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Li J, Jin C, Li Y, Liu H. Mid1 aggravates hepatic ischemia-reperfusion injury by inducing immune cell infiltration. FASEB J 2024; 38:e23823. [PMID: 39008003 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202400843r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2024] [Revised: 06/14/2024] [Accepted: 07/03/2024] [Indexed: 07/16/2024]
Abstract
Hepatic ischemia-reperfusion injury (HIRI) represents a major risk factor in liver transplantation and resection surgeries. Kupffer cells (KCs) produce proinflammatory cytokines and lead to hepatic neutrophil infiltration in the liver, which is one of the leading causes of HIRI. Mid1 is involved in immune infiltration, but the role of Mid1 remains poorly understood. Herin, our study aimed to investigate the effect of Mid1 on HIRI progression. Male C57BL/6 mice aged 6 weeks were used for the HIRI model established. The function of Mid1 on liver injury and hepatic inflammation was evaluated. In vitro, KCs were used to investigate the function and mechanism of Mid1 in modulating KC inflammation upon lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulation. We found that Mid1 expression was up-regulated upon HIRI. Mid1 inhibition alleviated liver damage, as evidenced by neutrophil infiltration, intrahepatic inflammation, and hepatocyte apoptosis. In vitro experiments further revealed that Mid1 knockdown reduced the secretion of proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines in KCs. Moreover, silenced-Mid1 suppressed proinflammatory responses by the inhibition of NF-κB, JNK, and p38 signaling pathways. Taken together, Mid1 contributes to HIRI via regulating the proinflammatory response of KCs and inducing neutrophil infiltration. Targeting Mid1 may be a promising strategy to protect against HIRI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Changlian Jin
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Yue Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Huanqiu Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
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2
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Guan F, Gao S, Sheng H, Ma Y, Chen W, Qi X, Zhang X, Gao X, Pang S, Zhang L, Zhang L. Trim46 knockout impaired neuronal architecture and caused hypoactive behavior in rats. Dev Dyn 2024; 253:659-676. [PMID: 38193537 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Revised: 10/16/2023] [Accepted: 12/10/2023] [Indexed: 01/10/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tripartite motif (TRIM46) is a relatively novel protein that belongs to tripartite motif family. TRIM46 organizes parallel microtubule arrays on the axons, which are important for neuronal polarity and axonal function. TRIM46 is highly expressed in the brain, but its biological function in adults has not yet been determined. RESULTS Trim46 knockout (KO) rat line was established using CRISPR/cas9. Trim46 KO rats had smaller hippocampus sizes, fewer neuronal dendritic arbors and dendritic spines, and shorter and more distant axon initial segment. Furthermore, the protein interaction between endogenous TRIM46 and FK506 binding protein 5 (FKBP5) in brain tissues was determined; Trim46 KO increased hippocampal FKBP5 protein levels and decreased hippocampal protein kinase B (Akt) phosphorylation, gamma-aminobutyric acid type A receptor subunit alpha1 (GABRA1) and glutamate ionotropic receptor NMDA type subunit 1 (NMDAR1) protein levels. Trim46 KO rats exhibited hypoactive behavioral changes such as reduced spontaneous activity, social interaction, sucrose preference, impaired prepulse inhibition (PPI), and short-term reference memory. CONCLUSIONS These results demonstrate the significant impact of Trim46 KO on brain structure and behavioral function. This study revealed a novel potential association of TRIM46 with dendritic development and neuropsychiatric behavior, providing new insights into the role of TRIM46 in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feifei Guan
- Beijing Engineering Research Center for Experimental Animal Models of Human Diseases, Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, Peking Union Medicine College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Shan Gao
- Key Laboratory of Human Disease Comparative Medicine, National Health Commission of China (NHC), Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, Peking Union Medicine College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Hanxuan Sheng
- Key Laboratory of Human Disease Comparative Medicine, National Health Commission of China (NHC), Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, Peking Union Medicine College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yuanwu Ma
- Beijing Engineering Research Center for Experimental Animal Models of Human Diseases, Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, Peking Union Medicine College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Chen
- Key Laboratory of Human Disease Comparative Medicine, National Health Commission of China (NHC), Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, Peking Union Medicine College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaolong Qi
- Beijing Engineering Research Center for Experimental Animal Models of Human Diseases, Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, Peking Union Medicine College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xu Zhang
- Beijing Engineering Research Center for Experimental Animal Models of Human Diseases, Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, Peking Union Medicine College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiang Gao
- Key Laboratory of Human Disease Comparative Medicine, National Health Commission of China (NHC), Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, Peking Union Medicine College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Shuo Pang
- Key Laboratory of Human Disease Comparative Medicine, National Health Commission of China (NHC), Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, Peking Union Medicine College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Lianfeng Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Human Disease Comparative Medicine, National Health Commission of China (NHC), Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, Peking Union Medicine College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Li Zhang
- Beijing Engineering Research Center for Experimental Animal Models of Human Diseases, Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, Peking Union Medicine College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
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Mascaro M, D'Ambrosio L, Lazzari E, Almoguera B, Swafiri ST, Zanchetta ME, Meroni G. A unique missense mutation in the RING domain impairs MID1 E3 ubiquitin ligase activity and localisation and is associated with uncommon Opitz Syndrome-like signs. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2024; 1870:167126. [PMID: 38508475 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2024.167126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2024] [Revised: 03/14/2024] [Accepted: 03/15/2024] [Indexed: 03/22/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Martina Mascaro
- Department of Life Science, University of Trieste, Trieste 34127, Italy
| | - Luigi D'Ambrosio
- Department of Life Science, University of Trieste, Trieste 34127, Italy
| | - Elisa Lazzari
- Institute for Maternal and Child Health - IRCCS Burlo Garofolo, Trieste 34137, Italy
| | - Berta Almoguera
- Department of Genetics and Genomics Fundación Jiménez Díaz University Hospital, Health Research Institute-Fundación Jiménez Díaz University Hospital, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (IIS-FJD, UAM), Madrid 28040, Spain; Center for Biomedical Network Research on Rare Diseases (CIBERER), Spain
| | - Saoud Tahsin Swafiri
- Department of Genetics and Genomics Fundación Jiménez Díaz University Hospital, Health Research Institute-Fundación Jiménez Díaz University Hospital, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (IIS-FJD, UAM), Madrid 28040, Spain; Center for Biomedical Network Research on Rare Diseases (CIBERER), Spain
| | - Melania Eva Zanchetta
- Institute for Maternal and Child Health - IRCCS Burlo Garofolo, Trieste 34137, Italy.
| | - Germana Meroni
- Department of Life Science, University of Trieste, Trieste 34127, Italy.
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Johnson H, Narayan S, Sharma AK. Altering phosphorylation in cancer through PP2A modifiers. Cancer Cell Int 2024; 24:11. [PMID: 38184584 PMCID: PMC10770906 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-023-03193-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2023] [Accepted: 12/25/2023] [Indexed: 01/08/2024] Open
Abstract
Protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A) is a serine/threonine phosphatase integral to the regulation of many cellular processes. Due to the deregulation of PP2A in cancer, many of these processes are turned toward promoting tumor progression. Considerable research has been undertaken to discover molecules capable of modulating PP2A activity in cancer. Because PP2A is capable of immense substrate specificity across many cellular processes, the therapeutic targeting of PP2A in cancer can be completed through either enzyme inhibitors or activators. PP2A modulators likewise tend to be effective in drug-resistant cancers and work synergistically with other known cancer therapeutics. In this review, we will discuss the patterns of PP2A deregulation in cancer, and its known downstream signaling pathways important for cancer regulation, along with many activators and inhibitors of PP2A known to inhibit cancer progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah Johnson
- Department of Pharmacology, Penn State Cancer Institute, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, 17033, USA
| | - Satya Narayan
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
| | - Arun K Sharma
- Department of Pharmacology, Penn State Cancer Institute, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, 17033, USA.
