1
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Nätkin R, Pennanen P, Syvälä H, Bläuer M, Kesseli J, Tammela TLJ, Nykter M, Murtola TJ. Adaptive and non-adaptive gene expression responses in prostate cancer during androgen deprivation. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0281645. [PMID: 36809527 PMCID: PMC9942993 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0281645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2022] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Androgen deprivation therapy is the cornerstone treatment of advanced prostate cancer. Eventually prostate cancer cells overcome androgen deprivation therapy, giving rise to castration resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) characterized by increased androgen receptor (AR) activity. Understanding the cellular mechanisms leading to CRPC is needed for development of novel treatments. We used long-term cell cultures to model CRPC; a testosterone-dependent cell line (VCaP-T) and cell line adapted to grow in low testosterone (VCaP-CT). These were used to uncover persistent and adaptive responses to testosterone level. RNA was sequenced to study AR-regulated genes. Expression level changed due to testosterone depletion in 418 genes in VCaP-T (AR-associated genes). To evaluate significance for CRPC growth, we compared which of them were adaptive i.e., restored expression level in VCaP-CT. Adaptive genes were enriched to steroid metabolism, immune response and lipid metabolism. The Cancer Genome Atlas Prostate Adenocarcinoma data were used to assess the association with cancer aggressiveness and progression-free survival. Expressions of 47 AR-associated or association gaining genes were statistically significant markers for progression-free survival. These included genes related to immune response, adhesion and transport. Taken together, we identified and clinically validated multiple genes being linked with progression of prostate cancer and propose several novel risk genes. Possible use as biomarkers or therapeutic targets should be studied further.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reetta Nätkin
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Prostate Cancer Research Center, Tampere University and Tays Cancer Center, Tampere, Finland
- * E-mail: (RN); (TJM)
| | - Pasi Pennanen
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University and Tays Cancer Center, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland
| | - Heimo Syvälä
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University and Tays Cancer Center, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland
| | - Merja Bläuer
- Tampere University Hospital and Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere Pancreas Laboratory and Department of Gastroenterology and Alimentary Tract Surgery, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
| | - Juha Kesseli
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Prostate Cancer Research Center, Tampere University and Tays Cancer Center, Tampere, Finland
| | - Teuvo L. J. Tammela
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
- Department of Urology, Tays Cancer Center, Tampere, Finland
| | - Matti Nykter
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Prostate Cancer Research Center, Tampere University and Tays Cancer Center, Tampere, Finland
| | - Teemu J. Murtola
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
- Department of Urology, Tays Cancer Center, Tampere, Finland
- * E-mail: (RN); (TJM)
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2
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Pal S, Sharma A, Mathew SP, Jaganathan BG. Targeting cancer-specific metabolic pathways for developing novel cancer therapeutics. Front Immunol 2022; 13:955476. [PMID: 36618350 PMCID: PMC9815821 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.955476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2022] [Accepted: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer is a heterogeneous disease characterized by various genetic and phenotypic aberrations. Cancer cells undergo genetic modifications that promote their proliferation, survival, and dissemination as the disease progresses. The unabated proliferation of cancer cells incurs an enormous energy demand that is supplied by metabolic reprogramming. Cancer cells undergo metabolic alterations to provide for increased energy and metabolite requirement; these alterations also help drive the tumor progression. Dysregulation in glucose uptake and increased lactate production via "aerobic glycolysis" were described more than 100 years ago, and since then, the metabolic signature of various cancers has been extensively studied. However, the extensive research in this field has failed to translate into significant therapeutic intervention, except for treating childhood-ALL with amino acid metabolism inhibitor L-asparaginase. Despite the growing understanding of novel metabolic alterations in tumors, the therapeutic targeting of these tumor-specific dysregulations has largely been ineffective in clinical trials. This chapter discusses the major pathways involved in the metabolism of glucose, amino acids, and lipids and highlights the inter-twined nature of metabolic aberrations that promote tumorigenesis in different types of cancer. Finally, we summarise the therapeutic interventions which can be used as a combinational therapy to target metabolic dysregulations that are unique or common in blood, breast, colorectal, lung, and prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soumik Pal
- Stem Cells and Cancer Biology Research Group, Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, Assam, India
| | - Amit Sharma
- Stem Cells and Cancer Biology Research Group, Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, Assam, India
| | - Sam Padalumavunkal Mathew
- Stem Cells and Cancer Biology Research Group, Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, Assam, India
| | - Bithiah Grace Jaganathan
- Stem Cells and Cancer Biology Research Group, Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, Assam, India,Jyoti and Bhupat Mehta School of Health Sciences and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, Assam, India,*Correspondence: Bithiah Grace Jaganathan,
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3
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Choi SYC, Ribeiro CF, Wang Y, Loda M, Plymate SR, Uo T. Druggable Metabolic Vulnerabilities Are Exposed and Masked during Progression to Castration Resistant Prostate Cancer. Biomolecules 2022; 12:1590. [PMID: 36358940 PMCID: PMC9687810 DOI: 10.3390/biom12111590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2022] [Revised: 10/26/2022] [Accepted: 10/27/2022] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
There is an urgent need for exploring new actionable targets other than androgen receptor to improve outcome from lethal castration-resistant prostate cancer. Tumor metabolism has reemerged as a hallmark of cancer that drives and supports oncogenesis. In this regard, it is important to understand the relationship between distinctive metabolic features, androgen receptor signaling, genetic drivers in prostate cancer, and the tumor microenvironment (symbiotic and competitive metabolic interactions) to identify metabolic vulnerabilities. We explore the links between metabolism and gene regulation, and thus the unique metabolic signatures that define the malignant phenotypes at given stages of prostate tumor progression. We also provide an overview of current metabolism-based pharmacological strategies to be developed or repurposed for metabolism-based therapeutics for castration-resistant prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen Y. C. Choi
- Vancouver Prostate Centre, Vancouver, BC V6H 3Z6, Canada
- Department of Urologic Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V5Z 1M9, Canada
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, BC Cancer Agency, Vancouver, BC V5Z 1L3, Canada
| | - Caroline Fidalgo Ribeiro
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York-Presbyterian Hospital, New York, NY 10021, USA
| | - Yuzhuo Wang
- Vancouver Prostate Centre, Vancouver, BC V6H 3Z6, Canada
- Department of Urologic Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V5Z 1M9, Canada
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, BC Cancer Agency, Vancouver, BC V5Z 1L3, Canada
| | - Massimo Loda
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York-Presbyterian Hospital, New York, NY 10021, USA
- New York Genome Center, New York, NY 10013, USA
| | - Stephen R. Plymate
- Division of Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, 850 Republican St., Seattle, WA 98109, USA
- Geriatrics Research Education and Clinical Center, VA Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA 98108, USA
| | - Takuma Uo
- Division of Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, 850 Republican St., Seattle, WA 98109, USA
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4
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Carbon sources and pathways for citrate secreted by human prostate cancer cells determined by NMR tracing and metabolic modeling. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:e2024357119. [PMID: 35353621 PMCID: PMC9168453 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2024357119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The human prostate accumulates high luminal citrate levels to serve sperm viability. There is only indirect qualitative evidence about metabolic pathways and carbon sources maintaining these levels. Human citrate-secreting prostate cancer cells were supplied with 13C-labeled substrates, and NMR spectra of extracellular fluid were recorded. We report absolute citrate production rates of prostate cells and direct evidence that glucose is the main carbon source for secreted citrate. Pyruvate carboxylase provides sufficient anaplerotic carbons to support citrate secretion. Glutamine carbons exchange with carbons for secreted citrate but are likely not involved in its net synthesis. Moreover, we developed metabolic models employing the 13C distribution in extracellular citrate as input to assess intracellular pathways followed by carbons toward citrate. Prostate epithelial cells have the unique capacity to secrete large amounts of citrate, but the carbon sources and metabolic pathways that maintain this production are not well known. We mapped potential pathways for citrate carbons in the human prostate cancer metastasis cell lines LNCaP and VCaP, for which we first established that they secrete citrate (For LNCaP 5.6 ± 0.9 nmol/h per 106 cells). Using 13C-labeled substrates, we traced the incorporation of 13C into citrate by NMR of extracellular fluid. Our results provide direct evidence that glucose is a main carbon source for secreted citrate. We also demonstrate that carbons from supplied glutamine flow via oxidative Krebs cycle and reductive carboxylation routes to positions in secreted citrate but likely do not contribute to its net synthesis. The potential anaplerotic carbon sources aspartate and asparagine did not contribute to citrate carbons. We developed a quantitative metabolic model employing the 13C distribution in extracellular citrate after 13C glucose and pyruvate application to assess intracellular pathways of carbons for secreted citrate. From this model, it was estimated that in LNCaP about 21% of pyruvate entering the Krebs cycle is converted via pyruvate carboxylase as an anaplerotic route at a rate more than sufficient to compensate carbon loss of this cycle by citrate secretion. This model provides an estimation of the fraction of molecules, including citrate, leaving the Krebs cycle at every turn. The measured ratios of 13C atoms at different positions in extracellular citrate may serve as biomarkers for (malignant) epithelial cell metabolism.
