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Kitasato L, Yamaoka-Tojo M, Suzuki M, Nakahara S, Iwaya T, Ogiso S, Murayama Y, Hashikata T, Misawa N, Kawashima R, Oikawa J, Nakamura M, Tokui Y, Naraba J, Nishii M, Kitasato H, Ako J. Fibroblasts activation by embryonic signal switching: A novel mechanism of placental growth factor-induced cardiac remodeling. Placenta 2024; 154:129-136. [PMID: 38971073 DOI: 10.1016/j.placenta.2024.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2024] [Revised: 05/23/2024] [Accepted: 07/02/2024] [Indexed: 07/08/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Cardiac remodeling is defined as cellular interstitial changes that lead dysfunction of the heart after injury. Placental growth factor (PlGF), a member of the VEGF family, has been reported to regulate cardiac hypertrophy in hemodynamic state. We therefore analyze the function of PlGF during cardiac remodeling using cardiac cells and fibroblasts, under Angiotensin II (AngII) stimulation. METHODS PlGF overexpressed mouse embryonic fibroblasts derived from C57BL/6 mice, were made by deficient retrovirus vector, designated as C57/PlGF. Only retrovirus vector introduced C57 cells (C57/EV) were used as control. After AngII stimulation, wound scratching assay and MTT proliferation assay with or without p38 MAPK inhibitor, SB205580 were performed in retrovirally-introduced C57 cells. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, NF-kB activation, IL-6 and TNF-α production were also measured. Then we assessed AngII-induced cell proliferation of mouse cardiac fibroblasts (CFs) and rat primary cardiomyocytes incubating with C57/PlGF conditioned-medium. RESULTS The PlGF production in C57/PlGF were confirmed by ELISA (1093.48 ± 3.5 pg/ml, ±SE). AngII-induced cell migration, proliferation and H2O2 production were increased in C57/PlGF compared with C57/EV. SB205580 inhibited the AngII-induced cell proliferation in C57/PlGF. In C57/PlGF cells, NF-kB activation was higher, followed by up-regulation of IL-6 and TNF-α production. CFs and cardiomyocytes proliferation increased when stimulated with C57/PlGF conditioned-medium. DISCUSSION The activation of fibroblast is stimulated by PlGF signaling via p38 MAPK/NF-kB pathway accompanied by elevation of ROS and inflammatory response. Furthermore, these signals stimulate the activation of CFs and cardiomyocytes, indicating that high circulating level of PlGF have a potential to regulate cardiac remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Kitasato
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Kitasato University School of Medicine, 1-15-1 Kitasato, Minamiku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, 252-0374 Japan.
| | - Minako Yamaoka-Tojo
- Department of Rehabilitation, Kitasato University School of Allied Health Sciences, 1-15-1 Kitasato, Minamiku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, 252-0373, Japan
| | - Machika Suzuki
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Kitasato University School of Medicine, 1-15-1 Kitasato, Minamiku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, 252-0374 Japan
| | - Shohei Nakahara
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Kitasato University School of Medicine, 1-15-1 Kitasato, Minamiku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, 252-0374 Japan
| | - Toshiyuki Iwaya
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Kitasato University School of Medicine, 1-15-1 Kitasato, Minamiku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, 252-0374 Japan
| | - Sho Ogiso
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Kitasato University School of Medicine, 1-15-1 Kitasato, Minamiku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, 252-0374 Japan
| | - Yusuke Murayama
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Kitasato University School of Medicine, 1-15-1 Kitasato, Minamiku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, 252-0374 Japan
| | - Takehiro Hashikata
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Kitasato University School of Medicine, 1-15-1 Kitasato, Minamiku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, 252-0374 Japan
| | - Nonoka Misawa
- Department of Regulation Biochemistry, Kitasato University School of Allied Health Sciences, 1-15-1 Kitasato, Minamiku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, 252-0373, Japan
| | - Rei Kawashima
- Department of Regulation Biochemistry, Kitasato University School of Allied Health Sciences, 1-15-1 Kitasato, Minamiku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, 252-0373, Japan
| | - Jun Oikawa
- Department of Kitasato Clinical Research Center, Kitasato University School of Medicine, 1-15-1 Kitasato, Minamiku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, 252-0374 Japan
| | - Masaki Nakamura
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Kitasato University School of Medicine, 1-15-1 Kitasato, Minamiku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, 252-0374 Japan
| | - Yumi Tokui
- Department of Microbiology, Kitasato University School of Allied Health Sciences, 1-15-1 Kitasato, Minamiku Sagamihara, Kanagawa, 252-0373, Japan; Department Environmental Microbiology, Kitasato University Graduate School of Medical Science, 1-15-1 Kitasato, Minamiku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, 252-0373, Japan
| | - Jun Naraba
- Department of Microbiology, Kitasato University School of Allied Health Sciences, 1-15-1 Kitasato, Minamiku Sagamihara, Kanagawa, 252-0373, Japan; Department Environmental Microbiology, Kitasato University Graduate School of Medical Science, 1-15-1 Kitasato, Minamiku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, 252-0373, Japan
| | - Mototsugu Nishii
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Yokohama City University, School of Medicine, Fukuura, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 236-0004, Japan
| | - Hidero Kitasato
- Department of Microbiology, Kitasato University School of Allied Health Sciences, 1-15-1 Kitasato, Minamiku Sagamihara, Kanagawa, 252-0373, Japan; Department Environmental Microbiology, Kitasato University Graduate School of Medical Science, 1-15-1 Kitasato, Minamiku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, 252-0373, Japan; Shibasaburo Kitasato Memorial Museum, 3199 Kitazato, Oguni, Aso, Kumamoto, 869-2505, Japan
| | - Junya Ako
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Kitasato University School of Medicine, 1-15-1 Kitasato, Minamiku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, 252-0374 Japan
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Rojas MG, Zigmond ZM, Pereira-Simon S, Santos Falcon N, Suresh Kumar M, Stoyell-Conti FF, Kosanovic C, Griswold AJ, Salama A, Yang X, Tabbara M, Vazquez-Padron RI, Martinez L. The intricate cellular ecosystem of human peripheral veins as revealed by single-cell transcriptomic analysis. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0296264. [PMID: 38206912 PMCID: PMC10783777 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0296264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2023] [Accepted: 12/09/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2024] Open
Abstract
The venous system has been historically understudied despite its critical roles in blood distribution, heart function, and systemic immunity. This study dissects the microanatomy of upper arm veins at the single cell level, and how it relates to wall structure, remodeling processes, and inflammatory responses to injury. We applied single-cell RNA sequencing to 4 non-diseased human veins (3 basilic, 1 cephalic) obtained from organ donors, followed by bioinformatic and histological analyses. Unsupervised clustering of 20,006 cells revealed a complex ecosystem of endothelial cell (EC) types, smooth muscle cell (SMCs) and pericytes, various types of fibroblasts, and immune cell populations. The venous endothelium showed significant upregulation of cell adhesion genes, with arteriovenous zonation EC phenotypes highlighting the heterogeneity of vasa vasorum (VV) microvessels. Venous SMCs had atypical contractile phenotypes and showed widespread localization in the intima and media. MYH11+DESlo SMCs were transcriptionally associated with negative regulation of contraction and pro-inflammatory gene expression. MYH11+DEShi SMCs showed significant upregulation of extracellular matrix genes and pro-migratory mediators. Venous fibroblasts ranging from secretory to myofibroblastic phenotypes were 4X more abundant than SMCs and widely distributed throughout the wall. Fibroblast-derived angiopoietin-like factors were identified as versatile signaling hubs to regulate angiogenesis and SMC proliferation. An abundant monocyte/macrophage population was detected and confirmed by histology, including pro-inflammatory and homeostatic phenotypes, with cell counts positively correlated with age. Ligand-receptor interactome networks identified the venous endothelium in the main lumen and the VV as a niche for monocyte recruitment and infiltration. This study underscores the transcriptional uniqueness of venous cells and their relevance for vascular inflammation and remodeling processes. Findings from this study may be relevant for molecular investigations of upper arm veins used for vascular access creation, where single-cell analyses of cell composition and phenotypes are currently lacking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel G. Rojas
- DeWitt Daughtry Family Department of Surgery, Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, United States of America
| | - Zachary M. Zigmond
- Bruce W. Carter Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Miami, Florida, United States of America
| | - Simone Pereira-Simon
- DeWitt Daughtry Family Department of Surgery, Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, United States of America
| | - Nieves Santos Falcon
- DeWitt Daughtry Family Department of Surgery, Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, United States of America
| | - Maya Suresh Kumar
- DeWitt Daughtry Family Department of Surgery, Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, United States of America
| | - Filipe F. Stoyell-Conti
- DeWitt Daughtry Family Department of Surgery, Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, United States of America
| | - Christina Kosanovic
- John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, United States of America
| | - Anthony J. Griswold
- John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, United States of America
| | - Alghidak Salama
- DeWitt Daughtry Family Department of Surgery, Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, United States of America
| | - Xiaofeng Yang
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Marwan Tabbara
- DeWitt Daughtry Family Department of Surgery, Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, United States of America
| | - Roberto I. Vazquez-Padron
- DeWitt Daughtry Family Department of Surgery, Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, United States of America
- Bruce W. Carter Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Miami, Florida, United States of America
| | - Laisel Martinez
- DeWitt Daughtry Family Department of Surgery, Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, United States of America
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Wu LY, Chong JR, Chong JPC, Hilal S, Venketasubramanian N, Tan BY, Richards AM, Chen CP, Lai MKP. Serum Placental Growth Factor as a Marker of Cerebrovascular Disease Burden in Alzheimer's Disease. J Alzheimers Dis 2024; 97:1289-1298. [PMID: 38217598 DOI: 10.3233/jad-230811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Concomitant cerebrovascular diseases (CeVD) have been identified as an important determinant of Alzheimer's disease (AD) progression. Development of robust blood-based biomarkers will provide critical tools to evaluate prognosis and potential interventional strategies for AD with CeVD. OBJECTIVE This study investigated circulating placental growth factor (PlGF), a potent pro-angiogenic factor related to endothelial dysfunction and vascular inflammation, in an Asian memory clinic cohort of non-demented individuals as well as AD, including its associations with neuroimaging markers of CeVD. METHODS 109 patients with AD, 76 cognitively impaired with no dementia (CIND), and 56 non-cognitively impaired (NCI) were included in this cross-sectional study. All subjects underwent 3T brain magnetic resonance imaging to assess white matter hyperintensities (WMH), lacunes, cortical infarcts, and cerebral microbleeds (CMBs). Serum PlGF concentrations were measured by electrochemiluminescence immunoassays. RESULTS Serum PlGF was elevated in AD, but not CIND, compared to the NCI controls. Adjusted concentrations of PlGF were associated with AD only in the presence of significant CeVD. Elevated PlGF was significantly associated with higher burden of WMH and with CMBs in AD patients. CONCLUSIONS Serum PlGF has potential utility as a biomarker for the presence of CeVD, specifically WMH and CMBs, in AD. Further studies are needed to elucidate the underlying pathophysiological mechanisms linking PlGF to CeVD, as well as to further assess PlGF's clinical utility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liu-Yun Wu
- Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
- Memory Aging and Cognition Centre, National University Health System, Singapore
| | - Joyce R Chong
- Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
- Memory Aging and Cognition Centre, National University Health System, Singapore
| | - Jenny P C Chong
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, National University Heart Centre, Singapore
| | - Saima Hilal
- Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
- Memory Aging and Cognition Centre, National University Health System, Singapore
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | | | | | - Arthur Mark Richards
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, National University Heart Centre, Singapore
- Department of Medicine, National University Health System, Singapore
| | - Christopher P Chen
- Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
- Memory Aging and Cognition Centre, National University Health System, Singapore
| | - Mitchell K P Lai
- Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
- Memory Aging and Cognition Centre, National University Health System, Singapore
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Investigation of Neutrophil Extracellular Traps as Potential Mediators in the Pathogenesis of Non-Acute Subdural Hematomas: A Pilot Study. Diagnostics (Basel) 2022; 12:diagnostics12122934. [PMID: 36552941 PMCID: PMC9776444 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics12122934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2022] [Revised: 11/18/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-acute subdural hematomas (NASHs) are a cause of significant morbidity and mortality, particularly with recurrences. Although recurrence is believed to involve a disordered neuroinflammatory cascade involving vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), this pathway has yet to be completely elucidated. Neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) are key factors that promote inflammation/apoptosis and can be induced by VEGF. We investigated whether NETs are present in NASH membranes, quantified NET concentrations, and examined whether NET and VEGF levels are correlated in NASHs. Samples from patients undergoing NASH evacuation were collected during surgery and postoperatively at 24 and 48 h. Fluid samples and NASH membranes were analyzed for levels of VEGF, NETs, and platelet activation. NASH samples contained numerous neutrophils positive for NET formation. Myeloperoxidase-DNA complexes (a marker of NETs) remained elevated 48 h postoperatively (1.06 ± 0.22 day 0, 0.72 ± 0.23 day 1, and 0.83 ± 0.33 day 2). VEGF was also elevated in NASHs (7.08 ± 0.98 ng/mL day 0, 3.40 ± 0.68 ng/mL day 1, and 6.05 ± 1.8 ng/mL day 2). VEGF levels were significantly correlated with myeloperoxidase-DNA levels. These results show that NETs are increasing in NASH, a finding that was previously unknown. The strong correlation between NET and VEGF levels indicates that VEGF may be an important mediator of NET-related inflammation in NASH.
