day average transmission rate between animals was 0.26 (95% CI 0.22-0.32) and 0.33 (95% CI 0.21-0.57) in the CLM system and in the commercial dairy farms, respectively. The average basic reproduction ratio of FMD was 1.68 (95% CI 1.42-2.07) in the CLM system and 1.98 (95% CI 1.26-3.42) in the commercial dairy farms. The medium per day transmission rate and moderate basic reproduction ratio observed in this study indicated that a vaccination coverage needed to stop transmission of the disease in these populations might not be very high.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- B. Tadesse
- University of Gondar, College of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, Department of Veterinary Epidemiology and Public Health, P.O. Box. 196, Gondar, Ethiopia
- Amedguya Sheep Breed Improvement and Multiplication Center, P.O. Box. 30, North Shoa, Ethiopia
| | - W. Molla
- University of Gondar, College of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, Department of Veterinary Epidemiology and Public Health, P.O. Box. 196, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - A. Mengsitu
- University of Gondar, College of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, Department of Veterinary Epidemiology and Public Health, P.O. Box. 196, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - W. T. Jemberu
- University of Gondar, College of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, Department of Veterinary Epidemiology and Public Health, P.O. Box. 196, Gondar, Ethiopia
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Protection in sheep against heterologous challenge with serotype Asia-1 foot-and-mouth disease virus using high potency vaccine. Vaccine 2018; 36:6095-6102. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2018.08.073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2018] [Revised: 08/22/2018] [Accepted: 08/29/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
|
14
|
Bayesian inference of epidemiological parameters from transmission experiments. Sci Rep 2017; 7:16774. [PMID: 29196741 PMCID: PMC5711876 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-17174-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2017] [Accepted: 11/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Epidemiological parameters for livestock diseases are often inferred from transmission experiments. However, there are several limitations inherent to the design of such experiments that limits the precision of parameter estimates. In particular, infection times and latent periods cannot be directly observed and infectious periods may also be censored. We present a Bayesian framework accounting for these features directly and employ Markov chain Monte Carlo techniques to provide robust inferences and quantify the uncertainty in our estimates. We describe the transmission dynamics using a susceptible-exposed-infectious-removed compartmental model, with gamma-distributed transition times. We then fit the model to published data from transmission experiments for foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) and African swine fever virus (ASFV). Where the previous analyses of these data made various assumptions on the unobserved processes in order to draw inferences, our Bayesian approach includes the unobserved infection times and latent periods and quantifies them along with all other model parameters. Drawing inferences about infection times helps identify who infected whom and can also provide insights into transmission mechanisms. Furthermore, we are able to use our models to measure the difference between the latent periods of inoculated and contact-challenged animals and to quantify the effect vaccination has on transmission.
Collapse
|
15
|
Mahmoud MAEF, Elbayoumy MK, Sedky D, Ahmed S. Serological investigation of some important RNA viruses affecting sheep and goats in Giza and Beni-Suef governorates in Egypt. Vet World 2017; 10:1161-1166. [PMID: 29184360 PMCID: PMC5682259 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2017.1161-1166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2017] [Accepted: 09/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim The aim of this study was to investigate the seroprevalence of antibodies against foot and mouth disease (FMD), Peste des Petits ruminants (PPR), and bluetongue (BT) in sheep and goats within Giza and Beni-Suef governorates at the second half of 2016. Materials and Methods A total of 300 animals (sheep and goats) randomly selected from small stocks with no history of previous vaccination against FMD virus (FMDV), PPR, or BT viruses (BTV) and examined with competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for detection of FMD-non-structural protein, PPR, and BT antibodies. Results Seroprevalence analysis revealed that antibodies against FMDV were 40.8% and 37.1% at Giza governorate, while at Beni-Suef governorate, the percent was 36.7% and 50% in sheep and goat, respectively. Antibodies against PPR were 63.8% in sheep and 45.7% in goats at Giza governorate, whereas the results for Beni-Suef governorate were 71.7% in sheep and 45% in goats. Antibodies against BT were 45% and 37% in sheep and goats, respectively, in Giza governorate, whereas the results for Beni-Suef governorate were 80% and 55% in sheep and goats, respectively. The average of BTV antibody prevalence was significantly higher in sheep (45% and 80%) than in goats (37% and 55%) in Giza and Beni-Suef, respectively. Statistical analysis for the three viruses showed the high relation between the two governorates in case of sheep (r=0.85) and in case of goats (r=0.87). In general, a strong positive correlation was observed between the governorates (r=0.93). Conclusion Giza and Beni-Suef governorates are endemic with FMDV, PPR, and BTV. Regional plan for characterization and combating FMD, PPR, and BT is recommended to help in the achievement of the most suitable combination of the vaccine regimen.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Abd El-Fatah Mahmoud