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Chen J, Zhou L, Yang Z, Zhao S, Li W, Zhang Y, Xia P. The Molecular and Function Characterization of Porcine MID2. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:2853. [PMID: 37760252 PMCID: PMC10526110 DOI: 10.3390/ani13182853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Revised: 09/03/2023] [Accepted: 09/06/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Midline2 (MID2/TRIM1) is a member of the tripartite motif-containing (TRIM) family, which is involved in a wide range of cellular processes. However, fundamental studies on porcine MID2 (pMID2) are still lacking. In this study, we identified and characterized the full length MID2 gene of pig (Sus scrofa). The sequence alignment analysis results showed that pMID2 had an N-terminal RING zinc-finger domain, BBC domain, and C-terminal COS box, FN3 motif, and PRY-SPRY domain that were conserved and similar to those of other vertebrates. Furthermore, pMID2 had the highest expression levels in porcine lung and spleen. Serial deletion and site-directed mutagenesis showed that the putative nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) binding site may be an essential transcription factor for regulating the transcription expression of pMID2. Furthermore, the immunofluorescence assay indicated that pMID2 presented in the cell membrane and cytoplasm. To further study the functions of pMID2, we identified and determined its potential ability to perceive poly (I:C) and IFN-α stimulation. Stimulation experiments showed pMID2 enhanced poly (I:C)-/IFN-α-induced JAK-STAT signaling pathway, indicating that pMID2 might participate in the immune responses. In conclusion, we systematically and comprehensively analyzed the characterizations and functions of pMID2, which provide valuable information to explore the pMID2 functions in innate immunity. Our findings not only enrich the current knowledge of MID2 in IFN signaling regulation but also offer the basis for future research of pig MID2 gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Chen
- College of Life Science, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengdong New District Longzi Lake 15#, Zhengzhou 450046, China; (J.C.); (L.Z.); (Z.Y.)
| | - Likun Zhou
- College of Life Science, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengdong New District Longzi Lake 15#, Zhengzhou 450046, China; (J.C.); (L.Z.); (Z.Y.)
| | - Zhuosong Yang
- College of Life Science, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengdong New District Longzi Lake 15#, Zhengzhou 450046, China; (J.C.); (L.Z.); (Z.Y.)
| | - Shijie Zhao
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Animal Pathogens and Biosafety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengdong New District Longzi Lake 15#, Zhengzhou 450046, China; (S.Z.); (W.L.)
| | - Wen Li
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Animal Pathogens and Biosafety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengdong New District Longzi Lake 15#, Zhengzhou 450046, China; (S.Z.); (W.L.)
| | - Yina Zhang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Animal Pathogens and Biosafety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengdong New District Longzi Lake 15#, Zhengzhou 450046, China; (S.Z.); (W.L.)
| | - Pingan Xia
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Animal Pathogens and Biosafety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengdong New District Longzi Lake 15#, Zhengzhou 450046, China; (S.Z.); (W.L.)
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Liang Y, Song C, Li J, Li T, Zhang C, Zou Y. Morphometric analysis of the size-adjusted linear dimensions of the skull landmarks revealed craniofacial dysmorphology in Mid1-cKO mice. BMC Genomics 2023; 24:68. [PMID: 36759768 PMCID: PMC9912615 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-023-09162-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2022] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The early craniofacial development is a highly coordinated process involving neural crest cell migration, proliferation, epithelial apoptosis, and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). Both genetic defects and environmental factors can affect these processes and result in orofacial clefts. Mutations in MID1 gene cause X-linked Opitz Syndrome (OS), which is a congenital malformation characterized by craniofacial defects including cleft lip/palate (CLP). Previous studies demonstrated impaired neurological structure and function in Mid1 knockout mice, while no CLP was observed. However, given the highly variable severities of the facial manifestations observed in OS patients within the same family carrying identical genetic defects, subtle craniofacial malformations in Mid1 knockout mice could be overlooked in these studies. Therefore, we propose that a detailed morphometric analysis should be necessary to reveal mild craniofacial dysmorphologies that reflect the similar developmental defects seen in OS patients. RESULTS In this research, morphometric study of the P0 male Mid1-cKO mice were performed using Procrustes superimposition as well as EMDA analysis of the size-adjusted three-dimensional coordinates of 105 skull landmarks, which were collected on the bone surface reconstructed using microcomputed tomographic images. Our results revealed the craniofacial deformation such as the increased dimension of the frontal and nasal bone in Mid1-cKO mice, in line with the most prominent facial features such as hypertelorism, prominent forehead, broad and/or high nasal bridge seen in OS patients. CONCLUSION While been extensively used in evolutionary biology and anthropology in the last decades, geometric morphometric analysis was much less used in developmental biology. Given the high interspecies variances in facial anatomy, the work presented in this research suggested the advantages of morphometric analysis in characterizing animal models of craniofacial developmental defects to reveal phenotypic variations and the underlining pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaohui Liang
- grid.258164.c0000 0004 1790 3548The Key Laboratory of Virology of Guangzhou, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chao Song
- grid.258164.c0000 0004 1790 3548The Key Laboratory of Virology of Guangzhou, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jieli Li
- grid.258164.c0000 0004 1790 3548The Key Laboratory of Virology of Guangzhou, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ting Li
- grid.258164.c0000 0004 1790 3548The Key Laboratory of Virology of Guangzhou, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chunlei Zhang
- grid.258164.c0000 0004 1790 3548First Affiliated Hospital, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632 China
| | - Yi Zou
- The Key Laboratory of Virology of Guangzhou, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China. .,Department of Biology, School of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China.