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5
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García-Gaytán AC, Hernández-Abrego A, Díaz-Muñoz M, Méndez I. Glutamatergic system components as potential biomarkers and therapeutic targets in cancer in non-neural organs. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:1029210. [PMID: 36457557 PMCID: PMC9705578 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.1029210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Glutamate is one of the most abundant amino acids in the blood. Besides its role as a neurotransmitter in the brain, it is a key substrate in several metabolic pathways and a primary messenger that acts through its receptors outside the central nervous system (CNS). The two main types of glutamate receptors, ionotropic and metabotropic, are well characterized in CNS and have been recently analyzed for their roles in non-neural organs. Glutamate receptor expression may be particularly important for tumor growth in organs with high concentrations of glutamate and might also influence the propensity of such tumors to set metastases in glutamate-rich organs, such as the liver. The study of glutamate transporters has also acquired relevance in the physiology and pathologies outside the CNS, especially in the field of cancer research. In this review, we address the recent findings about the expression of glutamatergic system components, such as receptors and transporters, their role in the physiology and pathology of cancer in non-neural organs, and their possible use as biomarkers and therapeutic targets.
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6
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Ahmad F, Cherukuri MK, Choyke PL. Metabolic reprogramming in prostate cancer. Br J Cancer 2021; 125:1185-1196. [PMID: 34262149 PMCID: PMC8548338 DOI: 10.1038/s41416-021-01435-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2020] [Revised: 04/21/2021] [Accepted: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Although low risk localised prostate cancer has an excellent prognosis owing to effective treatments, such as surgery, radiation, cryosurgery and hormone therapy, metastatic prostate cancer remains incurable. Existing therapeutic regimens prolong life; however, they are beset by problems of resistance, resulting in poor outcomes. Treatment resistance arises primarily from tumour heterogeneity, altered genetic signatures and metabolic reprogramming, all of which enable the tumour to serially adapt to drugs during the course of treatment. In this review, we focus on alterations in the metabolism of prostate cancer, including genetic signatures and molecular pathways associated with metabolic reprogramming. Advances in our understanding of prostate cancer metabolism might help to explain many of the adaptive responses that are induced by therapy, which might, in turn, lead to the attainment of more durable therapeutic responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fahim Ahmad
- grid.48336.3a0000 0004 1936 8075Molecular Imaging Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD USA ,grid.48336.3a0000 0004 1936 8075Radiation Biology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD USA
| | - Murali Krishna Cherukuri
- grid.48336.3a0000 0004 1936 8075Radiation Biology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD USA
| | - Peter L. Choyke
- grid.48336.3a0000 0004 1936 8075Molecular Imaging Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD USA
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7
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Stepka P, Vsiansky V, Raudenska M, Gumulec J, Adam V, Masarik M. Metabolic and Amino Acid Alterations of the Tumor Microenvironment. Curr Med Chem 2021; 28:1270-1289. [PMID: 32031065 DOI: 10.2174/0929867327666200207114658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2019] [Revised: 01/13/2020] [Accepted: 01/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Metabolic changes driven by the hostile tumor microenvironment surrounding cancer cells and the effect of these changes on tumorigenesis and metastatic potential have been known for a long time. The usual point of interest is glucose and changes in its utilization by cancer cells, mainly in the form of the Warburg effect. However, amino acids, both intra- and extracellular, also represent an important aspect of tumour microenvironment, which can have a significant effect on cancer cell metabolism and overall development of the tumor. Namely, alterations in the metabolism of amino acids glutamine, sarcosine, aspartate, methionine and cysteine have been previously connected to the tumor progression and aggressivity of cancer. The aim of this review is to pinpoint current gaps in our knowledge of the role of amino acids as a part of the tumor microenvironment and to show the effect of various amino acids on cancer cell metabolism and metastatic potential. This review shows limitations and exceptions from the traditionally accepted model of Warburg effect in some cancer tissues, with the emphasis on prostate cancer, because the traditional definition of Warburg effect as a metabolic switch to aerobic glycolysis does not always apply. Prostatic tissue both in a healthy and transformed state significantly differs in many metabolic aspects, including the metabolisms of glucose and amino acids, from the metabolism of other tissues. Findings from different tissues are, therefore, not always interchangeable and have to be taken into account during experimentation modifying the environment of tumor tissue by amino acid supplementation or depletion, which could potentially serve as a new therapeutic approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petr Stepka
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, CZ-62500 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Vit Vsiansky
- Department of Pathological Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, CZ-62500 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Martina Raudenska
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, CZ-62500 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jaromir Gumulec
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, CZ-62500 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Vojtech Adam
- Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Technicka 3058/10, CZ-61600 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Michal Masarik
- Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Technicka 3058/10, CZ-61600 Brno, Czech Republic
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8
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Cardoso HJ, Carvalho TMA, Fonseca LRS, Figueira MI, Vaz CV, Socorro S. Revisiting prostate cancer metabolism: From metabolites to disease and therapy. Med Res Rev 2020; 41:1499-1538. [PMID: 33274768 DOI: 10.1002/med.21766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2020] [Revised: 10/24/2020] [Accepted: 11/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Prostate cancer (PCa), one of the most commonly diagnosed cancers worldwide, still presents important unmet clinical needs concerning treatment. In the last years, the metabolic reprogramming and the specificities of tumor cells emerged as an exciting field for cancer therapy. The unique features of PCa cells metabolism, and the activation of specific metabolic pathways, propelled the use of metabolic inhibitors for treatment. The present work revises the knowledge of PCa metabolism and the metabolic alterations that underlie the development and progression of the disease. A focus is given to the role of bioenergetic sources, namely, glucose, lipids, and glutamine sustaining PCa cell survival and growth. Moreover, it is described as the action of oncogenes/tumor suppressors and sex steroid hormones in the metabolic reprogramming of PCa. Finally, the status of PCa treatment based on the inhibition of metabolic pathways is presented. Globally, this review updates the landscape of PCa metabolism, highlighting the critical metabolic alterations that could have a clinical and therapeutic interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henrique J Cardoso
- CICS-UBI-Health Sciences Research Centre, University of Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Tiago M A Carvalho
- CICS-UBI-Health Sciences Research Centre, University of Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Lara R S Fonseca
- CICS-UBI-Health Sciences Research Centre, University of Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Marília I Figueira
- CICS-UBI-Health Sciences Research Centre, University of Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Cátia V Vaz
- CICS-UBI-Health Sciences Research Centre, University of Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Sílvia Socorro
- CICS-UBI-Health Sciences Research Centre, University of Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal
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9
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Uo T, Sprenger CC, Plymate SR. Androgen Receptor Signaling and Metabolic and Cellular Plasticity During Progression to Castration Resistant Prostate Cancer. Front Oncol 2020; 10:580617. [PMID: 33163409 PMCID: PMC7581990 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2020.580617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2020] [Accepted: 09/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Metabolic reprogramming is associated with re/activation and antagonism of androgen receptor (AR) signaling that drives prostate cancer (PCa) progression to castration resistance, respectively. In particular, AR signaling influences the fates of citrate that uniquely characterizes normal and malignant prostatic metabolism (i.e., mitochondrial export and extracellular secretion in normal prostate, mitochondrial retention and oxidation to support oxidative phenotype of primary PCa, and extra-mitochondrial interconversion into acetyl-CoA for fatty acid synthesis and epigenetics in the advanced PCa). The emergence of castration-resistant PCa (CRPC) involves reactivation of AR signaling, which is then further targeted by androgen synthesis inhibitors (abiraterone) and AR-ligand inhibitors (enzalutamide, apalutamide, and daroglutamide). However, based on AR dependency, two distinct metabolic and cellular adaptations contribute to development of resistance to these agents and progression to aggressive and lethal disease, with the tumor ultimately becoming highly glycolytic and with imaging by a tracer of tumor energetics, 18F-fluorodoxyglucose (18F-FDG). Another major resistance mechanism involves a lineage alteration into AR-indifferent carcinoma such a neuroendocrine which is diagnostically characterized by robust 18F-FDG uptake and loss of AR signaling. PCa is also characterized by metabolic alterations such as fatty acid and polyamine metabolism depending on AR signaling. In some cases, AR targeting induces rather than suppresses these alterations in cellular metabolism and energetics, which can be explored as therapeutic targets in lethal CRPC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takuma Uo
