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Kardos MK, Clement A, Jolánkai Z, Zessner M, Kittlaus S, Weber N, Gabriel O, Broer MB, Soare F, Hamchevici C, Sidau M, Tonev R, Milačič R, Ščančar J, Horvat M, Marković K, Kulcsar S, Schuhmann A, Bordós G, Pataj E, Zoboli O. Development and testing of an efficient micropollutant monitoring strategy across a large watershed. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 948:174760. [PMID: 39025144 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.174760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2024] [Revised: 07/09/2024] [Accepted: 07/11/2024] [Indexed: 07/20/2024]
Abstract
In recent decades, extensive monitoring programmes have been conducted at the national, international, and project levels with the objective of expanding our understanding of the contamination of surface waters with micropollutants, which are often referred to as hazardous substances (HS). It has been demonstrated that HS enter surface waters via a number of pathways, including groundwater, atmospheric deposition, soil erosion, and urban systems. Given the ever-growing list of substances and the high resource demand associated with laboratory analysis, it is common practice to quantify the listed pathways based on emission factors derived from temporally and spatially constrained monitoring programmes. The derivation calculations are subject to high uncertainties, and substantial knowledge gaps remain regarding the relative importance of the unique pathways, territories, and periods. This publication presents a monitoring method designed to quantify the unique emission pathways of HS in large geographical areas characterized by differences in land use, population, and economic development. The method will be tested for a wide range of HS (ubiquitous organic and inorganic pollutants, pesticides, pharmaceuticals) throughout small sub-catchments located on tributaries. The results of the test application demonstrate a high diversity of both emission loads and instream concentrations throughout different regions for numerous substances. Riverine concentrations are found to be highly dependent on the flow status. Soil concentration levels of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) and perfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are found to be in proportion, whereas that of potentially toxic elements (PTE) in a reverse relationship with economic development. In many instances, concentration levels are also contingent upon land use. The findings of this study reinforce the necessity for the implementation of harmonised and concerted HS monitoring programmes, which should encompass a diverse range of substances, emission sources, pathways and geographical areas. This is essential for the reliable development of emission factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Máté Krisztián Kardos
- National Laboratory for Water Science and Water Security, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Department of Sanitary and Environmental Engineering, Műegyetem rakpart 3, 1111 Budapest, Hungary.
| | - Adrienne Clement
- National Laboratory for Water Science and Water Security, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Department of Sanitary and Environmental Engineering, Műegyetem rakpart 3, 1111 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Zsolt Jolánkai
- National Laboratory for Water Science and Water Security, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Department of Sanitary and Environmental Engineering, Műegyetem rakpart 3, 1111 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Matthias Zessner
- TU Wien, Institute for Water Quality and Resource Management, Karlsplatz 13, 1040 Wien, Austria
| | - Steffen Kittlaus
- TU Wien, Institute for Water Quality and Resource Management, Karlsplatz 13, 1040 Wien, Austria
| | - Nikolaus Weber
- TU Wien, Institute for Water Quality and Resource Management, Karlsplatz 13, 1040 Wien, Austria
| | - Oliver Gabriel
- Environment Agency Austria, Spittelauer Lände 5, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Florentina Soare
- National Administration Romanian Waters, Str. Edgar Quinet no. 6, Sector 1, 010018 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Carmen Hamchevici
- National Administration Romanian Waters, Str. Edgar Quinet no. 6, Sector 1, 010018 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Mugurel Sidau
- National Administration Romanian Waters, Str. Edgar Quinet no. 6, Sector 1, 010018 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Radoslav Tonev
- Bulgarian Water Association, Hristo Smirnenski blvd 1, 1046 Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Radmila Milačič
- Jožef Stefan Institute, Department of Environmental Sciences, Jamova 39, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Janez Ščančar
- Jožef Stefan Institute, Department of Environmental Sciences, Jamova 39, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Milena Horvat
- Jožef Stefan Institute, Department of Environmental Sciences, Jamova 39, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Katarina Marković
- Jožef Stefan Institute, Department of Environmental Sciences, Jamova 39, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Sandra Kulcsar
- Environment Agency Austria, Spittelauer Lände 5, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Andrea Schuhmann
- Environment Agency Austria, Spittelauer Lände 5, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Gábor Bordós
- Eurofins Analytical Services Hungary Ltd., Anonymus utca 6., 1045 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Eszter Pataj
- Eurofins Analytical Services Hungary Ltd., Anonymus utca 6., 1045 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Ottavia Zoboli
- TU Wien, Institute for Water Quality and Resource Management, Karlsplatz 13, 1040 Wien, Austria
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Mundo R, Iwai H, Ochiai S, Matsunaka T, Hasebe N, Nagao S. 140 years-long sedimentary records of PAHs and CN stable isotopes from Ninomiya River, Japan. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2023; 192:114943. [PMID: 37163791 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2023.114943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Revised: 04/02/2023] [Accepted: 04/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Anthropogenic activities' impacts over 140 years were studied at West Nanao Bay using a variety of geochemical techniques on sedimentary records. The bay is influenced by the Ninomiya River which is fed by a small watershed at which Tatzuruhama Town is located. Sedimentation rate was calculated using 210Pb-excess and 137Cs activities. C/N decreased after 1975, indicating a decrease in lignin-rich organic matter. From δ13C, δ15N and biogenic silica it was indicated that the population increased sewage-discharges until the construction of waste-water treatment plant in 1986. Several recorded changes in the landuse matched with the variation of the particle size. Total PAHs concentration was 1.17-62.78 μg g-1, being highest during Japan's fastest economic growth period (1946-1975). Using diagnostic ratios and PCA analysis, PAHs' sources were identified as pyrogenic for all depths, varying from coal combustion (90.7 %) before 1946 to a mixture of biomass and vehicle combustion after 1961.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo Mundo
- Division of Material Chemistry, Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-1192, Japan
| | - Hisanori Iwai
- Sustainable Energy & Environmental Society Open Innovation Research Organization, Waseda University, Shinjuku, Tokyo 169-8555, Japan.
