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Ortiz MA, Diaz-Torné C, De Agustin JJ, Estrada P, Reina D, Hernandez MV, Sang H, Zamora C, Cantó E, Corominas H, Vidal S. Altered CD39 and CD73 Expression in Rheumatoid Arthritis: Implications for Disease Activity and Treatment Response. Biomolecules 2023; 14:1. [PMID: 38275742 PMCID: PMC10813161 DOI: 10.3390/biom14010001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2023] [Revised: 11/30/2023] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
Abstract
In rheumatoid arthritis (RA) synovium, ATP, and ADP are released, sparking inflammation. Ectoenzymes CD39 and CD73 metabolize these purine nucleotides, generating anti-inflammatory adenosine. Therefore, dysregulated CD39 and CD73 expression may impact RA development. We assessed CD39 and CD73 expression in peripheral blood from 15 healthy controls (Cs) and 35 RA patients at baseline and after 3 and 6 months of tocilizumab treatment using flow cytometry. Additionally, ectoenzyme expression was examined on cultured T cells to understand activation and IL-6 effects. At baseline, RA patients exhibited a lower CD8+CD39-CD73+ cell percentage, which inversely correlated with DAS28. Additionally, they had lower percentages of Treg CD39+CD73+ and CD39-CD73- cells. Good responders tended to have lower B CD39+CD73+ cell percentages at baseline and 3 months. Additionally, Treg, CD8+ T and B cells inversely correlated with DAS28. T-cell activation increased CD39 and decreased CD73 expression, regardless of IL-6. IL-6 reduced IFNγ-secreting CD4+ T-cell percentage in Cs, but increased the percentage of IFNγ-secreting CD4+ and CD8+ T cells in RA patients. These findings indicate differing CD39 and CD73 expression in RA and Cs, influenced by T-cell activation and IL-6. Correlations between these molecules and RA activity suggest their role in dysregulated inflammation in RA.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Angels Ortiz
- Inflammatory Diseases, Institut de Recerca de l’Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau (IIB Sant Pau), 08041 Barcelona, Spain; (C.Z.); (E.C.); (S.V.)
| | - Cesar Diaz-Torné
- Rheumatology Department, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, 08041 Barcelona, Spain; (C.D.-T.); (H.S.); (H.C.)
| | | | - Paula Estrada
- Rheumatology Department, Hospital Moisès Broggi, Sant Joan Despí, 08970 Barcelona, Spain; (P.E.); (D.R.)
| | - Delia Reina
- Rheumatology Department, Hospital Moisès Broggi, Sant Joan Despí, 08970 Barcelona, Spain; (P.E.); (D.R.)
| | | | - Hye Sang
- Rheumatology Department, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, 08041 Barcelona, Spain; (C.D.-T.); (H.S.); (H.C.)
| | - Carlos Zamora
- Inflammatory Diseases, Institut de Recerca de l’Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau (IIB Sant Pau), 08041 Barcelona, Spain; (C.Z.); (E.C.); (S.V.)
| | - Elisabet Cantó
- Inflammatory Diseases, Institut de Recerca de l’Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau (IIB Sant Pau), 08041 Barcelona, Spain; (C.Z.); (E.C.); (S.V.)
| | - Hector Corominas
- Rheumatology Department, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, 08041 Barcelona, Spain; (C.D.-T.); (H.S.); (H.C.)
- Department of Rheumatology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Plaça Cívica, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Silvia Vidal
- Inflammatory Diseases, Institut de Recerca de l’Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau (IIB Sant Pau), 08041 Barcelona, Spain; (C.Z.); (E.C.); (S.V.)