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Cynthia C. Sprenger
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Stephen R. Plymate
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
- Geriatrics Research Education and Clinical Center, VA Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA, United States
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10
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Bader DA, McGuire SE. Tumour metabolism and its unique properties in prostate adenocarcinoma. Nat Rev Urol 2020; 17:214-231. [PMID: 32112053 DOI: 10.1038/s41585-020-0288-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Anabolic metabolism mediated by aberrant growth factor signalling fuels tumour growth and progression. The first biochemical descriptions of the altered metabolic nature of solid tumours were reported by Otto Warburg almost a century ago. Now, the study of tumour metabolism is being redefined by the development of new molecular tools, tumour modelling systems and precise instrumentation together with important advances in genetics, cell biology and spectroscopy. In contrast to Warburg's original hypothesis, accumulating evidence demonstrates a critical role for mitochondrial metabolism and substantial variation in the way in which different tumours metabolize nutrients to generate biomass. Furthermore, computational and experimental approaches suggest a dominant influence of the tissue-of-origin in shaping the metabolic reprogramming that enables tumour growth. For example, the unique metabolic properties of prostate adenocarcinoma are likely to stem from the distinct metabolism of the prostatic epithelium from which it emerges. Normal prostatic epithelium employs comparatively glycolytic metabolism to sustain physiological citrate secretion, whereas prostate adenocarcinoma consumes citrate to power oxidative phosphorylation and fuel lipogenesis, enabling tumour progression through metabolic reprogramming. Current data suggest that the distinct metabolic aberrations in prostate adenocarcinoma are driven by the androgen receptor, providing opportunities for functional metabolic imaging and novel therapeutic interventions that will be complementary to existing diagnostic and treatment options.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A Bader
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA. .,Medical Scientist Training Program, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.
| | - Sean E McGuire
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA. .,Department of Radiation Oncology, Division of Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA.
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11
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Chen Y, Wang K, Liu T, Chen J, Lv W, Yang W, Xu S, Wang X, Li L. Decreased glucose bioavailability and elevated aspartate metabolism in prostate cancer cells undergoing epithelial-mesenchymal transition. J Cell Physiol 2020; 235:5602-5612. [PMID: 32017073 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.29490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2019] [Accepted: 01/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Prostate cancer (PCa) is a common malignancy with a high tendency for metastasis. Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) plays a crucial role in PCa metastasis. Metabolic reprogramming offers metabolic advantages for cancer development and could result in the discovery of novel targets for cancer therapy. However, the metabolic features of PCa cells undergoing EMT remain unclear. We used metabolome and transcriptome analyses and found that PCa cells undergoing EMT showed impaired glucose utilization. In vitro studies demonstrated that PCa cells undergoing EMT were less addicted to glucose than epithelial-like PCa cells. However, cells that underwent EMT had higher levels of aspartate and its downstream metabolites, indicative of upregulated aspartate metabolism. As aspartate is a contributor for EMT and metastasis in human cancer cells, we conclude that this metabolic reprogramming may play a vital role in EMT and PCa progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yule Chen
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, P.R. China.,Oncology Research Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases, Ministry of Education, Xi'an, P.R. China
| | - Ke Wang
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, P.R. China.,Oncology Research Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases, Ministry of Education, Xi'an, P.R. China
| | - Tianjie Liu
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, P.R. China
| | - Jiaqi Chen
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, P.R. China.,Oncology Research Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases, Ministry of Education, Xi'an, P.R. China
| | - Wei Lv
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, P.R. China
| | - Wenjie Yang
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, P.R. China
| | - Shan Xu
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, P.R. China.,Oncology Research Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases, Ministry of Education, Xi'an, P.R. China
| | - Xinyang Wang
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, P.R. China.,Oncology Research Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases, Ministry of Education, Xi'an, P.R. China
| | - Lei Li
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, P.R. China.,Oncology Research Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases, Ministry of Education, Xi'an, P.R. China
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12
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Andersen MK, Krossa S, Høiem TS, Buchholz R, Claes BSR, Balluff B, Ellis SR, Richardsen E, Bertilsson H, Heeren RMA, Bathen TF, Karst U, Giskeødegård GF, Tessem MB. Simultaneous Detection of Zinc and Its Pathway Metabolites Using MALDI MS Imaging of Prostate Tissue. Anal Chem 2020; 92:3171-3179. [PMID: 31944670 PMCID: PMC7584334 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.9b04903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
![]()
Levels
of zinc, along with its mechanistically related metabolites citrate
and aspartate, are widely reported as reduced in prostate cancer compared
to healthy tissue and are therefore pointed out as potential cancer
biomarkers. Previously, it has only been possible to analyze zinc
and metabolites by separate detection methods. Through matrix-assisted
laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry imaging (MSI), we were
for the first time able to demonstrate, in two different sample sets
(n = 45 and n = 4), the simultaneous
spatial detection of zinc, in the form of ZnCl3–, together with citrate, aspartate, and N-acetylaspartate
on human prostate cancer tissues. The reliability of the ZnCl3– detection was validated by total zinc
determination using laser ablation inductively coupled plasma MSI
on adjacent serial tissue sections. Zinc, citrate, and aspartate were
correlated with each other (range r = 0.46 to 0.74)
and showed a significant reduction in cancer compared to non-cancer
epithelium (p < 0.05, log2 fold change
range: −0.423 to −0.987), while no significant difference
between cancer and stroma tissue was found. Simultaneous spatial detection
of zinc and its metabolites is not only a valuable tool for analyzing
the role of zinc in prostate metabolism but might also provide a fast
and simple method to detect zinc, citrate, and aspartate levels as
a biomarker signature for prostate cancer diagnostics and prognostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria K Andersen
- Department of Circulation and Medical Imaging , Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU) , 7491 Trondheim , Norway
| | - Sebastian Krossa
- Department of Circulation and Medical Imaging , Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU) , 7491 Trondheim , Norway
| | - Therese S Høiem
- Department of Circulation and Medical Imaging , Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU) , 7491 Trondheim , Norway
| | - Rebecca Buchholz
- Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry , University of Münster , D-48149 Münster , Germany
| | - Britt S R Claes
- Maastricht MultiModal Molecular Imaging Institute (M4I) , Maastricht University , 6229 ER Maastricht , The Netherlands
| | - Benjamin Balluff
- Maastricht MultiModal Molecular Imaging Institute (M4I) , Maastricht University , 6229 ER Maastricht , The Netherlands
| | - Shane R Ellis
- Maastricht MultiModal Molecular Imaging Institute (M4I) , Maastricht University , 6229 ER Maastricht , The Netherlands
| | - Elin Richardsen
- Department of Medical Biology , The Arctic University of Norway (UIT) , 9037 Tromsø , Norway.,Department of Clinical Pathology , University Hospital of North Norway, UNN , 9019 Tromsø , Norway
| | - Helena Bertilsson
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine , Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU) , 7491 Trondheim , Norway.,Clinic of Surgery, St. Olavs Hospital , Trondheim University Hospital , 7030 Trondheim , Norway
| | - Ron M A Heeren
- Maastricht MultiModal Molecular Imaging Institute (M4I) , Maastricht University , 6229 ER Maastricht , The Netherlands
| | - Tone F Bathen