| | - Shinya Ochiai
- Division of Material Chemistry, Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-1192, Japan; Low Level Radioactivity Laboratory, Institute of Nature and Environmental Technology, Kanazawa University, Nomi, Ishikawa 923-1224, Japan.
| | - Tetsuya Matsunaka
- Division of Material Chemistry, Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-1192, Japan; Low Level Radioactivity Laboratory, Institute of Nature and Environmental Technology, Kanazawa University, Nomi, Ishikawa 923-1224, Japan.
| | - Noriko Hasebe
- Institute of Nature and Environmental Technology, Kanazawa University, Ishikawa 920-1192, Japan.
| | - Seiya Nagao
- Division of Material Chemistry, Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-1192, Japan; Low Level Radioactivity Laboratory, Institute of Nature and Environmental Technology, Kanazawa University, Nomi, Ishikawa 923-1224, Japan.
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Dai W, Slotsbo S, Holmstrup M, van Gestel CAM. Evaluation of life-history traits in Folsomia candida exposed to combined repeated mild heat shocks with phenanthrene. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:55132-55142. [PMID: 36884179 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-26230-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2022] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Climate change increases the frequency and intensity of extreme weather events. In nature, organisms are often exposed to climatic stressors and contaminants simultaneously, and the effects of contaminants may be modified by climate change and vice versa. Here, the effects of repeated mild heat shocks (0-5 times, 30 °C for 6 h), alone or combined with phenanthrene (PHE) (80 mg kg-1 dry soil), on life-history traits of the springtail Folsomia candida were investigated. The survival, growth, maturation, and reproduction of single juvenile springtails were assessed over a period of 37 days. Increasing number of heat bouts or PHE exposure did not have significant negative effects on overall survival at the termination of the experiment, but the interaction between the two stressors led to complex interactions for the dynamics of survival during the test. Neither body growth nor time to first oviposition was influenced by heat or PHE, but a reduction of egg production with increasing number of heat bouts was observed, and there was an interaction between the two stressors. Further, a trade-off between the number of eggs produced and egg size was observed, indicating that females invested the same amount of energy in reproduction despite exposure to stressful temperature and PHE. These results indicate that egg production (in terms of the number of eggs) was a more sensitive indicator of the combined effects of mild heat shocks and PHE than growth, and there was a trade-off between survival and egg production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wencai Dai
- College of Resources and Environment, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China.
- Section of Terrestrial Ecology, Department of Ecoscience, Aarhus University, C.F. Møllers Alle 4-6, 8000, Aarhus, Denmark.
| | - Stine Slotsbo
- Section of Terrestrial Ecology, Department of Ecoscience, Aarhus University, C.F. Møllers Alle 4-6, 8000, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Martin Holmstrup
- Section of Terrestrial Ecology, Department of Ecoscience, Aarhus University, C.F. Møllers Alle 4-6, 8000, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Cornelis A M van Gestel
- Faculty of Science, Amsterdam Institute for Life and Environment (A-LIFE), Vrije Universiteit, De Boelelaan 1085, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Wang Y, Slotsbo S, Damgaard CF, Holmstrup M. Influence of Soil Moisture on Bioaccumulation, Growth, and Recruitment of Folsomia candida Exposed to Phenanthrene-Polluted Soil. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023; 57:3085-3094. [PMID: 36790897 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c07497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Climate change has resulted in an increased occurrence of summer droughts in large parts of the world. Low soil moisture has marked impacts on the physiology of soil invertebrates and lowers degradation rates of organic contaminants in soil. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are hydrophobic contaminants that readily accumulate in the lipids of soil organisms. Here, we exposed springtails (Collembola, small soil living arthropods) to phenanthrene (a common PAH) in combination with a range of soil water contents to investigate the combined effects of these factors on the bioaccumulation, survival, recruitment, and body growth in a full factorial experiment. The results showed that phenanthrene up to 60 mg/kg dry soil had moderate effects on survival (<20%), whereas dry soil (4% soil water content) caused approximately 60% mortality. The bioaccumulation of phenanthrene increased almost 3-fold when soil water content decreased from 22 to 4%. We observed a joint effect of low soil water content and phenanthrene on recruitment, suggesting a synergistic interaction. The recruitment EC50 values of phenanthrene decreased from approximately 40 mg/kg dry soil at 22% soil water content to approximately 10 mg/kg dry soil at 12% soil water content. Our results show that the effects of phenanthrene are more pronounced in dry soil partly because bioaccumulation is enhanced when soils become dry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Wang
- Section for Terrestrial Ecology, Department of Ecoscience, Aarhus University, Building 1120, C.F. Møllers Allé 4, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Stine Slotsbo
- Section for Terrestrial Ecology, Department of Ecoscience, Aarhus University, Building 1120, C.F. Møllers Allé 4, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Christian Frølund Damgaard
- Section for Terrestrial Ecology, Department of Ecoscience, Aarhus University, Building 1120, C.F. Møllers Allé 4, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Martin Holmstrup
- Section for Terrestrial Ecology, Department of Ecoscience, Aarhus University, Building 1120, C.F. Møllers Allé 4, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
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Vehicular influence on atmospheric concentrations and source apportionment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in some major cities in three regions of Ghana using epiphytic lichens. Toxicol Rep 2022; 9:1691-1699. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2022.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2022] [Revised: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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Iwegbue CMA, Ogbuta AA, Otutu JO, Obi G, Egobueze FE, Martincigh BS. Evaluation of Human Exposure to Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons from Some Edible Oils and Shea Butter in Nigeria. Polycycl Aromat Compd 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/10406638.2019.1570951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Anwuli A. Ogbuta