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Al-Kuraishy HM, Al-Gareeb AI, Al-Maiahy TJ, Alexiou A, Mukerjee N, Batiha GES. An insight into the placental growth factor (PlGf)/angii axis in Covid-19: a detrimental intersection. Biotechnol Genet Eng Rev 2022:1-20. [PMID: 36096720 DOI: 10.1080/02648725.2022.2122291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2022] [Accepted: 07/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (Covid-19) is a recent and current infectious pandemic caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus type 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Covid-19 may lead to the development of acute lung injury (ALI), acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), and extrapulmonary manifestations in severe cases. Down-regulation of angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE2) by the SARS-CoV-2 increases the production of angiotensin II (AngII), which increases the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines and placental growth factor (PlGF). PlGF is a critical molecule involved in vasculogenesis and angiogenesis. PlGF is stimulated by AngII in different inflammatory diseases through a variety of signaling pathways. PlGF and AngII are interacted in SARS-CoV-2 infection resulting in the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines and the development of Covid-19 complications. Both AngII and PlGF are interacted and are involved in the progression of inflammatory disorders; therefore, we aimed in this review to highlight the potential role of the PlGF/AngII axis in Covid-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hayder M Al-Kuraishy
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Medicine, College of Medicine, ALmustansiriyia University, Baghdad, Iraq
| | - Ali I Al-Gareeb
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Medicine, College of Medicine, ALmustansiriyia University, Baghdad, Iraq
| | - Thabat J Al-Maiahy
- Department Of Gynecology and Obstetrics, College of Medicine, Al-Mustansiriyah University, Baghdad, Iraq
| | - Athanasios Alexiou
- Department of Science and Engineering, Novel Global Community Educational Foundation, Hebersham, NSW 2770, Australia
- AFNP Med, Austria, Wien, Austria
| | - Nobendu Mukerjee
- Department of Microbiology; Ramakrishna Mission Vivekananda Centenary College, Kolkata, WestBengal, India
- Department of Health Sciences, Novel Global Community Educational Foundation, Hebersham, NSW 2770, Australia
| | - Gaber El-Saber Batiha
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Damanhour University, Damanhour, AlBeheira, Egypt
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Bounajem MT, Peitz G, Fernandez R, Wang Z, McGinity M, Grandhi R. Factors Associated With Morbidity and Retreatment After Surgical Management of Nonacute Subdural Hematomas in Elderly Patients. Cureus 2022; 14:e24779. [PMID: 35673314 PMCID: PMC9165920 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.24779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Preoperative identification of clinical, radiographic, and surgery-specific factors associated with nonacute subdural hematomas (SDHs) may enable clinicians to optimize the efficacy of the initial surgical intervention, improve outcomes, and decrease rates of surgical recurrence. Methods The authors identified patients aged ≥65 years who underwent surgical treatment of chronic, subacute, or mixed-density SDH at a level-1 trauma hospital over a ten-year period (2010-2019). Pre-and postoperative clinical, radiographic, and surgery-specific data were collected. Predictors of surgical recurrence as well as morbidity, mortality, and discharge disposition were analyzed. Results There were 268 nonacute SDHs treated surgically; 46 were chronic, 19 were subacute, and 203 were mixed density. Of these, 179 were treated with burr hole(s), 62 with miniature craniotomy, and 27 via a large craniotomy and removal of subdural membranes. Statin use was protective (OR 0.22; 95% CI 0.08, 0.60) against recurrence requiring reoperation. Preoperative use of antithrombotic agents was not significantly associated with increased recurrence requiring reoperation. Smaller preoperative hematoma thickness was associated with significantly lower mortality risk, whereas mixed-density hematomas, patient age, change in thickness after surgery, density, and presence of cisternal effacement were significantly associated with discharge disposition. Hematoma type was also associated with hospital and intensive care length of stay. Conclusions Our experience suggests that, in elderly patients, premorbid statin usage is associated with lower recurrence rates and preoperative antithrombotic use does not affect recurrence when appropriately reversed before surgery. Patient age, preoperative thickness, and hematoma type contribute to postoperative outcomes such as discharge disposition and length of stay.
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Tamanna S, Morosin SK, Delforce SJ, van Helden DF, Lumbers ER, Pringle KG. Renin-angiotensin system (RAS) enzymes and placental trophoblast syncytialisation. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2022; 547:111609. [PMID: 35202745 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2022.111609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2021] [Revised: 02/14/2022] [Accepted: 02/18/2022] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Placental renin-angiotensin system (RAS) components; prorenin, angiotensinogen, and angiotensin (Ang) II type 1 receptor (AT1R) are upregulated during syncytialisation. This study examined whether angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE), ACE2 and neprilysin (NEP) are also altered during syncytialisation. Two in vitro models of syncytialisation were used: forskolin-treated BeWo cells and spontaneously syncytialising primary human trophoblast cells. Term placentae and primary trophoblasts had the highest levels of ACE, ACE2 and NEP mRNA. In primary trophoblasts, ACE mRNA levels significantly increased with syncytialisation, ACE2 and NEP mRNA levels decreased. ACE, ACE2 and NEP protein levels and ACE2 activity did not change. Syncytialisation of primary trophoblasts decreased soluble (s)ACE and sNEP but not sACE2 levels. In primary trophoblasts, the balance between the enzymes controlling the two opposing pathways of the RAS was maintained. These findings were unable to be reproduced in BeWo cells. Future studies exploring placental levels of these enzymes in pregnancies complicated by placental insufficiency are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Tamanna
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, College of Health, Medicine and Wellbeing, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW, Australia; Pregnancy and Reproduction Program, Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, NSW, Australia; Priority Research Centre for Reproductive Sciences, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW, Australia; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Dhaka, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Saije K Morosin
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, College of Health, Medicine and Wellbeing, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW, Australia; Pregnancy and Reproduction Program, Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, NSW, Australia; Priority Research Centre for Reproductive Sciences, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW, Australia
| | - Sarah J Delforce
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, College of Health, Medicine and Wellbeing, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW, Australia; Pregnancy and Reproduction Program, Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, NSW, Australia; Priority Research Centre for Reproductive Sciences, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW, Australia
| | - Dirk F van Helden
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, College of Health, Medicine and Wellbeing, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW, Australia
| | - Eugenie R Lumbers
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, College of Health, Medicine and Wellbeing, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW, Australia; Pregnancy and Reproduction Program, Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, NSW, Australia; Priority Research Centre for Reproductive Sciences, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW, Australia
| | - Kirsty G Pringle
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, College of Health, Medicine and Wellbeing, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW, Australia; Pregnancy and Reproduction Program, Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, NSW, Australia; Priority Research Centre for Reproductive Sciences, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW, Australia.