- Department of Circulation and Medical Imaging , Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU) , 7491 Trondheim , Norway
| | - Uwe Karst
- Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry , University of Münster , D-48149 Münster , Germany
| | - Guro F Giskeødegård
- Department of Circulation and Medical Imaging , Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU) , 7491 Trondheim , Norway
| | - May-Britt Tessem
- Department of Circulation and Medical Imaging , Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU) , 7491 Trondheim , Norway.,Clinic of Surgery, St. Olavs Hospital , Trondheim University Hospital , 7030 Trondheim , Norway
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13
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Mah CY, Nassar ZD, Swinnen JV, Butler LM. Lipogenic effects of androgen signaling in normal and malignant prostate. Asian J Urol 2019; 7:258-270. [PMID: 32742926 PMCID: PMC7385522 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajur.2019.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2019] [Revised: 09/16/2019] [Accepted: 11/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer is an androgen-dependent cancer with unique metabolic features compared to many other solid tumors, and typically does not exhibit the “Warburg effect”. During malignant transformation, an early metabolic switch diverts the dependence of normal prostate cells on aerobic glycolysis for the synthesis of and secretion of citrate towards a more energetically favorable metabolic phenotype, whereby citrate is actively oxidised for energy and biosynthetic processes (i.e. de novo lipogenesis). It is now clear that lipid metabolism is one of the key androgen-regulated processes in prostate cells and alterations in lipid metabolism are a hallmark of prostate cancer, whereby increased de novo lipogenesis accompanied by overexpression of lipid metabolic genes are characteristic of primary and advanced disease. Despite recent advances in our understanding of altered lipid metabolism in prostate tumorigenesis and cancer progression, the intermediary metabolism of the normal prostate and its relationship to androgen signaling remains poorly understood. In this review, we discuss the fundamental metabolic relationships that are distinctive in normal versus malignant prostate tissues, and the role of androgens in the regulation of lipid metabolism at different stages of prostate tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chui Yan Mah
- Adelaide Medical School and Freemasons Foundation Centre for Men's Health, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia.,South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Zeyad D Nassar
- Adelaide Medical School and Freemasons Foundation Centre for Men's Health, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia.,South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Johannes V Swinnen
- KU Leuven- University of Leuven, LKI- Leuven Cancer Institute, Department of Oncology, Laboratory of Lipid Metabolism and Cancer, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Lisa M Butler
- Adelaide Medical School and Freemasons Foundation Centre for Men's Health, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia.,South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, Australia
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14
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Vayalil PK. Mitochondrial oncobioenergetics of prostate tumorigenesis. Oncol Lett 2019; 18:4367-4376. [PMID: 31611945 PMCID: PMC6781517 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2019.10785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2019] [Accepted: 07/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria are emerging as key players in the tumorigenic process of cells by maintaining the biosynthetic and energetic capabilities of cancer cells. It is now evident that mitochondria are involved in the malignant transformation, cell proliferation, aggression and metastatic behavior of prostate cancer (PC). Recent comprehensive analysis of the mitochondrial oncobioenergetic (MOB) profile of PC cells using microplate-based high resolution respirometry has clearly demonstrated that characteristic MOB alterations occur at different stages of PC development. Additionally, studies have reported that modification of the MOB profile significantly inhibits the growth of malignant cells. This observation suggests that dynamic alterations in the MOB function are a critical component in the development of malignant disease of the prostate. Therefore, quantification of MOB function may be a good marker for the prediction of tumor stage. Future studies may develop novel approaches to measure oncobioenergetics of tumors with minimal invasive procedures effectively in men to determine the general prostate health and tumor staging, and to predict whether a tumor will proceed to malignancy in patients. Additionally, since PC is a slow growing tumor, modulating the MOB profile at specific stages of tumor development may be a novel approach to treat or prevent PC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Praveen Kumar Vayalil
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
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15
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Poulose N, Mills IG, Steele RE. The impact of transcription on metabolism in prostate and breast cancers. Endocr Relat Cancer 2018; 25:R435-R452. [PMID: 29760165 DOI: 10.1530/erc-18-0048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2018] [Accepted: 05/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Metabolic dysregulation is regarded as an important driver in cancer development and progression. The impact of transcriptional changes on metabolism has been intensively studied in hormone-dependent cancers, and in particular, in prostate and breast cancer. These cancers have strong similarities in the function of important transcriptional drivers, such as the oestrogen and androgen receptors, at the level of dietary risk and epidemiology, genetics and therapeutically. In this review, we will focus on the function of these nuclear hormone receptors and their downstream impact on metabolism, with a particular focus on lipid metabolism. We go on to discuss how lipid metabolism remains dysregulated as the cancers progress. We conclude by discussing the opportunities that this presents for drug repurposing, imaging and the development and testing of new therapeutics and treatment combinations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ninu Poulose
- Centre for Cancer Research and Cell BiologyQueen's University of Belfast, Belfast, UK
| | - Ian G Mills
- Centre for Cancer Research and Cell BiologyQueen's University of Belfast, Belfast, UK
- Nuffield Department of Surgical SciencesJohn Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Rebecca E Steele
- Centre for Cancer Research and Cell BiologyQueen's University of Belfast, Belfast, UK
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16
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Hosios AM, Vander Heiden MG. The redox requirements of proliferating mammalian cells. J Biol Chem 2018; 293:7490-7498. [PMID: 29339555 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.tm117.000239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell growth and division require nutrients, and proliferating cells use a variety of sources to acquire the amino acids, lipids, and nucleotides that support macromolecule synthesis. Lipids are more reduced than other nutrients, whereas nucleotides and amino acids are typically more oxidized. Cells must therefore generate reducing and oxidizing (redox) equivalents to convert consumed nutrients into biosynthetic precursors. To that end, redox cofactor metabolism plays a central role in meeting cellular redox requirements. In this Minireview, we highlight the biosynthetic pathways that involve redox reactions and discuss their integration with metabolism in proliferating mammalian cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron M Hosios
- From the Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research and.,Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139 and
| | - Matthew G Vander Heiden
- From the Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research and .,Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139 and.,the Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
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17
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Molecular features and physiological roles of K +-Cl - cotransporter 4 (KCC4). Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2017; 1861:3154-3166. [PMID: 28935604 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2017.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2017] [Accepted: 09/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
A K+-Cl- cotransport system was documented for the first time during the mid-seventies in sheep and goat red blood cells. It was then described as a Na+-independent and ouabain-insensitive ion carrier that could be stimulated by cell swelling and N-ethylmaleimide (NEM), a thiol-reacting agent. Twenty years later, this system was found to be dispensed by four different isoforms in animal cells. The first one was identified in the expressed sequence tag (EST) database by Gillen et al. based on the assumption that it would be homologous to the Na+-dependent K+-Cl- cotransport system for which the molecular identity had already been uncovered. Not long after, the three other isoforms were once again identified in the EST databank. Among those, KCC4 has generated much interest a few years ago when it was shown to sustain distal renal acidification and hearing development in mouse. As will be seen in this review, many additional roles were ascribed to this isoform, in keeping with its wide distribution in animal species. However, some of them have still not been confirmed through animal models of gene inactivation or overexpression. Along the same line, considerable knowledge has been acquired on the mechanisms by which KCC4 is regulated and the environmental cues to which it is sensitive. Yet, it is inferred to some extent from historical views and extrapolations.