- Department of Chemistry, Delta State University, Abraka, Nigeria
- Department of Chemistry, University of Africa, Toru-Orua, Nigeria
| | - Johnson O. Otutu
- Department of Chemistry, Delta State University, Abraka, Nigeria
| | - Grace Obi
- Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Petroleum Resources, Effurun, Nigeria
| | - Francis E. Egobueze
- Environment and Quality Control Department, Nigeria Agip Oil Company, Port Harcourt, Nigeria
| | - Bice S. Martincigh
- School of Chemistry and Physics, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
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Gereslassie T, Workineh A, Liu X, Yan X, Wang J. Occurrence and Ecological and Human Health Risk Assessment of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Soils from Wuhan, Central China. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2018; 15:ijerph15122751. [PMID: 30563143 PMCID: PMC6313511 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph15122751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2018] [Revised: 11/29/2018] [Accepted: 11/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons are large groups of ubiquitous environmental pollutants composed of two or more fused aromatic rings. This study was designed to evaluate the distribution, potential sources, and ecological and cancer risks of eleven polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from Huangpi soils in Wuhan, central China. The soil samples for this study were taken from 0–10 cm and 10–20 cm soil depths. A modified matrix solid-phase dispersion extraction method was applied to extract analytes from the soil samples. A gas chromatograph equipped with a flame ionization detector was used to determine the concentrations of the compounds. The sum mean concentrations of the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons were 138.93 and 154.99 µg kg−1 in the 0–10 cm and 10–20 cm soil depths, respectively. Benzo[a]pyrene and fluorene were the most abundant compounds in the 0–10 cm and 10–20 cm soil depths, respectively. The quantitative values of the pyrogenic index, total index, and diagnostic ratio used in this study showed that the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons have a pyrogenic origin. The negligible and maximum permissible concentrations values for naphthalene, acenaphthylene, acenaphthene, phenanthrene, anthracene, pyrene, benz[a]anthracene, and benzo[a]pyrene indicated a moderate ecological risk. The incremental lifetime cancer risk values for adults and children showed a low and moderate cancer risk, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tekleweini Gereslassie
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Botany and Watershed Ecology, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430074, China.
- Sino-Africa Joint Research Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430074, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Ababo Workineh
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Botany and Watershed Ecology, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430074, China.
- Sino-Africa Joint Research Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430074, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Xiaoning Liu
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Botany and Watershed Ecology, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430074, China.
- Sino-Africa Joint Research Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430074, China.
| | - Xue Yan
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Botany and Watershed Ecology, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430074, China.
- Sino-Africa Joint Research Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430074, China.
| | - Jun Wang
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Botany and Watershed Ecology, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430074, China.
- Sino-Africa Joint Research Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430074, China.
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Skála J, Vácha R, Čupr P. Which Compounds Contribute Most to Elevated Soil Pollution and the Corresponding Health Risks in Floodplains in the Headwater Areas of the Central European Watershed? INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2018; 15:E1146. [PMID: 29865159 PMCID: PMC6025328 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph15061146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2018] [Revised: 05/25/2018] [Accepted: 05/29/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The main topic of this study is a human health risk assessment of a defined exposure scenario in the floodplain soils of the headwater areas of the central European watershed, with the aim of exploring both multivariate and regional data structures. Flood-prone areas are recognized worldwide to be susceptible to contamination and its redistribution. Contributions of various classes of toxic compounds (organochlorine pesticides (OCPs), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs)) to human health risks were assessed in a screening risk assessment. However, due to the relative nature of our data and a high PAH dominancy over the data ensemble, reliance solely on the standard statistical processing of raw data might lead to incomplete insight into the structure of the multivariate data. Explanatory analysis of the data structure using the compositional approach was found to be beneficial to elucidating human health risk profiles and provided robust evidence that a contrast between agricultural and airborne industrial pollution controlled the whole human toxicological variation of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) in floodplain soils. These results were effectively quantified with the subcomposition of benzo(a)pyrene, DDT, and alpha-hexachlorocyclohexane (aHCH), allowing for an interpretation of structural differences in regional pollution patterns, which conferred different extents and compositions of human health risks in floodplain soils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Skála
- Research Institute for Soil and Water Conservation, Žabovřeská 250, 15627 Prague, Czech Republic.
| | - Radim Vácha
- Research Institute for Soil and Water Conservation, Žabovřeská 250, 15627 Prague, Czech Republic.
| | - Pavel Čupr
- Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment, Masaryk University, Kamenice 753-5, 62500 Brno, Czech Republic.
