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Ying H, Zhou C, Hang Q, Fang M. The Preventive Effect of Endostar on Radiation-induced Pulmonary Fibrosis. Curr Mol Med 2024; 24:610-619. [PMID: 37038709 DOI: 10.2174/1566524023666230406134640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2022] [Revised: 12/14/2022] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 04/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Radiation-induced pulmonary fibrosis (RIPF) is a long-term complication of thoracic radiotherapy without effective treatment available. OBJECTIVE This study aimed to establish a RIPF mouse model and explore the therapeutic effects and mechanisms of recombinant human endostatin (Endostar). METHODS C57BL/6 mice received a 16-Gy dose of X-rays to the whole thorax with or without the administration of Endostar for 24 weeks. RESULTS Radiation-induced body weight loss was partially attenuated by Endostar (P<0.05). Endostar significantly reduced alveolar inflammation (P<0.05) and pulmonary fibrosis (P<0.001), as indicated by a decrease in the expression levels of collagen I and collagen IV in lung tissue (both P<0.001). Angiogenesis (as shown by CD31 immunohistochemistry) was also decreased (P<0.01). In irradiated mice, Endostar inhibited the transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1)/drosophila mothers against the decapentaplegic 3 (Smad3)/extracellular regulated protein kinases (ERK) signaling pathway (all P<0.05). In vitro, Endostar treatment decreased the radiation-induced expression of TGF-β1, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), p-Smad3, and p-ERK in alveolar epithelial cells and vascular endothelial cells (all P<0.05). CONCLUSION Endostar could alleviate RIPF through decreased antiangiogenic activity and inhibition of the TGF-β1/Smad3/ERK pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hangjie Ying
- Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Institute of Basic Medicine and Cancer (IBMC), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310022, China
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Radiation Oncology, Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310022, China
| | - Cheng Zhou
- Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Institute of Basic Medicine and Cancer (IBMC), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310022, China
| | - Qingqing Hang
- Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Institute of Basic Medicine and Cancer (IBMC), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310022, China
- The Second Clinical Medical College of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310053, China
| | - Min Fang
- Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Institute of Basic Medicine and Cancer (IBMC), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310022, China
- The Department of Thoracic Radiotherapy, Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310022, China
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Cucinotta L, Mannino D, Casili G, Repici A, Crupi L, Paterniti I, Esposito E, Campolo M. Prolyl oligopeptidase inhibition ameliorates experimental pulmonary fibrosis both in vivo and in vitro. Respir Res 2023; 24:211. [PMID: 37626373 PMCID: PMC10463606 DOI: 10.1186/s12931-023-02519-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pulmonary fibrosis is a progressive disease characterized by lung remodeling due to excessive deposition of extracellular matrix. Although the etiology remains unknown, aberrant angiogenesis and inflammation play an important role in the development of this pathology. In this context, recent scientific research has identified new molecules involved in angiogenesis and inflammation, such as the prolyl oligopeptidase (PREP), a proteolytic enzyme belonging to the serine protease family, linked to the pathology of many lung diseases such as pulmonary fibrosis. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the effect of a selective inhibitor of PREP, known as KYP-2047, in an in vitro and in an in vivo model of pulmonary fibrosis. METHODS The in vitro model was performed using human alveolar A549 cells. Cells were exposed to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) 10 μg/ml and then, cells were treated with KYP-2047 at the concentrations of 1 μM, 10 μM and 50 μM. Cell viability was evaluated by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium (MTT) bromide colorimetric assay, while inflammatory protein expression was assessed by western blots analysis. The in vivo model was induced in mice by intra-tracheal administration of bleomycin (1 mg/kg) and then treated intraperitoneally with KYP-2047 at doses of 1, 2.5 and 5 mg/kg once daily for 12 days and then mice were sacrificed, and lung tissues were collected for analyses. RESULTS The in vitro results demonstrated that KYP-2047 preserved cell viability, reduced inflammatory process by decreasing IL-18 and TNF-α, and modulated lipid peroxidation as well as nitrosative stress. The in vivo pulmonary fibrosis has demonstrated that KYP-2047 was able to restore histological alterations reducing lung injury. Our data demonstrated that KYP-2047 significantly reduced angiogenesis process and the fibrotic damage modulating the expression of fibrotic markers. Furthermore, KYP-2047 treatment modulated the IκBα/NF-κB pathway and reduced the expression of related pro-inflammatory enzymes and cytokines. Moreover, KYP-2047 was able to modulate the JAK2/STAT3 pathway, highly involved in pulmonary fibrosis. CONCLUSION In conclusion, this study demonstrated the involvement of PREP in the pathogenesis of pulmonary fibrosis and that its inhibition by KYP-2047 has a protective role in lung injury induced by BLM, suggesting PREP as a potential target therapy for pulmonary fibrosis. These results speculate the potential protective mechanism of KYP-2047 through the modulation of JAK2/STAT3 and NF-κB pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Cucinotta
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, 7 Viale Ferdinando Stagno D'Alcontres, 31-98166, Messina, Italy
| | - Deborah Mannino
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, 7 Viale Ferdinando Stagno D'Alcontres, 31-98166, Messina, Italy
| | - Giovanna Casili
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, 7 Viale Ferdinando Stagno D'Alcontres, 31-98166, Messina, Italy
| | - Alberto Repici
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, 7 Viale Ferdinando Stagno D'Alcontres, 31-98166, Messina, Italy
| | - Lelio Crupi
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, 7 Viale Ferdinando Stagno D'Alcontres, 31-98166, Messina, Italy
| | - Irene Paterniti
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, 7 Viale Ferdinando Stagno D'Alcontres, 31-98166, Messina, Italy
| | - Emanuela Esposito
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, 7 Viale Ferdinando Stagno D'Alcontres, 31-98166, Messina, Italy.
| | - Michela Campolo
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, 7 Viale Ferdinando Stagno D'Alcontres, 31-98166, Messina, Italy
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Mlakar L, Garrett SM, Watanabe T, Sanderson M, Nishimoto T, Heywood J, Helke KL, Pilewski JM, Herzog EL, Feghali-Bostwick C. Ameliorating Fibrosis in Murine and Human Tissues with END55, an Endostatin-Derived Fusion Protein Made in Plants. Biomedicines 2022; 10:2861. [PMID: 36359382 PMCID: PMC9687961 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10112861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2022] [Revised: 10/12/2022] [Accepted: 11/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Organ fibrosis, particularly of the lungs, causes significant morbidity and mortality. Effective treatments are needed to reduce the health burden. A fragment of the carboxyl-terminal end of collagen XVIII/endostatin reduces skin and lung fibrosis. This fragment was modified to facilitate its production in plants, which resulted in the recombinant fusion protein, END55. We found that expression of END55 had significant anti-fibrotic effects on the treatment and prevention of skin and lung fibrosis in a bleomycin mouse model. We validated these effects in a second mouse model of pulmonary fibrosis involving inducible, lung-targeted expression of transforming growth factor β1. END55 also exerted anti-fibrotic effects in human lung and skin tissues maintained in organ culture in which fibrosis was experimentally induced. The anti-fibrotic effect of END55 was mediated by a decrease in the expression of extracellular matrix genes and an increase in the levels of matrix-degrading enzymes. Finally, END55 reduced fibrosis in the lungs of patients with systemic sclerosis (SSc) and idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) who underwent lung transplantation due to the severity of their lung disease, displaying efficacy in human tissues directly relevant to human disease. These findings demonstrate that END55 is an effective anti-fibrotic therapy in different organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Logan Mlakar
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
| | - Sara M. Garrett
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
| | - Tomoya Watanabe
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
| | - Matthew Sanderson
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
| | - Tetsuya Nishimoto
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
| | - Jonathan Heywood
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
| | - Kristi L. Helke
- Department of Comparative Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
| | - Joseph M. Pilewski
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Erica L. Herzog
- Yale ILD Center of Excellence, Department of Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06519, USA
| | - Carol Feghali-Bostwick
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
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Yuan M, Zhao M, Sun X, Hui Z. The mapping of mRNA alterations elucidates the etiology of radiation-induced pulmonary fibrosis. Front Genet 2022; 13:999127. [DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2022.999127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2022] [Accepted: 09/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The etiology of radiation-induced pulmonary fibrosis is not clearly understood yet, and effective interventions are still lacking. This study aimed to identify genes responsive to irradiation and compare the genome expression between the normal lung tissues and irradiated ones, using a radiation-induced pulmonary fibrosis mouse model. We also aimed to map the mRNA alterations as a predictive model and a potential mode of intervention for radiation-induced pulmonary fibrosis. Thirty C57BL/6 mice were exposed to a single dose of 16 Gy or 20 Gy thoracic irradiation, to establish a mouse model of radiation-induced pulmonary fibrosis. Lung tissues were harvested at 3 and 6 months after irradiation, for histological identification. Global gene expression in lung tissues was assessed by RNA sequencing. Differentially expressed genes were identified and subjected to functional and pathway enrichment analysis. Immune cell infiltration was evaluated using the CIBERSORT software. Three months after irradiation, 317 mRNAs were upregulated and 254 mRNAs were downregulated significantly in the low-dose irradiation (16 Gy) group. In total, 203 mRNAs were upregulated and 149 were downregulated significantly in the high-dose irradiation (20 Gy) group. Six months after radiation, 651 mRNAs were upregulated and 131 were downregulated significantly in the low-dose irradiation group. A total of 106 mRNAs were upregulated and 4 downregulated significantly in the high-dose irradiation group. Several functions and pathways, including angiogenesis, epithelial cell proliferation, extracellular matrix, complement and coagulation cascades, cellular senescence, myeloid leukocyte activation, regulation of lymphocyte activation, mononuclear cell proliferation, immunoglobulin binding, and the TNF, NOD-like receptor, and HIF-1 signaling pathways were significantly enriched in the irradiation groups, based on the differentially expressed genes. Irradiation-responsive genes were identified. The differentially expressed genes were mainly associated with cellular metabolism, epithelial cell proliferation, cell injury, and immune cell activation and regulation.