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18
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Kratochvilova M, Raudenska M, Heger Z, Richtera L, Cernei N, Adam V, Babula P, Novakova M, Masarik M, Gumulec J. Amino Acid Profiling of Zinc Resistant Prostate Cancer Cell Lines: Associations With Cancer Progression. Prostate 2017; 77:604-616. [PMID: 28101932 DOI: 10.1002/pros.23304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2016] [Accepted: 12/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Failure in intracellular zinc accumulation is a key process in prostate carcinogenesis. Nevertheless, epidemiological studies of zinc administration have provided contradicting results. In order to examine the impact of the artificial intracellular increase of zinc(II) ions on prostate cancer metabolism, PNT1A, 22Rv1, and PC-3 prostatic cell lines-depicting different stages of cancer progression-and their zinc-resistant counterparts were used. To determine "benign" and "malignant" metabolic profiles, amino acid patterns, gene expression, and antioxidant capacity of these cell lines were assessed. METHODS Amino acid profiles were examined using an ion-exchange liquid chromatography. Intracellular zinc content was measured by atomic absorption spectrometry. Metallothionein was quantified using differential pulse voltammetry. The content of reduced glutathione was determined using high performance liquid chromatography coupled with an electrochemical detector. Cellular antioxidant capacity was determined by the ABTS test and gene expression analysis was performed by qRT-PCR. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS Long-term zinc treatment was shown to reroute cell metabolism from benign to more malignant type. Long-term application of high concentration of zinc(II) significantly enhanced cisplatin resistance, invasiveness, cellular antioxidant capacity, synthesis of glutathione, and expression of treatment resistance- and stemness-associated genes (SOX2, POU5F1, BIRC5). Tumorous cell lines universally displayed high accumulation of aspartate and sarcosine and depletion of essential amino acids. Increased aspartate/threonine, aspartate/methionine, and sarcosine/serine ratios were associated with cancer phenotype with high levels of sensitivity and specificity. Prostate 77: 604-616, 2017. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Kratochvilova
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Physiology, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
- Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Martina Raudenska
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Physiology, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
- Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Zbynek Heger
- Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Brno, Czech Republic
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Mendel University in Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Lukas Richtera
- Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Brno, Czech Republic
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Mendel University in Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Natalia Cernei
- Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Brno, Czech Republic
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Mendel University in Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Vojtech Adam
- Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Brno, Czech Republic
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Mendel University in Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Babula
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Physiology, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Marie Novakova
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Physiology, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Michal Masarik
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Physiology, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
- Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Brno, Czech Republic
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pathological Physiology, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jaromir Gumulec
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Physiology, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pathological Physiology, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
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19
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Cutruzzolà F, Giardina G, Marani M, Macone A, Paiardini A, Rinaldo S, Paone A. Glucose Metabolism in the Progression of Prostate Cancer. Front Physiol 2017; 8:97. [PMID: 28270771 PMCID: PMC5318430 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2017.00097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2016] [Accepted: 02/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer is one of the most common types of cancer in western country males but the mechanisms involved in the transformation processes have not been clearly elucidated. Alteration in cellular metabolism in cancer cells is recognized as a hallmark of malignant transformation, although it is becoming clear that the biological features of metabolic reprogramming not only differ in different cancers, but also among different cells in a type of cancer. Normal prostate epithelial cells have a peculiar and very inefficient energy metabolism as they use glucose to synthesize citrate that is secreted as part of the seminal liquid. During the transformation process, prostate cancer cells modify their energy metabolism from inefficient to highly efficient, often taking advantage of the interaction with other cell types in the tumor microenvironment that are corrupted to produce and secrete metabolic intermediates used by cancer cells in catabolic and anabolic processes. We recapitulate the metabolic transformations occurring in the prostate from the normal cell to the metastasis, highlighting the role of the microenvironment and summarizing what is known on the molecular mechanisms involved in the process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Cutruzzolà
- Department of Biochemical Sciences "A. Rossi Fanelli", Sapienza University of Rome Rome, Italy
| | - Giorgio Giardina
- Department of Biochemical Sciences "A. Rossi Fanelli", Sapienza University of Rome Rome, Italy
| | - Marina Marani
- Department of Biochemical Sciences "A. Rossi Fanelli", Sapienza University of Rome Rome, Italy
| | - Alberto Macone
- Department of Biochemical Sciences "A. Rossi Fanelli", Sapienza University of Rome Rome, Italy
| | - Alessandro Paiardini
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology "Charles Darwin", Sapienza Università di Roma Rome, Italy
| | - Serena Rinaldo
- Department of Biochemical Sciences "A. Rossi Fanelli", Sapienza University of Rome Rome, Italy
| | - Alessio Paone
- Department of Biochemical Sciences "A. Rossi Fanelli", Sapienza University of Rome Rome, Italy
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20
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Association of testosterone and BDNF serum levels with craving during alcohol withdrawal. Alcohol 2016; 54:67-72. [PMID: 27514572 DOI: 10.1016/j.alcohol.2016.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2016] [Revised: 06/14/2016] [Accepted: 06/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Preclinical and clinical studies show associations between testosterone and brain-derived neurotrophic growth factor (BDNF) serum levels. BDNF and testosterone have been independently reported to influence alcohol consumption. Therefore, we aimed to investigate a possible interplay of testosterone and BDNF contributing to alcohol dependence. Regarding possible interplay of testosterone and BDNF and the activity of the hypothalamic pituitary axis (HPA), we included cortisol serum levels in our research. We investigated testosterone and BDNF serum levels in a sample of 99 male alcohol-dependent patients during alcohol withdrawal (day 1, 7, and 14) and compared them to a healthy male control group (n = 17). The testosterone serum levels were significantly (p < 0.001) higher in the patients' group than in the control group and decreased significantly during alcohol withdrawal (p < 0.001). The decrease of testosterone serum levels during alcohol withdrawal (days 1-7) was significantly associated with the BDNF serum levels (day 1: p = 0.008). In a subgroup of patients showing high cortisol serum levels (putatively mirroring high HPA activity), we found a significant association of BDNF and testosterone as well as with alcohol craving measured by the Obsessive and Compulsive Drinking Scale (OCDS). Our data suggest a possible association of BDNF and testosterone serum levels, which may be relevant for the symptomatology of alcohol dependence. Further studies are needed to clarify our results.