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2
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Majerczyk D, Ayad E, Brewton K, Saing P, Hart P. Systemic maternal inflammation promotes ASD via IL-6 and IFN-γ. Biosci Rep 2022; 42:BSR20220713. [PMID: 36300375 PMCID: PMC9670245 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20220713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2022] [Revised: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 10/26/2022] [Indexed: 07/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a neurological disorder that manifests during early development, impacting individuals through their ways of communicating, social behaviors, and their ability to perform day-to-day activities. There have been different proposed mechanisms on how ASD precipitates within a patient, one of which being the impact cytokines have on fetal development once a mother's immune system has been activated (referred to as maternal immune activation, MIA). The occurrence of ASD has long been associated with elevated levels of several cytokines, including interleukin-6 (IL-6) and interferon gamma (IFN-γ). These proinflammatory cytokines can achieve high systemic levels in response to immune activating pathogens from various extrinsic sources. Transfer of cytokines such as IL-6 across the placental barrier allows accumulation in the fetus, potentially inducing neuroinflammation and consequently altering neurodevelopmental processes. Individuals who have been later diagnosed with ASD have been observed to have elevated levels of IL-6 and other proinflammatory cytokines during gestation. Moreover, the outcome of MIA has been associated with neurological effects such as impaired social interaction and an increase in repetitive behavior in animal models, supporting a mechanistic link between gestational inflammation and development of ASD-like characteristics. The present review attempts to provide a concise overview of the available preclinical and clinical data that suggest cross-talk between IL-6 and IFN-γ through both extrinsic and intrinsic factors as a central mechanism of MIA that may promote the development of ASD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Majerczyk
- College of Science, Health and Pharmacy, Roosevelt University, Illinois 60173, U.S.A
- Loyola Medicine, Berwyn, Illinois 60402, U.S.A
| | - Elizabeth G. Ayad
- College of Science, Health and Pharmacy, Roosevelt University, Illinois 60173, U.S.A
| | - Kari L. Brewton
- College of Science, Health and Pharmacy, Roosevelt University, Illinois 60173, U.S.A
| | - Pichrasmei Saing
- College of Science, Health and Pharmacy, Roosevelt University, Illinois 60173, U.S.A
| | - Peter C. Hart
- College of Science, Health and Pharmacy, Roosevelt University, Illinois 60173, U.S.A
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3
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Heidary Z, Haghjooy Javanmard S, Izadi I, Zare N, Ghaisari J. Multiscale modeling of collective cell migration elucidates the mechanism underlying tumor-stromal interactions in different spatiotemporal scales. Sci Rep 2022; 12:16242. [PMID: 36171274 PMCID: PMC9519582 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-20634-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Accepted: 09/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Metastasis is the pathogenic spread of cancer cells from a primary tumor to a secondary site which happens at the late stages of cancer. It is caused by a variety of biological, chemical, and physical processes, such as molecular interactions, intercellular communications, and tissue-level activities. Complex interactions of cancer cells with their microenvironment components such as cancer associated fibroblasts (CAFs) and extracellular matrix (ECM) cause them to adopt an invasive phenotype that promotes tumor growth and migration. This paper presents a multiscale model for integrating a wide range of time and space interactions at the molecular, cellular, and tissue levels in a three-dimensional domain. The modeling procedure starts with presenting nonlinear dynamics of cancer cells and CAFs using ordinary differential equations based on TGFβ, CXCL12, and LIF signaling pathways. Unknown kinetic parameters in these models are estimated using hybrid unscented Kalman filter and the models are validated using experimental data. Then, the principal role of CAFs on metastasis is revealed by spatial-temporal modeling of circulating signals throughout the TME. At this stage, the model has evolved into a coupled ODE-PDE system that is capable of determining cancer cells' status in one of the quiescent, proliferating or migratory conditions due to certain metastasis factors and ECM characteristics. At the tissue level, we consider a force-based framework to model the cancer cell proliferation and migration as the final step towards cancer cell metastasis. The ability of the multiscale model to depict cancer cells' behavior in different levels of modeling is confirmed by comparing its outputs with the results of RT PCR and wound scratch assay techniques. Performance evaluation of the model indicates that the proposed multiscale model can pave the way for improving the efficiency of therapeutic methods in metastasis prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zarifeh Heidary
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan, 84156-83111, Iran
| | - Shaghayegh Haghjooy Javanmard
- Department of Physiology, Applied Physiology Research Center, Isfahan Cardiovascular Research Institute, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, 81746-73461, Iran
| | - Iman Izadi
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan, 84156-83111, Iran
| | - Nasrin Zare
- School of Medicine, Najafabad Branch, Islamic Azad University, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Jafar Ghaisari
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan, 84156-83111, Iran.
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The Role of Inflammatory Cytokines in the Pathogenesis of Colorectal Carcinoma—Recent Findings and Review. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10071670. [PMID: 35884974 PMCID: PMC9312930 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10071670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2022] [Revised: 07/04/2022] [Accepted: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The inflammatory process plays a significant role in the development of colon cancer (CRC). Intestinal cytokine networks are critical mediators of tissue homeostasis and inflammation but also impact carcinogenesis at all stages of the disease. Recent studies suggest that inflammation is of greater importance in the serrated pathway than in the adenoma-carcinoma pathway. Interleukins have gained the most attention due to their potential role in CRC pathogenesis and promising results of clinical trials. Malignant transformation is associated with the pro-tumorigenic and anti-tumorigenic cytokines. The harmony between proinflammatory and anti-inflammatory factors is crucial to maintaining homeostasis. Immune cells in the tumor microenvironment modulate immune sensitivity and facilitate cancer escape from immune surveillance. Therefore, clarifying the role of underlying cytokine pathways and the effects of their modulation may be an important step to improve the effectiveness of cancer immunotherapy.
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Deciphering signal transduction networks in the liver by mechanistic mathematical modelling. Biochem J 2022; 479:1361-1374. [PMID: 35748700 PMCID: PMC9246346 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20210548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Revised: 06/10/2022] [Accepted: 06/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
In health and disease, liver cells are continuously exposed to cytokines and growth factors. While individual signal transduction pathways induced by these factors were studied in great detail, the cellular responses induced by repeated or combined stimulations are complex and less understood. Growth factor receptors on the cell surface of hepatocytes were shown to be regulated by receptor interactions, receptor trafficking and feedback regulation. Here, we exemplify how mechanistic mathematical modelling based on quantitative data can be employed to disentangle these interactions at the molecular level. Crucial is the analysis at a mechanistic level based on quantitative longitudinal data within a mathematical framework. In such multi-layered information, step-wise mathematical modelling using submodules is of advantage, which is fostered by sharing of standardized experimental data and mathematical models. Integration of signal transduction with metabolic regulation in the liver and mechanistic links to translational approaches promise to provide predictive tools for biology and personalized medicine.