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Yadav IC, Devi NL, Li J, Zhang G. Altitudinal and spatial variations of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in Nepal: Implications on source apportionment and risk assessment. CHEMOSPHERE 2018; 198:386-396. [PMID: 29421754 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.01.075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2017] [Revised: 01/15/2018] [Accepted: 01/15/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Although several global/regional studies have detailed the high level of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in urban areas worldwide, unfortunately, Nepal has never been part of any global/regional regular monitoring plan. Despite few sporadic studies exist, the systematic monitoring and integrated concentration of PAHs in urban region of Nepal are lacking. In this study, the concentrations, sources, and health risk assessment of 16 PAHs in air (n = 34) were investigated in suspected source areas/more densely populated regions of Nepal. Four potential source areas in Nepal were focused as it was conjectured that urban centers in plain areas (Birgunj and Biratnagar) would possibly be more influenced by PAHs as a result of intense biomass/crop residue burning than those in hilly areas (Kathmandu and Pokhara). The overall concentrations of ∑16PAHs ranged from 4.3 to 131 ng/m3 (median 33.3 ng/m3). ∑16PAH concentrations in plain areas were two folds higher than those in hilly areas. PHE was the most abundant followed by FLUA, PYR, and NAP, which accounted for 36%, 15%, 12%, and 9% of ∑16PAHs, respectively. Principal component analysis confirmed that PAHs in highly urbanized areas (Kathmandu and Pokhara) were related to diesel exhausts and coal combustion, while PAHs in less urbanized regions (Birgunj and Biratnagar) originated from biomass and domestic wood combustions. Furthermore, in the urban areas of Nepal, vehicular emission could also influence atmospheric PAHs. The lifetime cancer risk per million populations due to PAH exposures was estimated to be higher for plain areas than that for hilly areas, suggesting a relatively greater risk of cancer in people living in plain areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ishwar Chandra Yadav
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, PR China; Department of International Environmental and Agricultural Science (IEAS), Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology (TUAT) 3-5-8, Saiwai-Cho, Fuchu, Tokyo, 1838509, Japan.
| | | | - Jun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, PR China
| | - Gan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, PR China
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Marquès M, Sierra J, Drotikova T, Mari M, Nadal M, Domingo JL. Concentrations of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and trace elements in Arctic soils: A case-study in Svalbard. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2017; 159:202-211. [PMID: 28803149 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2017.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2017] [Revised: 07/31/2017] [Accepted: 08/02/2017] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
A combined assessment on the levels and distribution profiles of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and trace elements in soils from Pyramiden (Central Spitsbergen, Svalbard Archipelago) is here reported. As previously stated, long-range atmospheric transport, coal deposits and previous mining extractions, as well as the stack emissions of two operative power plants at this settlement are considered as potential sources of pollution. Eight top-layer soil samples were collected and analysed for the 16 US EPA priority PAHs and for 15 trace elements (As, Be, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Hg, Mn, Mo, Ni, Pb, Sn, Tl, V and Zn) during late summer of 2014. The highest levels of PAHs and trace elements were found in sampling sites located near two power plants, and at downwind from these sites. The current PAH concentrations were even higher than typical threshold values. The determination of the pyrogenic molecular diagnostic ratios (MDRs) in most samples revealed that fossil fuel burning might be heavily contributing to the PAHs levels. Two different indices, the Pollution Load Index (PLI) and the Geoaccumulation Index (Igeo), were determined for assessing soil samples with respect to trace elements pollution. Samples collected close to the power plants were found to be slightly and moderately polluted with zinc (Zn) and mercury (Hg), respectively. The Spearman correlation showed significant correlations between the concentrations of 16 PAHs and some trace elements (Pb, V, Hg, Cu, Zn, Sn, Be) with the organic matter content, indicating that soil properties play a key role for pollutant retention in the Arctic soils. Furthermore, the correlations between ∑16 PAHs and some trace elements (e.g., Hg, Pb, Zn and Cu) suggest that the main source of contamination is probably pyrogenic, although the biogenic and petrogenic origin of PAHs should not be disregarded according to the local geology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Montse Marquès
- Laboratory of Toxicology and Environmental Health, School of Medicine, IISPV, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Reus, Catalonia, Spain; Environmental Engineering Laboratory, Departament d'Enginyeria Quimica, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Tarragona, Catalonia, Spain.
| | - Jordi Sierra
- Environmental Engineering Laboratory, Departament d'Enginyeria Quimica, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Tarragona, Catalonia, Spain; Laboratory of Soil Science, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Tatiana Drotikova
- University Centre in Svalbard (UNIS), Department of Arctic Technology (AT), Longyearbyen, Norway; Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science (KBM), Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), Ås, Norway
| | - Montse Mari
- Laboratory of Toxicology and Environmental Health, School of Medicine, IISPV, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Reus, Catalonia, Spain; Environmental Engineering Laboratory, Departament d'Enginyeria Quimica, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Tarragona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Martí Nadal
- Laboratory of Toxicology and Environmental Health, School of Medicine, IISPV, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Reus, Catalonia, Spain
| | - José L Domingo
- Laboratory of Toxicology and Environmental Health, School of Medicine, IISPV, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Reus, Catalonia, Spain
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Coates TA, Chow AT, Hagan DL, Wang GG, Bridges WC, Dozier JH. Frequent Prescribed Burning as a Long-term Practice in Longleaf Pine Forests Does Not Affect Detrital Chemical Composition. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY 2017; 46:1020-1027. [PMID: 28991985 DOI: 10.2134/jeq2017.03.0112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The O horizon, or detrital layer, of forest soils is linked to long-term forest productivity and health. Fuel reduction techniques, such as prescribed fire, can alter the thickness and composition of this essential ecosystem component. Developing an understanding of the changes in the chemical composition of forest detritus due to prescribed fire is essential for forest managers and stakeholders seeking sustainable, resilient, and productive ecosystems. In this study, we evaluated fuel quantity, fuel structure, and detrital chemical composition in longleaf pine ( Miller) forests that have been frequently burned for the last 40 yr at the Tom Yawkey Wildlife Center in Georgetown, SC. Our results suggest that frequent prescribed fire reduces forest fuel quantity ( < 0.01) and vertical structure ( = 0.01). Using pyrolysis-gas chromatography/mass spectrometry as a molecular technique to analyze detrital chemical composition, including aromatic compounds and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, we found that the chemical composition of forest detritus was nearly uniform for both unburned and burned detritus. Our burning activities varied in the short term, consisting of annual dormant, annual growing, and biennial dormant season burns. Seasonal distinctions were present for fuel quantity and vertical fuel structure, but these differences were not noted for the benzene/phenol ratio. These results are significant as more managers consider burning existing longleaf stands while determining effective management practices for longleaf stands yet to be established. Managers of such stands can be confident that frequent, low-intensity, low-severity prescribed burns in longleaf pine forests do little to affect the long-term chemical composition of forest detritus.