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Liu Y, Hao H, Lan T, Jia R, Cao M, Zhou L, Zhao Z, Pan W. Physiological and pathological roles of Ang II and Ang- (1-7) in the female reproductive system. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:1080285. [PMID: 36619582 PMCID: PMC9817105 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.1080285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The local Renin-Angiotensin System (RAS) has been demonstrated to exist in a wide range of tissues and organs, In the female reproductive system, it is mainly found in the ovary, uterus and placenta. The RAS system is made up of a series of active substances and enzymes, in addition to the circulating endocrine renin-angiotensin system. The active peptides Angiotensin II (Ang II) and Angiotensin (1-7) (Ang-(1-7)), in particular, appear to have distinct activities in the local RAS system, which also controls blood pressure and electrolytes. Therefore, in addition to these features, angiotensin and its receptors in the reproductive system seemingly get involved in reproductive processes, such as follicle growth and development, as well as physiological functions of the placenta and uterus. In addition, changes in local RAS components may induce reproductive diseases as well as pathological states such as cancer. In most tissues, Ang II and Ang- (1-7) seem to maintain antagonistic effects, but this conclusion is not always true in the reproductive system, where they play similar functions in some physiological and pathological roles. This review investigated how Ang II, Ang- (1-7) and their receptors were expressed, localized, and active in the female reproductive system. This review also summarized their effects on follicle development, uterine and placental physiological functions. The changes of local RAS components in a series of reproductive system diseases including infertility related diseases and cancer and their influence on the occurrence and development of diseases were elucidated. This article reviews the physiological and pathological roles of Ang II and Ang- (1-7) in female reproductive system,a very intricate system of tissue factors that operate as agonists and antagonists was found. Besides, the development of novel therapeutic strategies targeting components of this system may be a research direction in future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan Liu
- Department of Reproductive Medicine, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Haomeng Hao
- Department of Reproductive Medicine, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Tingting Lan
- Department of Reproductive Medicine, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Rui Jia
- Department of Reproductive Medicine, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Reproductive Immunology for Peri-Implantation, Shenzhen Zhongshan Institute for Reproduction and Genetics, Shenzhen Zhongshan Urology Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Mingya Cao
- Department of Reproductive Medicine, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Liang Zhou
- Department of Reproductive Medicine, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Zhiming Zhao
- Department of Reproductive Medicine, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
- *Correspondence: Wensen Pan, ; Zhiming Zhao,
| | - Wensen Pan
- Second Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
- *Correspondence: Wensen Pan, ; Zhiming Zhao,
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Bounajem MT, Campbell RA, Denorme F, Grandhi R. Paradigms in chronic subdural hematoma pathophysiology: Current treatments and new directions. J Trauma Acute Care Surg 2021; 91:e134-e141. [PMID: 34538825 DOI: 10.1097/ta.0000000000003404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Chronic subdural hematomas (CSDHs) are an increasingly common pathology encountered in a neurosurgical trauma practice. Although the operative and nonoperative management of CSDH has been studied extensively, the recurrence rate of CSDH remains high, with no significant decrease in recent years. We undertook a detailed assessment of the known pathophysiological mechanisms by which CSDHs recur to improve our ability to treat patients with this disease successfully. In this review of the literature from the PubMed and Scopus databases, we used the search terms "(pathophysiology) AND chronic subdural hematoma [tiab]" to identify pertinent reviews and articles in English. The results demonstrated a complex inflammatory response to subdural blood, which begins with the formation of a collagen neomembrane around the clot itself. Proinflammatory mediators, such as vascular endothelial growth factor, interleukin-6, interleukin-8, tissue necrosis factor α, matrix metalloproteinases, and basic fibroblast growth factor, then contribute to chronic microbleeding by promoting the formation of fragile, leaky blood vessels, and widening of gap junctions of existing vessels. It is evident that the lack of improvement in recurrence rate is due to pathological factors that are not entirely alleviated by simple subdural evacuation. Targeted approaches, such as middle meningeal artery embolization and anti-inflammatory therapies, have become increasingly common and require further prospective analysis to aid in the determination of their efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael T Bounajem
- From the Department of Neurosurgery, Clinical Neurosciences Center (M.T.B., R.G.), Molecular Medicine Program (R.A.C., F.D.); and Department of Internal Medicine (R.A.C.), University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
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Cauwenberghs N, Prunicki M, Sabovčik F, Perelman D, Contrepois K, Li X, Snyder MP, Nadeau KC, Kuznetsova T, Haddad F, Gardner CD. Temporal changes in soluble angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 associated with metabolic health, body composition, and proteome dynamics during a weight loss diet intervention: a randomized trial with implications for the COVID-19 pandemic. Am J Clin Nutr 2021; 114:1655-1665. [PMID: 34375388 PMCID: PMC8574695 DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/nqab243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2021] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) serves protective functions in metabolic, cardiovascular, renal, and pulmonary diseases and is linked to COVID-19 pathology. The correlates of temporal changes in soluble ACE2 (sACE2) remain understudied. OBJECTIVES We explored the associations of sACE2 with metabolic health and proteome dynamics during a weight loss diet intervention. METHODS We analyzed 457 healthy individuals (mean ± SD age: 39.8 ± 6.6 y) with BMI 28-40 kg/m2 in the DIETFITS (Diet Intervention Examining the Factors Interacting with Treatment Success) study. Biochemical markers of metabolic health and 236 proteins were measured by Olink CVDII, CVDIII, and Inflammation I arrays at baseline and at 6 mo during the dietary intervention. We determined clinical and routine biochemical correlates of the diet-induced change in sACE2 (ΔsACE2) using stepwise linear regression. We combined feature selection models and multivariable-adjusted linear regression to identify protein dynamics associated with ΔsACE2. RESULTS sACE2 decreased on average at 6 mo during the diet intervention. Stronger decline in sACE2 during the diet intervention was independently associated with female sex, lower HOMA-IR and LDL cholesterol at baseline, and a stronger decline in HOMA-IR, triglycerides, HDL cholesterol, and fat mass. Participants with decreasing HOMA-IR (OR: 1.97; 95% CI: 1.28, 3.03) and triglycerides (OR: 2.71; 95% CI: 1.72, 4.26) had significantly higher odds for a decrease in sACE2 during the diet intervention than those without (P ≤ 0.0073). Feature selection models linked ΔsACE2 to changes in α-1-microglobulin/bikunin precursor, E-selectin, hydroxyacid oxidase 1, kidney injury molecule 1, tyrosine-protein kinase Mer, placental growth factor, thrombomodulin, and TNF receptor superfamily member 10B. ΔsACE2 remained associated with these protein changes in multivariable-adjusted linear regression. CONCLUSIONS Decrease in sACE2 during a weight loss diet intervention was associated with improvements in metabolic health, fat mass, and markers of angiotensin peptide metabolism, hepatic and vascular injury, renal function, chronic inflammation, and oxidative stress. Our findings may improve the risk stratification, prevention, and management of cardiometabolic complications.This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT01826591.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas Cauwenberghs
- Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Research Unit Hypertension and Cardiovascular Epidemiology, KU Leuven Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Mary Prunicki
- Sean N Parker Center for Allergy and Asthma Research, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - František Sabovčik
- Research Unit Hypertension and Cardiovascular Epidemiology, KU Leuven Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Dalia Perelman
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Kévin Contrepois
- Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Xiao Li
- Department of Biochemistry, The Center for RNA Science and Therapeutics, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
- Department of Computer and Data Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Michael P Snyder
- Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Stanford Diabetes Research Center, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Kari C Nadeau
- Sean N Parker Center for Allergy and Asthma Research, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Tatiana Kuznetsova
- Research Unit Hypertension and Cardiovascular Epidemiology, KU Leuven Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Francois Haddad
- Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Christopher D Gardner
- Stanford Diabetes Research Center, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Stanford Prevention Research Center, Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
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11
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Wu Q, Luo F, Wang XL, Lin Q, Liu GQ. Angiotensin I-converting enzyme inhibitory peptide: an emerging candidate for vascular dysfunction therapy. Crit Rev Biotechnol 2021; 42:736-755. [PMID: 34634988 DOI: 10.1080/07388551.2021.1948816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Abnormal vasoconstriction, inflammation, and vascular remodeling can be promoted by angiotensin II (Ang II) in the renin-angiotensin system (RAS), leading to vascular dysfunction diseases such as hypertension and atherosclerosis. Researchers have recently focused on angiotensin I-converting enzyme inhibitory peptides (ACEIPs), that have desirable efficacy in vascular dysfunction therapy due to Ang II reduction by inhibiting ACE activity. Promising methods for the large-scale preparation of ACEIPs include selective enzymatic hydrolysis and microbial fermentation. Thus far, ACEIPs have been widely reported to be hydrolyzed from protein-rich sources, including animals, plants, and marine organisms, while many emerging microorganism-derived ACEIPs are theoretically biosynthesized through the nonribosomal peptide synthase (NRPS) pathway. Notably, vasodilatation, anti-inflammation, and vascular reconstruction reversal of ACEIPs are strongly correlated. However, the related molecular mechanisms underlying signal transduction regulation in vivo remain unclear. We provide a comprehensive update of the ACE-Ang II-G protein-coupled type 1 angiotensin receptor (AT1R) axis signaling and its functional significance for potential translation into therapeutic strategies, particularly targeting AT1R by ACEIPs, as well as specific related signaling pathways. Future studies are expected to verify the biosynthetic regulatory mechanism of ACEIPs via the NRPS pathway, the effect of gut microbiota metabolism on vascular dysfunction and rigorous studies of ACE-Ang II-AT1R signaling pathways mediated by ACEIPs in large animals and humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Wu
- International Cooperation Base of Science and Technology Innovation on Forest Resource Biotechnology of Hunan Province, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, China.,College of Food and Chemical Engineering, Shaoyang University, Shaoyang, China
| | - Feijun Luo
- International Cooperation Base of Science and Technology Innovation on Forest Resource Biotechnology of Hunan Province, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, China.,College of Food Science and Engineering, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, China
| | - Xiao-Ling Wang
- International Cooperation Base of Science and Technology Innovation on Forest Resource Biotechnology of Hunan Province, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, China
| | - Qinlu Lin
- International Cooperation Base of Science and Technology Innovation on Forest Resource Biotechnology of Hunan Province, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, China.,College of Food Science and Engineering, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, China
| | - Gao-Qiang Liu
- International Cooperation Base of Science and Technology Innovation on Forest Resource Biotechnology of Hunan Province, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, China
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12
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Yart L, Roset Bahmanyar E, Cohen M, Martinez de Tejada B. Role of the Uteroplacental Renin-Angiotensin System in Placental Development and Function, and Its Implication in the Preeclampsia Pathogenesis. Biomedicines 2021; 9:biomedicines9101332. [PMID: 34680449 PMCID: PMC8533592 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9101332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Revised: 09/13/2021] [Accepted: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Placental development and function implicate important morphological and physiological adaptations to thereby ensure efficient maternal–fetal exchanges, as well as pregnancy-specific hormone secretion and immune modulation. Incorrect placental development can lead to severe pregnancy disorders, such as preeclampsia (PE), which endangers both the mother and the infant. The implication of the systemic renin–angiotensin system (RAS) in the pregnancy-related physiological changes is now well established. However, despite the fact that the local uteroplacental RAS has been described for several decades, its role in placental development and function seems to have been underestimated. In this review, we provide an overview of the multiple roles of the uteroplacental RAS in several cellular processes of placental development, its implication in the regulation of placental function during pregnancy, and the consequences of its dysregulation in PE pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucile Yart
- Department of Pediatrics, Gynecology and Obstetrics, University Hospitals of Geneva, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland; (L.Y.); (M.C.)
| | | | - Marie Cohen
- Department of Pediatrics, Gynecology and Obstetrics, University Hospitals of Geneva, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland; (L.Y.); (M.C.)
| | - Begoña Martinez de Tejada
- Department of Pediatrics, Gynecology and Obstetrics, University Hospitals of Geneva, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland; (L.Y.); (M.C.)
- Correspondence:
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13
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Costa TJ, Barros PR, Arce C, Santos JD, da Silva-Neto J, Egea G, Dantas AP, Tostes RC, Jiménez-Altayó F. The homeostatic role of hydrogen peroxide, superoxide anion and nitric oxide in the vasculature. Free Radic Biol Med 2021; 162:615-635. [PMID: 33248264 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2020.11.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2020] [Revised: 11/08/2020] [Accepted: 11/19/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Reactive oxygen and nitrogen species are produced in a wide range of physiological reactions that, at low concentrations, play essential roles in living organisms. There is a delicate equilibrium between formation and degradation of these mediators in a healthy vascular system, which contributes to maintaining these species under non-pathological levels to preserve normal vascular functions. Antioxidants scavenge reactive oxygen and nitrogen species to prevent or reduce damage caused by excessive oxidation. However, an excessive reductive environment induced by exogenous antioxidants may disrupt redox balance and lead to vascular pathology. This review summarizes the main aspects of free radical biochemistry (formation, sources and elimination) and the crucial actions of some of the most biologically relevant and well-characterized reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (hydrogen peroxide, superoxide anion and nitric oxide) in the physiological regulation of vascular function, structure and angiogenesis. Furthermore, current preclinical and clinical evidence is discussed on how excessive removal of these crucial responses by exogenous antioxidants (vitamins and related compounds, polyphenols) may perturb vascular homeostasis. The aim of this review is to provide information of the crucial physiological roles of oxidation in the endothelium, vascular smooth muscle cells and perivascular adipose tissue for developing safer and more effective vascular interventions with antioxidants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiago J Costa
- Pharmacology Department, Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Brazil.
| | | | - Cristina Arce
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Barcelona School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Barcelona, Spain; Institut d'Investigacions Biomédiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS)-University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Institut de Nanociencies i Nanotecnologia (IN2UB), University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Júlio da Silva-Neto
- Pharmacology Department, Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Gustavo Egea
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Barcelona School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Barcelona, Spain; Institut d'Investigacions Biomédiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS)-University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Institut de Nanociencies i Nanotecnologia (IN2UB), University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ana Paula Dantas
- Institut Clínic del Tòrax, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Rita C Tostes
- Pharmacology Department, Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Francesc Jiménez-Altayó
- Department of Pharmacology, Therapeutics and Toxicology, Neuroscience Institute, School of Medicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
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14
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Liu L. The anti-inflammatory effect of miR-16 through targeting C- reactive protein is regulated by HuR in vascular smooth muscle cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2020; 528:636-643. [PMID: 32513543 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2020.05.104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2020] [Accepted: 05/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Atherosclerosis (AS) is the main pathological basis of coronary heart disease (CHD). Vascular smooth muscle cells (VMSCs) proliferation, migration and inflammatory response are the cytopathologic basis of AS. MiR-16 has been suggested to be closely associated with cell proliferation and inflammation. The regulatory role of the RNA binding protein HuR on miR-16 has been reported in colon cancer. However, the underlying roles of miR-16 on VMSCs and the regulatory function of HuR on miR-16 in VMSCs remain unknown. In this study, we found that the expression of miR-16 reduced and the expression of C-reactive protein and HuR increased when contractile VSMCs transformed into synthetic VMSCs. Furthermore, miR-16 impeded cell proliferation and inflammation via targeting CRP in VMSCs. HuR down-regulated miR-16 expression and impeded its influence on VMSCs. This study might provide an opportunity to develop a new effective target for the treatment of CHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Liu
- Department of Cardiovasology, PKUCare Luzhong Hospital, No. 65, Taigong Road, Linzi District, 255400, Zibo, China.