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Wang Z, Li T, Gong Z, Xie J. Role of ISG15 post-translational modification in immunity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection. Cell Signal 2022; 94:110329. [PMID: 35390466 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2022.110329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2022] [Revised: 03/30/2022] [Accepted: 03/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
ISG15 encoded by a type I interferon (IFN) inducible gene mediates an important cellular process called ISGylation. ISGylation emerges as a powerful host tactic against intracellular pathogens like Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb). However, the exact role of ISGylation in immunity remains elusive. To shed light on how ISGylation, which is both interesting and complex, participates in immunity against Mtb, this manuscript summarized the current knowledge about the structural characteristics and targets of ISG15 and how ISGylation cross-talks with other host post-translational modifications to exert its effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zilu Wang
- Institute of Modern Biopharmaceuticals, State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Eco-Environment and Bio-Resource of the Three Gorges Area, Key Laboratory of Eco-environments in Three Gorges Reservoir Region, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Tongxin Li
- Chongqing Public Health Medical Center, Southwest University Public Health Hospital, central laboratory Chongqing, 400030, China
| | - Zhen Gong
- Institute of Modern Biopharmaceuticals, State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Eco-Environment and Bio-Resource of the Three Gorges Area, Key Laboratory of Eco-environments in Three Gorges Reservoir Region, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Jianping Xie
- Institute of Modern Biopharmaceuticals, State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Eco-Environment and Bio-Resource of the Three Gorges Area, Key Laboratory of Eco-environments in Three Gorges Reservoir Region, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China.
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7
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Gocher AM, Workman CJ, Vignali DAA. Interferon-γ: teammate or opponent in the tumour microenvironment? Nat Rev Immunol 2021; 22:158-172. [PMID: 34155388 DOI: 10.1038/s41577-021-00566-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 208] [Impact Index Per Article: 69.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Cancer immunotherapy offers substantive benefit to patients with various tumour types, in some cases leading to complete tumour clearance. However, many patients do not respond to immunotherapy, galvanizing the field to define the mechanisms of pre-existing and acquired resistance. Interferon-γ (IFNγ) is a cytokine that has both protumour and antitumour activities, suggesting that it may serve as a nexus for responsiveness to immunotherapy. Many cancer immunotherapies and chemotherapies induce IFNγ production by various cell types, including activated T cells and natural killer cells. Patients resistant to these therapies commonly have molecular aberrations in the IFNγ signalling pathway or express resistance molecules driven by IFNγ. Given that all nucleated cells can respond to IFNγ, the functional consequences of IFNγ production need to be carefully dissected on a cell-by-cell basis. Here, we review the cells that produce IFNγ and the different effects of IFNγ in the tumour microenvironment, highlighting the pleiotropic nature of this multifunctional and abundant cytokine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela M Gocher
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,Tumor Microenvironment Center, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Creg J Workman
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,Tumor Microenvironment Center, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Dario A A Vignali
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA. .,Tumor Microenvironment Center, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA. .,Cancer Immunology and Immunotherapy Program, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
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8
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Robichon K, Maiwald T, Schilling M, Schneider A, Willemsen J, Salopiata F, Teusel M, Kreutz C, Ehlting C, Huang J, Chakraborty S, Huang X, Damm G, Seehofer D, Lang PA, Bode JG, Binder M, Bartenschlager R, Timmer J, Klingmüller U. Identification of Interleukin1β as an Amplifier of Interferon alpha-induced Antiviral Responses. PLoS Pathog 2020; 16:e1008461. [PMID: 33002089 PMCID: PMC7553310 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1008461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2020] [Revised: 10/13/2020] [Accepted: 08/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The induction of an interferon-mediated response is the first line of defense against pathogens such as viruses. Yet, the dynamics and extent of interferon alpha (IFNα)-induced antiviral genes vary remarkably and comprise three expression clusters: early, intermediate and late. By mathematical modeling based on time-resolved quantitative data, we identified mRNA stability as well as a negative regulatory loop as key mechanisms endogenously controlling the expression dynamics of IFNα-induced antiviral genes in hepatocytes. Guided by the mathematical model, we uncovered that this regulatory loop is mediated by the transcription factor IRF2 and showed that knock-down of IRF2 results in enhanced expression of early, intermediate and late IFNα-induced antiviral genes. Co-stimulation experiments with different pro-inflammatory cytokines revealed that this amplified expression dynamics of the early, intermediate and late IFNα-induced antiviral genes can also be achieved by co-application of IFNα and interleukin1 beta (IL1β). Consistently, we found that IL1β enhances IFNα-mediated repression of viral replication. Conversely, we observed that in IL1β receptor knock-out mice replication of viruses sensitive to IFNα is increased. Thus, IL1β is capable to potentiate IFNα-induced antiviral responses and could be exploited to improve antiviral therapies. Innate immune responses contribute to the control of viral infections and the induction of interferon alpha (IFNα)-mediated antiviral responses is an important component. However, IFNα induces a multitude of antiviral response genes and the expression dynamics of these genes can be classified as early, intermediate and late. Here we show, based on a mathematical modeling approach, that mRNA stability as well as the negative regulator IRF2 control the expression dynamics of IFNα-induced antiviral genes. Knock-down of IRF2 resulted in the amplified IFNα-mediated induction of the antiviral genes and this amplified expression of antiviral genes could be functionally mimicked by co-stimulation with IFNα and IL1β. We observed that co-stimulation with IFNα and IL1β enhanced the repression of virus replication and that knock-out of the IL1 receptor in mice resulted in increased replication of a virus sensitive to IFNα. In sum, our studies identified IL1β as an important amplifier of IFNα-induced antiviral responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Robichon