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Gu C, Li W, Ju Q, Yao H, Yang L, An B, Hu W, Li X. Synthesis and evaluation of new pirfenidone derivatives as anti-fibrosis agents. RSC Adv 2022; 12:14492-14501. [PMID: 35702193 PMCID: PMC9102048 DOI: 10.1039/d2ra00990k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 04/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Two series of new pirfenidone derivatives, in which phenyl groups or benzyl groups are attached to the nitrogen atom of the pyridin-2(1H)-one moiety were synthesized and evaluated as anti-fibrosis agents. Among them, compound 5d, with a (S)-2-(dimethylamino) propanamido group in the R2 position (series 1) exhibited 10 times the anti-fibrosis activity (IC50: 0.245 mM) of pirfenidone (IC50: 2.75 mM). Compound 9d (series 2) gave an IC50 of 0.035 mM against the human fibroblast cell line HFL1. The mechanism of the optimal compound inhibiting fibrosis was also studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenxi Gu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University Guangzhou 510006 PR China
| | - Wei Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University Guangzhou 510006 PR China
| | - Qing Ju
- Medicine and Pharmacy Research Center, Binzhou Medical University Yantai Shandong Province 264003 PR China
| | - Han Yao
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University Guangzhou 510006 PR China
| | - Lisheng Yang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University Guangzhou 510006 PR China
| | - Baijiao An
- Medicine and Pharmacy Research Center, Binzhou Medical University Yantai Shandong Province 264003 PR China
| | - Wenhao Hu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University Guangzhou 510006 PR China
| | - Xingshu Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University Guangzhou 510006 PR China
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Zhao Y, Li D, Duan DP, Song QC. The effect of endostatin on angiogenesis and osteogenesis of steroid-induced osteonecrosis of the femoral head in a rabbit model. ACTA ORTHOPAEDICA ET TRAUMATOLOGICA TURCICA 2022; 56:178-186. [PMID: 35703505 PMCID: PMC9612648 DOI: 10.5152/j.aott.2022.21248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2021] [Accepted: 04/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study aimed to investigate whether endostatin, a crucial anti-angiogenic factor, plays a negative role in angiogenesis and osteogenesis and aggravates the progression of osteonecrosis of the femoral head induced by steroid use in a rabbit model. METHODS 66 New Zealand white rabbits were randomly divided into four groups: glucocorticoid model (GC) group (GC group, n = 18), glucocorticoid model and endostatin group (GC;ES group, n = 18), ES group (ES group, n = 18), and blank control group (CON group, n = 12). In the GC group, 10 μg/ kg lipopolysaccharide (LPS) was intravenously injected into the ear margin, and 24h after LPS injection, 20 mg/kg GC methylprednisolone (MPS) was injected into the gluteus muscle three times, each time at an interval of 24h. The animals of the GC;ES group were given as same treatment as the GC group, except for the addition of ES. MPS was not used in the ES group and CON group. ES group was only given ES, while the CON group was only given the same amount of normal saline. All animals successfully established models of femoral head necrosis, and then the difference among the Immunohistochemistry, Quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) analysis, Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, Biomechanical test, etracyclline-calcein double labeling, and Van Gieson staining indices were compared among the four groups. RESULTS The combination of MPS and LPS was successful in establishing the femoral head necrosis model in New Zealand white rabbits. The incidence of osteonecrosis after MPS and LPS intervention was 70% (7/10), while that plus ES was 100% (10/10). At the same time, after MPS and LPS intervention, while the empty bone lacuna rate of the femoral head was significantly increased, the number of osteo- blasts was decreased. Also, the expressions of CD31 positive cells, Runx2, Osterix, COL1A1, and VEGF mRNA in the femoral head were decreased, and the levels of osteogenesis-related protein b-ALP, OCN, and angiogenic factor VEGF in the femoral head were decreased. The percentage of the trabecular bone area (%Tb.Ar), trabecular thickness (Tb.Th), trabecular number (Tb.N), labeled perimeter percent (%L.Pm), mineral apposition rate (MAR), and bone formation rate (BFR/BS) in the femoral head after MPs and LPS intervention detected by tetracycline calcein double labeling and Van Gieson staining decreased significantly, except trabecular separation (Tb.Sp) increased significantly. The compressive strength (CS), elastic modulus (EM), and strain energy (SE) of the femoral head examed by biomechanical measurement decreased significantly. All the above changes were more obvious after adding ES intervention. ES mRNA in the femoral head was undifferentiated and increased in the GC, ES, and GC;ES group compared with group CON. CONCLUSION This study has revealed that ES can inhibit angiogenesis and osteogenesis in the femoral head and aggravate the occurrence and development of femoral head necrosis. Thus, antiangiogenic factors may play an important role in the pathogenesis of ONFH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Zhao
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, P.R. China
| | - Dong Li
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, P.R. China
| | - Da-Peng Duan
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Shaanxi Provincial People's Hospital, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, P.R. China
| | - Qi-Chun Song
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, P.R. China
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Qin X, Jia C, Liang J, Chen J, Liu X, Chao Z, Qin H, Yuan Y, Liu Z, Zhang Z, Dong H, Zhang H. PEDF is an antifibrosis factor that inhibits the activation of fibroblasts in a bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis rat model. Respir Res 2022; 23:100. [PMID: 35459189 PMCID: PMC9027047 DOI: 10.1186/s12931-022-02027-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2021] [Accepted: 04/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a highly heterogeneous and fatal lung disease. In addition to dense fibrous tissue, abnormal angiogenesis is also an important feature of IPF. Pigment epithelium-derived factor (PEDF) is an angiogenesis inhibitor and a potential anti-fibrous factor. The purpose of this experiment is to observe the effect of PEDF on bleomycin (BLM)-induced pulmonary fibrosis in rats. Methods In vivo, pathological examination and detection of related factors were performed on pulmonary fibrosis induced by BLM in rats, and the temporal and spatial distribution of PEDF was investigated. Furthermore, lung gene delivery (PEDF-adeno-associated virus) was performed to investigate the effect of PEDF on pulmonary fibrosis. In vitro, lentiviral vectors were used to construct PEDF over-expression or knock out primary rat lung (PRL) fibroblasts. The effect of PEDF on fibroblast activation under TGF-β1 stimulation was evaluated, and the activation of TGF-β1/smad pathway and PPAR-γ expression (in the presence or absence of PPAR-γ inhibitors) were analyzed. Results In vivo results showed that PEDF expression decreased during the inflammatory phase and increased during the fibrotic phase. PEDF could inhibit the progression of pulmonary fibrosis in rats. In vitro results showed that PEDF could effectively inhibit TGF-β1-stimulated fibroblast activation and reduce the production of α-SMA and collagen-I. PEDF could inhibit the TGF-β1/smad pathway by up-regulating the activity of PPAR-γ. Conclusions PEDF can act as an anti-fibrotic factor, inhibit fibroblast activation by upregulating PPAR-γ activity and reduce BLM-induced pulmonary fibrosis in rats. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12931-022-02027-4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xichun Qin
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, 99 West Huaihai Road, Xuzhou, 221006, Jiangsu, China.,Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, The Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, 210008, China
| | - Caili Jia
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, 99 West Huaihai Road, Xuzhou, 221006, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jingtian Liang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, 99 West Huaihai Road, Xuzhou, 221006, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jiali Chen
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, 99 West Huaihai Road, Xuzhou, 221006, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiucheng Liu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, 99 West Huaihai Road, Xuzhou, 221006, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zhixiang Chao
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, 99 West Huaihai Road, Xuzhou, 221006, Jiangsu, China
| | - Hao Qin
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, 99 West Huaihai Road, Xuzhou, 221006, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yanliang Yuan
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, 99 West Huaihai Road, Xuzhou, 221006, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zhiwei Liu
- Public Experimental Research Center, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, 221006, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zhongming Zhang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, 99 West Huaihai Road, Xuzhou, 221006, Jiangsu, China
| | - Hongyan Dong
- Morphological Research Experiment Center, Xuzhou Medical University, 209 Tongshan Road, Xuzhou, 221004, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Hao Zhang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, 99 West Huaihai Road, Xuzhou, 221006, Jiangsu, China.
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Jandl K, Mutgan AC, Eller K, Schaefer L, Kwapiszewska G. The basement membrane in the cross-roads between the lung and kidney. Matrix Biol 2021; 105:31-52. [PMID: 34839001 DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2021.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2021] [Revised: 11/05/2021] [Accepted: 11/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The basement membrane (BM) is a specialized layer of extracellular matrix components that plays a central role in maintaining lung and kidney functions. Although the composition of the BM is usually tissue specific, the lung and the kidney preferentially use similar BM components. Unsurprisingly, diseases with BM defects often have severe pulmonary or renal manifestations, sometimes both. Excessive remodeling of the BM, which is a hallmark of both inflammatory and fibrosing diseases in the lung and the kidney, can lead to the release of BM-derived matrikines, proteolytic fragments with distinct biological functions. These matrikines can then influence disease activity at the site of liberation. However, they are also released to the circulation, where they can directly affect the vascular endothelium or target other organs, leading to extrapulmonary or extrarenal manifestations. In this review, we will summarize the current knowledge of the composition and function of the BM and its matrikines in health and disease, both in the lung and in the kidney. By comparison, we will highlight, why the BM and its matrikines may be central in establishing a renal-pulmonary interaction axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Jandl
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Lung Vascular Research, Graz, Austria; Otto Loewi Research Center, Department of Pharmacology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Ayse Ceren Mutgan
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Lung Vascular Research, Graz, Austria; Otto Loewi Research Center, Department of Physiology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Kathrin Eller
- Clinical Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Liliana Schaefer
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Grazyna Kwapiszewska
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Lung Vascular Research, Graz, Austria; Otto Loewi Research Center, Department of Physiology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria; Institute for Lung Health (ILH), Giessen, Germany..