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15
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Receptor-Associated Prorenin System in the Trabecular Meshwork of Patients with Primary Open-Angle Glaucoma and Neovascular Glaucoma. J Clin Med 2020; 9:jcm9082336. [PMID: 32707887 PMCID: PMC7465309 DOI: 10.3390/jcm9082336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Revised: 07/13/2020] [Accepted: 07/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The receptor-associated prorenin system (RAPS) is associated with several pathologic conditions, including diabetic retinopathy, age-related macular degeneration, and uveitis. Here, we show the involvement of RAPS in the trabecular meshwork (TM) from patients with primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG) and neovascular glaucoma (NVG) due to proliferative diabetic retinopathy. Anterior chamber (AC) levels of prorenin significantly increased in both POAG and NVG, as did those of angiotensin II in NVG alone, compared to cataract. In surgically excised TM tissues, (pro)renin receptor ((P)RR) and angiotensin II type 1 receptor (AT1R) co-localized with prorenin and angiotensinogen, respectively. In screening for various genes related to glaucoma, prorenin stimulation to human TM cells exclusively upregulated cell junction constituents connexin 43 and zona occludens 1, while downregulating an extracellular matrix-degrading enzyme tissue plasminogen activator, all of which were reversed by (P)RR blockade. In contrast, angiotensin II application upregulated a pro-angiogenic factor placental growth factor alone, which was abolished by AT1R blockade. Consistently, (P)RR and AT1R co-localized with these corresponding proteins in patient TM tissues. Oxidative stress, a known etiology for glaucoma, induced the expression of prorenin and angiotensinogen in human TM cells. These data suggest the contribution of RAPS to the molecular pathogenesis of POAG and NVG through TM tissue remodeling and AC angle angiogenesis.
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16
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Renin-Angiotensin System in Lung Tumor and Microenvironment Interactions. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12061457. [PMID: 32503281 PMCID: PMC7352181 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12061457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2020] [Revised: 05/24/2020] [Accepted: 06/01/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The mechanistic involvement of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) reaches beyond cardiovascular physiopathology. Recent knowledge pinpoints a pleiotropic role for this system, particularly in the lung, and mainly through locally regulated alternative molecules and secondary pathways. Angiotensin peptides play a role in cell proliferation, immunoinflammatory response, hypoxia and angiogenesis, which are critical biological processes in lung cancer. This manuscript reviews the literature supporting a role for the renin-angiotensin system in the lung tumor microenvironment and discusses whether blockade of this pathway in clinical settings may serve as an adjuvant therapy in lung cancer.
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17
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Renin-angiotensin system in osteoarthritis: A new potential therapy. Int Immunopharmacol 2019; 75:105796. [PMID: 31408841 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2019.105796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2019] [Revised: 07/26/2019] [Accepted: 07/30/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Osteoarthritis (OA) is one of the most common chronic joint diseases. However, the mechanism remains unclear. The traditional renin-angiotensin system (RAS) is an important system for regulating homeostasis and controlling balance. In recent years, RAS-related components have played an important role in the occurrence of OA. The purpose of this review is to summarize the research results of RAS-related components that are associated with OA. This study systematically searched e-medical databases such as PubMed, Embase, Medline, and Web of Science. The search targets included English publications describing the effects of RAS-related components in OA, including the role of renin, angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE), Angiotensin II (Ang II), and angiotensin receptor (ATR). Additionally, this study summarizes the potential pathways for RAS-related components to intervene in OA. This study found that RAS-related components including renin, ACE, Ang II, AT1R and AT2R are involved in inflammation and chondrocyte hypertrophy in OA. RAS is involved in signaling pathways including the NF-κB, JNK, VEGFR/Tie-2, and the Axna2/Axna2R axis ones, which may be potential targets for the treatment of OA. Although there are few studies on RAS in the field of OA, the pathogenic effect of RAS-related components is still an important topic in OA treatment, and great progress may be made in this aspect in future studies.
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18
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Lackner HK, Papousek I, Schmid-Zalaudek K, Cervar-Zivkovic M, Kolovetsiou-Kreiner V, Nonn O, Lucovnik M, Pfniß I, Moertl MG. Disturbed Cardiorespiratory Adaptation in Preeclampsia: Return to Normal Stress Regulation Shortly after Delivery? Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20133149. [PMID: 31252672 PMCID: PMC6651868 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20133149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2019] [Revised: 06/21/2019] [Accepted: 06/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Women with pregnancies complicated by preeclampsia appear to be at increased risk of metabolic and vascular diseases in later life. Previous research has also indicated disturbed cardiorespiratory adaptation during pregnancy. The aim of this study was to follow up on the physiological stress response in preeclampsia several weeks postpartum. A standardized laboratory test was used to illustrate potential deviations in the physiological stress responding to mildly stressful events of the kind and intensity in which they regularly occur in further everyday life after pregnancy. Fifteen to seventeen weeks postpartum, 35 women previously affected by preeclampsia (19 mild, 16 severe preeclampsia), 38 women after uncomplicated pregnancies, and 51 age-matched healthy controls were exposed to a self-relevant stressor in a standardized stress-reactivity protocol. Reactivity of blood pressure, heart rate, stroke index, and systemic vascular resistance index as well as baroreceptor sensitivity were analyzed. In addition, the mutual adjustment of blood pressure, heart rate, and respiration, partitioned for influences of the sympathetic and the parasympathetic branches of the autonomic nervous system, were quantified by determining their phase synchronization. Findings indicated moderately elevated blood pressure levels in the nonpathological range, reduced stroke volume, and elevated systemic vascular resistance in women previously affected by preeclampsia. Despite these moderate abnormalities, at the time of testing, women with previous preeclampsia did not differ from the other groups in their physiological response patterns to acute stress. Furthermore, no differences between early, preterm, and term preeclampsia or mild and severe preeclampsia were observed at the time of testing. The findings suggest that the overall cardiovascular responses to moderate stressors return to normal in women who experience a pregnancy with preeclampsia a few weeks after delivery, while the operating point of the arterial baroreflex is readjusted to a higher pressure. Yet, their regulation mechanisms may remain different.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helmut K Lackner
- Division of Physiology, Otto Loewi Research Center, Medical University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria.
| | - Ilona Papousek
- Department of Psychology, Biological Psychology Unit, University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria.
| | - Karin Schmid-Zalaudek
- Division of Physiology, Otto Loewi Research Center, Medical University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria.
| | - Mila Cervar-Zivkovic
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical University of Graz, 8036 Graz, Austria.
| | | | - Olivia Nonn
- Division of Cell Biology, Histology and Embryology, Gottfried Schatz Research Center, Medical University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria.
| | - Miha Lucovnik
- Department of Perinatology, Division of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Medical Centre Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
| | - Isabella Pfniß
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical University of Graz, 8036 Graz, Austria.
| | - Manfred G Moertl
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Clinical Center, 9020 Klagenfurt, Austria.
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Espinoza J, Betancourt A, Belfort MA, Shamshirsaz AA, Fox KA, Yallampalli C. Placental growth factor blunts uterine artery responses to angiotensin II. BJOG 2019; 126:1058-1064. [PMID: 30771259 DOI: 10.1111/1471-0528.15656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/02/2019] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Changes in maternal serum concentration of placental growth factor (PlGF) and vascular response to intravascular infusion of Angiotensin II (Ang II) follow a bell-shaped curve pattern during gestation. This study evaluates the effects of PlGF and soluble vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-1 (sFlt-1) on responses of human uterine arteries (UA) to Ang II. DESIGN Experimental. SETTING Baylor College of Medicine and Texas Children's Hospital-Pavilion for Women. SAMPLE Uterine arteries samples (n = 14) were obtained from normotensive women undergoing caesarean hysterectomy at ≥32 weeks. METHODS Uterine arteries rings were incubated with (1) Krebs solution; (2) PlGF at 1.45, 14.5, and 500 pg/ml; (3) sFlt-1 at 2 ng/ml; and (4) a combination of sFlt-1, and PlGF. Dose-contraction responses to Ang II were determined in UA rings incubated in the above-mentioned conditions. Responses were also measured in presence of L-NAME or inhibitors of endothelium-derived hyperpolarising factor: apamine and charybdotoxin. The t-test was used for comparisons. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE Changes in vascular reactivity of UA rings. RESULTS PlGF blunted (P = 0.03) and sFlt-1 increased (P <0.01) the UA maximum responses to Ang II. A combination of sFlt-1 and PlGF blunted UA responses to Ang II (P < 0.05). l-NAME, apamine, and charybdotoxin reversed the relaxation effects of PlGF on UA responses to Ang II (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS PlGF contributes to the blunted vascular response to Angiotensin II during normotensive pregnancies and sFlt-1 appears to attenuate this effect. PlGF and sFlt-1 may contribute to the regulation of vascular tone during pregnancy by altering the vascular response to Angiotensin II. FUNDING Baylor College of Medicine. TWEETABLE ABSTRACT Placental growth factor and soluble vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-1 modulate the uterine artery response to Angiotensin II in normotensive pregnant women.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Espinoza
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Baylor College of Medicine, Texas Children's Hospital-Pavilion for Women, Houston, TX, USA
| | - A Betancourt
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Baylor College of Medicine, Texas Children's Hospital-Pavilion for Women, Houston, TX, USA
| | - M A Belfort
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Baylor College of Medicine, Texas Children's Hospital-Pavilion for Women, Houston, TX, USA
| | - A A Shamshirsaz
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Baylor College of Medicine, Texas Children's Hospital-Pavilion for Women, Houston, TX, USA
| | - K A Fox
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Baylor College of Medicine, Texas Children's Hospital-Pavilion for Women, Houston, TX, USA
| | - C Yallampalli
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Baylor College of Medicine, Texas Children's Hospital-Pavilion for Women, Houston, TX, USA
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20
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Regulation of the prorenin - angiotensin system by oxygen and miRNAs; parallels between placentation and tumour development? Placenta 2017; 56:27-33. [PMID: 28318555 DOI: 10.1016/j.placenta.2017.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2016] [Revised: 03/07/2017] [Accepted: 03/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Tissue renin-angiotensin systems (RASs) are involved in tissue growth and development as they are important regulators of angiogenesis, cell proliferation and migration. The placental RAS is most highly expressed in early gestation, at a time when the oxygen tension within the conceptus is reduced, and plays a key role in placental growth and development. Similar to the placenta, tumour development relies on proliferation, angiogenesis and invasion in order to grow and metastasize. The RAS is known to be upregulated in a variety of solid tumours, including ovarian, endometrial, cervical, breast and prostate. This review explores the roles of oxygen and microRNAs in regulating the normal expression of the placental RAS, providing insight into regulation of its development as well as the development of disease states in which the RAS is overexpressed. We propose that the placental RAS is downregulated by microRNAs that are suppressed during the physiologically normal 'hypoxic' phase of early placentation. Suppression of these miRNAs allows the placental RAS to stimulate placental growth and angiogenesis. We propose that similar mechanisms may be at play in solid tumours, which are characterised by hypoxia.