- Division Systems Biology of Signal Transduction, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Tim Maiwald
- Institute for Physics, University of Freiburg, Germany.,FDM-Freiburg Center for Data Analysis and Modeling, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Marcel Schilling
- Division Systems Biology of Signal Transduction, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Annette Schneider
- Division Systems Biology of Signal Transduction, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Joschka Willemsen
- Research Group "Dynamics of Early Viral Infection and the Innate Antiviral Response", Division Virus-Associated Carcinogenesis, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Florian Salopiata
- Division Systems Biology of Signal Transduction, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Melissa Teusel
- Division Systems Biology of Signal Transduction, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Clemens Kreutz
- Institute for Physics, University of Freiburg, Germany.,Institute of Medical Biometry and Statistics, Faculty of Medicine and Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Christian Ehlting
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, University Hospital, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University of Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Jun Huang
- Department of Molecular Medicine II, University Hospital, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University of Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Sajib Chakraborty
- Division Systems Biology of Signal Transduction, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Dhaka, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Xiaoyun Huang
- Division Systems Biology of Signal Transduction, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Georg Damm
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery and Visceral Transplantation, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany and Department of General-, Visceral- and Transplantation Surgery, Charité University Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Daniel Seehofer
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery and Visceral Transplantation, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany and Department of General-, Visceral- and Transplantation Surgery, Charité University Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Philipp A Lang
- Department of Molecular Medicine II, University Hospital, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University of Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Johannes G Bode
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, University Hospital, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University of Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Marco Binder
- Research Group "Dynamics of Early Viral Infection and the Innate Antiviral Response", Division Virus-Associated Carcinogenesis, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Ralf Bartenschlager
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Molecular Virology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jens Timmer
- Institute for Physics, University of Freiburg, Germany.,FDM-Freiburg Center for Data Analysis and Modeling, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Signalling Research Centres BIOSS and CIBSS, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Ursula Klingmüller
- Division Systems Biology of Signal Transduction, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
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An Advanced Human Intestinal Coculture Model Reveals Compartmentalized Host and Pathogen Strategies during Salmonella Infection. mBio 2020; 11:mBio.03348-19. [PMID: 32071273 PMCID: PMC7029144 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.03348-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Infection research routinely employs in vitro cell cultures or in vivo mouse models as surrogates of human hosts. Differences between murine and human immunity and the low level of complexity of traditional cell cultures, however, highlight the demand for alternative models that combine the in vivo-like properties of the human system with straightforward experimental perturbation. Here, we introduce a 3D tissue model comprising multiple cell types of the human intestinal barrier, a primary site of pathogen attack. During infection with the foodborne pathogen Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium, our model recapitulates human disease aspects, including pathogen restriction to the epithelial compartment, thereby deviating from the systemic infection in mice. Combination of our model with state-of-the-art genetics revealed Salmonella-mediated local manipulations of human immune responses, likely contributing to the establishment of the pathogen’s infection niche. We propose the adoption of similar 3D tissue models to infection biology, to advance our understanding of molecular infection strategies employed by bacterial pathogens in their human host. A major obstacle in infection biology is the limited ability to recapitulate human disease trajectories in traditional cell culture and animal models, which impedes the translation of basic research into clinics. Here, we introduce a three-dimensional (3D) intestinal tissue model to study human enteric infections at a level of detail that is not achieved by conventional two-dimensional monocultures. Our model comprises epithelial and endothelial layers, a primary intestinal collagen scaffold, and immune cells. Upon Salmonella infection, the model mimics human gastroenteritis, in that it restricts the pathogen to the epithelial compartment, an advantage over existing mouse models. Application of dual transcriptome sequencing to the Salmonella-infected model revealed the communication of epithelial, endothelial, monocytic, and natural killer cells among each other and with the pathogen. Our results suggest that Salmonella uses its type III secretion systems to manipulate STAT3-dependent inflammatory responses locally in the epithelium without accompanying alterations in the endothelial compartment. Our approach promises to reveal further human-specific infection strategies employed by Salmonella and other pathogens.