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de Sosa I, Verdes A, Tilikj N, Marchán DF, Planelló R, Herrero Ó, Almodóvar A, Cosín DD, Novo M. How to thrive in unstable environments: Gene expression profile of a riparian earthworm under abiotic stress. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 817:152749. [PMID: 34990683 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.152749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2021] [Revised: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 12/24/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Nowadays, extreme weather events caused by climate change are becoming more frequent. This leads to the occurrence of extreme habitats to which species must adapt. This challenge becomes crucial for species living in unstable environments, such as the riparian earthworm Eiseniella tetraedra. Its cosmopolitan distribution exposes it to various environmental changes, such as freezing in subarctic regions or droughts in Mediterranean areas. Transcriptional changes under cold and desiccation conditions could therefore shed light on the adaptive mechanisms of this species. An experiment was performed for each condition. In the cold experiment, the temperature was lowered to -14 °C ± 2 °C (compared to 8 °C for control samples), and in the desiccation treatment, humidity was lowered from 60% to 15%. Comparisons of gene expression levels between earthworms under freezing conditions and control earthworms revealed a total of 84 differentially expressed genes and comparisons between the desiccation experiment and the control yielded 163 differentially expressed genes. However, no common responses were found between the two treatments. The results suggest that E. tetraedra can acclimate to low temperatures due to the upregulation of genes involved in glucose accumulation. However, downregulation of the respiratory chain suggests that this earthworm does not tolerate freezing conditions. Under desiccation conditions, genes involved in cell protection from apoptosis and DNA repair were upregulated. In contrast, lipid metabolism was downregulated, presumably to conserve resources by reducing the rate at which they are consumed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene de Sosa
- Biodiversity, Ecology and Evolution Department, Faculty of Biology, Complutense University of Madrid, C/José Antonio Nováis 12, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Aída Verdes
- Department of Biodiversity and Evolutionary Biology, Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, C/Jose Gutiérrez Abascal 2, 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - Natasha Tilikj
- Biodiversity, Ecology and Evolution Department, Faculty of Biology, Complutense University of Madrid, C/José Antonio Nováis 12, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Daniel F Marchán
- CEFE, UMR 5175, CNRS-Univ Montpellier-Univ Paul-Valéry-EPHE-SupAgro Montpellier-INRA-IRD, Montpellier, France
| | - Rosario Planelló
- Biology and Environmental Toxicology Group, Faculty of Science, Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia (UNED), Campus UNED Las Rozas, Avda. Esparta s/n, 28232, Las Rozas de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Óscar Herrero
- Biology and Environmental Toxicology Group, Faculty of Science, Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia (UNED), Campus UNED Las Rozas, Avda. Esparta s/n, 28232, Las Rozas de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana Almodóvar
- Biodiversity, Ecology and Evolution Department, Faculty of Biology, Complutense University of Madrid, C/José Antonio Nováis 12, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Darío Díaz Cosín
- Biodiversity, Ecology and Evolution Department, Faculty of Biology, Complutense University of Madrid, C/José Antonio Nováis 12, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Marta Novo
- Biodiversity, Ecology and Evolution Department, Faculty of Biology, Complutense University of Madrid, C/José Antonio Nováis 12, 28040 Madrid, Spain
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8
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Stormo AE, Shavarebi F, FitzGibbon M, Earley EM, Ahrendt H, Lum LS, Verschueren E, Swaney DL, Skibinski G, Ravisankar A, van Haren J, Davis EJ, Johnson JR, Von Dollen J, Balen C, Porath J, Crosio C, Mirescu C, Iaccarino C, Dauer WT, Nichols RJ, Wittmann T, Cox TC, Finkbeiner S, Krogan NJ, Oakes SA, Hiniker A. The E3 ligase TRIM1 ubiquitinates LRRK2 and controls its localization, degradation, and toxicity. J Cell Biol 2022; 221:e202010065. [PMID: 35266954 PMCID: PMC8919618 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.202010065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2020] [Revised: 10/26/2021] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Missense mutations in leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) are the most common cause of familial Parkinson's disease (PD); however, pathways regulating LRRK2 subcellular localization, function, and turnover are not fully defined. We performed quantitative mass spectrometry-based interactome studies to identify 48 novel LRRK2 interactors, including the microtubule-associated E3 ubiquitin ligase TRIM1 (tripartite motif family 1). TRIM1 recruits LRRK2 to the microtubule cytoskeleton for ubiquitination and proteasomal degradation by binding LRRK2911-919, a nine amino acid segment within a flexible interdomain region (LRRK2853-981), which we designate the "regulatory loop" (RL). Phosphorylation of LRRK2 Ser910/Ser935 within LRRK2 RL influences LRRK2's association with cytoplasmic 14-3-3 versus microtubule-bound TRIM1. Association with TRIM1 modulates LRRK2's interaction with Rab29 and prevents upregulation of LRRK2 kinase activity by Rab29 in an E3-ligase-dependent manner. Finally, TRIM1 rescues neurite outgrowth deficits caused by PD-driving mutant LRRK2 G2019S. Our data suggest that TRIM1 is a critical regulator of LRRK2, controlling its degradation, localization, binding partners, kinase activity, and cytotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrienne E.D. Stormo
- Departments of Pathology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Farbod Shavarebi
- Department of Pathology, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA
| | - Molly FitzGibbon
- Department of Pathology, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA
| | - Elizabeth M. Earley
- Departments of Pathology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Hannah Ahrendt
- Department of Pathology, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA
| | - Lotus S. Lum
- Departments of Pathology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Erik Verschueren
- Departments of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
- Quantitative Biosciences Institute, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Danielle L. Swaney
- Departments of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
- Quantitative Biosciences Institute, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Gaia Skibinski
- Taube/Koret Center for Neurodegenerative Disease Research, J. David Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA
- Center for Systems and Therapeutics, J. David Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA
| | - Abinaya Ravisankar
- Taube/Koret Center for Neurodegenerative Disease Research, J. David Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA
- Center for Systems and Therapeutics, J. David Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA
| | - Jeffrey van Haren
- Departments of Cell and Tissue Biology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
- Department of Cell Biology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Emily J. Davis
- Departments of Pathology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Jeffrey R. Johnson
- Departments of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
- Quantitative Biosciences Institute, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - John Von Dollen
- Departments of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
- Quantitative Biosciences Institute, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Carson Balen
- Department of Pathology, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA
| | - Jacob Porath
- Department of Pathology, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA
| | - Claudia Crosio
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | | | - Ciro Iaccarino
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - William T. Dauer
- Departments of Neurology and Neurotherapeutics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX
- Neuroscience, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX
- Peter O’Donnell Jr. Brain Institute, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX
| | | | - Torsten Wittmann
- Departments of Cell and Tissue Biology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Timothy C. Cox
- Department of Oral and Craniofacial Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Missouri Kansas City, Kansas City, MO
- School of Dentistry and Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of Missouri Kansas City, Kansas City, MO
| | - Steve Finkbeiner
- Departments of Neurology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
- Departments of Physiology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
- Taube/Koret Center for Neurodegenerative Disease Research, J. David Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA
- Center for Systems and Therapeutics, J. David Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA
| | - Nevan J. Krogan
- Departments of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
- Quantitative Biosciences Institute, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
- Center for Systems and Therapeutics, J. David Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA
| | - Scott A. Oakes
- Departments of Pathology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
- Department of Pathology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL
| | - Annie Hiniker
- Department of Pathology, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA
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Migliore C, Vendramin A, McKee S, Prontera P, Faravelli F, Sachdev R, Dias P, Mascaro M, Licastro D, Meroni G. SPECC1L Mutations Are Not Common in Sporadic Cases of Opitz G/BBB Syndrome. Genes (Basel) 2022; 13:genes13020252. [PMID: 35205294 PMCID: PMC8871657 DOI: 10.3390/genes13020252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Revised: 01/26/2022] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Opitz G/BBB syndrome (OS) is a rare genetic developmental condition characterized by congenital defects along the midline of the body. The main clinical signs are represented by hypertelorism, laryngo–tracheo–esophageal defects and hypospadias. The X-linked form of the disease is associated with mutations in the MID1 gene located in Xp22 whereas mutations in the SPECC1L gene in 22q11 have been linked to few cases of the autosomal dominant form of this disorder, as well as to other genetic syndromes. In this study, we have undertaken a mutation screening of the SPECC1L gene in samples of sporadic OS cases in which mutations in the MID1 gene were excluded. The heterozygous missense variants identified are already reported in variant databases raising the issue of their pathogenetic meaning. Recently, it was reported that some clinical manifestations peculiar to OS signs are not observed in patients carrying mutations in the SPECC1L gene, leading to the proposal of the designation of ‘SPECC1L syndrome’ to refer to this disorder. Our study confirms that patients with diagnosis of OS, mainly characterized by the presence of hypospadias and laryngo–tracheo–esophageal defects, do not carry pathogenic SPECC1L mutations. In addition, SPECC1L syndrome-associated mutations are clustered in two specific domains of the protein, whereas the missense variants detected in our work lies elsewhere and the impact of these variants in the function of this protein is difficult to ascertain with the current knowledge and will require further investigations. Nonetheless, our study provides further insight into the SPECC1L syndrome classification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Migliore
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, 34127 Trieste, Italy; (C.M.); (M.M.)