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21
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Byon CH, Heath JM, Chen Y. Redox signaling in cardiovascular pathophysiology: A focus on hydrogen peroxide and vascular smooth muscle cells. Redox Biol 2016; 9:244-253. [PMID: 27591403 PMCID: PMC5011184 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2016.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2016] [Accepted: 08/23/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Oxidative stress represents excessive intracellular levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS), which plays a major role in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular disease. Besides having a critical impact on the development and progression of vascular pathologies including atherosclerosis and diabetic vasculopathy, oxidative stress also regulates physiological signaling processes. As a cell permeable ROS generated by cellular metabolism involved in intracellular signaling, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) exerts tremendous impact on cardiovascular pathophysiology. Under pathological conditions, increased oxidase activities and/or impaired antioxidant systems results in uncontrolled production of ROS. In a pro-oxidant environment, vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC) undergo phenotypic changes which can lead to the development of vascular dysfunction such as vascular inflammation and calcification. Investigations are ongoing to elucidate the mechanisms for cardiovascular disorders induced by oxidative stress. This review mainly focuses on the role of H2O2 in regulating physiological and pathological signals in VSMC.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jack M Heath
- Department of Pathology, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Yabing Chen
- Department of Pathology, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA; University of Alabama at Birmingham, and the Birmingham Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA.
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22
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Qaradakhi T, Apostolopoulos V, Zulli A. Angiotensin (1-7) and Alamandine: Similarities and differences. Pharmacol Res 2016; 111:820-826. [PMID: 27456244 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2016.07.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2016] [Revised: 07/19/2016] [Accepted: 07/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
A primary peptide of the renin angiotensin system (RAS), Angiotensin (Ang) II, is a vasoconstrictor and promotor of atherosclerosis. To counter this, the RAS also consists of peptides and receptors which increase nitric oxide release from the endothelium and decrease nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase-related superoxide production. Two peptides, Ang (1-7) and alamandine are vasodilators, by activating the nitric oxide pathway via different receptors in the endothelium. Thus, herein we focus on the similarities and differences between alamandine and Ang (1-7) and the counterbalancing hypothesis on Ang II during endothelial dysfunction and atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tawar Qaradakhi
- Centre for Chronic Disease, College of Health and Biomedicine, Victoria University, Werribee Campus, 3030 Victoria, Australia.
| | - Vasso Apostolopoulos
- Centre for Chronic Disease, College of Health and Biomedicine, Victoria University, Werribee Campus, 3030 Victoria, Australia
| | - Anthony Zulli
- Centre for Chronic Disease, College of Health and Biomedicine, Victoria University, Werribee Campus, 3030 Victoria, Australia
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Zhang CM, Huang X, Lu HL, Meng XM, Liu DH, Kim YC, Xu WX. Up-regulation of the Ang II/AT1 receptor may compensate for the loss of gastric antrum ICC via the PI3k/Akt signaling pathway in STZ-induced diabetic mice. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2016; 423:77-86. [PMID: 26773730 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2016.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2015] [Revised: 12/05/2015] [Accepted: 01/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The classic renin-angiotensin system (RAS) is a complex system in which angiotensin II (Ang II) has been identified as an important endogenous regulator that influences both smooth muscle contraction and cell growth. Although a local RAS is known to exist in the gastrointestinal tract, it is unclear whether Ang II is involved in the loss of gastric interstitial cells of Cajal (ICC) in diabetic mice. The present study was designed to investigate the effect of Ang II on ICC survival in streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic mice. Western blot, immunofluorescence, isometric muscle recording, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and a cell counting kit-8 were used in this research. Our results demonstrate that the c-Kit and membrane-bound stem cell factor (mSCF) protein expression levels in gastric smooth muscle were decreased in STZ-induced diabetic mice. However, the angiotensin receptor type 1 (AT1R) expression levels in gastric smooth muscle and angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) expression levels in gastric mucosa were increased. The effect of Ang II on the tonic contraction of gastric smooth muscle was potentiated in diabetic mice, and the plasma Ang II level was enhanced. Ang II increased mSCF expression, cell proliferation, and Akt-Ser473 phosphorylation in cultured gastric smooth muscle cells (GSMCs). These effects were reduced by specific inhibitors ZD7155 (an AT1R antagonist) and LY294002 (a PI3-kinase inhibitor). Our results suggest that Ang II increases mSCF expression and cell proliferation in cultured GSMCs in a PI3K/Akt signaling-dependent manner. ACE and AT1R up-regulation in the stomach may help compensate for ICC loss in STZ-induced diabetic mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- C M Zhang
- Department of Physiology, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - X Huang
- Department of Physiology, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - H L Lu
- Department of Physiology, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - X M Meng
- Department of Physiology, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - D H Liu
- Department of Physiology, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Young-Chul Kim
- Department of Physiology, Chungbuk National University College of Medicine, Cheongju, Chungbuk, 361-763, Republic of Korea
| | - W X Xu
- Department of Physiology, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200240, China.
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LIU XIANGCHUN, ZHANG HONG, WANG QUN, YU KEZHOU, WANG RONG, SUN JING. Blockade of vascular endothelial growth factor-A/receptor 2 exhibits a protective effect on angiotensin-II stimulated podocytes. Mol Med Rep 2015; 12:4340-4345. [DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2015.3911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2014] [Accepted: 04/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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Huppertz B. Maternal–fetal interactions, predictive markers for preeclampsia, and programming. J Reprod Immunol 2015; 108:26-32. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jri.2014.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2014] [Revised: 11/04/2014] [Accepted: 11/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Matsui M, Uemura S, Takeda Y, Samejima KI, Matsumoto T, Hasegawa A, Tsushima H, Hoshino E, Ueda T, Morimoto K, Okamoto K, Okada S, Onoue K, Okayama S, Kawata H, Kawakami R, Maruyama N, Akai Y, Iwano M, Shiiki H, Saito Y. Placental Growth Factor as a Predictor of Cardiovascular Events in Patients with CKD from the NARA-CKD Study. J Am Soc Nephrol 2015; 26:2871-81. [PMID: 25788536 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2014080772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2014] [Accepted: 01/20/2015] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Placental growth factor (PlGF) contributes to atherogenesis through vascular inflammation and plaque destabilization. High levels of PlGF may be associated with mortality and cardiovascular disease, but the relationship between PlGF level and adverse outcomes in patients with CKD is unclear. We conducted a prospective cohort study of 1351 consecutive participants with CKD enrolled in the Novel Assessment of Risk management for Atherosclerotic diseases in CKD (NARA-CKD) study between April 1, 2004, and December 31, 2011. During a median follow-up of 3 years, 199 participants died and 383 had cardiovascular events, defined as atherosclerotic disease or heart failure requiring hospitalization. In adjusted analyses, mortality and cardiovascular risk increased in each successive quartile of serum PlGF level; hazard ratios (HRs) (95% confidence intervals [95% CIs]) for mortality and cardiovascular risk, respectively, were 1.59 (0.83 to 3.16) and 1.55 (0.92 to 2.66) for the second quartile, 2.97 (1.67 to 5.59) and 3.39 (2.20 to 5.41) for the third quartile, and 3.87 (2.24 to 7.08) and 8.42 (5.54 to 13.3) for the fourth quartile. The composite end point of mortality and cardiovascular events occurred during the study period in 76.4% of patients in both the highest PlGF quartile (≥19.6 pg/ml) and the lowest eGFR tertile (<30 ml/min per 1.73 m(2)). The association between PlGF and mortality or cardiovascular events was not attenuated when participants were stratified by age, sex, traditional risk factors, and eGFR. These data suggest elevated PlGF is an independent risk factor for all-cause mortality and cardiovascular events in patients with CKD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Ken-Ichi Samejima
- First Department of Internal Medicine and Department of Medicine, Ohyodo Town Hospital, Nara, Japan
| | | | | | - Hideo Tsushima
- Department of Medicine, Ohyodo Town Hospital, Nara, Japan
| | - Ei Hoshino
- Department of Medicine, Saisei-kai Nara City Hospital, Nara, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Naoki Maruyama
- Department of Cardiology, Nara City General Hospital, Nara, Japan
| | | | - Masayuki Iwano
- Department of Nephrology, Fukui University, Fukui, Japan; and
| | - Hideo Shiiki
- Department of Medicine, Uda City General Hospital, Nara, Japan
| | - Yoshihiko Saito
- First Department of Internal Medicine and Department of Regulatory Medicine for Blood Pressure, Nara Medical University, Nara, Japan;
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Guo YS, Wu ZG, Yang JK, Chen XJ. Impact of losartan and angiotensin II on the expression of matrix metalloproteinase-9 and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1 in rat vascular smooth muscle cells. Mol Med Rep 2014; 11:1587-94. [PMID: 25405958 PMCID: PMC4270314 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2014.2952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2013] [Accepted: 06/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study aimed to investigate the impact of losartan and angiotensin II (AngII) on the expression of matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1 (TIMP-1), secreted by rat vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs). Rat VSMCs were isolated and cultured in different concentrations of AngII and losartan for 24 h and western blot analysis and quantitative polymerase chain reaction were performed to observe the subsequent impact on the gene and protein expression of MMP-9 and TIMP-1. AngII was shown to promote the protein and gene expression of MMP-9 in VSMCs in a concentration-dependent manner. No effect was observed on the expression of TIMP-1, therefore, an increase in the MMP-9/TIMP-1 ratio was observed. Losartan was shown to be able to inhibit MMP-9 protein and gene expression in a concentration-dependent manner, whilst promoting an increase in TIMP-1 expression, thus decreasing the ratio of MMP-9/TIMP-1. The combined action of losartan and AngII resulted in the same directional changes in MMP-9 and TIMP-1 expression as observed for losartan alone. The comparison of AngII, losartan and the combinatory effect on the expression of MMP-9 and TIMP-1 in VSMCs indicated that losartan inhibited the effects of AngII, therefore reducing the MMP-9/TIMP-1 ratio, which may contribute to the molecular mechanism of losartan in preventing atherosclerosis. In atherosclerosis, the development of the extracellular matrix of plaque is closely correlated with the evolution of AS. The balance between MMPs and TIMPs is important in maintaining the dynamic equilibrium between the ECM, and the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, which is involved in the pathologenesis of AS, and in which AngII has a central role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Song Guo
- Department of Cardiology, Provincial Clinical Medical College of Fujian Medical University, Fujian Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Fujian Provincial Hospital, Fuzhou 350001, P.R. China
| | - Zong-Gui Wu
- Department of Cardiology, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, P.R. China
| | - Jun-Ke Yang
- Department of Cardiology, General Hospital of PLA Second Artillery, Beijing 100088, P.R. China
| | - Xin-Jing Chen
- Department of Cardiology, Provincial Clinical Medical College of Fujian Medical University, Fujian Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Fujian Provincial Hospital, Fuzhou 350001, P.R. China
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The angiogenic factor PlGF mediates a neuroimmune interaction in the spleen to allow the onset of hypertension. Immunity 2014; 41:737-52. [PMID: 25517614 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2014.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2014] [Accepted: 09/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Hypertension is a health problem affecting over 1 billion people worldwide. How the immune system gets activated under hypertensive stimuli to contribute to blood pressure elevation is a fascinating enigma. Here we showed a splenic role for placental growth factor (PlGF), which accounts for the onset of hypertension, through immune system modulation. PlGF repressed the expression of the protein Timp3 (tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases 3), through the transcriptional Sirt1-p53 axis. Timp3 repression allowed costimulation of T cells and their deployment toward classical organs involved in hypertension. We showed that the spleen is an essential organ for the development of hypertension through a noradrenergic drive mediated by the celiac ganglion efferent. Overall, we demonstrate that PlGF mediates the neuroimmune interaction in the spleen, organizing a unique and nonredundant response that allows the onset of hypertension.