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Ozkaramanli Gur D, Gur O, Guzel S, Akyuz A, Gurkan S, Alpsoy S, Gulec NS, Koc F. Inflammatory Mediators Across the Spectrum of Ankle-Brachial Index. J Atheroscler Thromb 2018; 26:351-361. [PMID: 30249941 PMCID: PMC6456454 DOI: 10.5551/jat.44891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Aim: Peripheral artery disease (PAD) is a manifestation of atherosclerosis with poor prognosis. It is generally complicated by vascular calcification, which is located either in the intima as patchy infiltrates; or circumferentially in the media, also known as medial arterial calcification (MAC). Obstructive PAD is reflected by low anklebrachial index (ABI ≤ 0.9), whereas MAC is revealed by high ABI (ABI > 1.4). Considering the increase in cardiovascular mortality at both ends of the ABI spectrum, this study aimed to explore the underlying pathology through cytokines with established prognostic significance; namely pentraxin-3(PTX3), high sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP), copeptin, soluble triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells-1 (sTREM-1), NT-proBNP, and neopterin. Methods: We categorized 180 patients with previous multivessel coronary artery bypass grafting surgery into three groups based on their ABI measurements; 60 patients with ABI ≤ 0.9, 60 patients with ABI within 0.91 and 1.4 (normal ABI), and 60 patients with ABI > 1.4 constituted the “PAD,” “normal,” “MAC” groups, respectively. The circulating levels of the biochemical markers were determined. Results: In the PAD group, the cytokine levels with predominantly proatherogenic actions such as PTX3, hsCRP, copeptin, and sTREM-1 were increased and these cytokine levels declined as the ABI increased. In the MAC group, the cytokine concentrations with pleiotropic actions such as NT-proBNP and neopterin increased and; NT-proBNP and neopterin concentrations decreased as ABI decreased. The linear regression analysis revealed that neopterin (β = 0.72), PTX3 (β = −0.32), and copeptin (β = −0.48) were independent predictors of ABI. Conclusions: These findings suggest that different inflammatory pathways influence the pathology at the opposing ends of the ABI spectrum. Consequently, we suggest that PTX3, copeptin, and neopterin are promising biomarkers for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ozcan Gur
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Namik Kemal University Faculty of Medicine
| | - Savas Guzel
- Department of Biochemistry, Namik Kemal University Faculty of Medicine
| | - Aydin Akyuz
- Department of Cardiology, Namik Kemal University Faculty of Medicine
| | - Selami Gurkan
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Namik Kemal University Faculty of Medicine
| | - Seref Alpsoy
- Department of Cardiology, Namik Kemal University Faculty of Medicine
| | | | - Fatma Koc
- Department of Biochemistry, Namik Kemal University Faculty of Medicine
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11
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Cardoso PRG, Matias KA, Dantas AT, Marques CDL, Pereira MC, Duarte ALBP, Rego MJBDM, Pitta IDR, Pitta MGDR. Losartan, but not Enalapril and Valsartan, Inhibits the Expression of IFN-γ, IL-6, IL-17F and IL-22 in PBMCs from Rheumatoid Arthritis Patients. Open Rheumatol J 2018; 12:160-170. [PMID: 30288187 PMCID: PMC6151964 DOI: 10.2174/1874312901812010160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2018] [Revised: 07/27/2018] [Accepted: 08/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA) is a chronic and inflammatory disease that affects about 1% of the world's population. Almost 70% of RA patients have a cardiovascular disease such as Systemic Arterial Hypertension (SAH). Inflammatory cytokines are clearly involved in the pathogenesis of RA and correlated with SAH. Objective: It is necessary to understand whether the antihypertensive drugs have a dual effect as immunomodulators and which one is the best choice for RA SAH patients. Methods: Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells (PBMCs) from 16 RA patients were purified and stimulated or not stimulated with anti-CD3 and anti-CD28 mAB and were treated with Enalapril, Losartan and Valsartan at 100μM. Patients were evaluated for clinical and laboratory variables including measures of disease activity by Clinical Disease Activity Index (CDAI) and Disease Activity Score (DAS28). Cytokines were quantified by ELISA sandwich. Results: Losartan was able to reduce levels of IFN-γ (p = 0.0181), IL-6 (p = 0.0056), IL-17F (0.0046) and IL-22 (p = 0.0234) in RA patients. In addition, patients in remission and mild score (DAS28<3.2 and CDAI<10) had a better response to treatment. On the other hand, patients in moderate and severe activity had poor response to Losartan in cytokine inhibition. Conclusion: PBMCs from RA patients are responsive in inhibiting proinflammatory cytokines using Losartan better than Enalapril and Valsartan and it could be a better antihypertensive choice for patients with RA and systemic arterial hypertension treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo R G Cardoso
- Laboratory of Immunomodulation and New Therapeutic Approaches (LINAT), Nucleus of Research in Immunomodulation and New Therapeutic Approaches Suely Galdino (Nupit SG), Federal University of Pernambuco (UFPE), Recife, Brazil
| | - Katherine A Matias
- Laboratory of Immunomodulation and New Therapeutic Approaches (LINAT), Nucleus of Research in Immunomodulation and New Therapeutic Approaches Suely Galdino (Nupit SG), Federal University of Pernambuco (UFPE), Recife, Brazil
| | - Andrea T Dantas
- Rheumatology Service, Hospital das Clínicas, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil
| | - Claudia D L Marques
- Rheumatology Service, Hospital das Clínicas, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil
| | - Michelly C Pereira
- Laboratory of Immunomodulation and New Therapeutic Approaches (LINAT), Nucleus of Research in Immunomodulation and New Therapeutic Approaches Suely Galdino (Nupit SG), Federal University of Pernambuco (UFPE), Recife, Brazil
| | - Angela L B P Duarte
- Rheumatology Service, Hospital das Clínicas, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil
| | - Moacyr Jesus Barreto de Melo Rego
- Laboratory of Immunomodulation and New Therapeutic Approaches (LINAT), Nucleus of Research in Immunomodulation and New Therapeutic Approaches Suely Galdino (Nupit SG), Federal University of Pernambuco (UFPE), Recife, Brazil