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9
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Derseh HB, Perera KUE, Dewage SNV, Stent A, Koumoundouros E, Organ L, Pagel CN, Snibson KJ. Tetrathiomolybdate Treatment Attenuates Bleomycin-Induced Angiogenesis and Lung Pathology in a Sheep Model of Pulmonary Fibrosis. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:700902. [PMID: 34744706 PMCID: PMC8570673 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.700902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a progressive chronic lung disease characterized by excessive extracellular matrix (ECM) deposition in the parenchyma of the lung. Accompanying the fibrotic remodeling, dysregulated angiogenesis has been observed and implicated in the development and progression of pulmonary fibrosis. Copper is known to be required for key processes involved in fibrosis and angiogenesis. We therefore hypothesized that lowering bioavailable serum copper with tetrathiomolybdate could be of therapeutic value for treating pulmonary fibrosis. This study aimed to investigate the effect of tetrathiomolybdate on angiogenesis and fibrosis induced in sheep lung segments infused with bleomycin. Twenty sheep received two fortnightly infusions of either bleomycin (3U), or saline (control) into two spatially separate lung segments. A week after the final bleomycin/saline infusions, sheep were randomly assigned into two groups (n = 10 per group) and received twice-weekly intravenous administrations of either 50 mg tetrathiomolybdate, or sterile saline (vehicle control), for 6 weeks. Vascular density, expressed as the percentage of capillary area to the total area of parenchyma, was determined in lung tissue sections immuno-stained with antibodies against CD34 and collagen type IV. The degree of fibrosis was assessed by histopathology scoring of H&E stained sections and collagen content using Masson's trichrome staining. Lung compliance was measured via a wedged bronchoscope procedure prior to and 7 weeks following final bleomycin infusion. In this large animal model, we show that copper lowering by tetrathiomolybdate chelation attenuates both bleomycin-induced angiogenesis and pulmonary fibrosis. Moreover, tetrathiomolybdate treatment downregulates vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) expression, and improved lung function in bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis. Tetrathiomolybdate also suppressed the accumulation of inflammatory cells in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid 2 weeks after bleomycin injury. The molecular mechanism(s) underpinning copper modulation of fibrotic pathways is an important area for future investigation, and it represents a potential therapeutic target for pulmonary fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Habtamu B Derseh
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | | | - Sasika N Vithana Dewage
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Andrew Stent
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, University of Melbourne, Werribee, VIC, Australia
| | - Emmanuel Koumoundouros
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Melbourne School of Engineering, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Louise Organ
- Division of Respiratory Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Charles N Pagel
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Ken J Snibson
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
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Li M, Popovic Z, Chu C, Krämer BK, Hocher B. Endostatin in Renal and Cardiovascular Diseases. KIDNEY DISEASES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 7:468-481. [PMID: 34901193 PMCID: PMC8613550 DOI: 10.1159/000518221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 04/21/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Endostatin, a protein derived from the cleavage of collagen XVIII by the action of proteases, is an endogenous inhibitor known for its ability to inhibit proliferation and migration of endothelial cells, angiogenesis, and tumor growth. Angiogenesis is defined as the formation of new blood vessels from pre-existing vasculature, which is crucial in many physiological processes, such as embryogenesis, tissue regeneration, and neoplasia. SUMMARY Increasing evidence shows that dysregulation of angiogenesis is crucial for the pathogenesis of renal and cardiovascular diseases. Endostatin plays a pivotal role in the regulation of angiogenesis. Recent studies have provided evidence that circulating endostatin increases significantly in patients with kidney and heart failure and may also contribute to disease progression. KEY MESSAGE In the current review, we summarize the latest findings on preclinical and clinical studies analyzing the impact of endostatin on renal and cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei Li
- Fifth Department of Medicine (Nephrology/Endocrinology/Rheumatology), University Medical Centre Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
- *Berthold Hocher,
| | - Zoran Popovic
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Centre Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Chang Chu
- Fifth Department of Medicine (Nephrology/Endocrinology/Rheumatology), University Medical Centre Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
- Department of Nephrology, Charité, Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Bernhard K. Krämer
- Fifth Department of Medicine (Nephrology/Endocrinology/Rheumatology), University Medical Centre Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
- European Center for Angioscience, Medical Faculty Mannheim of the University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
- Center for Innate Immunoscience, Medical Faculty Mannheim of the University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Berthold Hocher
- Fifth Department of Medicine (Nephrology/Endocrinology/Rheumatology), University Medical Centre Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
- Key Laboratory of Study and Discovery of Small Targeted Molecules of Hunan Province, School of Medicine, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China
- Institute of Medical Diagnostics, IMD Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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11
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Liu X, Qin X, Qin H, Jia C, Yuan Y, Sun T, Chen B, Chen C, Zhang H. Characterization of the heterogeneity of endothelial cells in bleomycin-induced lung fibrosis using single-cell RNA sequencing. Angiogenesis 2021; 24:809-821. [PMID: 34028626 PMCID: PMC8487874 DOI: 10.1007/s10456-021-09795-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Accepted: 04/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The loss of normal alveolar capillary and deregulated angiogenesis occurs simultaneously in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF); however the contributions of specific endothelial subpopulations in the development of pulmonary fibrosis are poorly understood. Herein, we perform single-cell RNA sequencing to characterize the heterogeneity of endothelial cells (ECs) in bleomycin (BLM)-induced lung fibrosis in rats. One subpopulation, characterized by the expression of Nos3 and Cav1, is mostly distributed in non-fibrotic lungs and also highly expresses genes related to the “response to mechanical stimulus” and “lung/heart morphogenesis” processes. Another subpopulation of ECs expanded in BLM-treated lungs, characterized by Cxcl12, is observed to be closely related to the pro-fibrotic process in the transcriptome data, such as “regulation of angiogenesis,” “collagen binding,” and “chemokine activity,” and spatially localized to BLM-induced neovascularization. Using CellPhoneDB software, we generated a complex cell–cell interaction network, which predicts the potential roles of EC subpopulations in recruiting monocytes, inducing the proliferation of fibroblasts and promoting the production and remolding of the extracellular matrix (ECM). Taken together, our data demonstrate the high degree of heterogeneity of ECs in fibrotic lung and it is proposed that the interaction between ECs, macrophages, and stromal cells contributes to pathologic IPF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiucheng Liu
- Thoracic Surgery Laboratory, the First College of Clinical Medicine, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, 221006, Jiangsu, China.,Department of Thoracic Surgery, Affifiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, 99 West Huaihai Road, Xuzhou, 221006, Jiangsu, China.,Department of Thoracic Surgery, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Xichun Qin
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Affifiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, 99 West Huaihai Road, Xuzhou, 221006, Jiangsu, China
| | - Hao Qin
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Affifiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, 99 West Huaihai Road, Xuzhou, 221006, Jiangsu, China
| | - Caili Jia
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Affifiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, 99 West Huaihai Road, Xuzhou, 221006, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yanliang Yuan
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Affifiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, 99 West Huaihai Road, Xuzhou, 221006, Jiangsu, China
| | - Teng Sun
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Affifiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, 99 West Huaihai Road, Xuzhou, 221006, Jiangsu, China
| | - Bi Chen
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, 221000, China
| | - Chang Chen
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200433, China.,Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Lung Transplantation, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Hao Zhang
- Thoracic Surgery Laboratory, the First College of Clinical Medicine, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, 221006, Jiangsu, China. .,Department of Thoracic Surgery, Affifiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, 99 West Huaihai Road, Xuzhou, 221006, Jiangsu, China.
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12
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Kim LB, Russkikh GS, Putyatina AN, Tsypysheva OB. Age-Related Features of the Relationship between the Content of Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor and the Parameters of the Lipid Metabolism and Extracellular Matrix Metabolism in Men of the European Part of the Russian Arctic. ADVANCES IN GERONTOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1134/s2079057021010392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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13
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Karsdal MA, Kraus VB, Shevell D, Bay-Jensen AC, Schattenberg J, Rambabu Surabattula R, Schuppan D. Profiling and targeting connective tissue remodeling in autoimmunity - A novel paradigm for diagnosing and treating chronic diseases. Autoimmun Rev 2020; 20:102706. [PMID: 33188918 DOI: 10.1016/j.autrev.2020.102706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2020] [Accepted: 08/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Connective tissue (ConT) remodeling is an essential process in tissue regeneration, where a balanced replacement of old tissue by new tissue occurs. This balance is disturbed in chronic diseases, often autoimmune diseases, usually resulting in the buld up of fibrosis and a gradual loss of organ function. During progression of liver, lung, skin, heart, joint, skeletal and kidney diseasesboth ConT formation and degradation are elevated, which is tightly linked to immune cell activation and a loss of specific cell types and extracellular matrix (ECM) structures that are required for normal organ function. Here, we address the balance of key general and organ specific components of the ECM during homeostasis and in disease, with a focus on collagens, which are emerging as both structural and signaling molecules harbouring neoepitopes and autoantigens that are released during ConT remodeling. Specific collagen molecular signatures of ConT remodeling are linked to disease activity and stage, and to prognosis across different organs. These signatures accompany and further drive disease progression, and often become detectable before clinical disease manifestation (illness). Recent advances allow to quantify and define the nature of ConT remodeling via blood-based assays that measure the levels of well-defined collagen fragments, reflecting different facets of ConT formation and degradation, and associated immunological processes. These novel serum assays are becoming important tools of precision medicine, to detect various chronic and autoimmune diseases before their clinical manifestation, and to non-invasively monitor the efficacy of a broad range of pharmacological interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morten Asser Karsdal
- Nordic Bioscience, Biomarkers & Research A/S, Herlev, Metabolic Liver Research Program, Denmark
| | - Virginia Byers Kraus
- Duke Molecular Physiology Institute and Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Diane Shevell
- Clinical Biomarkers and Immunology, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Westfield, NJ, USA
| | | | | | - R Rambabu Surabattula
- Institute of Translational Immunology and Research Center for Immune Therapy, University Medical Center, Mainz, Germany
| | - Detlef Schuppan
- Institute of Translational Immunology and Research Center for Immune Therapy, University Medical Center, Mainz, Germany; Division of Gastroenterology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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14
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Zhuang W, Zhao N, Li D, Su X, Wang Y, Chen J, Li Z. Schisantherin A Inhibits Pulmonary Fibrosis via Regulating ERK Signaling Pathway. Nat Prod Commun 2020. [DOI: 10.1177/1934578x20948359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
There is no effective method for treating pulmonary fibrosis (PF) until now. This study investigated the anti-fibrotic effect of schisantherin A (SCA) extracted from Schisandra chinensis and its potential molecular mechanism in PF. A bleomycin-induced PF mouse model in vivo and transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1-induced A549 epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) cell model in vitro were used for assessing the anti-fibrotic effect of SCA. Histopathological examination was conducted after hematoxylin and eosin and Masson staining. The level of TGF-β1 was tested by ELISA. The expression levels of α-smooth muscle actin, E-cadherin, and inflammatory cytokines (COX2, IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α) were determined by quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction and Western blot. The expression of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) was tested in lung tissues and cells by Western blot. The in vivo experiments revealed that SCA treatment markedly improved body weight and pulmonary index and reformed the destruction of the lung tissue structure. We observed that SCA inhibited the process of TGF-β1-induced EMT in the in vitro experiments. Inflammatory cytokines were reduced greatly in lung tissues and cells by SCA. Our study also indicated that SCA decreased phosphorylated ERK. It was concluded that SCA can attenuate PF by regulating the ERK signaling pathway, which suggests that SCA may be used as a potential therapeutic drug for PF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenyue Zhuang
- Department of Molecular Biology Test Technique, College of Medical Technology, Beihua University, Jilin, China
| | - Na Zhao
- Department of Molecular Biology Test Technique, College of Medical Technology, Beihua University, Jilin, China
| | - Di Li
- Department of Molecular Biology Test Technique, College of Medical Technology, Beihua University, Jilin, China
| | - Xiaoming Su
- Department of Molecular Biology Test Technique, College of Medical Technology, Beihua University, Jilin, China
| | - Yueyang Wang
- Department of Molecular Biology Test Technique, College of Medical Technology, Beihua University, Jilin, China
| | - Jianguang Chen
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Beihua University, Jilin, China
| | - Zhengyi Li
- Department of Clinical Examination Basis, Laboratory Academy, Jilin Medical University, China
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15
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Caporarello N, Meridew JA, Aravamudhan A, Jones DL, Austin SA, Pham TX, Haak AJ, Moo Choi K, Tan Q, Haresi A, Huang SK, Katusic ZS, Tschumperlin DJ, Ligresti G. Vascular dysfunction in aged mice contributes to persistent lung fibrosis. Aging Cell 2020; 19:e13196. [PMID: 32691484 PMCID: PMC7431829 DOI: 10.1111/acel.13196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2020] [Revised: 05/28/2020] [Accepted: 06/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a progressive disease thought to result from impaired lung repair following injury and is strongly associated with aging. While vascular alterations have been associated with IPF previously, the contribution of lung vasculature during injury resolution and fibrosis is not well understood. To compare the role of endothelial cells (ECs) in resolving and non-resolving models of lung fibrosis, we applied bleomycin intratracheally to young and aged mice. We found that injury in aged mice elicited capillary rarefaction, while injury in young mice resulted in increased capillary density. ECs from the lungs of injured aged mice relative to young mice demonstrated elevated pro-fibrotic and reduced vascular homeostasis gene expression. Among the latter, Nos3 (encoding the enzyme endothelial nitric oxide synthase, eNOS) was transiently upregulated in lung ECs from young but not aged mice following injury. Young mice deficient in eNOS recapitulated the non-resolving lung fibrosis observed in aged animals following injury, suggesting that eNOS directly participates in lung fibrosis resolution. Activation of the NO receptor soluble guanylate cyclase in human lung fibroblasts reduced TGFβ-induced pro-fibrotic gene and protein expression. Additionally, loss of eNOS in human lung ECs reduced the suppression of TGFβ-induced lung fibroblast activation in 2D and 3D co-cultures. Altogether, our results demonstrate that persistent lung fibrosis in aged mice is accompanied by capillary rarefaction, loss of EC identity, and impaired eNOS expression. Targeting vascular function may thus be critical to promote lung repair and fibrosis resolution in aging and IPF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nunzia Caporarello