- Department of Parasitology and Animal Diseases, Division of Veterinary Research, National Research Centre, 12622 Dokki, Giza, Egypt
| | - Mohamed Karam Elbayoumy
- Department of Parasitology and Animal Diseases, Division of Veterinary Research, National Research Centre, 12622 Dokki, Giza, Egypt
| | - Doaa Sedky
- Department of Parasitology and Animal Diseases, Division of Veterinary Research, National Research Centre, 12622 Dokki, Giza, Egypt
| | - Sahar Ahmed
- Department of Cell Biology, Division of Genetic Engineering & Biotechnology, National Research Centre, 12622 Dokki, Giza, Egypt
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Sanson RL, Rawdon T, Owen K, Hickey K, van Andel M, Yu ZD. Evaluating the benefits of vaccination when used in combination with stamping-out measures against hypothetical introductions of foot-and-mouth disease into New Zealand: a simulation study. N Z Vet J 2017; 65:124-133. [DOI: 10.1080/00480169.2016.1263165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- RL Sanson
- AsureQuality Limited, PO Box 585, Palmerston North 4440, New Zealand
| | - T Rawdon
- Ministry for Primary Industries, Investigation Diagnostic Centres and Response Directorate, 25 The Terrace, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - K Owen
- Ministry for Primary Industries, Investigation Diagnostic Centres and Response Directorate, 25 The Terrace, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - K Hickey
- Ministry for Primary Industries, Investigation Diagnostic Centres and Response Directorate, 25 The Terrace, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - M van Andel
- Ministry for Primary Industries, Investigation Diagnostic Centres and Response Directorate, 25 The Terrace, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - ZD Yu
- Ministry for Primary Industries, Investigation Diagnostic Centres and Response Directorate, 25 The Terrace, Wellington, New Zealand
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Jarungsriapisit J, Moore LJ, Mæhle S, Skår C, Einen AC, Fiksdal IU, Morton HC, Stefansson SO, Taranger GL, Patel S. Relationship between viral dose and outcome of infection in Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L., post-smolts bath-challenged with salmonid alphavirus subtype 3. Vet Res 2016; 47:102. [PMID: 27760562 PMCID: PMC5069985 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-016-0385-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2016] [Accepted: 09/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Salmonid alphavirus subtype 3 (SAV3) causes pancreas disease (PD) and adversely affects salmonid aquaculture in Europe. A better understanding of disease transmission is currently needed in order to manage PD outbreaks. Here, we demonstrate the relationship between viral dose and the outcome of SAV3 infection in Atlantic salmon post-smolts using a bath challenge model. Fish were challenged at 12 °C with 3 different SAV3 doses; 139, 27 and 7 TCID50 L−1 of seawater. A dose of as little as 7 TCID50 L−1 of seawater was able to induce SAV3 infection in the challenged population with a substantial level of variation between replicate tanks and, therefore, likely represents a dose close to the minimum dose required to establish an infection in a population. These data also confirm the highly infectious nature of SAV through horizontal transmission. The outcome of SAV3 infection, evaluated by the prevalence of viraemic fish, SAV3-positive hearts, and the virus shedding rate, was positively correlated to the original SAV3 dose. A maximal shedding rate of 2.4 × 104 TCID50 L−1 of seawater h−1 kg−1 was recorded 10 days post-exposure (dpe) from the highest dose group. The method reported here, for the quantification of infectious SAV3 in seawater, could be useful to monitor PD status or obtain data from SAV3 outbreaks at field locations. This information could be incorporated into pathogen dispersal models to improve risk assessment and to better understand how SAV3 spreads between farms during outbreaks. This information may also provide new insights into the control and mitigation of PD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiraporn Jarungsriapisit
- Institute of Marine Research, Nordnesgaten 50, 5005, Bergen, Norway.,Department of Biology, University of Bergen, P. O. Box 7803, 5020, Bergen, Norway
| | - Lindsey J Moore
- Institute of Marine Research, Nordnesgaten 50, 5005, Bergen, Norway
| | - Stig Mæhle
- Institute of Marine Research, Nordnesgaten 50, 5005, Bergen, Norway
| | - Cecilie Skår
- Institute of Marine Research, Nordnesgaten 50, 5005, Bergen, Norway
| | | | | | | | - Sigurd O Stefansson
- Department of Biology, University of Bergen, P. O. Box 7803, 5020, Bergen, Norway
| | | | - Sonal Patel