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Horak J, Kubonova L, Krpec K, Hopan F, Kubesa P, Motyka O, Laciok V, Dej M, Ochodek T, Placha D. PAH emissions from old and new types of domestic hot water boilers. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2017; 225:31-39. [PMID: 28347901 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2017.03.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2016] [Revised: 03/15/2017] [Accepted: 03/16/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Five different domestic heating boilers (automatic, over-fire, with down-draft combustion and gasification) and three types of fuel (lignite, wood and mixed fuel) were examined in 25 combustion tests and correlated with the emissions of particulate matter (PM), carbon monoxide (CO), total organic carbon (TOC) and 12 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs with MW = 178-278 g/mol) focusing on particle phase. However, the distribution of 12 PAHs in gas phase was considered as well due to the presence mainly of lighter PAHs in gas phase. The PAHs, as well as the CO and TOC, are the indicators of incomplete combustion, and in this study PAH emission increased significantly with increasing emissions of CO and TOC. The PAHs were mainly detected on PM2.5, their contents were increasing linearly with increasing PM2.5 emissions. The highest emission factors of PAHs were measured for boilers of old construction, such as over-fire boiler (5.8-929 mg/kg) and boiler with down-draft combustion (3.1-54.1 mg/kg). Modern types of boilers produced much lower emissions of PAHs, in particular, automatic boiler (0.3-3.3 mg/kg) and gasification boilers (0.2-6.7 mg/kg). In general, the inefficient combustion at reduced output of boilers generated 1.4-17.7 times more emissions of PAHs than the combustion at nominal output of boilers. It is recommended to operate boilers at nominal output with sufficient air supply and to use the proper fuel to minimise PAHs emissions from domestic heating appliances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiri Horak
- Energy Research Center, VSB-Technical University of Ostrava, 17. listopadu 15/2172, 708 33 Ostrava, Poruba, Czech Republic.
| | - Lenka Kubonova
- Energy Research Center, VSB-Technical University of Ostrava, 17. listopadu 15/2172, 708 33 Ostrava, Poruba, Czech Republic
| | - Kamil Krpec
- Energy Research Center, VSB-Technical University of Ostrava, 17. listopadu 15/2172, 708 33 Ostrava, Poruba, Czech Republic
| | - Frantisek Hopan
- Energy Research Center, VSB-Technical University of Ostrava, 17. listopadu 15/2172, 708 33 Ostrava, Poruba, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Kubesa
- Energy Research Center, VSB-Technical University of Ostrava, 17. listopadu 15/2172, 708 33 Ostrava, Poruba, Czech Republic
| | - Oldrich Motyka
- Nanotechnology Centre, VSB-Technical University of Ostrava, 17. listopadu 15/2172, 708 33 Ostrava, Poruba, Czech Republic
| | - Vendula Laciok
- Energy Research Center, VSB-Technical University of Ostrava, 17. listopadu 15/2172, 708 33 Ostrava, Poruba, Czech Republic
| | - Milan Dej
- Energy Research Center, VSB-Technical University of Ostrava, 17. listopadu 15/2172, 708 33 Ostrava, Poruba, Czech Republic
| | - Tadeas Ochodek
- Energy Research Center, VSB-Technical University of Ostrava, 17. listopadu 15/2172, 708 33 Ostrava, Poruba, Czech Republic
| | - Daniela Placha
- Nanotechnology Centre, VSB-Technical University of Ostrava, 17. listopadu 15/2172, 708 33 Ostrava, Poruba, Czech Republic; Centre Energy Units for Utilization of Non Traditional Energy Sources, VSB-Technical University of Ostrava, 17. listopadu 15/2172, 708 33 Ostrava, Poruba, Czech Republic
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Bulejko P, Adamec V, Schüllerová B, Skeřil R. Levels, sources, and health risk assessment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in Brno, Czech Republic: a 5-year study. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2016; 23:20462-20473. [PMID: 27460026 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-016-7172-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2016] [Accepted: 06/30/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
This work aimed to determine the seasonal variations of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in airborne PM10 at two background sites (Masná-MS, Líšeň-LN) in Brno over a 5-year period (2009-2013). Samples were collected on quartz filters using a low-volume sampler by continual filtration. Concentrations of PAHs in collected PM10 samples were determined using a gas chromatography with a mass spectrometer as a detector. A different number of PAHs were determined to be at each site, i.e., 11 PAHs at the MS site and six PAHs at the LN site, and similarities between them were identified using non-parametric analysis of variance. Potential sources were identified using principal component analysis (PCA) and PAHs diagnostic ratios. The work also focused on health risk assessment. This was estimated using toxic equivalent factors to calculate individual lifetime cancer risk, which quantifies risk of exposure to PAHs for specific age groups. The average 11-PAH concentrations in M|S site annually ranged from 19.28 ± 19.02 ng m-3 (2011) to 40.37 ± 21.35 ng m-3 (2013). With regard to the LN site, the average six-PAH concentrations annually ranged from 3.64 ± 3.87 ng m-3 (2009) and 5.27 ± 6.19 ng m-3 (2012). PCA and diagnostic ratios indicate the main sources to be traffic emissions and coal combustion. Health risk assessment showed carcinogenic risk under limit value in all cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavel Bulejko
- Heat Transfer and Fluid Flow Laboratory, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Brno University of Technology, Technická 2, 616 69, Brno, Czech Republic.