| | - Anna Vendramin
- Genomic and Bioinformatic Lab., Cluster in Biomedicine, S.c.r.l., 34149 Trieste, Italy;
| | - Shane McKee
- Northern Ireland Regional Genetics Service, Belfast City Hospital, Belfast BT9 7AB, UK;
| | - Paolo Prontera
- Medical Genetics Unit, University and Hospital of Perugia, 06129 Perugia, Italy;
| | - Francesca Faravelli
- The North East Thames Regional Genetics Service, Great Ormond Street Hospital, London WC1N 3JH, UK;
| | - Rani Sachdev
- St George and Sydney Children’s Hospital, Randwick, Sydney, NSW 2031, Australia;
| | - Patricia Dias
- Serviço de Genética Médica, Hospital de Santa Maria, Centro Universitário Hospitalar Lisboa Norte, 1649-028 Lisbon, Portugal;
| | - Martina Mascaro
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, 34127 Trieste, Italy; (C.M.); (M.M.)
| | | | - Germana Meroni
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, 34127 Trieste, Italy; (C.M.); (M.M.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-040-5588679
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10
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D'Amico F, Mukhopadhyay R, Ovaa H, Mulder MPC. Targeting TRIM Proteins: A Quest towards Drugging an Emerging Protein Class. Chembiochem 2021; 22:2011-2031. [PMID: 33482040 PMCID: PMC8251876 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202000787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2020] [Revised: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The ubiquitylation machinery regulates several fundamental biological processes from protein homeostasis to a wide variety of cellular signaling pathways. As a consequence, its dysregulation is linked to diseases including cancer, neurodegeneration, and autoimmunity. With this review, we aim to highlight the therapeutic potential of targeting E3 ligases, with a special focus on an emerging class of RING ligases, named tri-partite motif (TRIM) proteins, whose role as targets for drug development is currently gaining pharmaceutical attention. TRIM proteins exert their catalytic activity as scaffolds involved in many protein-protein interactions, whose multidomains and adapter-like nature make their druggability very challenging. Herein, we give an overview of the current understanding of this class of single polypeptide RING E3 ligases and discuss potential targeting options.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca D'Amico
- Oncode Institute and Department of Cell and Chemical BiologyLeiden University Medical Center (LUMC)Einthovenweg 202333ZCLeidenThe Netherlands
| | - Rishov Mukhopadhyay
- Oncode Institute and Department of Cell and Chemical BiologyLeiden University Medical Center (LUMC)Einthovenweg 202333ZCLeidenThe Netherlands
| | - Huib Ovaa
- Oncode Institute and Department of Cell and Chemical BiologyLeiden University Medical Center (LUMC)Einthovenweg 202333ZCLeidenThe Netherlands
| | - Monique P. C. Mulder
- Oncode Institute and Department of Cell and Chemical BiologyLeiden University Medical Center (LUMC)Einthovenweg 202333ZCLeidenThe Netherlands
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11
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Du W, Bhojwani A, Hu JK. FACEts of mechanical regulation in the morphogenesis of craniofacial structures. Int J Oral Sci 2021; 13:4. [PMID: 33547271 PMCID: PMC7865003 DOI: 10.1038/s41368-020-00110-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2020] [Revised: 12/03/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
During embryonic development, organs undergo distinct and programmed morphological changes as they develop into their functional forms. While genetics and biochemical signals are well recognized regulators of morphogenesis, mechanical forces and the physical properties of tissues are now emerging as integral parts of this process as well. These physical factors drive coordinated cell movements and reorganizations, shape and size changes, proliferation and differentiation, as well as gene expression changes, and ultimately sculpt any developing structure by guiding correct cellular architectures and compositions. In this review we focus on several craniofacial structures, including the tooth, the mandible, the palate, and the cranium. We discuss the spatiotemporal regulation of different mechanical cues at both the cellular and tissue scales during craniofacial development and examine how tissue mechanics control various aspects of cell biology and signaling to shape a developing craniofacial organ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Du
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Department of Cariology and Endodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- School of Dentistry, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Arshia Bhojwani
- School of Dentistry, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Jimmy K Hu
- School of Dentistry, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
- Molecular Biology Institute, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
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12
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Muñoz Sosa CJ, Issoglio FM, Carrizo ME. Crystal structure and mutational analysis of the human TRIM7 B30.2 domain provide insights into the molecular basis of its binding to glycogenin-1. J Biol Chem 2021; 296:100772. [PMID: 33989636 PMCID: PMC8203840 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2021.100772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Revised: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 05/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Tripartite motif (TRIM)7 is an E3 ubiquitin ligase that was first identified through its interaction with glycogenin-1 (GN1), the autoglucosyltransferase that initiates glycogen biosynthesis. A growing body of evidence indicates that TRIM7 plays an important role in cancer development, viral pathogenesis, and atherosclerosis and, thus, represents a potential therapeutic target. TRIM family proteins share a multidomain architecture with a conserved N-terminal TRIM and a variable C-terminal domain. Human TRIM7 contains the canonical TRIM motif and a B30.2 domain at the C terminus. To contribute to the understanding of the mechanism of action of TRIM7, we solved the X-ray crystal structure of its B30.2 domain (TRIM7B30.2) in two crystal forms at resolutions of 1.6 Å and 1.8 Å. TRIM7B30.2 exhibits the typical B30.2 domain fold, consisting of two antiparallel β-sheets of seven and six strands, arranged as a distorted β-sandwich. Furthermore, two long loops partially cover the concave face of the β-sandwich defined by the β-sheet of six strands, thus forming a positively charged cavity. We used sequence conservation and mutational analyses to provide evidence of a putative binding interface for GN1. These studies showed that Leu423, Ser499, and Cys501 of TRIM7B30.2 and the C-terminal 33 amino acids of GN1 are critical for this binding interaction. Molecular dynamics simulations also revealed that hydrogen bond and hydrophobic interactions play a major role in the stability of a modeled TRIM7B30.2-GN1 C-terminal peptide complex. These data provide useful information that could be used to target this interaction for the development of potential therapeutic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian J Muñoz Sosa
- Centro de Investigaciones en Química Biológica de Córdoba (CIQUIBIC) - CONICET and Departamento de Química Biológica Ranwel Caputto, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Federico M Issoglio
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa (ITQB NOVA), Oeiras, Portugal; Instituto de Química Biológica de la Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales (IQUIBICEN) - CONICET and Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - María E Carrizo
- Centro de Investigaciones en Química Biológica de Córdoba (CIQUIBIC) - CONICET and Departamento de Química Biológica Ranwel Caputto, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina.