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21
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Iacobazzi V, Infantino V. Citrate--new functions for an old metabolite. Biol Chem 2015; 395:387-99. [PMID: 24445237 DOI: 10.1515/hsz-2013-0271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 193] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2013] [Accepted: 01/16/2014] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Citrate is an important substrate in cellular energy metabolism. It is produced in the mitochondria and used in the Krebs cycle or released into cytoplasm through a specific mitochondrial carrier, CIC. In the cytosol, citrate and its derivatives, acetyl-CoA and oxaloacetate, are used in normal and pathological processes. Beyond the classical role as metabolic regulator, recent studies have highlighted that citrate is involved in inflammation, cancer, insulin secretion, histone acetylation, neurological disorders, and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Monitoring changes in the citrate levels could therefore potentially be used as diagnostic tool. This review highlights these new aspects of citrate functions.
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22
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Rojas-Durán F, Pascual-Mathey LI, Serrano K, Aranda-Abreu GE, Manzo J, Soto-Cid AH, Hernandez ME. Correlation of prolactin levels and PRL-receptor expression with Stat and Mapk cell signaling in the prostate of long-term sexually active rats. Physiol Behav 2015; 138:188-92. [DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2014.10.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2014] [Revised: 10/25/2014] [Accepted: 10/28/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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23
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Franklin RB, Chellaiah M, Zou J, Reynolds MA, Costello LC. Evidence that Osteoblasts are Specialized Citrate-producing Cells that Provide the Citrate for Incorporation into the Structure of Bone. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 6:1-7. [PMID: 25745519 PMCID: PMC4346336 DOI: 10.2174/1876525401406010001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Citrate is a major component of bone in all vertebrates, but its implications in bone have remained largely unknown. Recent studies identified that citrate is incorporated into the structure of the hydroxyapatite nanocrystal/collagen complex; and is essential for the important biomechanical properties of bone. This raises the important question, “What is the source of citrate for incorporation into bone?”; A question that heretofore had remained unresolved. Studies in this report were designed to determine the plausibility of our concept that the osteoblasts are specialized citrate-producing cells, which provide the citrate that is incorporated into the structure of bone; and that osteogenic differentiation of mesenchyme cells leads to the development of the citrate-producing osteoblasts. The results demonstrated that primary human osteoblasts exhibit the capability of citrate-production. Undifferentiated mesenchyme cells do not exhibit the capability of citrate production; and osteogenic differentiation results in citrate-producing osteoblasts. The up-regulation of zinc uptake transporter ZIP1 is essential for the manifestation of the citrate-producing capability of the osteoblasts. We determined that osteoblast transport of citrate from plasma is not a likely source of citrate in bone. Thus, this study establishes for the first time that the osteoblasts are specialized citrate-producing cells that provide the citrate for incorporation into the structure of bone; and that mesenchyme cell osteogenesis leads to differentiated citrate-producing osteoblasts. This is a new understanding; which must include the osteogenic development of citrate-producing osteoblasts, and the process of “citration” in concert with mineralization during bone formation. It also provides a new understanding of the role of bone in the homeostatic maintenance of plasma citrate concentration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renty B Franklin
- Department of Oncology and Diagnostic Sciences; Dental School; University of Maryland, Baltimore, Md. 21201
| | - Meena Chellaiah
- Department of Oncology and Diagnostic Sciences; Dental School; University of Maryland, Baltimore, Md. 21201
| | - Jing Zou
- Department of Oncology and Diagnostic Sciences; Dental School; University of Maryland, Baltimore, Md. 21201
| | - Mark A Reynolds
- Department of Periodontics; Dental School; University of Maryland, Baltimore, Md. 21201
| | - Leslie C Costello
- Department of Oncology and Diagnostic Sciences; Dental School; University of Maryland, Baltimore, Md. 21201
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24
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Traka MH, Melchini A, Mithen RF. Sulforaphane and prostate cancer interception. Drug Discov Today 2014; 19:1488-92. [PMID: 25051139 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2014.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2014] [Accepted: 07/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Whereas much attention is focused on distinguishing newly diagnosed prostate cancers that will progress to become aggressive forms of the disease from those that will remain indolent, it is also appropriate to explore therapeutic and lifestyle interventions to reduce the risk of progression. Diets rich in broccoli have been associated with a reduction in risk of progression, which has been attributed to the compound sulforaphane. Although the mode of action of sulforaphane has been extensively studied in cell and animal models and a multiple of mechanisms that could underpin its protective effects have been proposed, recent evidence from human intervention studies suggests that sulforaphane is involved in a complex interplay between redox status and metabolism to result in a tissue environment that does not favour prostate cancer progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria H Traka
- Food and Health Programme, Institute of Food Research, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UA, UK
| | - Antonietta Melchini
- Food and Health Programme, Institute of Food Research, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UA, UK
| | - Richard F Mithen
- Food and Health Programme, Institute of Food Research, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UA, UK.