| | - Vladimír Adamec
- Department of Risk Engineering, Institute of Forensic Engineering, Brno University of Technology, Purkyňova 464/118, 612 00, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Barbora Schüllerová
- Department of Risk Engineering, Institute of Forensic Engineering, Brno University of Technology, Purkyňova 464/118, 612 00, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Robert Skeřil
- Czech Hydrometeorological Institute, Brno Regional Office, Kroftova 2578/43, 616 67, Brno, Czech Republic
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Mohammed MOA, Song WW, Ma YL, Liu LY, Ma WL, Li WL, Li YF, Wang FY, Qi MY, Lv N, Wang DZ, Khan AU. Distribution patterns, infiltration and health risk assessment of PM2.5-bound PAHs in indoor and outdoor air in cold zone. CHEMOSPHERE 2016; 155:70-85. [PMID: 27108365 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2016.04.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2016] [Revised: 03/29/2016] [Accepted: 04/06/2016] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
In this study we investigated the distribution patterns, infiltration and health risk assessment of PM2.5-bound PAHs in indoor and outdoor air done in Harbin city, northeastern China. Simultaneous indoor and outdoor sampling was done to collect 264 PM2.5 samples from four sites during winter, summer, and spring. Infiltration of PAHs into indoors was estimated using Retene, Benzo [ghi]perylene and Chrysene as reference compounds, where the latter compound was suggested to be a good estimator and subsequently used for further calculation of infiltration factors (IFs). Modeling with positive matrix factorization (PMF5) and estimation of diagnostic isomeric ratios were applied for identifying sources, where coal combustion, crop residues burning and traffic being the major contributors, particularly during winter. Linear discriminant analysis (LDA) has been utilized to show the distribution patterns of individual PAH congeners. LDA showed that, the greatest seasonal variability was attributed to high molecular weight compounds (HMW PAHs). Potential health risk of PAHs exposure was assessed through relative potency factor approach (RPF). The levels of the sum of 16 US EPA priority PAHs during colder months were very high, with average values of 377 ± 228 ng m(-)(3) and 102 ± 75.8 ng m(-)(3), for the outdoors and indoors, respectively. The outdoor levels reported to be 19 times higher than the outdoor concentrations during warmer months (summer + spring), while the indoor concentrations were suggested to be 9 times and 10 times higher than that for indoor summer (average 11.73 ± 4 ng m(-3)) and indoor spring (9.5 ± 3.3 ng m(-3)). During nighttime, outdoor PAHs revealed wider range of values compared to datytime which was likely due to outdoor temperature, a weather parameter with the strongest negative influence on ∑16PAHs compared to low impact of relative humidity and wind speed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed O A Mohammed
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China; Faculty of Public and Environmental Health, University of Khartoum, 205, Sudan
| | - Wei-Wei Song
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China.
| | - Yong-Liang Ma
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Li-Yan Liu
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Wan-Li Ma
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Wen-Long Li
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Yi-Fan Li
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Feng-Yan Wang
- Harbin Scientific Research Institute of Environmental Protection, Harbin, 150076, China
| | - Mei-Yun Qi
- Harbin Scientific Research Institute of Environmental Protection, Harbin, 150076, China
| | - Na Lv
- Harbin Scientific Research Institute of Environmental Protection, Harbin, 150076, China
| | - Ding-Zhen Wang
- Harbin Scientific Research Institute of Environmental Protection, Harbin, 150076, China
| | - Afed Ulla Khan
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
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Wakeham SG, Canuel EA. Biogenic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in sediments of the San Joaquin River in California (USA), and current paradigms on their formation. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2016; 23:10426-10442. [PMID: 26403247 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-015-5402-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2015] [Accepted: 09/09/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Biogenic perylene and higher plant pentacyclic triterpenoid-derived alkylated and partially aromatized tetra- and pentacyclic derivatives of chrysene (3,4,7-trimethyl- and 3,3,7-trimethyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydrochrysene, THC) and picene (1,2,9-trimethyl- and 2,2,9-trimethyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydropicene, THP) were two- to four-fold more abundant than pyrogenic PAH in two sediment cores from the San Joaquin River in Northern California (USA). In a core from Venice Cut (VC), located in the river, PAH concentrations varied little downcore and the whole-core PAH concentration (biogenics + pyrogenics) was 250.6 ± 73.7 ng g(-1) dw; biogenic PAH constituted 67 ± 4 % of total PAH. THC were 26 ± 9 % of total biogenic PAH, THP were 36 ± 7 %, and perylene was 38 ± 7 %. PAH distributions in a core from Franks Tract (FT), a former wetland that was converted to an agricultural tract in the late 1800s and flooded in 1938, were more variable. Surface sediments were dominated by pyrogenic PAH so that biogenic PAH were only ~30 % of total PAH. Deeper in the core, biogenic PAH constituted 60-93 % of total PAH; THC, THP and perylene were 31 ± 28 %, 24 ± 32 %, and 45 ± 36 % of biogenic PAH. At 100-103 cm depth, THP constituted 80 % of biogenic PAH and at 120-123 cm perylene was 95 % of biogenic PAH. Current concepts related to precursors and transformation processes responsible for the diagenetic generation of perylene and triterpenoid-derived PAH are discussed. Distributions of biogenic PAH in VC and FT sediments suggest that they may not form diagenetically within these sediments but rather might be delivered pre-formed from the river's watershed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stuart G Wakeham
- Skidaway Institute of Oceanography, The University of Georgia, 10 Ocean Science Circle, Savannah, GA, 31411, USA.