| | - Ivan da Rocha Pitta
- Laboratory of Immunomodulation and New Therapeutic Approaches (LINAT), Nucleus of Research in Immunomodulation and New Therapeutic Approaches Suely Galdino (Nupit SG), Federal University of Pernambuco (UFPE), Recife, Brazil
| | - Maira Galdino da Rocha Pitta
- Laboratory of Immunomodulation and New Therapeutic Approaches (LINAT), Nucleus of Research in Immunomodulation and New Therapeutic Approaches Suely Galdino (Nupit SG), Federal University of Pernambuco (UFPE), Recife, Brazil
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12
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Kerage D, Soon MSF, Doff BL, Kobayashi T, Nissen MD, Lam PY, Leggatt GR, Mattarollo SR. Therapeutic vaccination with 4-1BB co-stimulation eradicates mouse acute myeloid leukemia. Oncoimmunology 2018; 7:e1486952. [PMID: 30288351 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2018.1486952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2018] [Revised: 06/04/2018] [Accepted: 06/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunomodulatory therapies can effectively control haematological malignancies. Previously we reported the effectiveness of combination immunotherapies that centre on 4-1BB-targeted co-stimulation of CD8 + T cells, particularly when simultaneously harnessing the immune adjuvant properties of Natural Killer T (NKT) cells. The objective of this study was to assess the effectiveness of agonistic anti-4-1BB antibody-based combination therapy against two aggressive forms of acute myeloid leukemia (AML). Anti-4-1BB treatment alone resulted in transient suppression of established AML-ETO9a tumor growth in 50% of mice, however the majority of these mice subsequently succumbed to disease. Combining alpha-galactosylceramide (α-GalCer)-loaded tumor cell vaccination with anti-4-1BB antibody treatment increased the proportion of responding mice to 100%, and protection led to long-term, tumor-free survival, demonstrating complete eradication of AML. This finding was extended to established mixed lymphocytic leukemia (MLL)-AF9 tumors, whereby vaccine plus anti-4-1BB combination similarly resulted in 100% protection. The addition of anti-PD-1 to anti-4-1BB treatment, although improving survival outcomes compared to anti-4-1BB alone, was not as effective as NKT cell vaccination. The effectiveness of 4-1BB combination therapies was dependent on IFN-γ signaling within host cells, but not tumors. Vaccine plus anti-4-1BB therapy elicited potent generation of functional effector and memory CD8 + T cells in all tumor-associated organs. Therapy induced KLRG1+ effector CD8 T cells were the most effective at controlling disease. We show that combining NKT cell-targeting vaccination with anti-4-1BB provides excellent therapeutic responses against AML and MLL in mice, and these results will guide ongoing efforts in finding immunotherapeutic solutions against acute myeloid leukemias.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Kerage
- The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, The University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, Queensland, Australia
| | - Megan S F Soon
- The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, The University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, Queensland, Australia
| | - Brianna L Doff
- The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, The University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, Queensland, Australia
| | - Takumi Kobayashi
- The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, The University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, Queensland, Australia
| | - Michael D Nissen
- The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, The University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, Queensland, Australia
| | - Pui Yeng Lam
- The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, The University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, Queensland, Australia
| | - Graham R Leggatt
- The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, The University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, Queensland, Australia
| | - Stephen R Mattarollo
- The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, The University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, Queensland, Australia
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13
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Cauvi DM, Cauvi G, Toomey CB, Jacquinet E, Pollard KM. From the Cover: Interplay Between IFN-γ and IL-6 Impacts the Inflammatory Response and Expression of Interferon-Regulated Genes in Environmental-Induced Autoimmunity. Toxicol Sci 2018; 158:227-239. [PMID: 28453771 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfx083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
IFN-γ has been found to be robustly important to disease pathogenesis in both idiopathic and induced models of murine lupus. In transgenic mice, over production of IFN-γ in the skin results in an inflammatory response and autoimmunity. This suggests that localized exposure to environmental factors that induce autoimmunity may be associated with expression of an IFN-γ-dependent inflammatory response. Using murine mercury-induced autoimmunity (mHgIA), the severity of inflammation and proinflammatory cytokine expression, including the cellular source of IFN-γ, were assessed at the site of subcutaneous exposure and in secondary lymphoid organs. Exposure induced a localized chronic inflammation comprising both innate and adaptive immune cells but only CD8+ T and NK cells were reduced in the absence of IFN-γ. IFN-γ+ cells began to appear as early as day 1 and comprised both resident (γδ T) and infiltrating cells (CD8+ T, NKT, CD11c+). The requirements for inflammation were examined in mice deficient in genes required (Ifng, Il6) or not required (Casp1) for mHgIA. None of these genes were essential for induction of inflammation, however IFN-γ and IL-6 were required for exacerbation of other proinflammatory cytokines. Additionally, lack of IFN-γ or IL-6 impacted expression of genes regulated by either IFN-γ or type I IFN. Significantly, both IFN-γ and IL-6 were required for increased expression of IRF-1 which regulates IFN stimulated genes and is required for mHgIA. Thus IRF-1 may be at the nexus of the interplay between IFN-γ and IL-6 in exacerbating a xenobiotic-induced inflammatory response, regulation of interferon responsive genes and autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- David M Cauvi