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13
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Vriend J, Rastegar M. Ubiquitin ligases and medulloblastoma: genetic markers of the four consensus subgroups identified through transcriptome datasets. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2020; 1866:165839. [PMID: 32445667 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2020.165839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2019] [Revised: 04/23/2020] [Accepted: 05/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The ubiquitin proteasome system regulates key cellular processes in normal and in cancer cells. Herein, we review published data on the role of ubiquitin ligases in the four major subgroups of medulloblastoma (MB). While conventional literature serves as an initial source of information on cellular pathways in MB, large publicly available datasets of gene expression can be used to add information not previously identified in the literature. By analysing the publicly available Cavalli dataset, we show that increased expression of ZNRF3 characterizes the WNT subgroup of MB. The ZNRF3 gene codes for an E3 ligase associated with WNT receptors. Loss of a copy of chromosome 6 in a subtype of the WNT group was associated with decreased expression of the gene encoding the E3 ligase RNF146. While the E3 ligase SMURF regulates SHH receptors, increased expression of the gene encoding the Cullin Ring E3 adaptor PPP2R2C was statistically a better genetic marker of the SHH group. Genes whose expression was statistically strongly related to Group 3 included the E3 ligase gene TRIM58, and the gene for the E3 ligase adaptor, PPP2R2B. Group 4 MB was associated with expression of genes encoding several E3 ligases and E3 ligase adaptors involved in ribosome biogenesis. Increased expression of the genes encoding the E3 ligase adaptors and transcription repressors ZBTB18 and ZBTB38 were also noted in subgroup 4. These data suggest that several E3 ligases and their adaptors should be investigated as therapeutic targets for subgroup specific MB brain tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerry Vriend
- Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science, Max Rady College of Medicine, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada.
| | - Mojgan Rastegar
- Department of Biochemistry and Medical Genetics and Regenerative Medicine Program, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3E 0J9, Canada
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14
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Baldini R, Mascaro M, Meroni G. The MID1 gene product in physiology and disease. Gene 2020; 747:144655. [PMID: 32283114 PMCID: PMC8011326 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2020.144655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2019] [Revised: 02/22/2020] [Accepted: 04/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
MID1 is an E3 ubiquitin ligase of the Tripartite Motif (TRIM) subfamily of RING-containing proteins, hence also known as TRIM18. MID1 is a microtubule-binding protein found in complex with the catalytic subunit of PP2A (PP2Ac) and its regulatory subunit alpha 4 (α4). To date, several substrates and interactors of MID1 have been described, providing evidence for the involvement of MID1 in a plethora of essential biological processes, especially during embryonic development. Mutations in the MID1 gene are responsible of the X-linked form of Opitz syndrome (XLOS), a multiple congenital disease characterised by defects in the development of midline structures during embryogenesis. Here, we review MID1-related physiological mechanisms as well as the pathological implication of the MID1 gene in XLOS and in other clinical conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rossella Baldini
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Martina Mascaro
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Germana Meroni
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy.
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15
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TRIM E3 Ubiquitin Ligases in Rare Genetic Disorders. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2020; 1233:311-325. [PMID: 32274764 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-38266-7_14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The TRIM family comprises proteins characterized by the presence of the tripartite motif composed of a RING domain, one or two B-box domains and a coiled-coil region. The TRIM shared domain structure underscores a common biochemical function as E3 ligase within the ubiquitination cascade. The TRIM proteins represent one of the largest E3 ligase families counting in human more than 70 members. These proteins are implicated in a plethora of cellular processes such as apoptosis, cell cycle regulation, muscular physiology, and innate immune response. Consistently, their alteration results in several pathological conditions emphasizing their medical relevance. Here, the genetic and pathogenetic mechanisms of rare disorders directly caused by mutations in TRIM genes will be reviewed. These diseases fall into different pathological areas, from malformation birth defects due to developmental abnormalities, to neurological disorders and progressive teenage neuromuscular disorders. In many instances, TRIM E3 ligases act on several substrates thus exerting pleiotropic activities: the need of unraveling disease-specific TRIM pathways for a precise targeting therapy avoiding dramatic side effects will be discussed.
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16
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Posey KL, Coustry F, Veerisetty AC, Hossain MG, Gambello MJ, Hecht JT. Novel mTORC1 Mechanism Suggests Therapeutic Targets for COMPopathies. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2019; 189:132-146. [PMID: 30553437 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2018.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2018] [Revised: 08/20/2018] [Accepted: 09/17/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Cartilage oligomeric matrix protein (COMP) is a large, multifunctional extracellular protein that, when mutated, is retained in the rough endoplasmic reticulum (ER). This retention elicits ER stress, inflammation, and oxidative stress, resulting in dysfunction and death of growth plate chondrocytes. While identifying the cellular pathologic mechanisms underlying the murine mutant (MT)-COMP model of pseudoachondroplasia, increased midline-1 (MID1) expression and mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) signaling was found. This novel role for MID1/mTORC1 signaling was investigated since treatments shown to repress the pathology also reduced Mid1/mTORC1. Although ER stress-inducing drugs or tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα) in rat chondrosarcoma cells increased Mid1, oxidative stress did not, establishing that ER stress- or TNFα-driven inflammation alone is sufficient to elevate MID1 expression. Since MID1 ubiquitinates protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A), a negative regulator of mTORC1, PP2A was evaluated in MT-COMP growth plate chondrocytes. PP2A was decreased, indicating de-repression of mTORC1 signaling. Rapamycin treatment in MT-COMP mice reduced mTORC1 signaling and intracellular retention of COMP, and increased proliferation, but did not change inflammatory markers IL-16 and eosinophil peroxidase. Lastly, mRNA from tuberous sclerosis-1/2-null mice brain tissue exhibiting ER stress had increased Mid1 expression, confirming the relationship between ER stress and MID1/mTORC1 signaling. These findings suggest a mechanistic link between ER stress and MID1/mTORC1 signaling that has implications extending to other conditions involving ER stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen L Posey
- Department of Pediatrics, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, Texas.