| | - Elizabeth A Canuel
- Virginia Institute of Marine Science, School of Marine Science, College of William and Mary, Box 1346, Gloucester Point, VA, 23062, USA
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Melnyk A, Dettlaff A, Kuklińska K, Namieśnik J, Wolska L. Concentration and sources of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in surface soil near a municipal solid waste (MSW) landfill. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2015; 530-531:18-27. [PMID: 26026405 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.05.092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2015] [Revised: 05/21/2015] [Accepted: 05/21/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Due to a continuous demand of land for infrastructural and residential development there is a public concern about the condition of surface soil near municipal solid waste landfills. A total of 12 surface (0-20 cm) soil samples from a territory near a landfill were collected and the concentration of 16 PAHs and 7 PCB congeners were investigated in these samples. Limits of detection were in the range of 0.038-1.2 μg/kg for PAHs and 0.025-0.041 μg/kg for PCBs. The total concentration of ∑ PAHs ranged from 892 to 3514 μg/kg with a mean of 1974 μg/kg. The total concentration of ∑ PCBs ranged from 2.5 to 12 μg/kg with a mean of 4.5 μg/kg. Data analyses allowed to state that the PAHs in surface soils near a landfill were principally from pyrogenic sources. Due to air transport, PAHs forming at the landfill are transported outside the landfill. PCB origin is not connected with the landfill. Aroclor 1242 can be the source of PCBs in several samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Melnyk
- Gdansk University of Technology (GUT), Chemical Faculty, 11/12, G. Narutowicza Str., 80-233 Gdansk, Poland.
| | - A Dettlaff
- Gdansk University of Technology (GUT), Chemical Faculty, 11/12, G. Narutowicza Str., 80-233 Gdansk, Poland
| | - K Kuklińska
- Gdansk University of Technology (GUT), Chemical Faculty, 11/12, G. Narutowicza Str., 80-233 Gdansk, Poland
| | - J Namieśnik
- Gdansk University of Technology (GUT), Chemical Faculty, 11/12, G. Narutowicza Str., 80-233 Gdansk, Poland
| | - L Wolska
- Gdansk University of Technology (GUT), Chemical Faculty, 11/12, G. Narutowicza Str., 80-233 Gdansk, Poland; Medical University of Gdansk, Faculty of Health Sciences with Subfaculty of Nursing, Dębowa Str. 3, 80-204 Gdańsk, Poland
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17
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Bosch C, Andersson A, Kruså M, Bandh C, Hovorková I, Klánová J, Knowles TDJ, Pancost RD, Evershed RP, Gustafsson Ö. Source Apportionment of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Central European Soils with Compound-Specific Triple Isotopes (δ(13)C, Δ(14)C, and δ(2)H). ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2015; 49:7657-7665. [PMID: 26053501 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.5b01190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
This paper reports the first study applying a triple-isotope approach for source apportionment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). The (13)C/(12)C, (14)C/(12)C, and (2)H/(1)H isotope ratios of PAHs were determined in forest soils from mountainous areas of the Czech Republic, European Union. Statistical modeling applying a Bayesian Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) framework to the environmental triple isotope PAH data and an end-member PAH isotope database allowed comprehensive accounting of uncertainties and quantitative constraints on the PAH sources among biomass combustion, liquid fossil fuel combustion, and coal combustion at low and high temperatures. The results suggest that PAHs in this central European region had a clear predominance of coal combustion sources (75 ± 6%; uncertainties represent 1 SD), mainly coal pyrolysis at low temperature (∼650 °C; 61 ± 8%). Combustion of liquid fossil fuels and biomass represented 16 ± 3 and 9 ± 3% of the total PAH burden (∑PAH14), respectively. Although some soils were located close to potential PAH point sources, the source distribution was within a narrow range throughout the region. These observation-based top-down constraints on sources of environmental PAHs provide a reference for both improved bottom-up emission inventories and guidance for efforts to mitigate PAH emissions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carme Bosch
- †Department of Environmental Science and Analytical Chemistry and the Bolin Centre for Climate Research, Stockholm University, 10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - August Andersson
- †Department of Environmental Science and Analytical Chemistry and the Bolin Centre for Climate Research, Stockholm University, 10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Martin Kruså
- †Department of Environmental Science and Analytical Chemistry and the Bolin Centre for Climate Research, Stockholm University, 10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Cecilia Bandh
- †Department of Environmental Science and Analytical Chemistry and the Bolin Centre for Climate Research, Stockholm University, 10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ivana Hovorková
- ‡Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment, Masaryk University, Kamenice 753/5, 62500 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jana Klánová
- ‡Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment, Masaryk University, Kamenice 753/5, 62500 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Timothy D J Knowles
- §School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1TS Avon, United Kingdom
| | - Richard D Pancost
- §School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1TS Avon, United Kingdom
| | - Richard P Evershed
- §School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1TS Avon, United Kingdom
| | - Örjan Gustafsson
- †Department of Environmental Science and Analytical Chemistry and the Bolin Centre for Climate Research, Stockholm University, 10691 Stockholm, Sweden
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Kumar B, Verma VK, Kumar S, Sharma CS. Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Residential Soils from an Indian City near Power Plants Area and Assessment of Health Risk for Human Population. Polycycl Aromat Compd 2014. [DOI: 10.1080/10406638.2014.883414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Kuśmierz M, Oleszczuk P. Biochar production increases the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon content in surrounding soils and potential cancer risk. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 21:3646-52. [PMID: 24277430 PMCID: PMC3925498 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-013-2334-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2013] [Accepted: 11/04/2013] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