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Mukuda T, Koyama Y, Hamasaki S, Kaidoh T, Furukawa Y. Systemic angiotensin II and exercise-induced neurogenesis in adult rat hippocampus. Brain Res 2014; 1588:92-103. [PMID: 25223907 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2014.09.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2013] [Revised: 07/27/2014] [Accepted: 09/08/2014] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Physical exercise is a robust stimulus that enhances hippocampal neurogenesis via cell proliferation in rodents. We examined the role of systemic angiotensin (Ang) peptides in exercise-dependent enhancement of neurogenesis in the adult rat hippocampus. Plasma angiotensin peptide concentration increased rapidly in response to 30 min of treadmill exercise. After undertaking this exercise once daily for a week, the number of proliferating cells in the hippocampus, identified by 5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine (BrdU) incorporation, had increased compared with controls. To mimic the increase in plasma Ang peptide concentrations brought about by exercise, rats were injected with 10(-5)M Ang II once daily for a week. The number of BrdU-incorporating cells and of doublecortin (DCX)-expressing immature neurons in the hippocampus rose approximately 1.5 and 1.9-fold compared with controls, respectively. The effects were completely abolished by an Ang II receptor subtype 1 antagonist losartan. These findings, taken together, suggest that an increased concentrations of Ang peptides in the systemic circulation during exercise may promote neurogenesis in the adult rat hippocampus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takao Mukuda
- Laboratory of Neurobiology, Graduate School of Integrated Arts and Sciences, Hiroshima University, Higashi-hiroshima, Japan; Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Tottori University, Yonago, Japan.
| | - Yuka Koyama
- Laboratory of Neurobiology, Graduate School of Integrated Arts and Sciences, Hiroshima University, Higashi-hiroshima, Japan; Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Tottori University, Yonago, Japan
| | - Sawako Hamasaki
- Laboratory of Neurobiology, Graduate School of Integrated Arts and Sciences, Hiroshima University, Higashi-hiroshima, Japan; Laboratory of Fish Physiology, Graduate School of Biosphere Science, Hiroshima University, Higashi-hiroshima, Japan
| | - Toshiyuki Kaidoh
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Tottori University, Yonago, Japan
| | - Yasuo Furukawa
- Laboratory of Neurobiology, Graduate School of Integrated Arts and Sciences, Hiroshima University, Higashi-hiroshima, Japan
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Wang Q, Wu W, Han X, Zheng A, Lei S, Wu J, Chen H, He C, Luo F, Liu X. Osteogenic differentiation of amniotic epithelial cells: synergism of pulsed electromagnetic field and biochemical stimuli. BMC Musculoskelet Disord 2014; 15:271. [PMID: 25112311 PMCID: PMC4267405 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2474-15-271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2014] [Accepted: 06/28/2014] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pulsed electromagnetic field (PEMF) is a non-invasive physical therapy used in the treatment of fracture nonunion or delayed healing. PEMF can facilitate the osteogenic differentiation of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells in vitro. Amniotic epithelial cells (AECs) have been proposed as a potential source of stem cells for cell therapy. However, whether PEMF could modulate the osteogenic differentiation of AECs is unknown. In the present study, the effects of PEMF on the osteogenic differentiation of AECs were investigated. METHODS AECs were isolated from amniotic membrane of human placenta by trypsin digestion and were induced by PEMF and/or osteo-induction medium. After 21 days we used real time RT-PCR and immunocytochemistry to study the expression of osteoblast markers. The signal transduction of osteogenesis was further investigated. RESULTS The PEMF stimulation, or osteo-induction medium alone could induce osteogenic differentiation of AECs, as shown by expression of osteoblast specific genes and proteins including alkaline phosphatase and osteocalcin. Furthermore, a combination of PEMF and osteo-induction medium had synergy effects on osteogenic differentiation. In our study, the gene expression of BMP-2, Runx2, β-catenin, Nrf2, Keap1 and integrinβ1 were up-regulated in the osteogenic differentiation of AECs induced by PEMF and/or osteo-induction medium. CONCLUSIONS Combined application of PEMF and osteo-induction medium is synergistic for the osteogenic differentiation of AECs. It might be a novel approach in the bone regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Xiaojing Liu
- Center of Rehabilitation Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, P, R, China.
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Abstract
BACKGROUND The objective of this study was to explore the expression of urotensin II (UII), its receptor (GPR14), and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), as well as their associations in the ischaemic brains of rats with focal cerebral ischaemia, under normal and diabetic conditions. METHODS Diabetes mellitus (DM) was induced by injection of streptozotocin (STZ) into Sprague - Dawley rats. Focal cerebral ischaemia was induced by middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) four weeks after DM onset by STZ. Rats (n=80) were divided into four groups: normal control, DM, MCAO, and DM/MCAO. Immunohistochemistry and reverse-transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) were used to detect the expression of UII, GPR14 and VEGF in the diabetic and ischaemic brain. RESULTS Expression of UII and GPR14 was increased at mRNA and protein levels in the DM and MCAO group compared with controls. In the DM/MCAO group, expression of UII and GPR14 was increased significantly in the ischaemic brain, and was accompanied by a significantly increased VEGF expression. CONCLUSION Diabetes mellitus was seen to aggravate brain lesions after ischaemia, and UII may have an important role.
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Mirhafez SR, Mohebati M, Feiz Disfani M, Saberi Karimian M, Ebrahimi M, Avan A, Eslami S, Pasdar A, Rooki H, Esmaeili H, Ferns GA, Ghayour-Mobarhan M. An imbalance in serum concentrations of inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines in hypertension. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 8:614-23. [PMID: 25224864 DOI: 10.1016/j.jash.2014.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2014] [Revised: 05/13/2014] [Accepted: 05/14/2014] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Hypertension is an important risk factor for cardiovascular disease and there is increasing evidence that inflammation and abnormal immune responses are involved in the pathogenesis of hypertension. However, the data on the association between specific cytokine concentrations and hypertension are inconsistent. We have evaluated the association between 12 cytokines/growth factors and the presence of different degrees of hypertension, comparing these concentrations to values in a healthy group of subjects. The concentrations of interleukin (IL)-1α, -1β, -2, -4, -6, -8, -10, tumor necrosis factor (TNF-α), interferon-γ (IFN-γ), monocyte chemoattractant protein (MCP-1), epidermal growth factor, and vascular endothelial growth factor were measured in 155 hypertensive patients and 148 healthy subjects, using EV-3513 cytokine biochip arrays, a competitive chemiluminescence immunoassay. Univariate and multivariate analyses were used to evaluate the association of specific cytokines and growth factors with systolic blood pressure (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP). Hypertensive subjects had higher serum concentrations of IL-1α, -2, -8, vascular endothelial growth factor, IFN-γ, TNF-α, MCP-1, and epidermal growth factor; and lower concentrations of anti-inflammatory cytokine, IL-10 (P < .05), compared with the healthy individuals. The serum concentrations of IL-4, -6, and -1β did not differ between the hypertensive subjects and control group. Univariate and multivariate analyses revealed that IL-1α and IFN-γ were independent predictors of a high SBP, while IFN-γ, IL-1α, TNF-α, and MCP-1 remained statistically significant for DBP after correction for age, gender, Body mass index, smoking, fasting blood glucose, and triglycerides. There was a significant association between the concentrations of several cytokines and hypertension. These associations may either be related to common underlying factors that cause hypertension and may also be proinflammatory or because these inflammatory cytokines might directly be involved in the etiology of hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seyed Reza Mirhafez
- Cardiovascular Research Center, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Student Research Committee, Department of Modern Sciences and Technologies, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mohsen Mohebati
- Cardiovascular Research Center, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mahboobeh Feiz Disfani
- Cardiovascular Research Center, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Maryam Saberi Karimian
- Student Research Committee, Department of Modern Sciences and Technologies, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mahmoud Ebrahimi
- Cardiovascular Research Center, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Amir Avan
- Department of New Sciences & Technology, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Department of Medical Oncology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Saied Eslami
- Pharmaceutical Research Center, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Department of Medical Informatics, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Alireza Pasdar
- Department of New Sciences & Technology, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Division of Applied Medicine, Medical School, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, Aberdeen, UK
| | - Hassan Rooki
- Biochemistry of Nutrition Research Center, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Habibollah Esmaeili
- Biochemistry of Nutrition Research Center, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Gordon A Ferns
- Division of Medical Education, Brighton & Sussex Medical School, Falmer, Brighton, Sussex, UK
| | - Majid Ghayour-Mobarhan
- Cardiovascular Research Center, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Biochemistry of Nutrition Research Center, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
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Zhu Y, Men R, Wen M, Hu X, Liu X, Yang L. Blockage of TRPM7 channel induces hepatic stellate cell death through endoplasmic reticulum stress-mediated apoptosis. Life Sci 2014; 94:37-44. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2013.10.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2013] [Revised: 09/20/2013] [Accepted: 10/24/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Abstract
At least 468 individual genes have been manipulated by molecular methods to study their effects on the initiation, promotion, and progression of atherosclerosis. Most clinicians and many investigators, even in related disciplines, find many of these genes and the related pathways entirely foreign. Medical schools generally do not attempt to incorporate the relevant molecular biology into their curriculum. A number of key signaling pathways are highly relevant to atherogenesis and are presented to provide a context for the gene manipulations summarized herein. The pathways include the following: the insulin receptor (and other receptor tyrosine kinases); Ras and MAPK activation; TNF-α and related family members leading to activation of NF-κB; effects of reactive oxygen species (ROS) on signaling; endothelial adaptations to flow including G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) and integrin-related signaling; activation of endothelial and other cells by modified lipoproteins; purinergic signaling; control of leukocyte adhesion to endothelium, migration, and further activation; foam cell formation; and macrophage and vascular smooth muscle cell signaling related to proliferation, efferocytosis, and apoptosis. This review is intended primarily as an introduction to these key signaling pathways. They have become the focus of modern atherosclerosis research and will undoubtedly provide a rich resource for future innovation toward intervention and prevention of the number one cause of death in the modern world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul N Hopkins
- Cardiovascular Genetics, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA.
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Expression profiles of angiogenesis-related proteins in prevascular three-dimensional tissues using cell-sheet engineering. Biomaterials 2013; 35:206-13. [PMID: 24119455 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2013.09.104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2013] [Accepted: 09/26/2013] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The prefabrication of endothelial cell network assembly (ECNA) in tissue-engineer multi-layered cell-sheets, known as in vitro prevascularization, is beneficial strategy for inducing anastomosis with the host vasculature after transplantation. However, the mechanisms of neovascularization via transplanted prevascular cell-sheets are unknown. This study investigated neovascularization process and angiogenesis-related protein secretion by prevascular cell-sheets. Prevascular (ECNA-positive) double-layered fibroblast (FB) sheets were created by sandwiching human aortic endothelial cells (HAECs) between two human dermal FB sheets. As the ECNA-negative control, FBs-sandwiching double-layered FB sheets were used. Two types of cell-sheets were subcutaneously transplanted into immune-deficient rats. At 3 days after transplantation, induction of the newly-formed microvessels near the host vasculature was observed in the ECNA-positive cell-sheet. In contrast, no neovessel was observed in the ECNA-negative cell-sheet at 1 week after transplantation. Consequently, the secretion of angiogenesis-related proteins in conditioned media of each cell-sheet cultured for 3 days were compared. The levels of hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), placenta growth factor (PlGF) and matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) significantly increased in the ECNA-positive cell-sheets. These results suggested that these molecules might involve in neovascularization after the transplantation of prevascular cell-sheets. These findings may contribute to understanding its mechanism.