- Department of Physiology & Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Jeffrey A Meridew
- Department of Physiology & Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Aja Aravamudhan
- Department of Physiology & Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Dakota L Jones
- Department of Physiology & Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Susan A Austin
- Department of Anesthesiology and Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Tho X Pham
- Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Andrew J Haak
- Department of Physiology & Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Kyoung Moo Choi
- Department of Physiology & Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Qi Tan
- Department of Physiology & Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Adil Haresi
- Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Steven K Huang
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Zvonimir S Katusic
- Department of Anesthesiology and Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | | | - Giovanni Ligresti
- Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Physiology & Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
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16
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Ma Z, Mao C, Jia Y, Fu Y, Kong W. Extracellular matrix dynamics in vascular remodeling. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2020; 319:C481-C499. [PMID: 32579472 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00147.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Vascular remodeling is the adaptive response to various physiological and pathophysiological alterations that are closely related to aging and vascular diseases. Understanding the mechanistic regulation of vascular remodeling may be favorable for discovering potential therapeutic targets and strategies. The extracellular matrix (ECM), including matrix proteins and their degradative metalloproteases, serves as the main component of the microenvironment and exhibits dynamic changes during vascular remodeling. This process involves mainly the altered composition of matrix proteins, metalloprotease-mediated degradation, posttranslational modification of ECM proteins, and altered topographical features of the ECM. To date, adequate studies have demonstrated that ECM dynamics also play a critical role in vascular remodeling in various diseases. Here, we review these related studies, summarize how ECM dynamics control vascular remodeling, and further indicate potential diagnostic biomarkers and therapeutic targets in the ECM for corresponding vascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zihan Ma
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Science, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China
| | - Chenfeng Mao
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Science, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China
| | - Yiting Jia
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Science, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China
| | - Yi Fu
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Science, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Kong
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Science, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China
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17
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Karsdal MA, Daniels SJ, Holm Nielsen S, Bager C, Rasmussen DGK, Loomba R, Surabattula R, Villesen IF, Luo Y, Shevell D, Gudmann NS, Nielsen MJ, George J, Christian R, Leeming DJ, Schuppan D. Collagen biology and non-invasive biomarkers of liver fibrosis. Liver Int 2020; 40:736-750. [PMID: 31997561 DOI: 10.1111/liv.14390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2019] [Revised: 12/19/2019] [Accepted: 01/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
There is an unmet need for high-quality liquid biomarkers that can safely and reproducibly predict the stage of fibrosis and the outcomes of chronic liver disease (CLD). The requirement for such markers has intensified because of the high global prevalence of diseases such as non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). In particular, there is a need for diagnostic and prognostic tools, as well as predictive biomarkers that reflect the efficacy of interventions, as described by the BEST criteria (Biomarkers, EndpointS, and other Tools Resource). This review covers the various liver collagens, their functional role in tissue homeostasis and delineates the common nomenclature for biomarkers based on BEST criteria. It addresses the common confounders affecting serological biomarkers, and describes defined collagen epitope biomarkers that originate from the dynamic processes of extracellular matrix (ECM) remodelling during liver injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morten A Karsdal
- Nordic Bioscience, Fibrosis Biomarkers and Research, Herlev, Denmark
| | - Samuel J Daniels
- Nordic Bioscience, Fibrosis Biomarkers and Research, Herlev, Denmark
| | | | - Cecilie Bager
- Nordic Bioscience, Fibrosis Biomarkers and Research, Herlev, Denmark
| | | | - Rohit Loomba
- Division of Gastroenterology and Division of Epidemiology, NAFLD Research Center, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Rambabu Surabattula
- Division of Gastroenterology and Division of Epidemiology, NAFLD Research Center, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Ida Falk Villesen
- Nordic Bioscience, Fibrosis Biomarkers and Research, Herlev, Denmark.,University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Yi Luo
- Innovative Medicine, Bristol Myers-Squibb, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - Diane Shevell
- Innovative Medicine, Bristol Myers-Squibb, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - Natasja S Gudmann
- Nordic Bioscience, Fibrosis Biomarkers and Research, Herlev, Denmark
| | - Mette J Nielsen
- Nordic Bioscience, Fibrosis Biomarkers and Research, Herlev, Denmark
| | - Jacob George
- Storr Liver Centre, The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, University of Sydney and Westmead Hospital, Westmead, NSW, Australia
| | - Rose Christian
- Innovative Medicine, Bristol Myers-Squibb, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - Diana J Leeming
- Nordic Bioscience, Fibrosis Biomarkers and Research, Herlev, Denmark
| | - Detlef Schuppan
- Division of Gastroenterology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Institute of Translational Immunology and Research Center for Immune Therapy, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
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18
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Derseh HB, Dewage SNV, Perera KUE, Pagel CN, Koumoundouros E, Organ L, Snibson KJ. K Ca3.1 channel blockade attenuates microvascular remodelling in a large animal model of bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis. Sci Rep 2019; 9:19893. [PMID: 31882807 PMCID: PMC6934539 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-56412-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2019] [Accepted: 12/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a chronic progressive lung disease with limited therapeutic options and poor prognosis. IPF has been associated with aberrant vascular remodelling, however the role of vascular remodelling in pulmonary fibrosis is poorly understood. Here, we used a novel segmental challenge model of bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis in sheep to evaluate the remodelling of the pulmonary vasculature, and to investigate the changes to this remodelling after the administration of the KCa3.1 channel inhibitor, senicapoc, compared to the FDA-approved drug pirfenidone. We demonstrate that in vehicle-treated sheep, bleomycin-infused lung segments had significantly higher blood vessel density when compared to saline-infused control segments in the same sheep. These microvascular density changes were significantly attenuated by senicapoc treatment. The increases in vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) expression and endothelial cell proliferation in bleomycin-infused lung segments were significantly reduced in sheep treated with the senicapoc, when compared to vehicle-treated controls. These parameters were not significantly suppressed with pirfenidone treatment. Senicapoc treatment attenuated vascular remodelling through inhibition of capillary endothelial cell proliferation and VEGF expression. These findings suggest a potential new mode of action for the novel drug senicapoc which may contribute to its efficacy in combatting pulmonary fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Habtamu B Derseh
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.
| | - Sasika N Vithana Dewage
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Kopiyawaththage U E Perera
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Charles N Pagel
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Emmanuel Koumoundouros
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Louise Organ
- Division of Respiratory Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Ken J Snibson
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
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19
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Laddha AP, Kulkarni YA. VEGF and FGF-2: Promising targets for the treatment of respiratory disorders. Respir Med 2019; 156:33-46. [PMID: 31421589 DOI: 10.1016/j.rmed.2019.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2018] [Revised: 08/05/2019] [Accepted: 08/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The endothelial cells play a crucial role in the progression of angiogenesis, which causes cell re-modulation, proliferation, adhesion, migration, invasion and survival. Angiogenic factors like cytokines, cell adhesion molecules, growth factors, vasoactive peptides, proteolytic enzymes (metalloproteinases) and plasminogen activators bind to their receptors on endothelial cells and activate the signal transduction pathways like epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase and (PI3K)/AKT/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) which initiate the process of angiogenesis. Cytokines that stimulate angiogenesis include direct and indirect proangiogenic markers. The direct proangiogenic group of markers consists of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), basic fibroblast growth factor (FGF-2) and hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) whereas the indirect proangiogenic markers include transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β), interleukin 6 (IL-6), interleukin 8 (IL-8) and platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF). VEGF and FGF-2 are the strongest activators of angiogenesis which stimulate migration and proliferation of endothelial cells in existing vessels to generate and stabilize new blood vessels. VEGF is released in hypoxic conditions as an effect of the hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF-1α) and causes re-modulation and inflammation of bronchi cell. Cell re-modulation and inflammation leads to the development of various lung disorders like pulmonary hypertension, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, asthma, fibrosis and lung cancer. This indicates that there is a firm link between overexpression of VEGF and FGF-2 with lung disorders. Various natural and synthetic drugs are available for reducing the overexpression of VEGF and FGF-2 which can be helpful in treating lung disorders. Researchers are still searching for new angiogenic inhibitors which can be helpful in the treatment of lung disorders. The present review emphasizes on molecular mechanisms and new drug discovery focused on VEGF and FGF-2 inhibitors and their role as anti-angiogenetic agents in lung disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ankit P Laddha
- Shobhaben Pratapbhai Patel School of Pharmacy & Technology Management, SVKM's NMIMS, V.L. Mehta Road, Vile Parle (W), Mumbai, 400 056, India
| | - Yogesh A Kulkarni
- Shobhaben Pratapbhai Patel School of Pharmacy & Technology Management, SVKM's NMIMS, V.L. Mehta Road, Vile Parle (W), Mumbai, 400 056, India.
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20
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Distler JHW, Feghali-Bostwick C, Soare A, Asano Y, Distler O, Abraham DJ. Review: Frontiers of Antifibrotic Therapy in Systemic Sclerosis. Arthritis Rheumatol 2019; 69:257-267. [PMID: 27636741 DOI: 10.1002/art.39865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2016] [Accepted: 08/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Alina Soare
- University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Yoshihide Asano
- University of Tokyo Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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21
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Ren H, Li Y, Chen Y, Wang L. Endostatin attenuates PDGF-BB- or TGF-β1-induced HSCs activation via suppressing RhoA/ROCK1 signal pathways. DRUG DESIGN DEVELOPMENT AND THERAPY 2019; 13:285-290. [PMID: 30666090 PMCID: PMC6333321 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s191617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Aim To testify the hypothesis that endostatin exerts antifibrotic effects in hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) by modulating RhoA (ras homolog gene family, member A)/ROCK 1 (Rho-associated protein kinase 1) signal pathways. Materials and methods HSCs-T6 of passages 3–5 were cultured in DMEM and serum starved for 48 hours. HSCs were grouped as follows: control group, TGF-β1 (transforming growth factor β1) group, endostatin+TGF-β1 group, PDGF-BB (platelet-derived growth factor-BB) group, and endostatin+PDGF-BB group. In the PDGF-BB group, HSCs were treated with PDGF-BB (200 ng/mL) for 72 hours; in the TGF-β1 group, they were treated with TGF-β1 (10 ng/mL) for 72 hours. In the Endostatin+TGF-β1 group or Endostatin+PDGF-BB group, HSCs were treated with TGF-β1 (10 ng/mL) or PDGF-BB (200 ng/mL) for 72 hours after pretreatment with endostatin (5 µg/mL) for 1 hour. In the control group, HSCs were only treated with serum-free DMEM for 72 hours. Collagen I was analyzed with ELISA. F-actin was detected with immunofluorescent staining. The mRNAs and proteins of α-smooth muscle actin, RhoA, and ROCK1 were analyzed by using real-time PCR and Western blot, respectively. Results TGF-β1 and PDGF-BB promote the proliferation of HSCs significantly at 48 and 72 hours. Endostatin inhibits the proliferation effect induced by TGF-β1 or PDGF-BB significantly (P<0.01). The expression of collagen I and F-actin was significantly upregulated in both TGF-β1 and PDGF-BB groups than in the control group (P<0.01). Both the collagen I and F-actin expression were downregulated significantly in the endostatin-treated groups (P<0.05). Endostatin significantly inhibited the upregulated expression of α-smooth muscle actin, RhoA, and ROCK1 induced by TGF-β1 or PDGF-BB (P<0.01). Conclusion These results suggested that endostatin inhibited TGF-β1- or PDGF-BB-induced fibrosis in HSCs by modulating RhoA/ROCK signal pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haitao Ren
- Department of Burns and Wound Care Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310009, P.R. China,
| | - Yuan Li
- Department of Ultrasound, Women's Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310006, P.R. China
| | - Yan Chen
- Emergency Department, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning 116023, P.R. China,
| | - Liang Wang
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310009, P.R. China
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Nahari E, Razi M. Silymarin amplifies apoptosis in ectopic endometrial tissue in rats with endometriosis; implication on growth factor GDNF, ERK1/2 and Bcl-6b expression. Acta Histochem 2018; 120:757-767. [PMID: 30195499 DOI: 10.1016/j.acthis.2018.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2018] [Revised: 07/29/2018] [Accepted: 08/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The present prospective study was done to evaluate the effect of silymarin (SMN) on endometriotic-like legions establishment and growth in experimentally-induced endometriosis. For this purpose, the experimental endometriosis was induced in 12 rats and then the animals subdivided into endometriosis-sole and SMN (50 mg kg-1, orally)+endometriosis groups. Following 28 days, the legions establishment, size, Glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF), gfrα1, B Cell Lymphoma 6 (Bcl-6b), Bcl-2, extracellular regulator kinase (ERK1/2) expression ratios, angiogenesis, the apoptosis and fibrosis indices were investigated. The SMN significantly (P < 0.05) decreased the enometriotic-like legions establishment and size, decreased mRNA levels of GDNF, gfrα1, Bcl-6b and Bcl-2 and remarkably diminished GDNF, gfrα1, Bcl-6b and Bcl-2-positive cells distribution/mm2 of tissue versus endometriosis-sole group. The SMN + endometriosis group exhibited a significant (P < 0.05) enhancement in ERK1/2 expression and represented diminished vascularized area and increased apoptosis and fibrosis indices, as well. In conclusion, the SMN by down-regulating GDNF and its receptor gfrα1 expression inhibits GDNF-gfrα1 complex generation and consequently suppresses Bcl-6b expression. Moreover, the SMN by enhancing the ERK1/2 expression and by suppressing the Bcl-2 expression promotes the apoptosis pathway. Finally, the SMN by down-regulating the angiogenesis ratio accelerates apoptosis and consequently induces severe fibrosis in endometriotic-like legions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elaheh Nahari
- Department of Biology, Tabriz Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mazdak Razi
- Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, P.O. BOC: 1177, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran.