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25
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Pereira SL, Rodrigues AS, Sousa MI, Correia M, Perestrelo T, Ramalho-Santos J. From gametogenesis and stem cells to cancer: common metabolic themes. Hum Reprod Update 2014; 20:924-43. [DOI: 10.1093/humupd/dmu034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
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26
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Costello LC, Franklin RB. A review of the important central role of altered citrate metabolism during the process of stem cell differentiation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 2. [PMID: 24194979 DOI: 10.7243/2050-1218-2-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Stem cells are highly proliferating cells that have the potential for differentiation leading to the development of specialized functional cell types. The process of stem cell differentiation requires an increase in the recruitment and population of the undifferentiated stem cells, which are then differentiated to specific functional cell types. Genetic/metabolic transformations in the cellular intermediary energy metabolism are required to provide the bioenergetic, synthetic, and catabolic requirements of the stem cells during this process. However, the identification of the intermediary energy metabolism pathways and their alterations during the proliferation and differentiation of stem cells remain largely unknown; mainly due to the lack of attention and/or required research that focuses on this relationship. In the absence of such information, a full understanding of the factors and conditions required to promote stem cell differentiation leading to development of normal functional metabolic specialized cells cannot be achieved. The purpose of this review is to provide the background and bring attention to the essential relationship of altered cellular intermediary metabolism in the context of the process of stem cell proliferation and differentiation. Citrate metabolism is central to the genetic and metabolic transformation leading to the development of the specialized functional cells. This review identifies the involvement of altered citrate metabolism and the associated genetic alterations of key pathways, enzymes, and transporters; as well as the bioenergetic implications. The importance is emphasized for identification and employment of required conditions to insure that the process of experimental stem cell differentiation results in the development of specialized cells that represent the functional metabolic characteristics and capabilities of their native specialized cells. This is an essential requirement for the successful application of stem cell therapy and regenerative medicine for many pathological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leslie C Costello
- Department of Oncology and Diagnostic Sciences, University of Maryland Dental School and The University of Maryland Greenebaum Cancer Center, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, USA
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27
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Patel M, Dalvi P, Gokulgandhi M, Kesh S, Kohli T, Pal D, Mitra AK. Functional characterization and molecular expression of large neutral amino acid transporter (LAT1) in human prostate cancer cells. Int J Pharm 2012; 443:245-53. [PMID: 23270998 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2012.12.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2012] [Revised: 11/15/2012] [Accepted: 12/17/2012] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The primary objective of this study is to functionally characterize and provide molecular evidence of large neutral amino acid transporter (LAT1) in human derived prostate cancer cells (PC-3). We carried out the uptake of [3H]-tyrosine to assess the functional activity of LAT1. Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) analysis is carried out to confirm the molecular expression of LAT1. [3H]-tyrosine uptake is found to be time dependent and linear up to 60 min. The uptake process does not exhibit any dependence on sodium ions, pH and energy. However, it is temperature dependent and found maximal at physiological temperature. The uptake of [3H]-tyrosine demonstrates saturable kinetics with K(m) and V(max) values of 34 ± 3 μM and 0.70 ± 0.02 nanomoles/min/mg protein, respectively. It is strongly inhibited by large neutral (phenylalanine, tryptophan, leucine, isoleucine) and small neutral (alanine, serine, cysteine) but not by basic (lysine and arginine) and acidic (aspartic and glutamic acid) amino acids. Isoleucine-quinidine (Ile-quinidine) prodrug generates a significant inhibitory effect on [3H]-tyrosine uptake suggesting that it is recognized by LAT1. RT-PCR analysis provided a product band at 658 and 840 bp, specific to LAT1 and LAT2, respectively. For the first time, this study demonstrates that LAT1, primarily responsible for the uptake of large neutral amino acids, is functionally active in PC-3 cells. Significant increase in the uptake generated by Ile-quinidine relative to quinidine suggests that LAT1 can be utilized for enhancing the cellular permeation of poor cell permeable anticancer drugs. Furthermore, this cell line can be utilized as an excellent in vitro model for studying the interaction of large neutral amino acid conjugated drugs with LAT1 transporter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitesh Patel
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Missouri-Kansas City, 2464 Charlotte Street, Kansas City, MO 64108, USA
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28
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Costello LC, Franklin RB, Reynolds MA, Chellaiah M. The Important Role of Osteoblasts and Citrate Production in Bone Formation: "Osteoblast Citration" as a New Concept for an Old Relationship. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 4. [PMID: 24194797 DOI: 10.2174/1876525401204010027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
It has been known for about seventy years that bone, in all vertebrates, contains uniquely high citrate levels. However, the role of citrate, its source, its regulation, and its implication in normal bone formation and in bone disorders have remained largely unknown. For the past thirty-five years, the relationship of citrate in bone has been a neglected area of attention and research. It has recently been discovered that citrate is critical for the structure of the apatite nanocrystal, and is required to impart the important properties of bone such as its stability, strength, and resistance to fracture. This brings to focus the need for a renewed interest and research into the relationships of citrate in bone formation. A most fundamental question that must be resolved is "What is the source of citrate in bone?". This presentation provides a historical review of the early research to the present status of citrate implications in bone. This leads to a new concept of the role of osteoblasts as specialized citrate producing cells that provide the source of citrate in bone formation; i.e. the "osteoblast citration" process. This also brings into focus a new insight into the role of zinc in bone in relation to osteoblast citrate production. The genetic/hormonal/metabolic relationships of "net citrate production" are described. The intent of this presentation is to provide the background for a new perspective of the important implications of osteoblasts and citrate in bone formation; which, hopefully, will stimulate a renewed interest and essential research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leslie C Costello
- Department of Oncology and Diagnostic Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland
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Molecular expression and functional activity of sodium dependent multivitamin transporter in human prostate cancer cells. Int J Pharm 2012; 436:324-31. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2012.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2012] [Revised: 05/23/2012] [Accepted: 06/03/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Neurosteroid allopregnanolone regulates EAAC1-mediated glutamate uptake and triggers actin changes in Schwann cells. J Cell Physiol 2012; 227:1740-51. [DOI: 10.1002/jcp.22898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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MacMaster FP, Rosenberg DR. NEUROBIOLOGICAL EVIDENCE SUPPORTING GLUTAMATE'S ROLE IN PEDIATRIC OBSESSIVE COMPULSIVE DISORDER. CHILD & ADOLESCENT PSYCHOPHARMACOLOGY NEWS 2010; 15:6-10. [PMID: 26949326 PMCID: PMC4776763 DOI: 10.1521/capn.2010.15.6.6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Frank P MacMaster
- Assistant Professor, Cuthbertson and Fischer Chair in Pediatric Mental Health, Departments of Psychiatry and Pediatrics, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - David R Rosenberg
- Professor, Miriam L. Hamburger Endowed Chair of Child Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Neurosciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
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Stenman K, Surowiec I, Antti H, Riklund K, Stattin P, Bergh A, Gröbner G. Detection of Local Prostate Metabolites by Hrmas Nmr Spectroscopy: A Comparative Study of Human and Rat Prostate Tissues. MAGNETIC RESONANCE INSIGHTS 2010. [DOI: 10.4137/mri.s6028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
The use of magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) for the detection of in-vivo metabolic perturbations is increasing in popularity in Prostate Cancer (PCa) research on both humans and rodent models. However, there are distinct metabolic differences between species and prostate areas; a fact making general conclusions about PCa difficult. Here, we use High Resolution Magic Angle Spinning Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (HRMAS NMR) spectroscopy to provide tissue specific identification of metabolites and their relative ratios; information useful in providing insight into the biochemical pathways of the prostate. As our NMR-based approach reveals, human and rat prostate tissues have different metabolic signatures as reflected in numerous key metabolites, including citrate and choline compounds, but also aspartate, lysine, taurine, glutamate, glutamine, creatine and inositol. In general, distribution of these metabolites is not only highly dependent on the species (human versus rat), but also on the location (lobe/zone) in the prostate tissue and the sample pathology; an observation making HRMAS NMR of intact tissue samples a promising method for extracting differences and common features in various experimental prostate cancer models.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Henrik Antti
- Department of Chemistry, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | | | - Pär Stattin
- Surgical and Perioperative Sciences, Urology and Andrology, Umeå University and University Hospital of Northern Sweden, Umeå, Sweden
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MacMaster FP. Translational neuroimaging research in pediatric obsessive-compulsive disorder. DIALOGUES IN CLINICAL NEUROSCIENCE 2010. [PMID: 20623921 PMCID: PMC3181954 DOI: 10.31887/dcns.2010.12.2/fmacmaster] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is a significant public health problem. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) are the only FDA-approved medications for OCD. However, SSRIs are of limited efficacy in clinical practice. Given the persistence of symptoms and levels of treatment response, it is clear that the serotonin paradigm of OCD does not fully account for the neurobiology of the disorder, and that further translational research is needed. In this review, the glutamate hypothesis of pediatric OCD is explored, the neuroimaging evidence reviewed, and the translational impact highlighted. The traditional strategy of going from pharmacology to pathophysiology has failed to show real progress in our understanding of the neurobiology of psychiatric illness and, while still in the early stages, this work demonstrates the clear benefit of approaching psychiatric illness from the opposite direction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank P MacMaster
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Neurosciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, USA.