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92037
| | - Gabrielle Cauvi
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, San Diego, California 92037
| | - Christopher B Toomey
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shiley Eye Institute, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92037
| | | | - Kenneth Michael Pollard
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037
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14
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Sadreev II, Chen MZQ, Umezawa Y, Biktashev VN, Kemper C, Salakhieva DV, Welsh GI, Kotov NV. The competitive nature of signal transducer and activator of transcription complex formation drives phenotype switching of T cells. Immunology 2017; 153:488-501. [PMID: 29030870 DOI: 10.1111/imm.12851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2017] [Revised: 09/16/2017] [Accepted: 10/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Signal transducers and activators of transcription (STATs) are key molecular determinants of T-cell fate and effector function. Several inflammatory diseases are characterized by an altered balance of T-cell phenotypes and cytokine secretion. STATs, therefore, represent viable therapeutic targets in numerous pathologies. However, the underlying mechanisms by which the same STAT proteins regulate both the development of different T-cell phenotypes and their plasticity during changes in extracellular conditions remain unclear. In this study, we investigated the STAT-mediated regulation of T-cell phenotype formation and plasticity using mathematical modelling and experimental data for intracellular STAT signalling proteins. The close fit of our model predictions to the experimental data allows us to propose a potential mechanism for T-cell switching. According to this mechanism, T-cell phenotype switching is the result of the relative redistribution of STAT dimer complexes caused by the extracellular cytokine-dependent STAT competition effects. The developed model predicts that the balance between the intracellular STAT species defines the amount of the produced cytokines and thereby T-cell phenotypes. The model predictions are consistent with the experimentally observed interferon-γ to interleukin-10 switching that regulates human T helper type 1/type 1 regulatory T-cell responses. The proposed model is applicable to a number of STAT signalling circuits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ildar I Sadreev
- Centre for Systems, Dynamics and Control, College of Engineering, Mathematics and Physical Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - Michael Z Q Chen
- School of Automation, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yoshinori Umezawa
- Department of Dermatology, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Vadim N Biktashev
- Centre for Systems, Dynamics and Control, College of Engineering, Mathematics and Physical Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - Claudia Kemper
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology and Immunology Center, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA.,Division of Transplant Immunology and Mucosal Biology, King's College London, London, UK.,Institute for Systemic Inflammation Research, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Diana V Salakhieva
- Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan (Volga Region) Federal University, Kazan, Russia
| | - Gavin I Welsh
- Bristol Renal, School of Clinical Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Nikolay V Kotov
- Biophysics & Bionics Laboratory, Institute of Physics, Kazan (Volga Region) Federal University, Kazan, Russia
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15
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Joy M, Gau D, Castellucci N, Prywes R, Roy P. The myocardin-related transcription factor MKL co-regulates the cellular levels of two profilin isoforms. J Biol Chem 2017; 292:11777-11791. [PMID: 28546428 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m117.781104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2017] [Revised: 05/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Megakaryoblastic leukemia (MKL)/serum-response factor (SRF)-mediated gene transcription is a highly conserved mechanism that connects dynamic reorganization of the actin cytoskeleton to regulation of expression of a wide range of genes, including SRF itself and many important structural and regulatory components of the actin cytoskeleton. In this study, we examined the possible role of MKL/SRF in the context of regulation of profilin (Pfn), a major controller of actin dynamics and actin cytoskeletal remodeling in cells. We demonstrated that despite being located on different genomic loci, two major isoforms of Pfn (Pfn1 and Pfn2) are co-regulated by a common mechanism involving the action of MKL that is independent of its SRF-related activity. We found that MKL co-regulates the expression of Pfn isoforms indirectly by modulating signal transducer and activator of transcription 1 (STAT1) and utilizing its SAP-domain function. Unexpectedly, our studies revealed that cellular externalization, rather than transcription of Pfn1, is affected by the perturbations of MKL. We further demonstrated that MKL can influence cell migration by modulating Pfn1 expression, indicating a functional connection between MKL and Pfn1 in actin-dependent cellular processes. Finally, we provide initial evidence supporting the ability of Pfn to influence MKL and SRF expression. Collectively, these findings suggest that Pfn may play a role in a possible feedback loop of the actin/MKL/SRF signaling circuit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marion Joy
- Departments of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15219
| | - David Gau
- Departments of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15219
| | - Nevin Castellucci
- Departments of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15219
| | - Ron Prywes
- Department of Biological Sciences, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027
| | - Partha Roy
- Departments of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15219; Cell Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15219; Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15219.