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Peiskerová M, Kalousová M, Danzig V, Míková B, Hodková M, Němeček E, Bani-Hani A, Ambrož D, Benáková H, Linhart A, Zima T, Tesař V. Placental growth factor may predict increased left ventricular mass index in patients with mild to moderate chronic kidney disease--a prospective observational study. BMC Nephrol 2013; 14:142. [PMID: 23844967 PMCID: PMC3750451 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2369-14-142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2012] [Accepted: 06/26/2013] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Placental growth factor [PlGF) is a cardiovascular (CV) risk marker, which is related to left ventricle hypertrophy (LVH) in animal models. Currently there are no data available regarding the possible relationship of PlGF and the development of LVH or diastolic dysfunction in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) and the relationship of PlGF to other CV risk factors in CKD patients. The aim of our study was to determine the possible association of PlGF and several other CV risk markers to echocardiographic parameters in CKD population. Methods We prospectively examined selected laboratory (PlGF, fibroblast growth factor-23 -FGF23, vitamin D, parathyroid hormone, extracellular newly identified RAGE-binding protein - EN-RAGE, B-type natriuretic peptide - BNP) and echocardiographic parameters in 62 patients with CKD 2–4. Mean follow-up was 36 ±10 months. Laboratory and echocardiographic data were collected 2–3 times, at the shortest interval of 12 months apart. Multivariate regression analysis was used to detect independent correlations of variables. Results Increased left ventricular mass index (LVMI, g/m2.7) was found in 29% patients with CKD 2–4, left ventricular (LV) diastolic dysfunction was detected in 74.1% patients (impaired LV relaxation in 43.5% patients and pseudonormal pattern in 30.6% patients). After 36 ± 10 months increased LVMI was found in 37.1% patients with CKD 2–4, LV diastolic dysfunction was detected in 75.8% patients (impaired LV relaxation in 43.5% patients and pseudonormal pattern in 32.3% patients). Following independent correlations were found: LVMI was related to PlGF, cholesterol, BNP, systolic blood pressure and serum creatinine. EN-RAGE correlated positively with left atrial diameter and inversely with E/A ratio. During the follow-up we found a significant increase in LVMI and left atrial diameter, whereas a significant decrease in LVEF was noted. Conclusion According to our data, PlGF is independently related to increased LV mass in CKD, whereas EN-RAGE is more likely related to diastolic dysfunction in this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Peiskerová
- Department of Nephrology, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic.
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VEGF in the crosstalk between human adipocytes and smooth muscle cells: depot-specific release from visceral and perivascular adipose tissue. Mediators Inflamm 2013; 2013:982458. [PMID: 23935253 PMCID: PMC3723083 DOI: 10.1155/2013/982458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2013] [Revised: 06/10/2013] [Accepted: 06/10/2013] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Adipose tissue secrets adipokines and fatty acids, which may contribute to obesity-associated vascular dysfunction and cardiovascular risk. This study investigated which factors are responsible for the synergistic effect of adipokine and oleic acid- (OA-) induced proliferation of human vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC). Adipocyte-conditioned medium (CM) from human adipocytes induces proliferation of VSMC in correlation to its vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) content. CM increases VEGF-receptor (VEGF-R) 1 and 2 expression and VEGF secretion of VSMC, while OA only stimulates VEGF secretion. VEGF neutralization abrogates CM- and OA-induced proliferation and considerably reduces proliferation induced by CM and OA in combination. VEGF release is higher from visceral adipose tissue (VAT) of obese subjects compared to subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT) and VAT from lean controls. Furthermore, VEGF release from VAT correlates with its proliferative effect. Perivascular adipose tissue (PAT) from type 2 diabetic patients releases significantly higher amounts of VEGF and induces stronger proliferation of VSMC as compared to SAT and SAT/PAT of nondiabetics. In conclusion, VEGF is mediating CM-induced proliferation of VSMC. As this adipokine is released in high amounts from VAT of obese patients and PAT of diabetic patients, VEGF might link adipose tissue inflammation to increased VSMC proliferation.
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Snyder R, Thekkumkara T. Interplay between EGR1 and SP1 is critical for 13-cis retinoic acid-mediated transcriptional repression of angiotensin type 1A receptor. J Mol Endocrinol 2013; 50:361-74. [PMID: 23475749 PMCID: PMC3740742 DOI: 10.1530/jme-12-0154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Recently, we have demonstrated that 13-cis retinoic acid (13cRA) downregulates rat angiotensin type 1A receptor (Agtr1a) gene transcription through a MAP kinase (ERK1/2)-dependent mechanism in rat liver epithelial and aortic smooth muscle cells. However, the exact mechanism remained unknown. In this study, we determined the signaling intermediates activated by ERK1/2 involved in 13cRA-mediated Agtr1a downregulation. Rat Agtr1a chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (CAT) promoter construct containing a sequence -2541 and -1836 bp upstream of the start site demonstrated reduced CAT activity; this region possesses a specificity protein 1 (SP1) consensus sequence (5'-TGGGGCGGGGCGGGG-3'). Mobility shift analysis using untreated nuclear extracts in the presence of mithramycin A suggests that the trans-acting factor binding to this cis-acting element is SP1. 13cRA significantly reduced specific binding without any change in SP1 protein expression. Studies showed that 13cRA treatment maximally phosphorylates ERK1/2 within 5-10 min, which translocates to the nucleus, activating early growth response protein 1 (Egr1) mRNA expression at 20 min followed by de novo protein synthesis, leading to an EGR1/SP1 interaction. siRNA silencing of Egr1 restored Agtr1a mRNA and protein expression in 13cRA-treated cells, and Sp1 silencing results in complete loss of Agtr1a expression. Our study suggests that 13cRA-mediated activation of ERK1/2, through EGR1, is capable of disrupting SP1, the requisite trans-activator for Agtr1a expression, providing a novel paradigm in Agtr1a gene transcription.
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Affiliation(s)
- Russell Snyder
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, 1300 South Coulter, Amarillo, Texas 79106
| | - Thomas Thekkumkara
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, 1300 South Coulter, Amarillo, Texas 79106
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40
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McGraw AP, Bagley J, Chen WS, Galayda C, Nickerson H, Armani A, Caprio M, Carmeliet P, Jaffe IZ. Aldosterone increases early atherosclerosis and promotes plaque inflammation through a placental growth factor-dependent mechanism. J Am Heart Assoc 2013; 2:e000018. [PMID: 23525413 PMCID: PMC3603255 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.112.000018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Background Aldosterone levels correlate with the incidence of myocardial infarction and mortality in cardiovascular patients. Aldosterone promotes atherosclerosis in animal models, but the mechanisms are poorly understood. Methods and Results Aldosterone was infused to achieve pathologically relevant levels that did not increase blood pressure in the atherosclerosis‐prone apolipoprotein E–knockout mouse (ApoE−/−). Aldosterone increased atherosclerosis in the aortic root 1.8±0.1‐fold after 4 weeks and in the aortic arch 3.7±0.2‐fold after 8 weeks, without significantly affecting plaque size in the abdominal aorta or traditional cardiac risk factors. Aldosterone treatment increased lipid content of plaques (2.1±0.2‐fold) and inflammatory cell content (2.2±0.3‐fold), induced early T‐cell (2.9±0.3‐fold) and monocyte (2.3±0.3‐fold) infiltration into atherosclerosis‐prone vascular regions, and enhanced systemic inflammation with increased spleen weight (1.52±0.06‐fold) and the circulating cytokine RANTES (regulated and normal T cell secreted; 1.6±0.1‐fold). To explore the mechanism, 7 genes were examined for aldosterone regulation in the ApoE−/− aorta. Further studies focused on the proinflammatory placental growth factor (PlGF), which was released from aldosterone‐treated ApoE−/− vessels. Activation of the mineralocorticoid receptor by aldosterone in human coronary artery smooth muscle cells (SMCs) caused the release of factors that promote monocyte chemotaxis, which was inhibited by blocking monocyte PlGF receptors. Furthermore, PlGF‐deficient ApoE−/− mice were resistant to early aldosterone‐induced increases in plaque burden and inflammation. Conclusions Aldosterone increases early atherosclerosis in regions of turbulent blood flow and promotes an inflammatory plaque phenotype that is associated with rupture in humans. The mechanism may involve SMC release of soluble factors that recruit activated leukocytes to the vessel wall via PlGF signaling. These findings identify a novel mechanism and potential treatment target for aldosterone‐induced ischemia in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam P McGraw
- Molecular Cardiology Research Institute, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA 02111, USA
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41
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Kalamatianos T, Stavrinou LC, Koutsarnakis C, Psachoulia C, Sakas DE, Stranjalis G. PlGF and sVEGFR-1 in chronic subdural hematoma: implications for hematoma development. J Neurosurg 2013; 118:353-7. [DOI: 10.3171/2012.10.jns12327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Object
A considerable body of evidence indicates that inflammation and angiogenesis play a significant role in the development and progression of chronic subdural hematoma (CSDH). While various experimental and clinical studies have implicated placental growth factor (PlGF) in the processes that underpin pathological angiogenesis, no study has thus far investigated its expression in CSDH. The actions of PlGF and its related proangiogenic vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) are antagonized by a high-affinity soluble receptor, namely soluble VEGF receptor–1 (sVEGFR-1), and thus the ratio between sVEGFR-1 and angiogenic factors provides an index of angiogenic capacity.
Methods
In the present study, using an automated electrochemiluminescence assay, levels of PlGF and sVEGFR-1 were quantified in serum and hematoma fluid obtained in 16 patients with CSDH.
Results
Levels of PlGF and sVEGFR-1 were significantly higher in hematoma fluid than in serum (p < 0.0001). In serum, levels of sVEGFR-1 were higher than those of PlGF (p < 0.0001), whereas in hematoma fluid this difference was not apparent. Furthermore, the ratio of sVEGFR-1 to PlGF was significantly lower in hematoma fluid than in serum (p < 0.0001).
Conclusions
Given previous evidence indicating a role for PlGF in promoting angiogenesis, inflammatory cell chemotaxis, and stimulation, as well as its ability to amplify VEGF-driven signaling under conditions favoring pathological angiogenesis, enhanced expression of PlGF in hematoma fluid suggests the involvement of this factor in the mechanisms of inflammation and angiogenesis in CSDH. Furthermore, a reduced ratio of sVEGFR-1 to PlGF in hematoma fluid is consistent with the proangiogenic capacity of CSDH. Future studies are warranted to clarify the precise role of PlGF and sVEGFR-1 in CSDH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theodosis Kalamatianos
- 1Hellenic Centre of Neurosurgical Research “Professor Petros S. Kokkalis”
- 2Department of Neurosurgery, University of Athens; and
| | - Lampis C. Stavrinou
- 1Hellenic Centre of Neurosurgical Research “Professor Petros S. Kokkalis”
- 2Department of Neurosurgery, University of Athens; and
| | - Christos Koutsarnakis
- 1Hellenic Centre of Neurosurgical Research “Professor Petros S. Kokkalis”
- 2Department of Neurosurgery, University of Athens; and
| | | | - Damianos E. Sakas
- 1Hellenic Centre of Neurosurgical Research “Professor Petros S. Kokkalis”
- 2Department of Neurosurgery, University of Athens; and
| | - George Stranjalis
- 1Hellenic Centre of Neurosurgical Research “Professor Petros S. Kokkalis”
- 2Department of Neurosurgery, University of Athens; and
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J Spaan J, A Brown M. Renin-angiotensin system in pre-eclampsia: everything old is new again. Obstet Med 2012; 5:147-153. [PMID: 30705695 DOI: 10.1258/om.2012.120007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/16/2012] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
This review presents an update of the role of the renin-angiotensin system in normal pregnancy and pre-eclampsia. We have known for years that the circulatory renin-angiotensin system in pre-eclampsia is suppressed. We now know that the circulating renin-angiotensin system does not only have a vasoconstrictor arm, but also a vasodilator arm, which is upregulated in normal pregnancy; this balance is probably disturbed in pre-eclampsia. Recent studies show the importance of the local renin-angiotensin system in the uteroplacental unit for early placentation and regulation of placental blood flow. We discuss the possible role of autoantibodies against the AT1-receptor in pre-eclampsia and the suggestion that activation of the AT1-receptor in the placenta may lead to placental dysfunction and the clinical syndrome of pre-eclampsia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia J Spaan
- Departments of Medicine and Renal Medicine, St George Hospital, University of NSW, Kogarah, NSW, Australia
| | - Mark A Brown
- Departments of Medicine and Renal Medicine, St George Hospital, University of NSW, Kogarah, NSW, Australia
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Huppertz B, Kawaguchi R. First trimester serum markers to predict preeclampsia. Wien Med Wochenschr 2012; 162:191-5. [PMID: 22717872 DOI: 10.1007/s10354-012-0072-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2011] [Accepted: 02/15/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A variety of different biomarkers to predict preeclampsia have been identified in the last ten years. Most of these markers have been detected and quantified in maternal blood, and their potency to predict preeclampsia prior to the onset of clinical symptoms has been evaluated. The amount of such markers depends on various conditions, including the source of the marker (fetal/placental and/or maternal), the interaction of this marker with other proteins in maternal blood as well as the stability of the markers during freezing and thawing. Here we describe two of the putative early, first trimester biomarkers, placental protein 13 and placental growth factor. There is still the hope that - even in the absence of any treatment regimen today - such predictive markers will help to speed the development of a cure for preeclampsia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Berthold Huppertz
- Institute of Cell Biology, Histology and Embryology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria.