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Sun F, Yu Y, Yang Z, Wang Z, Li Y, Wang F, Tan H. Hyaluronic acid-endostatin2-alft1 (HA-ES2-AF) nanoparticle-like conjugate for the target treatment of diseases. J Control Release 2018; 288:1-13. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2018.08.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2018] [Revised: 08/16/2018] [Accepted: 08/28/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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24
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Ricard-Blum S, Baffet G, Théret N. Molecular and tissue alterations of collagens in fibrosis. Matrix Biol 2018; 68-69:122-149. [DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2018.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2017] [Revised: 02/02/2018] [Accepted: 02/02/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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25
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Carrington R, Jordan S, Pitchford S, Page C. Use of animal models in IPF research. Pulm Pharmacol Ther 2018; 51:73-78. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pupt.2018.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2018] [Revised: 07/04/2018] [Accepted: 07/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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26
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Okada M, Imoto K, Sugiyama A, Yasuda J, Yamawaki H. New Insights into the Role of Basement Membrane-Derived Matricryptins in the Heart. Biol Pharm Bull 2018; 40:2050-2060. [PMID: 29199230 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.b17-00308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The extracellular matrix (ECM), which contributes to structural homeostasis as well as to the regulation of cellular function, is enzymatically cleaved by proteases, such as matrix metalloproteinases and cathepsins, in the normal and diseased heart. During the past two decades, matricryptins have been defined as fragments of ECM with a biologically active cryptic site, namely the 'matricryptic site,' and their biological activities have been initially identified and clarified, including anti-angiogenic and anti-tumor effects. Thus, matricryptins are expected to be novel anti-tumor drugs, and thus widely investigated. Although there are a smaller number of studies on the expression and function of matricryptins in fields other than cancer research, some matricryptins have been recently clarified to have biological functions beyond an anti-angiogenic effect in heart. This review particularly focuses on the expression and function of basement membrane-derived matricryptins, including arresten, canstatin, tumstatin, endostatin and endorepellin, during cardiac diseases leading to heart failure such as cardiac hypertrophy and myocardial infarction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muneyoshi Okada
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Kitasato University
| | - Keisuke Imoto
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Kitasato University
| | - Akira Sugiyama
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Kitasato University
| | - Jumpei Yasuda
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Kitasato University
| | - Hideyuki Yamawaki
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Kitasato University
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27
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Mardani M, Andishe Tadbir A, Ranjbar MA, Khademi B, Fattahi MJ, Rahbar A. Serum Endostatin Levels in Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF OTORHINOLARYNGOLOGY 2018; 30:125-130. [PMID: 29876326 PMCID: PMC5985613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Endostatin is a C-terminal proteolytic fragment of collagen XVIII and, as with angiostatin and thrombospondin, is known as an antiangiogenic agent. The aim of this study was to assess the level of serum endostatin in patients with oral squamous cell carcinoma (SCC), and its association with the clinicopathological characteristics of the tumor. MATERIALS AND METHODS Using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kit, we investigated the circulating levels of endostatin in the blood serum of 45 patients with oral SCC and 45 healthy controls. RESULTS The mean level of serum endostatin in patients was significantly lower (68.8±85 ng/ml) than in healthy controls (175.6±73 ng/ml) (P<0.001). Serum endostatin levels were significantly lower in patients with lymph node metastasis compared with patients without lymph node metastasis (P<0.001). In addition, serum endostatin level was associated with higher histological grade (P<0.001). There were no apparent correlations between serum endostatin concentration and clinicopathological features such as age, gender, and tumor stage (P>0.05). CONCLUSION Findings of the present study suggest the prognostic and anti-metastatic role of endostatin, and this may be used as a tool for monitoring tumor progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Mardani
- Oral and Dental Disease Research Center, School of Dentistry, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
| | - Azadeh Andishe Tadbir
- Oral and Dental Disease Research Center, School of Dentistry, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
| | - Mohammad Ali Ranjbar
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, School of Dentistry, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.,Correspondence Author: Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, School of Dentistry, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran. Tel: 07136270325, E-mail:
| | - Bijan Khademi
- Department of Otolaryngology, Khalili Hospital, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
| | - Mohammad Javad Fattahi
- Shiraz Institute for Cancer Research, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
| | - Ahmad Rahbar
- Undergraduate Student, School of Dentistry, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
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28
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Choudhari SS, Kulkarni DG, Patankar S, Kheur SM, Sarode SC, Sarode GS, Patil S. Angiogenesis and Fibrogenesis in Oral Submucous Fibrosis: A Viewpoint. J Contemp Dent Pract 2018; 19:242-245. [PMID: 29422478 DOI: 10.5005/jp-journals-10024-2244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Oral submucous fibrosis (OSF) is characterized by excessive fibrosis of submucosa. The degree of vascularity in OSF has always been a matter of debate. Angiogenesis is the key mechanism involved in regeneration and repair. It also plays an important role in various pathologic conditions. Angiogenesis may contribute to the progression of fibrosis in fibrotic disorders. Inhibition of pathological angiogenesis is considered to be a new strategy for the treatment of various fibrotic disorders. In OSF, angiogenesis can be related to progression fibrosis. This article briefly describes the role of angiogenesis in pathogenesis of fibrosis in OSF and the importance of inhibition of pathologic angiogenesis in its prevention and treatment. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE Understanding the association between angiogenesis and fibrogenesis can help in developing new therapeutic strategies for treatment of OSF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheetal S Choudhari
- Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, Dr. D. Y. Patil Dental College & Hospital, Dr. D. Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Pune Maharashtra, India, Phone: +919819331220, e-mail:
| | - Deepak G Kulkarni
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Dr. D. Y. Patil Dental College & Hospital, Dr. D. Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Pune Maharashtra, India
| | - Sangeeta Patankar
- Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, Yerala Medical Trust Dental College & Research Institute, Navi Mumbai Maharashtra, India
| | - Supriya M Kheur
- Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, Dr. D. Y. Patil Dental College & Hospital, Dr. D. Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Pune Maharashtra, India
| | - Sachin C Sarode
- Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, Dr. D. Y. Patil Dental College & Hospital, Dr. D. Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Pune Maharashtra, India
| | - Gargi S Sarode
- Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, Dr. D. Y. Patil Dental College & Hospital, Dr. D. Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Pune Maharashtra, India
| | - Shankargouda Patil
- Division of Oral Pathology, Department of Maxillofacial Surgery and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Dentistry, Jazan University Jazan, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
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29
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Honda H, Fujimoto M, Serada S, Urushima H, Mishima T, Lee H, Ohkawara T, Kohno N, Hattori N, Yokoyama A, Naka T. Leucine-rich α-2 glycoprotein promotes lung fibrosis by modulating TGF- β signaling in fibroblasts. Physiol Rep 2017; 5:5/24/e13556. [PMID: 29279415 PMCID: PMC5742708 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.13556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2017] [Revised: 11/29/2017] [Accepted: 12/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
TGF‐β has an important role in fibrotic diseases, including idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF). Detailed analysis of TGF‐β signaling in pulmonary fibrosis at the molecular level is needed to identify novel therapeutic targets. Recently, leucine‐rich alpha‐2 glycoprotein (LRG) was reported to function as a modulator of TGF‐β signaling in angiogenesis and tumor progression. However, the involvement of LRG in fibrotic disorders, including IPF, has not yet been investigated. In this study, we investigated the role of LRG in fibrosis by analyzing LRG knockout (KO) mice with bleomycin‐induced lung fibrosis, an animal model of pulmonary fibrosis. The amount of LRG in the lungs of wild‐type (WT) mice was increased by bleomycin administration prior to fibrosis development. In LRG KO mice, lung fibrosis was significantly suppressed, as indicated by attenuated Masson's trichrome staining and lower collagen content than those in WT mice. Moreover, in the lungs of LRG KO mice, phosphorylation of Smad2 was reduced and expression of α‐SMA was decreased relative to those in WT mice. In vitro experiments indicated that LRG enhanced the TGF‐β‐induced phosphorylation of Smad2 and the expression of Serpine1 and Acta2, the downstream of Smad2, in fibroblasts. Although endoglin, an accessory TGF‐β receptor, is essential for LRG to promote TGF‐β signaling in endothelial cells during angiogenesis, we found that endoglin did not contribute to the ability of LRG to enhance Smad2 phosphorylation in fibroblasts. Taken together, our data suggest that LRG promotes lung fibrosis by modulating TGF‐β‐induced Smad2 phosphorylation and activating profibrotic responses in fibroblasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiromi Honda
- Center for Intractable Immune Disease, Kochi Medical School, Kochi University, Nankoku, Japan.,Laboratory of Immune Signal, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Minoru Fujimoto
- Center for Intractable Immune Disease, Kochi Medical School, Kochi University, Nankoku, Japan
| | - Satoshi Serada
- Center for Intractable Immune Disease, Kochi Medical School, Kochi University, Nankoku, Japan
| | - Hayato Urushima
- Department of Anatomy and Regenerative Biology, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka City University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Takashi Mishima
- Laboratory of Immune Signal, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Hyun Lee
- Center for Intractable Immune Disease, Kochi Medical School, Kochi University, Nankoku, Japan
| | - Tomoharu Ohkawara
- Center for Intractable Immune Disease, Kochi Medical School, Kochi University, Nankoku, Japan
| | | | - Noboru Hattori
- Department of Molecular and Internal Medicine, Graduate School of Biomedical Science, Hiroshima University, Minami-ku, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Akihito Yokoyama
- Department of Haematology and Respiratory Medicine, Kochi Medical School, Kochi University, Nankoku, Japan
| | - Tetsuji Naka
- Center for Intractable Immune Disease, Kochi Medical School, Kochi University, Nankoku, Japan.,Laboratory of Immune Signal, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, Ibaraki, Japan
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Karsdal MA, Nielsen SH, Leeming DJ, Langholm LL, Nielsen MJ, Manon-Jensen T, Siebuhr A, Gudmann NS, Rønnow S, Sand JM, Daniels SJ, Mortensen JH, Schuppan D. The good and the bad collagens of fibrosis - Their role in signaling and organ function. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2017; 121:43-56. [PMID: 28736303 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2017.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 297] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2017] [Revised: 07/14/2017] [Accepted: 07/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Usually the dense extracellular structure in fibrotic tissues is described as extracellular matrix (ECM) or simply as collagen. However, fibrosis is not just fibrosis, which is already exemplified by the variant morphological characteristics of fibrosis due to viral versus cholestatic, autoimmune or toxic liver injury, with reticular, chicken wire and bridging fibrosis. Importantly, the overall composition of the ECM, especially the relative amounts of the many types of collagens, which represent the most abundant ECM molecules and which centrally modulate cellular functions and physiological processes, changes dramatically during fibrosis progression. We hypothesize that there are good and bad collagens in fibrosis and that a change of location alone may change the function from good to bad. Whereas basement membrane collagen type IV anchors epithelial and other cells in a polarized manner, the interstitial fibroblast collagens type I and III do not provide directional information. In addition, feedback loops from biologically active degradation products of some collagens are examples of the importance of having the right collagen at the right place and at the right time controlling cell function, proliferation, matrix production and fate. Examples are the interstitial collagen type VI and basement membrane collagen type XVIII. Their carboxyterminal propeptides serve as an adipose tissue hormone, endotrophin, and as a regulator of angiogenesis, endostatin, respectively. We provide an overview of the 28 known collagen types and propose that the molecular composition of the ECM in fibrosis needs careful attention to assess its impact on organ function and its potential to progress or reverse. Consequently, to adequately assess fibrosis and to design optimal antifibrotic therapies, we need to dissect the molecular entity of fibrosis for the molecular composition and spatial distribution of collagens and the associated ECM.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Karsdal
- Nordic Bioscience Biomarkers & Research A/S, Herlev, Denmark.