| | - Francoise Coustry
- Department of Pediatrics, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Alka C Veerisetty
- Department of Pediatrics, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Mohammad G Hossain
- Department of Pediatrics, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Michael J Gambello
- Human Genetics and Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Jacqueline T Hecht
- Department of Pediatrics, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, Texas; School of Dentistry, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, Texas
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17
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Sarno L, Maruotti GM, Izzo A, Mazzaccara C, Carbone L, Esposito G, Di Cresce M, Saccone G, Sirico A, Genesio R, Mollo N, Martinelli P, Conti A, Zullo F, Frisso G. First trimester ultrasound features of X-linked Opitz syndrome and early molecular diagnosis: case report and review of the literature. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med 2019; 34:3089-3093. [PMID: 31630581 DOI: 10.1080/14767058.2019.1677594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
X-linked Opitz G/BBB syndrome (XLOS) is a multiple congenital disorder inherited in an X-linked manner. XLOS may be suspected, in prenatal age, on the basis of sonographic findings in the second and/or third trimester of gestation. Pathogenetic variants in MID1 gene have been reported in individuals with XLOS. Prenatal genetic testing is offered for pregnancies at risk, in which the mutation in the family has been identified. To date no cases of prenatal diagnosis, based on first-trimester ultrasound data, have been reported. We present a case of a fetus at 12 gestational weeks with ultrasound multiple anomalies, including increased nuchal translucency, heart defects, cleft lip and palate, enlarged fourth ventricle absence of ductus venosus and family hystory of XLOS. The genetic prenatal test detected the c(0).1286-1G > T mutation of MID1 gene. Data about prenatal ultrasonographic findings consistent with XLOS are limited to second and third trimester. This is the first case reporting ultrasound detectable midline defects suggestive of XLOS as early as the first trimester of gestation. This case also suggests that when multiple anomalies are detected in a fetus with normal chromosomal structure, the possibility of a monogenic disorder must be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Sarno
- Department of Neurosciences, Reproductive Sciences and Dentistry, University Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Maria Maruotti
- Department of Neurosciences, Reproductive Sciences and Dentistry, University Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Antonella Izzo
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnologies, University Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Cristina Mazzaccara
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnologies, University Federico II, Naples, Italy.,CEINGE, Advanced Biotechnologies, Naples, Italy
| | - Luigi Carbone
- Department of Neurosciences, Reproductive Sciences and Dentistry, University Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Giuseppina Esposito
- Department of Neurosciences, Reproductive Sciences and Dentistry, University Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Marco Di Cresce
- Department of Neurosciences, Reproductive Sciences and Dentistry, University Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Gabriele Saccone
- Department of Neurosciences, Reproductive Sciences and Dentistry, University Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Angelo Sirico
- Department of Neurosciences, Reproductive Sciences and Dentistry, University Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Rita Genesio
- Department of Neurosciences, Reproductive Sciences and Dentistry, University Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Nunzia Mollo
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnologies, University Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Pasquale Martinelli
- Department of Neurosciences, Reproductive Sciences and Dentistry, University Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Anna Conti
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnologies, University Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Fulvio Zullo
- Department of Neurosciences, Reproductive Sciences and Dentistry, University Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Giulia Frisso
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnologies, University Federico II, Naples, Italy.,CEINGE, Advanced Biotechnologies, Naples, Italy
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18
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Zanchetta ME, Meroni G. Emerging Roles of the TRIM E3 Ubiquitin Ligases MID1 and MID2 in Cytokinesis. Front Physiol 2019; 10:274. [PMID: 30941058 PMCID: PMC6433704 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2019.00274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2019] [Accepted: 02/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Ubiquitination is a post-translational modification that consists of ubiquitin attachment to target proteins through sequential steps catalysed by activating (E1), conjugating (E2), and ligase (E3) enzymes. Protein ubiquitination is crucial for the regulation of many cellular processes not only by promoting proteasomal degradation of substrates but also re-localisation of cellular factors and modulation of protein activity. Great importance in orchestrating ubiquitination relies on E3 ligases as these proteins recognise the substrate that needs to be modified at the right time and place. Here we focus on two members of the TRIpartite Motif (TRIM) family of RING E3 ligases, MID1, and MID2. We discuss the recent findings on these developmental disease-related proteins analysing the link between their activity on essential factors and the regulation of cytokinesis highlighting the possible consequence of alteration of this process in pathological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Germana Meroni
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
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19
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Analysis of the Zn-Binding Domains of TRIM32, the E3 Ubiquitin Ligase Mutated in Limb Girdle Muscular Dystrophy 2H. Cells 2019; 8:cells8030254. [PMID: 30884854 PMCID: PMC6468550 DOI: 10.3390/cells8030254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2019] [Revised: 03/02/2019] [Accepted: 03/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Members of the tripartite motif family of E3 ubiquitin ligases are characterized by the presence of a conserved N-terminal module composed of a RING domain followed by one or two B-box domains, a coiled-coil and a variable C-terminal region. The RING and B-box are both Zn-binding domains but, while the RING is found in a large number of proteins, the B-box is exclusive to the tripartite motif (TRIM) family members in metazoans. Whereas the RING has been extensively characterized and shown to possess intrinsic E3 ligase catalytic activity, much less is known about the role of the B-box domains. In this study, we adopted an in vitro approach using recombinant point- and deletion-mutants to characterize the contribution of the TRIM32 Zn-binding domains to the activity of this E3 ligase that is altered in a genetic form of muscular dystrophy. We found that the RING domain is crucial for E3 ligase activity and E2 specificity, whereas a complete B-box domain is involved in chain assembly rate modulation. Further, in vitro, the RING domain is necessary to modulate TRIM32 oligomerization, whereas, in cells, both the RING and B-box cooperate to specify TRIM32 subcellular localization, which if altered may impact the pathogenesis of diseases.
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20
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Bu H, Liu L, Hu S, Tan Z, Zhao T. Targeted next‑generation sequencing for research and diagnostics in congenital heart disease, and cleft lip and/or palate. Mol Med Rep 2019; 19:3831-3840. [PMID: 30896870 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2019.10043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2018] [Accepted: 03/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Congenital heart disease (CHD), and cleft lip and palate (CLP) are currently the most common types of structural malformation in infants. Various methods have been used to identify the disease‑associated genes. However, targeted next‑generation sequencing (NGS) is not yet considered an option for routine use. Thus, the present study aimed to assess the safety and feasibility of using targeted NGS in patients with CHD concomitant with CLP. Between November 2015 and May 2017, a total of 17 patients with CHD concomitant with CLP, who were excluded from a diagnosis of trisomy syndrome, were selected at The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University (Changsha, China). Genomic DNA was extracted from peripheral blood samples of the patients. The copy number variants (CNVs) were determined by conducting a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) array with Illumina HumanOmni1‑Quad Beadchip, while information on other gene mutations was obtained from targeted sequencing. The functions of gene mutations were then predicted using the PolyPhen‑2, SIFT and Mutation Taster tools. Finally, Sanger sequencing was used to verify the mutations. The results identified no pathogenic mutations in CNVs analyzed by high‑throughput SNP sequencing. Targeted NGS results demonstrated that 10 patients (58.8%) carried gene mutations, including 4 (23.5%) genetically diagnosed cases and 6 (35.3%) cases with unknown etiology. The 4 known diseases were Opitz G/BBB syndrome caused by MID1 gene mutation, Loeys‑Dietz syndrome caused by TGFBR1 gene mutation, Ritscher‑Schinzel/3C syndrome caused by KIAA0196 gene mutation and CHARGE syndrome caused by CHD7 gene mutation. The remaining 6 cases were not genetically diagnosed, although they carried candidate genes. In conclusion, the present study demonstrated that targeted NGS was an effective and accurate candidate gene detection method in patients with CHD concomitant with CLP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haisong Bu
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, P.R. China
| | - Lin Liu
- Department of Stomatology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, P.R. China
| | - Shijun Hu
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, P.R. China
| | - Zhiping Tan
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, P.R. China
| | - Tianli Zhao
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, P.R. China
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21
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Fowle H, Zhao Z, Graña X. PP2A holoenzymes, substrate specificity driving cellular functions and deregulation in cancer. Adv Cancer Res 2019; 144:55-93. [PMID: 31349904 PMCID: PMC9994639 DOI: 10.1016/bs.acr.2019.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
PP2A is a highly conserved eukaryotic serine/threonine protein phosphatase of the PPP family of phosphatases with fundamental cellular functions. In cells, PP2A targets specific subcellular locations and substrates by forming heterotrimeric holoenzymes, where a core dimer consisting of scaffold (A) and catalytic (C) subunits complexes with one of many B regulatory subunits. PP2A plays a key role in positively and negatively regulating a myriad of cellular processes, as it targets a very sizable fraction of the cellular substrates phosphorylated on Ser/Thr residues. This review focuses on insights made toward the understanding on how the subunit composition and structure of PP2A holoenzymes mediates substrate specificity, the role of substrate modulation in the signaling of cellular division, growth, and differentiation, and its deregulation in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Holly Fowle
- Fels Institute for Cancer Research and Molecular Biology and Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Ziran Zhao
- Fels Institute for Cancer Research and Molecular Biology and Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Xavier Graña
- Fels Institute for Cancer Research and Molecular Biology and Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States.