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Dewerchin M, Carmeliet P. PlGF: a multitasking cytokine with disease-restricted activity. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med 2012; 2:cshperspect.a011056. [PMID: 22908198 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a011056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 161] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Placental growth factor (PlGF) is a member of the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) family that also comprises VEGF-A (VEGF), VEGF-B, VEGF-C, and VEGF-D. Unlike VEGF, PlGF is dispensable for development and health but has diverse nonredundant roles in tissue ischemia, malignancy, inflammation, and multiple other diseases. Genetic and pharmacological gain-of-function and loss-of-function studies have identified molecular mechanisms of this multitasking cytokine and characterized the therapeutic potential of delivering or blocking PlGF for various disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mieke Dewerchin
- Laboratory of Angiogenesis and Neurovascular Link, VIB Vesalius Research Center, K.U. Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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45
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Justewicz DM, Shokes JE, Reavis B, Boyd SA, Burnette TB, Halberstadt CR, Spencer T, Ludlow JW, Bertram TA, Jain D. Characterization of the human smooth muscle cell secretome for regenerative medicine. Tissue Eng Part C Methods 2012; 18:797-816. [PMID: 22530582 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tec.2012.0054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Smooth muscle cells (SMC) play a central role in maintaining the structural and functional integrity of muscle tissue. Little is known about the early in vitro events that guide the assembly of 'bioartificial tissue' (constructs) and recapitulate the key aspects of smooth muscle differentiation and development before surgical implantation. Biomimetic approaches have been proposed that enable the identification of in vitro processes which allow standardized manufacturing, thus improving both product quality and the consistency of patient outcomes. One essential element of this approach is the description of the SMC secretome, that is, the soluble and deposited factors produced within the three-dimensional (3D) extracellular matrix (ECM) microenvironment. In this study, we utilized autologous SMC from multiple tissue types that were expanded ex vivo and generated with a rigorous focus on operational phenotype and genetic stability. The objective of this study was to characterize the spatiotemporal dynamics of the first week of organoid maturation using a well-defined in vitro-like, 3D-engineered scale model of our validated manufacturing process. Functional proteomics was used to identify the topological properties of the networks of interacting proteins that were derived from the SMC secretome, revealing overlapping central nodes related to SMC differentiation and proliferation, actin cytoskeleton regulation, and balanced ECM accumulation. The critical functions defined by the Ingenuity Pathway Analysis included cell signaling, cellular movement and proliferation, and cellular and organismal development. The results confirm the phenotypic and functional similarity of the SMC generated by our platform technology at the molecular level. Furthermore, these data validate the biomimetic approaches that have been established to maintain manufacturing consistency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominic M Justewicz
- Department of Bioprocess Research & Development, Tengion, Inc., 3929 Westpoint Blvd., Suite G, Winston-Salem, NC 27103, USA.
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Nakamura S, Tsuruma K, Shimazawa M, Hara H. Candesartan, an angiotensin II type 1 receptor antagonist, inhibits pathological retinal neovascularization by downregulating VEGF receptor-2 expression. Eur J Pharmacol 2012; 685:8-14. [PMID: 22543084 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2012.04.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2011] [Revised: 03/30/2012] [Accepted: 04/05/2012] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Several studies have examined the anti-angiogenic effects of angiotensin II type 1 (AT(1)) receptor antagonists; however, the mechanisms underlying these effects are currently unclear. In the present study, we examined the efficacy and the mechanism of candesartan, an AT(1) receptor antagonist, in suppressing pathological retinal neovascularization. We used an in vivo murine oxygen-induced retinopathy (OIR) model and also studied the in vitro proliferation and migration of human retinal microvascular endothelial cells (HRMECs) induced by vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-A. The regulation of angiogenesis-associated genes such as hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF-1α), VEGF-A, VEGF receptor-1, and VEGF receptor-2 was evaluated with real-time RT-PCR in the OIR model. In the OIR model, candesartan suppressed the pathological neovascularization in a dose-dependent manner, but did not prevent the physiological angiogenesis. However, candesartan did not inhibit VEGF-A-induced proliferation or migration in HRMECs in the in vitro study. When administered interperitoneally in the OIR model, candesartan reduced the upregulation of VEGF receptor-2 in the retina, but had no effects in the other angiogenesis-related genes, such as HIF-1α, VEGF-A, and VEGF receptor-1. These findings indicate that candesartan inhibited the retinal pathological neovascularization, at least in part, by suppressing the expression of VEGF receptor-2, independent of VEGF signaling cascade. Therefore, candesartan may be a useful therapeutic target for the inhibition of retinal neovascularization that has a low risk of serious side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinsuke Nakamura
- Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Biofunctional Evaluation, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, Gifu, Japan
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Song N, Ding W, Chu S, Zhao J, Dong X, Di B, Tang C. Urotensin II stimulates vascular endothelial growth factor secretion from adventitial fibroblasts in synergy with angiotensin II. Circ J 2012; 76:1267-73. [PMID: 22382381 DOI: 10.1253/circj.cj-11-0870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The adventitia plays an important role in and is considered to be the initiating site for vascular remodeling. Urotensin II (UII) and angiotensin II (Ang II) are the two most important vascular peptides involved in vascular remodeling in the adventitia. Nevertheless, little is known about their effect on the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). It was hypothesized that both UII and Ang II could induce VEGF expression in adventitial fibroblasts and VEGF may play a role in cell proliferation and collagen I synthesis induced by UII or Ang II. METHODS AND RESULTS Growth-arrested adventitial fibroblasts were incubated in serum-free medium with UII and/or Ang II and inhibitors of the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway or VEGF-neutralizing antibodies. The VEGF expression was evaluated using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), while the proliferation and collagen I synthesis were detected using methyl thiazol tetrazolium (MTT) assay and ELISA. It was found that: (1) both UII and Ang II could stimulate VEGF expression in adventitial fibroblasts and they had a synergistic effect; (2) MAPK pathway inhibitors could inhibit VEGF secretion induced by UII and/or Ang II; and (3) VEGF-neutralizing antibodies could inhibit UII/Ang II-induced cell proliferation and collagen synthesis in adventitial fibroblasts. CONCLUSIONS Induction of VEGF expression may be a new mechanism involved in vascular remodeling for UII and Ang II.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nana Song
- Department of Cardiology, Peking University First Hospital, No. 1, XiShiKu Street, XiCheng District 100034, Peoples Republic of China
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N-acetyl cysteine suppresses the foam cell formation that is induced by oxidized low density lipoprotein via regulation of gene expression. Mol Biol Rep 2012; 39:3001-7. [PMID: 21681422 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-011-1062-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2011] [Accepted: 06/08/2011] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Foam cells derived from macrophages have been implicated as markers of early stage atherosclerosis development. In this study, we found that N-acetyl cysteine (NAC), a well-known inhibitor of reactive oxygen species (ROS), decreased the generation of ROS and suppressed foam cell formation in the presence of oxidized low density lipoprotein through down-regulation of cluster of differentiation 36 expression. We investigated gene expression profiles in order to determine the effects of NAC on foam cell formation using a microarray analysis. The level of apolipoprotein E, which is involved in lipid efflux, was increased and the levels of the antioxidant genes glutathione peroxidase 1 and 3 were also increased. The expression levels of the oxidative stress response and the DNA repair genes were decreased. These results were confirmed using quantitative real-time PCR. Our results indicate that oxidative stress plays an important role in foam cell formation, and that regulation of oxidation using antioxidants is a potential therapeutic method for blocking atherosclerosis development.
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Shaw JH, Xiang L, Shah A, Yin W, Lloyd PG. Placenta growth factor expression is regulated by hydrogen peroxide in vascular smooth muscle cells. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2010; 300:C349-55. [PMID: 21123739 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00374.2010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
When supply arteries become occluded, blood is diverted through preexisting collateral vessels. Shear stress arising from this increase in blood flow provides the initial physiological stimulus for expansion of the collateral circulation, a process termed arteriogenesis. Endothelial cells (EC) respond to increased shear stress by releasing a variety of mediators that can act on underlying smooth muscle cells (SMC). Placenta growth factor (PLGF) is known to mediate certain aspects of arteriogenesis, such as recruitment of monocytes to the vessel wall. Therefore, we tested whether SMC PLGF expression is influenced by mediators released by EC. We used A10 SMC cultured with medium that had been conditioned by EOMA EC for 4 days as a model. We found that EC-conditioned medium is able to upregulate PLGF gene expression in A10 SMC. Further experiments identified hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2)) as a key mediator of this response. We confirmed the physiological relevance of this mechanism in primary human coronary artery SMCs by demonstrating that exogenous H(2)O(2) specifically upregulates PLGF gene and protein expression. We also demonstrated that the physiological stimulus of shear stress raises endogenous H(2)O(2) levels in media into the range found to increase PLGF expression. In this study, we demonstrate that EC-released H(2)O(2) acts as a positive regulator of PLGF gene and protein expression in vascular SMC. To our knowledge, this is the first study to describe H(2)O(2) as a regulator of PLGF expression and therefore an upstream mediator of PLGF-driven arteriogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer H Shaw
- Dept. of Physiological Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA
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50
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Wuertz CM, Lorincz A, Vettel C, Thomas MA, Wieland T, Lutz S. p63RhoGEF—a key mediator of angiotensin II‐dependent signaling and processes in vascular smooth muscle cells. FASEB J 2010. [DOI: 10.1096/fj.10.155499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Christina M. Wuertz
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology Heidelberg Germany
| | - Akos Lorincz
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology Heidelberg Germany
| | - Christiane Vettel
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology Heidelberg Germany
| | - Martin A. Thomas
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology Heidelberg Germany
| | - Thomas Wieland
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology Heidelberg Germany
| | - Susanne Lutz
- Medical Faculty MannheimUniversity of Heidelberg Heidelberg Germany
- Department of PharmacologyMedical Faculty Goettingen, University of Goettingen Goettingen Germany
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