| | - S H Nielsen
- Nordic Bioscience Biomarkers & Research A/S, Herlev, Denmark
| | - D J Leeming
- Nordic Bioscience Biomarkers & Research A/S, Herlev, Denmark
| | - L L Langholm
- Nordic Bioscience Biomarkers & Research A/S, Herlev, Denmark
| | - M J Nielsen
- Nordic Bioscience Biomarkers & Research A/S, Herlev, Denmark
| | - T Manon-Jensen
- Nordic Bioscience Biomarkers & Research A/S, Herlev, Denmark
| | - A Siebuhr
- Nordic Bioscience Biomarkers & Research A/S, Herlev, Denmark
| | - N S Gudmann
- Nordic Bioscience Biomarkers & Research A/S, Herlev, Denmark
| | - S Rønnow
- Nordic Bioscience Biomarkers & Research A/S, Herlev, Denmark
| | - J M Sand
- Nordic Bioscience Biomarkers & Research A/S, Herlev, Denmark
| | - S J Daniels
- Nordic Bioscience Biomarkers & Research A/S, Herlev, Denmark
| | - J H Mortensen
- Nordic Bioscience Biomarkers & Research A/S, Herlev, Denmark
| | - D Schuppan
- Institute of Translational Immunology and Research Center for Immune Therapy, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany; Division of Gastroenterology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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31
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Jacob J, Nicholson AG, Wells AU, Hansell DM. Impact of pulmonary vascular volume on mortality in IPF: is it time to reconsider the role of vasculature in disease pathogenesis and progression? Eur Respir J 2017; 49:49/2/1602524. [DOI: 10.1183/13993003.02524-2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2016] [Accepted: 01/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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32
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Genovese F, Karsdal MA. Protein degradation fragments as diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers of connective tissue diseases: understanding the extracellular matrix message and implication for current and future serological biomarkers. Expert Rev Proteomics 2016; 13:213-25. [PMID: 26689914 DOI: 10.1586/14789450.2016.1134327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this review is to discuss the potential usefulness of novel biochemical markers of connective tissues: neo-epitopes of extracellular matrix proteins generated by post-translational modifications by tissue proteinases. As each modification results from a specific local physiological or pathobiological process, the identification of specific proteinase-mediated cleavage products of tissue-specific proteins may produce a unique disease-specific biochemical marker. The authors present a novel interpretation of the process of tissue degradation described by neo-epitope fragments of the interstitial and basement membrane matrix in fibrotic disease, and the diagnostic and prognostic potential of such markers. Moreover, the authors highlight the importance of matrix protein fragments not only as markers of tissue remodeling, but also as players in tissue remodeling, due to their signaling properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Genovese
- a Fibrosis Biology and Biomarkers, Nordic Bioscience A/S , Herlev , Denmark
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33
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Heljasvaara R, Aikio M, Ruotsalainen H, Pihlajaniemi T. Collagen XVIII in tissue homeostasis and dysregulation - Lessons learned from model organisms and human patients. Matrix Biol 2016; 57-58:55-75. [PMID: 27746220 DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2016.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2016] [Revised: 09/12/2016] [Accepted: 10/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Collagen XVIII is a ubiquitous basement membrane (BM) proteoglycan produced in three tissue-specific isoforms that differ in their N-terminal non-collagenous sequences, but share collagenous and C-terminal non-collagenous domains. The collagenous domain provides flexibility to the large collagen XVIII molecules on account of multiple interruptions in collagenous sequences. Each isoform has a complex multi-domain structure that endows it with an ability to perform various biological functions. The long isoform contains a frizzled-like (Fz) domain with Wnt-inhibiting activity and a unique domain of unknown function (DUF959), which is also present in the medium isoform. All three isoforms share an N-terminal laminin-G-like/thrombospondin-1 sequence whose specific functions still remain unconfirmed. The proteoglycan nature of the isoforms further increases the functional diversity of collagen XVIII. An anti-angiogenic domain termed endostatin resides in the C-terminus of collagen XVIII and is proteolytically cleaved from the parental molecule during the BM breakdown for example in the process of tumour progression. Recombinant endostatin can efficiently reduce tumour angiogenesis and growth in experimental models by inhibiting endothelial cell migration and proliferation or by inducing their death, but its efficacy against human cancers is still a subject of debate. Mutations in the COL18A1 gene result in Knobloch syndrome, a genetic disorder characterised mainly by severe eye defects and encephalocele and, occasionally, other symptoms. Studies with gene-modified mice have elucidated some aspects of this rare disease, highlighting in particular the importance of collagen XVIII in the development of the eye. Research with model organisms have also helped in determining other structural and biological functions of collagen XVIII, such as its requirement in the maintenance of BM integrity and its emerging roles in regulating cell survival, stem or progenitor cell maintenance and differentiation and inflammation. In this review, we summarise current knowledge on the properties and endogenous functions of collagen XVIII in normal situations and tissue dysregulation. When data is available, we discuss the functions of the distinct isoforms and their specific domains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ritva Heljasvaara
- Oulu Center for Cell-Matrix Research, Biocenter Oulu, Faculty of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of Oulu, FIN-90014 Oulu, Finland; Centre for Cancer Biomarkers CCBIO, Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, N-5009 Bergen, Norway.
| | - Mari Aikio
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Heli Ruotsalainen
- Oulu Center for Cell-Matrix Research, Biocenter Oulu, Faculty of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of Oulu, FIN-90014 Oulu, Finland
| | - Taina Pihlajaniemi
- Oulu Center for Cell-Matrix Research, Biocenter Oulu, Faculty of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of Oulu, FIN-90014 Oulu, Finland
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34
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Elaidy SM, Essawy SS. The antifibrotic effects of alveolar macrophages 5-HT2C receptors blockade on bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis in rats. Pharmacol Rep 2016; 68:1244-1253. [PMID: 27686964 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharep.2016.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2016] [Revised: 07/23/2016] [Accepted: 08/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The most widespread chronic fibrosing lung disease is idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Lung serotonin (5-HT) content is increased during pulmonary fibrosis with the implication of 5-HT2 receptors in the pathogenesis. Serotonin plays important roles in alveolar macrophages function through 5-HT2C receptors activation. Numerous studies described the important role of 5-HT2A/B receptor blockers in suppressing different types of fibrosis as idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. The current study pointed to examine the antifibrotic effects of RS-102221 and/or terguride through in vivo model of pulmonary fibrosis. METHODS Induction of pulmonary fibrosis was through a single dose of intra-tracheal bleomycin instillation (5mg/kg dissolved in phosphate buffer saline) in adult male albino Wistar rats. Next day of bleomycin instillation, intraperitoneal injection of RS-102221 (0.5mg/kg/d) and/or terguride (1.2mg/kg/d) were administered and continued for 14 days. RESULTS Noticeable increase in 5-HT2C receptors expression was observed in fibrotic lung tissues with marked allocation belonging to alveolar macrophages. Either RS-102221 or terguride reduced the increments in lung water contents, grading of lung fibrosis, lung tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), transforming growth factor-beta1 (TGF-β1) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) levels in lung injury and fibrosis-induced by bleomycin. Moreover, collagen content and myofibroblasts-alpha smooth muscle actin (α-SМA) were significantly decreased. Additionally, the simultaneous administration of RS-102221 with terguride had a synergistic outcome compared to that obtained by individual monotherapy. CONCLUSION These findings suggested the potential use of 5-HT2A/B/C antagonists as anti-fibrotic agents in lung fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samah M Elaidy
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, 41522, Egypt.