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22
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Kim J, Kim JW, Kim DG, Nam BH, Kim YO, Park JY, Kong HJ. Molecular characterization of Rhodeus uyekii tripartite motif protein 1 (TRIM1) involved in IFN-γ/LPS-induced NF-κB signaling. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 79:42-51. [PMID: 29747011 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2018.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2018] [Revised: 04/30/2018] [Accepted: 05/06/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The tripartite motif-containing (TRIM) proteins are involved in a wide range of cellular processes, and the role of TRIM1 in immunity has been explored. However, fundamental studies on fish TRIM1 are lacking. In this study, we cloned and characterized TRIM1 cDNA from the Korean rose bitterling, Rhodeus uyekii (RuTRIM1). Two RuTRIM1 isoforms (RuTRIM1-X1 and RuTRIM1-X2) were identified. The coding sequence (CDS) of RuTRIM1-X1 comprised 2157 bp encoding a 718-aa protein, and the CDS of RuTRIM1-X2 comprised 1929 bp encoding a 642-aa protein. Both RuTRIM1 isoforms contained a RING finger domain, B-box 1, B-box 2, coiled-coil domain, COS box, FN3 motif, and PRY/SPRY domain. The deduced RuTRIM1-X1 and RuTRIM1-X2 proteins had high amino acid identity (76.27-98.89%) with orthologs from various other species, and a phylogenetic tree was constructed. RuTRIM1-X1 and RuTRIM1-X2 mRNA were expressed in all tissues examined, with the highest expression levels detected in the hepatopancreas. During early development, RuTRIM1-X1 and RuTRIM1-X2 mRNA levels changed differently from the gastrula period to the first feeding stage. An in vivo ubiquitination assay showed that RuTRIM1 exhibited RING-dependent E3 ubiquitin ligase activity, mainly by comparing RuTRIM1-X2 to RuTRIM1-X1. The subcellular localization of the two RuTRIM1 protein isoforms was characterized, revealing that they formed aggregates in cytoplasmic bodies in Raw264.7 cells. Interferon-γ/lipopolysaccharide-induced nuclear factor-κB signaling was negatively regulated by RuTRIM1-X1 and RuTRIM1-X2, and the negative effect was reversed in RING deletion mutants. To our knowledge, this is the first study to characterize fish TRIM1, which may play a role in the inflammatory response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julan Kim
- Biotechnology Research Division, National Institute of Fisheries Science, Busan, 46083, Republic of Korea
| | - Ju-Won Kim
- Biotechnology Research Division, National Institute of Fisheries Science, Busan, 46083, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Gyun Kim
- Biotechnology Research Division, National Institute of Fisheries Science, Busan, 46083, Republic of Korea
| | - Bo-Hye Nam
- Biotechnology Research Division, National Institute of Fisheries Science, Busan, 46083, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Ok Kim
- Biotechnology Research Division, National Institute of Fisheries Science, Busan, 46083, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung Youn Park
- Biotechnology Research Division, National Institute of Fisheries Science, Busan, 46083, Republic of Korea
| | - Hee Jeong Kong
- Biotechnology Research Division, National Institute of Fisheries Science, Busan, 46083, Republic of Korea.
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23
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Bartzela TN, Carels C, Maltha JC. Update on 13 Syndromes Affecting Craniofacial and Dental Structures. Front Physiol 2017; 8:1038. [PMID: 29311971 PMCID: PMC5735950 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2017.01038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2017] [Accepted: 11/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Care of individuals with syndromes affecting craniofacial and dental structures are mostly treated by an interdisciplinary team from early childhood on. In addition to medical and dental specialists that have a vivid interest in these syndromes and for whom these syndromes are of evident interest, experts of scientific background-like molecular and developmental geneticists, but also computational biologists and bioinformaticians-, become more frequently involved in the refined diagnostic and etiological processes of these patients. Early diagnosis is often crucial for the effective treatment of functional and developmental aspects. However, not all syndromes can be clinically identified early, especially in cases of absence of known family history. Moreover, the treatment of these patients is often complicated because of insufficient medical knowledge, and because of the dental and craniofacial developmental variations. The role of the team is crucial for the prevention, proper function, and craniofacial development which is often combined with orthognathic surgery. Although the existing literature does not provide considerable insight into this topic, this descriptive review aims to provide tools for the interdisciplinary team by giving an update on the genetics and general features, and the oral and craniofacial manifestations for early diagnosis. Clinical phenotyping together with genetic data and pathway information will ultimately pave the way for preventive strategies and therapeutic options in the future. This will improve the prognosis for better functional and aesthetic outcome for these patients and lead to a better quality of life, not only for the patients themselves but also for their families. The aim of this review is to promote interdisciplinary interaction and mutual understanding among all specialists involved in the diagnosis and therapeutic guidance of patients with these syndromal conditions in order to provide optimal personalized care in an integrated approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theodosia N Bartzela
- Department of Orthodontics, Dentofacial Orthopedics and Pedodontics, Charité-Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany.,Department of Orthodontics, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Carine Carels
- Department of Oral Health Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jaap C Maltha
- Department of Orthodontics and Craniofacial Biology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
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24
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Lenihan JA, Saha O, Young PW. Proteomic analysis reveals novel ligands and substrates for LNX1 E3 ubiquitin ligase. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0187352. [PMID: 29121065 PMCID: PMC5679597 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0187352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2017] [Accepted: 10/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Ligand of Numb protein X1 (LNX1) is an E3 ubiquitin ligase that contains a catalytic RING (Really Interesting New Gene) domain and four PDZ (PSD-95, DlgA, ZO-1) domains. LNX1 can ubiquitinate Numb, as well as a number of other ligands. However, the physiological relevance of these interactions in vivo remain unclear. To gain functional insights into the LNX family, we have characterised the LNX1 interactome using affinity purification and mass spectrometry. This approach identified a large number of novel LNX1-interacting proteins, as well as confirming known interactions with NUMB and ERC2. Many of the novel interactions mapped to the LNX PDZ domains, particularly PDZ2, and many showed specificity for LNX1 over the closely related LNX2. We show that PPFIA1 (liprin-α1), KLHL11, KIF7 and ERC2 are substrates for ubiquitination by LNX1. LNX1 ubiquitination of liprin-α1 is dependent on a PDZ binding motif containing a carboxyl terminal cysteine that binds LNX1 PDZ2. Surprisingly, the neuronally-expressed LNX1p70 isoform, that lacks the RING domain, was found to promote ubiquitination of PPFIA1 and KLHL11, albeit to a lesser extent than the longer RING-containing LNX1p80 isoform. Of several E3-ligases identified in the LNX1 interactome we confirm interactions of LNX1 with MID2/TRIM1 and TRIM27. On this basis we propose a model whereby LNX1p70, despite lacking a catalytic RING domain, may function as a scaffold to promote ubiquitination of its ligands through recruitment of other E3-ligases. These findings provide functional insights into the LNX protein family, particularly the neuronal LNX1p70 isoform.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joan A. Lenihan