The objectives of the study were the identification of the source of contamination of soils and estimation of the potential cancer risk that may be caused by contact with soils situated in the vicinity of biochar production sites. Samples of soils collected in the immediate vicinity of traditional biochar-producing plants, located within the area of the Bieszczady National Park (Poland), were analysed for the content of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). The sum of the content of 16 PAHs varied within the range of 1.80-101.3 μg/g, exceeding the norms permitted in many European countries. The calculated coefficients on the basis of which one can determine the origin of PAHs (molecular diagnostic ratios) demonstrated that the potential source of PAHs in the soils may be processes related with the production of biochar. Estimation on the basis of the results of incremental lifetime cancer risks (ILCRs) within the range of 2.33 · 10(-4)-1.05 · 10(-1) indicated that the soils studied may constitute a significant cancer risk for persons who have contact with them. The values of ILCRS should be considered as at least high, which permits the conclusion that sites of that type may create a hazard to human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcin Kuśmierz
- Department of Environmental Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, 3 Maria Curie-Skłodowska Square, Lublin, 20-031 Poland
| | - Patryk Oleszczuk
- Department of Environmental Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, 3 Maria Curie-Skłodowska Square, Lublin, 20-031 Poland
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Cao XF, Liu M, Song YF, Ackland ML. Composition, sources, and potential toxicology of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in agricultural soils in Liaoning, People's Republic of China. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2013; 185:2231-2241. [PMID: 22707148 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-012-2704-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2012] [Accepted: 05/28/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Surface soil (0-20 cm) samples (n = 143) were collected from vegetable, maize, and paddy farmland used for commercial crops in Liaoning, China. Sixteen priority polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) listed in US Environmental Protection Agency were analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography using a fluorescence detector. The soil concentrations of the 16 PAH ranged from 50 to 3,309 ng/g with a mean of 388 ng/g. The highest concentration of total PAHs found in soil of the vegetable farmland was 448 ng/g in average, followed by maize and paddy with total PAHs of 391 and 331 ng/g, respectively. Generally, the low molecular weight PAHs were more predominant than the high molecular weight PAHs in most of the soils. The evaluation of soil PAH contamination based on the Canadian criterion indicated that only naphthalene, phenanthrene, and pyrene were over the target values in several sampling sites. Isomer pair ratios and principal component analysis indicated that biomass and coal combustion were the main sources of PAHs in this area. And the average value of total B[a]Peq concentration in vegetable soils was higher than paddy and maize soils. We suggest that biomass burning should be abolished and commercial farming should be carried out far from the highways to ensure the safety of food products derived from commercial farming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiu Feng Cao
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Ecology and Environmental Engineering, Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 72 Wenhua Road, Shenhe District, Shenyang City, Liaoning Province, 110016, People's Republic of China
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22
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Tobiszewski M, Namieśnik J. PAH diagnostic ratios for the identification of pollution emission sources. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2012; 162:110-9. [PMID: 22243855 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2011.10.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 899] [Impact Index Per Article: 74.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2011] [Revised: 10/04/2011] [Accepted: 10/26/2011] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) diagnostic ratios have recently come into common use as a tool for identifying and assessing pollution emission sources. Some diagnostic ratios are based on parent PAHs, others on the proportions of alkyl-substituted to non-substituted molecules. The ratios are applicable to PAHs determined in different environmental media: air (gas + particle phase), water, sediment, soil, as well as biomonitor organisms such as leaves or coniferous needles, and mussels. These ratios distinguish PAH pollution originating from petroleum products, petroleum combustion and biomass or coal burning. The compounds involved in each ratio have the same molar mass, so it is assumed they have similar physicochemical properties. Numerous studies show that diagnostic ratios change in value to different extents during phase transfers and environmental degradation. The paper reviews applications of diagnostic ratios, comments on their use and specifies their limitations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marek Tobiszewski
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Chemical Faculty, Gdańsk University of Technology (GUT), Gdańsk, Poland.
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Zheng W, Lichwa J, Yan T. Impact of different land uses on polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon contamination in coastal stream sediments. CHEMOSPHERE 2011; 84:376-382. [PMID: 21524783 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2011.03.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2011] [Revised: 03/31/2011] [Accepted: 03/31/2011] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
PAHs are ubiquitous environmental pollutants that can cause adverse health and ecological effects. In the present study, we examined the impact of land use on the concentration and composition of PAHs in 28 coastal stream sediments on the Island of Oahu, Hawaii. In densely populated urban areas, the concentration range of total PAHs in the stream sediments affected by mixed residential and industrial activities (RI) are 0.40-9.05 ppm, which is significantly higher than the 0.36-4.21 ppm detected in the stream sediments affected predominantly by urban residential land uses (UR). The stream sediments affected by agricultural activities (AG) reported a concentration range of 0.09-2.14 ppm, which is lower than those of the RI and UR stream sediments. The molecular weight of PAH is a factor, as only high molecular weight (HMW) PAHs were significantly affected by land uses (ANOVA P=0.009). Correlation analysis showed that only in the UR stream sediments were significant correlations observed between PAH concentration and two anthropogenic indicators: population density (r=0.57, P=0.027) and vehicle density (r=0.55, P=0.034). The fractional concentrations of PAHs were analyzed by using PCA analysis, which led to the separate clustering of the RI and AG stream sediments and suggest distinct PAH sources between the two land uses. Two PAH source indicators, including Ant/(Ant+Phe) and Fl/(Fl+Py), indicates that PAHs sources in the RI stream sediments are most likely of petroleum origin, while PAHs in the UR and AG stream sediments most likely came from combustion activities. In addition, the concentration and relative potency of carcinogenic PAHs in the coastal stream sediments exhibited similar patterns as the total PAH concentration with respect to land uses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wendi Zheng
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA
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