| | - Soha S Essawy
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, 41522, Egypt
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35
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Zhao H, Bian H, Bu X, Zhang S, Zhang P, Yu J, Lai X, Li D, Zhu C, Yao L, Su J. Targeting of Discoidin Domain Receptor 2 (DDR2) Prevents Myofibroblast Activation and Neovessel Formation During Pulmonary Fibrosis. Mol Ther 2016; 24:1734-1744. [PMID: 27350126 DOI: 10.1038/mt.2016.109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2015] [Accepted: 05/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a lethal human disease with short survival time and few treatment options. Herein, we demonstrated that discoidin domain receptor 2 (DDR2), a receptor tyrosine kinase that predominantly transduces signals from fibrillar collagens, plays a critical role in the induction of fibrosis and angiogenesis in the lung. In vitro cell studies showed that DDR2 can synergize the actions of both transforming growth factor (TGF)-β and fibrillar collagen to stimulate lung fibroblasts to undergo myofibroblastic changes and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) expression. In addition, we confirmed that late treatment of the injured mice with specific siRNA against DDR2 or its kinase inhibitor exhibited therapeutic efficacy against lung fibrosis. Thus, this study not only elucidated novel mechanisms by which DDR2 controls the development of pulmonary fibrosis, but also provided candidate target for the intervention of this stubborn disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hu Zhao
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, People's Republic of China
| | - Huan Bian
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, People's Republic of China
| | - Xin Bu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuya Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Key Laboratory of Fertility Preservation and Maintenance of Ministry of Education, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Pan Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiangtian Yu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaofeng Lai
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, People's Republic of China
| | - Di Li
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, People's Republic of China
| | - Chuchao Zhu
- Department of Human Anatomy, Histology, and Embryology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, People's Republic of China
| | - Libo Yao
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, People's Republic of China
| | - Jin Su
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, People's Republic of China
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Ricard-Blum S, Vallet SD. Matricryptins Network with Matricellular Receptors at the Surface of Endothelial and Tumor Cells. Front Pharmacol 2016; 7:11. [PMID: 26869928 PMCID: PMC4740388 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2016.00011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2015] [Accepted: 01/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The extracellular matrix (ECM) is a source of bioactive fragments called matricryptins or matrikines resulting from the proteolytic cleavage of extracellular proteins (e.g., collagens, elastin, and laminins) and proteoglycans (e.g., perlecan). Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), cathepsins, and bone-morphogenetic protein-1 release fragments, which regulate physiopathological processes including tumor growth, metastasis, and angiogenesis, a pre-requisite for tumor growth. A number of matricryptins, and/or synthetic peptides derived from them, are currently investigated as potential anti-cancer drugs both in vitro and in animal models. Modifications aiming at improving their efficiency and their delivery to their target cells are studied. However, their use as drugs is not straightforward. The biological activities of these fragments are mediated by several receptor families. Several matricryptins may bind to the same matricellular receptor, and a single matricryptin may bind to two different receptors belonging or not to the same family such as integrins and growth factor receptors. Furthermore, some matricryptins interact with each other, integrins and growth factor receptors crosstalk and a signaling pathway may be regulated by several matricryptins. This forms an intricate 3D interaction network at the surface of tumor and endothelial cells, which is tightly associated with other cell-surface associated molecules such as heparan sulfate, caveolin, and nucleolin. Deciphering the molecular mechanisms underlying the behavior of this network is required in order to optimize the development of matricryptins as anti-cancer agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvie Ricard-Blum
- University Claude Bernard Lyon 1, UMR 5246 Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - University Lyon 1 - Institut National des Sciences Appliquées de Lyon - École Supérieure de Chimie Physique Électronique de Lyon Villeurbanne, France
| | - Sylvain D Vallet
- University Claude Bernard Lyon 1, UMR 5246 Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - University Lyon 1 - Institut National des Sciences Appliquées de Lyon - École Supérieure de Chimie Physique Électronique de Lyon Villeurbanne, France
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Liu GF, Chang H, Li BT, Zhang Y, Li DD, Liu Y, Yang Y. Effect of recombinant human endostatin onradiotherapy for esophagus cancer. ASIAN PAC J TROP MED 2015; 9:86-90. [PMID: 26851794 DOI: 10.1016/j.apjtm.2015.12.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2015] [Revised: 11/20/2015] [Accepted: 12/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the effect of radiotherapy plus recombinant human endostatin (RH-endostatin) on esophageal cancer and its mechanism. METHODS A total of 50 nudemice were equally randomized into control group, radiotherapy group, and combined therapy group I, II, and III after inoculating with Eca109 cell suspension (1 × 10(7) cells/mL). On the day of grouping, control group and radiotherapy group were injected normal saline, while radiotherapy group and 3 combined therapy groups received radiotherapy; besides, combined therapy group I, II, and III was injected RH-endostatin of 2.5, 5, 10 mg/kg respectively. After 3-week therapy, the tumors of each group were collected and microvessel density and VEGF expression in tumors were determined. In vitro, Eca109 cells were divided into control group, radiotherapy group, and combined therapy group. Forty-eight hours after treatment, cell cycle distribution and apoptosis rate were detected, and the activity of VEGF signal paths was semiquantitatively analyzed. RESULTS Since the 6th day of treatment, the relative tumor proliferation rate of combined therapy group II was lower than radiotherapy group (P < 0.05) and ≤40% since the 15th day. Average microvessel density and EGFR expression in combined therapy group II were lower than radiotherapy group (P < 0.05). In vitro, the cell percentage in S and G2/M phase of combined therapy group cells was lower than that in radiotherapy group cells, while the apoptosis rate and the expression of VEGF, AKT, p-AKT, ERK1/2 and p-ERK1/2 in combined group were higher than that in radiotherapy group (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS RH-endostatin promotes the efficacy of radiotherapy on esophageal cancer, which may be partly realized by inhibiting the activity of VEGF related signal paths.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gao-Feng Liu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, No. 153 Hospital of Liberation Army, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Hui Chang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, No. 153 Hospital of Liberation Army, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Bao-Tian Li
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, No. 153 Hospital of Liberation Army, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yong Zhang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, No. 153 Hospital of Liberation Army, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Dan-Dan Li
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, No. 153 Hospital of Liberation Army, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yan Liu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, No. 153 Hospital of Liberation Army, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yang Yang
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Xiangya Hospital Central-South University, Changsha, China.
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Sun R, Xu F, Wang C, Dong E. NSFC spurs significant basic research progress of respiratory medicine in China. CLINICAL RESPIRATORY JOURNAL 2015; 11:271-284. [PMID: 26176299 PMCID: PMC7159156 DOI: 10.1111/crj.12351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2015] [Revised: 07/10/2015] [Accepted: 07/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Over the years, research in respiratory medicine has progressed rapidly in China. This commentary narrates the role of the National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC) in supporting the basic research of respiratory medicine, summarizes the major progress of respiratory medicine in China, and addresses the main future research directions sponsored by the NSFC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruijuan Sun
- Department of Health Sciences, National Natural Science Foundation of China, Beijing, China
| | - Feng Xu
- Department of Health Sciences, National Natural Science Foundation of China, Beijing, China.,Department of Infectious Diseases, Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Chen Wang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Erdan Dong
- Department of Health Sciences, National Natural Science Foundation of China, Beijing, China
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Ni S, Wang D, Qiu X, Pang L, Song Z, Guo K. Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells protect against bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis in rat by activating Nrf2 signaling. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CLINICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL PATHOLOGY 2015; 8:7752-7761. [PMID: 26339340 PMCID: PMC4555668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2015] [Accepted: 06/23/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Pulmonary fibrosis is a progressive and lethal disorder. Although the precise mechanisms of pulmonary fibrosis are not fully understood, oxidant/antioxidant may play an important role in many of the processes of inflammation and fibrosis. Keap1-Nrf2-ARE pathway represents one of the most important cellular defense mechanisms against oxidative stress. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) are in clinical trials for widespread indications including musculoskeletal, neurological, cardiac and haematological disorders. One emerging concept is that MSCs may have paracrine, rather than a functional, roles in lung injury repair and regeneration. In the present study, we investigated bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) for the treatment of bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis. Our results showed that BMSCs administration significantly ameliorated the bleomycin mediated histological alterations and blocked collagen deposition with parallel reduction in the hydroxyproline level. The gene expression levels of NAD(P)H quinine oxidoreductase 1 (NQO1), gama-glutamylcysteine synthetase (γ-GCS), heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) and nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), attenuated by bleomycin, were increased up to basal levels after BMSCs transplantation. BMSCs significantly increased superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and inhibited malondialdehyde (MDA) production in the injured lung. The present study provides evidence that BMSCs may be a potential therapeutic reagent for the treatment of lung fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shirong Ni
- Department of Hematology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical UniversityGuangzhou, China
- Department of Pathophysiology, Wenzhou Medical UniversityWenzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Dexuan Wang
- Department of Pediatrics, The Second Affiliated & Yuying Children’s Hospital of Wenzhou Medical UniversityWenzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Xiaoxiao Qiu
- Department of Pathophysiology, Wenzhou Medical UniversityWenzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Lingxia Pang
- Teaching Center of Medical Functional Experiment, Wenzhou Medical UniversityWenzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Zhangjuan Song
- Department of Pathophysiology, Wenzhou Medical UniversityWenzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Kunyuan Guo
- Department of Hematology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical UniversityGuangzhou, China
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Karsdal MA, Manon-Jensen T, Genovese F, Kristensen JH, Nielsen MJ, Sand JMB, Hansen NUB, Bay-Jensen AC, Bager CL, Krag A, Blanchard A, Krarup H, Leeming DJ, Schuppan D. Novel insights into the function and dynamics of extracellular matrix in liver fibrosis. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2015; 308:G807-30. [PMID: 25767261 PMCID: PMC4437019 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00447.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 179] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2014] [Accepted: 03/04/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Emerging evidence suggests that altered components and posttranslational modifications of proteins in the extracellular matrix (ECM) may both initiate and drive disease progression. The ECM is a complex grid consisting of multiple proteins, most of which play a vital role in containing the essential information needed for maintenance of a sophisticated structure anchoring the cells and sustaining normal function of tissues. Therefore, the matrix itself may be considered as a paracrine/endocrine entity, with more complex functions than previously appreciated. The aims of this review are to 1) explore key structural and functional components of the ECM as exemplified by monogenetic disorders leading to severe pathologies, 2) discuss selected pathological posttranslational modifications of ECM proteins resulting in altered functional (signaling) properties from the original structural proteins, and 3) discuss how these findings support the novel concept that an increasing number of components of the ECM harbor signaling functions that can modulate fibrotic liver disease. The ECM entails functions in addition to anchoring cells and modulating their migratory behavior. Key ECM components and their posttranslational modifications often harbor multiple domains with different signaling potential, in particular when modified during inflammation or wound healing. This signaling by the ECM should be considered a paracrine/endocrine function, as it affects cell phenotype, function, fate, and finally tissue homeostasis. These properties should be exploited to establish novel biochemical markers and antifibrotic treatment strategies for liver fibrosis as well as other fibrotic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morten A. Karsdal
- 1Nordic Bioscience A/S, Herlev Hovedgade, Herlev, Denmark; ,2University of Southern Denmark, SDU, Odense, Denmark;
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Aleksander Krag
- 3Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Odense University Hospital, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark;
| | - Andy Blanchard
- 4GlaxoSmithKline, Medicines Research Centre, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage, Hertfordshire, United Kingdom;
| | - Henrik Krarup
- 5Section of Molecular Biology, Clinical Biochemistry, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark;
| | | | - Detlef Schuppan
- 6Institute of Translational Immunology and Research Center for Immunotherapy, University of Mainz Medical Center, Mainz, Germany; ,7Division of Gastroenterology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
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Correlation of serum levels of endostatin with tumor stage in gastric cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 2015:623939. [PMID: 25685799 PMCID: PMC4313525 DOI: 10.1155/2015/623939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2014] [Revised: 11/25/2014] [Accepted: 12/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Background. We performed a systematic review and meta-analysis to study the association between serum endostatin levels and gastric cancer (GC) progression. Method. We searched the MEDLINE, Science Citation Index, Cochrane Library, PubMed, Embase, Current Contents Index, and several Chinese databases for published studies relevant to our study topic. Carefully selected studies were pooled and SMD and its corresponding 95% CI were calculated. Version 12.0 STATA software was used for statistical analysis. Results. Serum endostatin levels were analyzed in 12 case-control studies (736 GC patients and 350 controls). Significant differences in serum endostatin levels were observed between GC patients and the healthy controls (SMD = 1.418, 95% CI = 1.079~1.757, P < 0.001). Importantly, significantly lower levels of serum endostatin were found in I-II grade patients compared to those with III-IV grade tumors (P < 0.001). Further, higher serum endostatin levels were observed in the LN invasion-positive GC subjects in comparison with LN invasion-negative subjects (P < 0.001). Conclusion. Patients with GC exhibited elevated levels of serum endostatin than controls and its level showed a statistical correlation with the more aggressive type of GC, exhibiting invasion and LN metastasis. Thus, serum levels of endostatin being a useful prognostic biomarker for GC patients warrants further investigation.