- Institute of Marine Research, Nordnesgaten 50, 5005, Bergen, Norway.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Knight-Jones TJD, Robinson L, Charleston B, Rodriguez LL, Gay CG, Sumption KJ, Vosloo W. Global Foot-and-Mouth Disease Research Update and Gap Analysis: 2 - Epidemiology, Wildlife and Economics. Transbound Emerg Dis 2016; 63 Suppl 1:14-29. [DOI: 10.1111/tbed.12522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - L. L. Rodriguez
- Plum Island Animal Disease Center; ARS; USDA; Greenport New York USA
| | - C. G. Gay
- Agricultural Research Service; USDA; National Program 103-Animal Health; Beltsville MD USA
| | - K. J. Sumption
- European Commission for the Control of FMD (EuFMD); FAO; Rome Italy
| | - W. Vosloo
- Australian Animal Health Laboratory; CSIRO-Biosecurity Flagship; Geelong Vic Australia
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Colenutt C, Gonzales JL, Paton DJ, Gloster J, Nelson N, Sanders C. Aerosol transmission of foot-and-mouth disease virus Asia-1 under experimental conditions. Vet Microbiol 2016; 189:39-45. [PMID: 27259825 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2016.04.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2015] [Revised: 04/12/2016] [Accepted: 04/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) control measures rely on understanding of virus transmission mechanisms. Direct contact between naïve and infected animals or spread by contaminated fomites is prevented by quarantines and rigorous decontamination procedures during outbreaks. Transmission of FMDV by aerosol may not be prevented by these control measures and this route of transmission may allow infection of animals at distance from the infection source. Understanding the potential for aerosol spread of specific FMDV strains is important for informing control strategies in an outbreak. Here, the potential for transmission of an FMDV Asia 1 strain between pigs and cattle by indirect aerosol exposure was evaluated in an experimental setting. Four naïve calves were exposed to aerosols emitted from three infected pigs in an adjacent room for a 10h period. Direct contact between pigs and cattle and fomite transfer between rooms was prevented. Viral titres in aerosols emitted by the infected pigs were measured to estimate the dose that calves were exposed to. One of the calves developed clinical signs of FMD, whilst there was serological evidence for spread to cattle by aerosol transmission in the remaining three calves. This highlights the possibility that this FMDV Asia 1 strain could be spread by aerosol transmission given appropriate environmental conditions should an outbreak occur in pigs. Our estimates suggest the exposure dose required for aerosol transmission was higher than has been previously quantified for other serotypes, implying that aerosols are less likely to play a significant role in transmission and spread of this FMDV strain.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C Colenutt
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Woking, GU24 0NF, UK.
| | - J L Gonzales
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Woking, GU24 0NF, UK; Central Veterinary Institute (CVI), Wageningen UR, P.O. Box 65, 8200 AB Lelystad, The Netherlands, The Netherlands
| | - D J Paton
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Woking, GU24 0NF, UK
| | - J Gloster
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Woking, GU24 0NF, UK; Met Office, FitzRoy Rd, Exeter, EX1 3PB, UK
| | - N Nelson
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Woking, GU24 0NF, UK; Met Office, FitzRoy Rd, Exeter, EX1 3PB, UK
| | - C Sanders
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Woking, GU24 0NF, UK
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Elnekave E, van Maanen K, Shilo H, Gelman B, Storm N, Berdenstain S, Berke O, Klement E. Prevalence and risk factors for foot and mouth disease infection in small ruminants in Israel. Prev Vet Med 2015; 125:82-8. [PMID: 26774447 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2015.12.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2015] [Revised: 12/03/2015] [Accepted: 12/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
During the last decade, 27% of the foot and mouth disease (FMD) outbreaks in Israel affected small ruminant (SR) farms. FMD outbreaks reoccur in Israel despite vaccination of all livestock and application of control measures. We performed a cross-sectional serological study, aimed at estimating the prevalence of FMD infection in SR in Israel and the possible risk factors for infection. Overall, 2305 samples of adult sheep (n=1948) and goats (n=357) were collected during 2011-14 in two separate surveys. One survey was based on random sampling of intensive management system farms and the other was originally aimed at the detection of Brucella melitensis at extensive and semi-intensive management system farms. Sera were tested by NS blocking ELISA (PrioCHECK(®)). The serological prevalence of antibodies against non structural proteins (NSP) of FMD virus was estimated at 3.7% (95% confidence interval (CI95%)=3.0% -4.5%). Additionally, a significantly lower infection prevalence (p value=0.049) of 1.0% (CI95%=0.1%-3.6%) was found in a small sample (197 sera) of young SR, collected during 2012. The positive samples from adult SR were scattered all over Israel, though two significant infection clusters were found by the spatial scan statistic. Occurrence of an outbreak