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Seidlitz EP, Sharma MK, Saikali Z, Ghert M, Singh G. Cancer cell lines release glutamate into the extracellular environment. Clin Exp Metastasis 2009; 26:781-7. [PMID: 19526315 DOI: 10.1007/s10585-009-9277-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2009] [Accepted: 05/29/2009] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Bone is one of the most frequent sites for metastasis of breast and prostate cancers. Bone metastases are associated with pathologic changes in bone turnover and severe pain. The mechanisms that trigger these effects are not well understood, but it is postulated that tumour cells release factors which interfere with signalling processes critical to bone homeostasis. We have identified that several cancer cell lines known to cause bone disruption in animal models of bone metastasis appear to secrete glutamate into their extracellular environment in vitro. Although these cells also express specific glutamate receptors, the implications of this potentially disruptive chemical signal are discussed in relation to normal glutamate-dependent communication processes in bone and a possible mechanistic connection is made between tumour cell glutamate release and the development of pathological changes in bone turnover.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric P Seidlitz
- Department of Pathology & Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada.
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE To review progress in understanding pediatric obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). The focus is on the frontal-striatal-thalamic model of OCD, neurobiological and genetic studies of the disorder, and their influence on recent advances in treatment. METHOD Computerized literature searches were conducted with the key words "obsessive-compulsive disorder" in conjunction with "pediatric," "genetics," and "imaging." RESULTS Neuroimaging studies find evidence to support the frontal-striatal-thalamic model. Genetic and neurochemical studies also implicate glutamate in the pathological finding of OCD. This has led to the application of glutamate-modulating agents to treat OCD. CONCLUSIONS Studies of pediatric OCD have led to a refined frontal-striatal-thalamic model of pathogenesis and are having an evidence-based impact on treatment. Despite this progress, fully explanatory models are still needed that would allow for accurate prognosis and the development of targeted and efficacious treatments.
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Osl M, Dreiseitl S, Pfeifer B, Weinberger K, Klocker H, Bartsch G, Schafer G, Tilg B, Graber A, Baumgartner C. A new rule-based algorithm for identifying metabolic markers in prostate cancer using tandem mass spectrometry. Bioinformatics 2008; 24:2908-14. [DOI: 10.1093/bioinformatics/btn506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
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Matheson BK, Adams JL, Zou J, Patel R, Franklin RB. Effect of metabolic inhibitors on ATP and citrate content in PC3 prostate cancer cells. Prostate 2007; 67:1211-8. [PMID: 17525933 DOI: 10.1002/pros.20617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In normal prostate epithelial cells low m-aconitase activity decreases citrate oxidation leading to citrate accumulation. In prostate cancer cells m-aconitase activity is increased and citrate content is lower. The effect of inhibition of m-aconitase on ATP production by prostate cancer cells (PC3) is not known nor is the contribution of glycolysis versus respiration. METHODS ATP content of PC3 cells as affected by inhibition of m-aconitase (fluoroacetate (FA), zinc), inhibition of glycolysis (2DxG), or respiration (DNP, oligomycin) was determined. The ability to maintain ATP using glucose or glutamine as sole substrate was also determined. Intermediates including ATP, lactate, glucose, and glutamine were assayed in neutralized perchloric acid (PCA) cell extracts, virgin, and conditioned medium by enzymatic fluorometry. RESULTS Data show that inhibition of m-aconitase, glycolysis, or respiration alone did not decrease ATP content. Inhibition of both glycolysis and respiration were required to decrease ATP content. PC3 cells were able to produce ATP with either glucose or glutamine as sole substrate. Though FA clearly inhibited m-aconitase there was no evidence that zinc had a similar effect. CONCLUSION PC3 cells can support ATP production when m-aconitase is inhibited by using glycolysis or oxidation of substrate (e.g., glutamine) entering the TCA cycle distal to citrate.
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Affiliation(s)
- B K Matheson
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Maryland Dental School, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, USA.
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Berger UV, Hediger MA. Distribution of the glutamate transporters GLT-1 (SLC1A2) and GLAST (SLC1A3) in peripheral organs. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 211:595-606. [PMID: 16868771 DOI: 10.1007/s00429-006-0109-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/26/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The glutamate transporters GLT-1 and GLAST are widely expressed in astrocytes in the brain where they fulfill important functions during glutamatergic neurotransmission. The present study examines their distribution in peripheral organs using in situ hybridization (ISH) and immunocytochemistry. GLAST was found to be more widely distributed than GLT-1. GLAST was expressed primarily in epithelial cells, cells of the macrophage-lineage, lymphocytes, fat cells, interstitial cells, and salivary gland acini. GLT-1 was primarily expressed in glandular tissue, including mammary gland, lacrimal gland, and ducts and acini in salivary glands, but also by perivenous hepatocytes and follicular dendritic cells in spleen and lymph nodes. The findings demonstrate that, although expressed by the same cells in the brain, these two glutamate transporters have different distribution patterns in peripheral tissues and that they fulfill glutamate transport functions apart from glutamatergic neurotransmission in these areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Urs V Berger
- Membrane Biology Program and Renal Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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Costello LC, Franklin RB. The clinical relevance of the metabolism of prostate cancer; zinc and tumor suppression: connecting the dots. Mol Cancer 2006; 5:17. [PMID: 16700911 PMCID: PMC1481516 DOI: 10.1186/1476-4598-5-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 276] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2006] [Accepted: 05/15/2006] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The genetic and molecular mechanisms responsible for and associated specifically with the development and progression of malignant prostate cells are largely unidentified. In addition, despite its implication in virtually all malignant cells, the role of altered cellular metabolism as an essential factor in prostate malignancy has been largely ignored. Moreover, the intermediary metabolism of normal prostate as well as malignant prostate cells is among the least studied and most poorly understood of all mammalian cells. Some important factors, especially the role of zinc, have been identified and implicated in the development and progression of prostrate malignancy. In this review, we provide a current and updated integrated assessment of the relationships of intermediary metabolism in normal prostate and in prostate cancer. The experimental and clinical evidence that leads to the formulation of concepts of normal and malignant prostate metabolism is presented. The evidence for a concept of zinc as a tumor suppressor agent and Zip1 zinc transporter as a tumor-suppressor gene is described. Results The specialized function of the normal prostate glandular epithelium to produce and secrete enormously high levels of citrate involves and requires unique intermediary metabolism activities that are not generally associated with other normal mammalian cells. The accumulation of zinc by these cells is an essential factor in this unique metabolic relationship. In malignancy, the normal zinc-accumulating citrate-producing epithelial cells are metabolically transformed to citrate-oxidizing cells that lose the ability to accumulate zinc. A genetic alteration in the expression of ZIP1 zinc transporter is associated with this metabolic transformation. These genetic/metabolic relationships have important consequences on citrate-related metabolism, bioenergetics, cell proliferation and invasive capabilities of the malignant cells, which result in tumor-suppression characteristics. Conclusion The genetic/metabolic relationships in normal prostate glandular epithelium are driven by the unique function to accumulate and secrete citrate. The genetic/metabolic transformation of the prostate malignant cells is driven by the metabolic/bioenergetic, growth/proliferative, and invasive/migration requirements of the malignant process. Zinc is critical to these relationships. An understanding of these genetic/metabolic relationships provides new directions and opportunities for development of regimens for the prevention and treatment of prostate cancer. Important insight into the genetic/metabolic requirements of the prostate malignant process is now evolving. Most importantly at this time, an appreciation and recognition of the genetic/metabolic significance and implications in the development of prostate malignancy is imperative; and much needed research in this area is essential. Hopefully, this review will help to achieve these goals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leslie C Costello
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Dental School, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Renty B Franklin
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Dental School, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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