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16
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Mathematical Models for Immunology: Current State of the Art and Future Research Directions. Bull Math Biol 2016; 78:2091-2134. [PMID: 27714570 PMCID: PMC5069344 DOI: 10.1007/s11538-016-0214-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2016] [Accepted: 09/26/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The advances in genetics and biochemistry that have taken place over the last 10 years led to significant advances in experimental and clinical immunology. In turn, this has led to the development of new mathematical models to investigate qualitatively and quantitatively various open questions in immunology. In this study we present a review of some research areas in mathematical immunology that evolved over the last 10 years. To this end, we take a step-by-step approach in discussing a range of models derived to study the dynamics of both the innate and immune responses at the molecular, cellular and tissue scales. To emphasise the use of mathematics in modelling in this area, we also review some of the mathematical tools used to investigate these models. Finally, we discuss some future trends in both experimental immunology and mathematical immunology for the upcoming years.
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17
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Ovsyannikova IG, Salk HM, Larrabee BR, Pankratz VS, Poland GA. Single nucleotide polymorphisms/haplotypes associated with multiple rubella-specific immune response outcomes post-MMR immunization in healthy children. Immunogenetics 2015; 67:547-61. [PMID: 26329766 DOI: 10.1007/s00251-015-0864-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2015] [Accepted: 08/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The observed heterogeneity in rubella-specific immune response phenotypes post-MMR vaccination is thought to be explained, in part, by inter-individual genetic variation. In this study, single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and multiple haplotypes in several candidate genes were analyzed for associations with more than one rubella-specific immune response outcome, including secreted IFN-γ, secreted IL-6, and neutralizing antibody titers. Overall, we identified 23 SNPs in 10 different genes that were significantly associated with at least two rubella-specific immune responses. Of these SNPs, we detected eight in the PVRL3 gene, five in the PVRL1 gene, one in the TRIM22 gene, two in the IL10RB gene, two in the TLR4 gene, and five in other genes (PVR, ADAR, ZFP57, MX1, and BTN2A1/BTN3A3). The PVRL3 gene haplotype GACGGGGGCAGCAAAAAGAAGAGGAAAGAACAA was significantly associated with both higher IFN-γ secretion (t-statistic 4.43, p < 0.0001) and higher neutralizing antibody titers (t-statistic 3.14, p = 0.002). Our results suggest that there is evidence of multigenic associations among identified gene SNPs and that polymorphisms in these candidate genes contribute to the overall observed differences between individuals in response to live rubella virus vaccine. These results will aid our understanding of mechanisms behind rubella-specific immune response to MMR vaccine and influence the development of vaccines in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inna G Ovsyannikova
- Mayo Clinic Vaccine Research Group, Mayo Clinic, Guggenheim 611C, 200 1st Street S.W., Rochester, Minnesota, 55905, USA
| | - Hannah M Salk
- Mayo Clinic Vaccine Research Group, Mayo Clinic, Guggenheim 611C, 200 1st Street S.W., Rochester, Minnesota, 55905, USA
| | - Beth R Larrabee
- Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | - V Shane Pankratz
- Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | - Gregory A Poland
- Mayo Clinic Vaccine Research Group, Mayo Clinic, Guggenheim 611C, 200 1st Street S.W., Rochester, Minnesota, 55905, USA.
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18
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Dittrich A, Hessenkemper W, Schaper F. Systems biology of IL-6, IL-12 family cytokines. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2015; 26:595-602. [PMID: 26187858 DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2015.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2015] [Accepted: 07/01/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Interleukin-6-type cytokines play important roles in the communication between cells of multicellular organisms. They are involved in the regulation of complex cellular processes such as proliferation and differentiation and act as key player during inflammation and immune response. A major challenge is to understand how these complex non-linear processes are connected and regulated. Systems biology approaches are used to tackle this challenge in an iterative process of quantitative experimental and mathematical analyses. Here we review quantitative experimental studies and systems biology approaches dealing with the function of Interleukin-6-type cytokines in physiological and pathophysiological conditions. These approaches cover the analyses of signal transduction on a cellular level up to pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic studies on a whole organism level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Dittrich
- Institute of Biology, Otto-von-Guericke-University, Universitätsplatz 2, 39106 Magdeburg, Germany.
| | - Wiebke Hessenkemper
- Institute of Biology, Otto-von-Guericke-University, Universitätsplatz 2, 39106 Magdeburg, Germany.
| | - Fred Schaper
- Institute of Biology, Otto-von-Guericke-University, Universitätsplatz 2, 39106 Magdeburg, Germany.
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