on a non-SR farm within 5km distance was associated with a fifteen times increase in the risk of FMD infection of SR in the univariable analysis. Yet, this variable was not included in the multivariable analysis due to collinearities with the other independent variables. Multivariable logistic regression modeling found significantly negative associations (P value<0.05) of grazing and being in a herd larger than 500 animals with risk of infection. Grazing herds and herds larger than 500 animals, both represent farms that are intensively or semi-intensively managed. Higher maintenance of bio-safety, fewer introductions of new animals and higher vaccination compliance in these farms may explain their lower risk of infection by FMD virus. We conclude that despite the wide distribution of infection among SR farms, low farm level prevalence indicates that in Israel SR pose only limited role in the transmission and dissemination of FMD. This conclusion may be applicable for other endemic countries in which, similar to Israel, all livestock are vaccinated against FMD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ehud Elnekave
- Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, POB 12, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Kees van Maanen
- The European Commission for the Control of Foot-and-Mouth Disease (EUFMD), Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), Italy
| | - Hila Shilo
- Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, POB 12, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Boris Gelman
- Kimron Veterinary Institute, The Foot and Mouth Disease laboratory, Beit Dagan, Israel
| | - Nick Storm
- Kimron Veterinary Institute, The Foot and Mouth Disease laboratory, Beit Dagan, Israel
| | - Svetlane Berdenstain
- Kimron Veterinary Institute, Brucellosis referent laboratory, Beit Dagan, Israel
| | - Olaf Berke
- Department of Population Medicine, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Eyal Klement
- Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, POB 12, Rehovot 76100, Israel.
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Tekleghiorghis T, Weerdmeester K, van Hemert-Kluitenberg F, Moormann RJM, Dekker A. Foot-and-Mouth Disease Seroprevalence in Cattle in Eritrea. Transbound Emerg Dis 2015; 64:754-763. [PMID: 26518476 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.12434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Information about seroprevalence of foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) and virus serotypes in Eritrea is unavailable, but is very important as it may guide the choice of intervention measures including vaccination to be implemented. We carried out a cross-sectional study from February to June 2011 in Eritrea with a two-stage cluster design, sampling cattle in 155 villages with the objective of determining the seroprevalence of FMD in four administrative regions of the country. We analysed cattle sera (n = 2429) for FMD virus antibodies using the non-structural ELISA (NS ELISA) and virus neutralization test (VNT). The overall seroprevalence was 26% and 30% for the NS ELISA and VNT, respectively. FMD virus serotypes O (14%) and A (11%) were the most prevalent. Gash Barka showed the highest (39%) seroprevalence both in NS ELISA and VNT compared to the other three administrative regions. Strategic FMD virus vaccination with type O and A (matching circulating strains) in combination of zoo-sanitary measures would be the best control option for Eritrea which could be started in areas where the disease is less endemic.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- T Tekleghiorghis
- Central Veterinary Institute (Part of Wageningen UR), Lelystad, The Netherlands.,National Veterinary Laboratory, Ministry of Agriculture, Asmara, Eritrea
| | - K Weerdmeester
- Central Veterinary Institute (Part of Wageningen UR), Lelystad, The Netherlands
| | | | - R J M Moormann
- Central Veterinary Institute (Part of Wageningen UR), Lelystad, The Netherlands.,Department of Infectious Diseases & Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - A Dekker
- Central Veterinary Institute (Part of Wageningen UR), Lelystad, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Vaccination of cattle only is sufficient to stop FMDV transmission in mixed populations of sheep and cattle. Epidemiol Infect 2014; 143:2279-86. [PMID: 25464822 DOI: 10.1017/s0950268814003033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
We quantified the transmission of foot-and-mouth disease virus in mixed cattle-sheep populations and the effect of different vaccination strategies. The (partial) reproduction ratios (R) in groups of non-vaccinated and vaccinated cattle and/or sheep were estimated from (published) transmission experiments. A 4 × 4 next-generation matrix (NGM) was constructed using these estimates. The dominant eigenvalue of the NGM, the R for a mixed population, was determined for populations with different proportions of cattle and sheep and for three different vaccination strategies. The higher the proportion of cattle in a mixed cattle-sheep population, the higher the R for the mixed population. Therefore the impact of vaccination of the cattle is higher. After vaccination of all animals R = 0·1 independent of population composition. In mixed cattle-sheep populations with at least 14% of cattle, vaccination of cattle only is sufficient to reduce R to < 1.
Collapse
|