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Reviews and prospectives of signaling pathway analysis in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Autoimmun Rev 2014; 13:1020-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.autrev.2014.08.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2014] [Accepted: 05/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Ricard-Blum S, Salza R. Matricryptins and matrikines: biologically active fragments of the extracellular matrix. Exp Dermatol 2014; 23:457-63. [DOI: 10.1111/exd.12435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sylvie Ricard-Blum
- Institut de Biologie et Chimie des Protéines; UMR 5086 CNRS; Université Lyon 1; Lyon Cedex 07 France
| | - Romain Salza
- Institut de Biologie et Chimie des Protéines; UMR 5086 CNRS; Université Lyon 1; Lyon Cedex 07 France
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Abstract
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a progressive and irreversible fibrosing interstitial pneumonia of unknown aetiology that usually leads to respiratory failure and death within 5 years of diagnosis. Alveolar epithelial cell injury, disruption of alveolar capillary membrane integrity and abnormal vascular repair and remodelling have all been proposed as possible pathogenic mechanisms. This review summarizes our current knowledge of the abnormalities in vascular remodelling observed in IPF and highlights several of the cytokines thought to play a pathogenic role, which may ultimately prove to be future therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Barratt
- From the Academic Respiratory Unit, School of Clinical Sciences, University of Bristol, Learning and Research Building, Southmead Hospital, Southmead BS10 5NB, UK
| | - A Millar
- From the Academic Respiratory Unit, School of Clinical Sciences, University of Bristol, Learning and Research Building, Southmead Hospital, Southmead BS10 5NB, UK
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45
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Kendall RT, Feghali-Bostwick CA. Fibroblasts in fibrosis: novel roles and mediators. Front Pharmacol 2014; 5:123. [PMID: 24904424 PMCID: PMC4034148 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2014.00123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 662] [Impact Index Per Article: 66.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2014] [Accepted: 05/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Fibroblasts are the most common cell type of the connective tissues found throughout the body and the principal source of the extensive extracellular matrix (ECM) characteristic of these tissues. They are also the central mediators of the pathological fibrotic accumulation of ECM and the cellular proliferation and differentiation that occurs in response to prolonged tissue injury and chronic inflammation. The transformation of the fibroblast cell lineage involves classical developmental signaling programs and includes a surprisingly diverse range of precursor cell types—most notably, myofibroblasts that are the apex of the fibrotic phenotype. Myofibroblasts display exaggerated ECM production; constitutively secrete and are hypersensitive to chemical signals such as cytokines, chemokines, and growth factors; and are endowed with a contractile apparatus allowing them to manipulate the ECM fibers physically to close open wounds. In addition to ECM production, fibroblasts have multiple concomitant biological roles, such as in wound healing, inflammation, and angiogenesis, which are each interwoven with the process of fibrosis. We now recognize many common fibroblast-related features across various physiological and pathological protracted processes. Indeed, a new appreciation has emerged for the role of non-cancerous fibroblast interactions with tumors in cancer progression. Although the predominant current clinical treatments of fibrosis involve non-specific immunosuppressive and anti-proliferative drugs, a variety of potential therapies under investigation specifically target fibroblast biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan T Kendall
- Division of Rheumatology and Immunology, Department of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Carol A Feghali-Bostwick
- Division of Rheumatology and Immunology, Department of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina Charleston, SC, USA
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Chakraborty S, Chopra P, Ambi SV, Dastidar SG, Ray A. Emerging therapeutic interventions for idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2014; 23:893-910. [PMID: 24766571 DOI: 10.1517/13543784.2014.913569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a devastating and relentlessly progressive lung disorder. Previously, it was thought to be a chronic inflammatory disease; however, it is now considered to be an epithelial-fibroblastic disease. In accordance with this paradigm change, efforts toward the development of novel therapeutic targets for IPF have acquired a new direction. Currently available therapies are largely ineffective in reversing the lung damage, and lung transplantation is the only effective treatment for end-stage disease. Limitations in advancement of IPF therapeutics are due to a poor understanding of its pathogenesis, unavailability of reliable animal models and slow disease progression. Recent research on IPF has resulted in the identification of a plethora of novel targets that are in various stages of development and offers hope that in the near future that there will be better therapeutic options available for the treatment of IPF. AREAS COVERED This review discusses existing therapies and highlights some of the recent, novel therapeutics being explored in the current clinical landscape for the treatment of this chronic, disabling disorder. The review also discusses the pathogenic rationale behind current therapies. EXPERT OPINION Targeting one fibrotic signaling pathway at a time may not have any significant effect on the control of IPF. It is therefore recommended that future IPF management focuses on targeting multiple pro-fibrotic pathways associated with its complex pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sushmita Chakraborty
- Daiichi Sankyo India Pharma Pvt Ltd, Department of Biology , Village Sarhaul, Sector-18, UdyogVihar Industrial Area, Gurgaon-122 015, Haryana , India
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Song X, Cao G, Jing L, Lin S, Wang X, Zhang J, Wang M, Liu W, Lv C. Analysing the relationship between lncRNA and protein-coding gene and the role of lncRNA as ceRNA in pulmonary fibrosis. J Cell Mol Med 2014; 18:991-1003. [PMID: 24702795 PMCID: PMC4508140 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.12243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 161] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2013] [Accepted: 01/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are involved in various pathophysiologic processes and human diseases. However, their dynamics and corresponding functions in pulmonary fibrosis remain poorly understood. In this study, portions of lncRNAs adjacent or homologous to protein-coding genes were determined by searching the UCSC genome bioinformatics database. This was found to be potentially useful for exploring lncRNA functions in disease progression. Previous studies showed that competing endogenous RNA (ceRNA) hypothesis is another method to predict lncRNA function. However, little is known about the function of ceRNA in pulmonary fibrosis. In this study, we selected two differentially expressed lncRNAs MRAK088388 and MRAK081523 to explore their regulatory mechanisms. MRAK088388 and MRAK081523 were analysed as long-intergenic non-coding RNAs (lincRNAs), and identified as orthologues of mouse lncRNAs AK088388 and AK081523, respectively. qRT-PCR and in situ hybridization (ISH) showed that they were significantly up-regulated, and located in the cytoplasm of interstitial lung cells. We also showed that MRAK088388 and N4bp2 had the same miRNA response elements (MREs) for miR-200, miR-429, miR-29, and miR-30, whereas MRAK081523 and Plxna4 had the same MREs for miR-218, miR-141, miR-98, and let-7. Moreover, the expression levels of N4bp2 and Plxna4 significantly increased in fibrotic rats, and were highly correlated with those of MRAK088388 and MRAK081523, respectively. Among their shared miRNAs, miR-29b-3p and let-7i-5p decreased in the model group, and were negatively correlated with the expression of MRAK088388 and MRAK081523, respectively. MRAK088388 and MRAK081523 could regulate N4bp2 and Plxna4 expression by sponging miR-29b-3p and let-7i-5p, respectively, and possessed regulatory functions as ceRNAs. Thus, our study may provide insights into the functional interactions of lncRNA, miRNA and mRNA, and lead to new theories for the pathogenesis and treatment of pulmonary fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaodong Song
- Medicine Research Center, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, China
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Guilherme RF, Xisto DG, Kunkel SL, Freire-de-Lima CG, Rocco PRM, Neves JS, Fierro IM, Canetti C, Benjamim CF. Pulmonary antifibrotic mechanisms aspirin-triggered lipoxin A(4) synthetic analog. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2014; 49:1029-37. [PMID: 23848293 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2012-0462oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
No successful therapies are available for pulmonary fibrosis, indicating the need for new treatments. Lipoxins and their 15-epimers, aspirin-triggered lipoxins (ATL), present potent antiinflammatory and proresolution effects (Martins et al., J Immunol 2009;182:5374-5381). We show that ATLa, an ATL synthetic analog, therapeutically reversed a well-established pulmonary fibrotic process induced by bleomycin (BLM) in mice. We investigated the mechanisms involved in its effect and found that systemic treatment with ATLa 1 week after BLM instillation considerably reversed the inflammatory response, total collagen and collagen type 1 deposition, vascular endothelial growth factor, and transforming growth factor (TGF)-β expression in the lung and restored surfactant protein C expression levels. ATLa also inhibited BLM-induced apoptosis and cellular accumulation in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid and in the lung parenchyma as evaluated by light microscopy and flow cytometry (Ly6G(+), F4/80(+), CD11c(+), CD4(+), and B220(+) cells) assays. Moreover, ATLa inhibited the lung production of IL-1β, IL-17, TNF-α, and TGF-β induced by BLM-challenged mice. ATLa restored the balance of inducible nitric oxide synthase-positive and arginase-positive cells in the lungs, suggesting a prevalence of M2 versus M1 macrophages. Together, these effects improved pulmonary mechanics because ATLa treatment brought to normal levels lung resistance and elastance, which were clearly altered at 7 days after BLM challenge. Our findings support ATLa as a promising therapeutic agent to treat lung fibrosis.
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Kleaveland KR, Moore BB, Kim KK. Paracrine functions of fibrocytes to promote lung fibrosis. Expert Rev Respir Med 2014; 8:163-72. [PMID: 24451025 DOI: 10.1586/17476348.2014.862154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Fibrocytes are derived from the bone marrow and are found in the circulation. They can be recruited to sites of injury and contribute to repair/remodeling. In vitro evidence suggests that fibrocytes may differentiate into fibroblasts to promote lung fibrosis. However, in vivo evidence for this is sparse. This review summarizes recent literature which may suggest that fibrocytes function to promote fibrosis via paracrine actions. In this way, secretion of growth factors, proteases and matricellular proteins may strongly influence the actions of resident epithelial and mesenchymal cells to promote repair and resolution or to tip the scale toward pathologic remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn R Kleaveland
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-0642, USA
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50
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Zhu B, Ma AQ, Yang L, Dang XM. Atorvastatin attenuates bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis via suppressing iNOS expression and the CTGF (CCN2)/ERK signaling pathway. Int J Mol Sci 2013; 14:24476-91. [PMID: 24351828 PMCID: PMC3876122 DOI: 10.3390/ijms141224476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2013] [Revised: 11/28/2013] [Accepted: 12/03/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Pulmonary fibrosis is a progressive and fatal lung disorder with high mortality rate. To date, despite the fact that extensive research trials are ongoing, pulmonary fibrosis continues to have a poor response to available medical therapy. Statins, 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A reductase inhibitors, known for its broad pharmacological activities, remains a remedy against multiple diseases. The present study investigated the antifibrotic potential of atorvastatin against bleomycin-induced lung fibrosis and to further explore the possible underlying mechanisms. Our results showed that atorvastatin administration significantly ameliorated the bleomycin mediated histological alterations and blocked collagen deposition with parallel reduction in the hydroxyproline level. Atorvastatin reduced malondialdehyde (MDA) level and lung indices. Atorvastatin also markedly decreased the expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) in lung tissues and, thus, prevented nitric oxide (NO) release in response to bleomycin challenge. Furthermore, atorvastatin exhibited target down-regulation of connective tissue growth factor (CTGF (CCN2)) and phosphorylation extracellular regulated protein kinases (p-ERK) expression. Taken together, atorvastatin significantly ameliorated bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis in rats, via the inhibition of iNOS expression and the CTGF (CCN2)/ERK signaling pathway. The present study provides evidence that atorvastatin may be a potential therapeutic reagent for the treatment of lung fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Zhu
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710061, China; E-Mails: (B.Z.); (L.Y.); (X.-M.D.)
| | - Ai-Qun Ma
- Department of Cardiology, the First Affiliated Hospital, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710061, China
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: ; Tel.: +86-1899-1232-787; Fax: +86-29-8526-1809
| | - Lan Yang
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710061, China; E-Mails: (B.Z.); (L.Y.); (X.-M.D.)
| | - Xiao-Min Dang
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710061, China; E-Mails: (B.Z.); (L.Y.); (X.-M.D.)
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