- School of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Orthis Saha
- School of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Paul W. Young
- School of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
- * E-mail:
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25
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Zanchetta ME, Napolitano LMR, Maddalo D, Meroni G. The E3 ubiquitin ligase MID1/TRIM18 promotes atypical ubiquitination of the BRCA2-associated factor 35, BRAF35. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA. MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2017; 1864:1844-1854. [PMID: 28760657 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2017.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2017] [Revised: 07/20/2017] [Accepted: 07/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
MID1/TRIM18 is a member of the TRIM family of ubiquitin E3 ligases characterized by the presence of a conserved RING-containing N-terminal tripartite motif. Mutations in the MID1 gene have been associated with the X-linked form of Opitz Syndrome, a developmental disorder characterized by midline defects and intellectual disability. The effect of MID1 E3 ligase activity within the cell and the role in the pathogenesis of the disease is still not completely unraveled. Here, we report BRAF35, a non-canonical HMG nuclear factor, as a novel MID1 substrate. MID1 is implicated in BRAF35 ubiquitination promoting atypical poly-ubiquitination via K6-, K27- and K29-linkages. We observed a partial co-localization of the two proteins within cytoplasmic bodies. We found that MID1 depletion alters BRAF35 localization in these structures and increases BRAF35 stability affecting its cytoplasmic abundance. Our data reveal a novel role for MID1 and for atypical ubiquitination in balancing BRAF35 presence, and likely its activity, within nuclear and cytoplasmic compartments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melania E Zanchetta
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, Italy; Institute for Maternal and Child Health e IRCCS "Burlo Garofolo", Trieste, Italy
| | | | - Danilo Maddalo
- Institute of Toxicology and Genetics, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Germana Meroni
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, Italy; Institute for Maternal and Child Health e IRCCS "Burlo Garofolo", Trieste, Italy.
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26
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Huang XQ, Zhang XF, Xia JH, Chao J, Pan QZ, Zhao JJ, Zhou ZQ, Chen CL, Tang Y, Weng DS, Zhang JH, Xia JC. Tripartite motif-containing 3 (TRIM3) inhibits tumor growth and metastasis of liver cancer. CHINESE JOURNAL OF CANCER 2017; 36:77. [PMID: 28950898 PMCID: PMC5615435 DOI: 10.1186/s40880-017-0240-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2016] [Accepted: 04/18/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Reduced expression of tripartite motif-containing 3 (TRIM3) has been reported to be involved in the pathogenesis of human glioblastoma. In our previous research, we found that TRIM3 expression was markedly reduced in human primary hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) tissues and that low TRIM3 expression was associated with short survival of HCC patients. However, the role of TRIM3 in liver cancer remains unknown. This study aimed to investigate the function of TRIM3 in liver cancer cells. METHODS The protein levels of TRIM3 in five liver cancer cell lines (SK-Hep1, Hep3B, Huh7, HepG2, Bel-7402) and one normal liver cell line (L02) were detected with Western blotting. HepG2 and Bel-7402 cells with low TRIM3 expression were infected with recombinant lentiviruses overexpressing TRIM3 (LV-TRIM3), whereas Huh7 and Hep3B cells with high TRIM3 expression were transfected with TRIM3-targeted small interfering RNA (siTRIM3). The functions of TRIM3 in the proliferation, colony formation, cell cycle, migration, invasion, and apoptosis of the above cell lines were examined. The effect of TRIM3 on tumor growth and metastases in nude mice was also investigated. RESULTS TRIM3 was overexpressed in HepG2 and Bel-7402 cells with LV-TRIM3 infection, which further reduced proliferation, colony formation, migration, and invasion of both cell lines. Cell cycle analysis showed that TRIM3 overexpression induced G0/G1 phase arrest in HepG2 and Bel-7402 cells. Moreover, apoptosis was not increased in HepG2 or Bel-7402 cells overexpressing TRIM3. Contrarily, silencing TRIM3 expression in Huh7 and Hep3B cells by siTRIM3 led to significantly decreased percentages of both cells in the G0/G1 phase and promoted cell proliferation, colony formation, migration, and invasion. In vivo experiment results confirmed that TRIM3 overexpression suppressed tumor growth and metastasis. CONCLUSIONS TRIM3 plays a tumor-suppressing role in the regulation of liver cancer development by reducing cell proliferation through cell cycle arrest at the G0/G1 phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu-Qiong Huang
- Department of Biotherapy, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, 510060, Guangdong, P. R. China.,Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510010, Guangdong, P. R. China
| | - Xiao-Fei Zhang
- Department of Biotherapy, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, 510060, Guangdong, P. R. China
| | - Jin-Hua Xia
- Guangzhou Health Science College, Guangzhou, 510925, Guangdong, P. R. China
| | - Jie Chao
- Shanxi Entry-Exit Inspection and Quarantine Bureau, Xi'an, 710068, Shanxi, P. R. China
| | - Qiu-Zhong Pan
- Department of Biotherapy, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, 510060, Guangdong, P. R. China
| | - Jing-Jing Zhao
- Department of Biotherapy, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, 510060, Guangdong, P. R. China
| | - Zi-Qi Zhou
- Department of Biotherapy, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, 510060, Guangdong, P. R. China
| | - Chang-Long Chen
- Department of Biotherapy, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, 510060, Guangdong, P. R. China
| | - Yan Tang
- Department of Biotherapy, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, 510060, Guangdong, P. R. China
| | - De-Sheng Weng
- Department of Biotherapy, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, 510060, Guangdong, P. R. China.
| | - Jian-Hua Zhang
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510010, Guangdong, P. R. China.
| | - Jian-Chuan Xia
- Department of Biotherapy, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, 510060, Guangdong, P. R. China.
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27
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Nakamura T, Ueyama T, Ninoyu Y, Sakaguchi H, Choijookhuu N, Hishikawa Y, Kiyonari H, Kohta M, Sakahara M, de Curtis I, Kohmura E, Hisa Y, Aiba A, Saito N. Novel role of Rac-Mid1 signaling in medial cerebellar development. Development 2017; 144:1863-1875. [PMID: 28512198 DOI: 10.1242/dev.147900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2016] [Accepted: 03/31/2017] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Rac signaling impacts a relatively large number of downstream targets; however, few studies have established an association between Rac pathways and pathological conditions. In the present study, we generated mice with double knockout of Rac1 and Rac3 (Atoh1-Cre;Rac1flox/flox;Rac3-/- ) in cerebellar granule neurons (CGNs). We observed impaired tangential migration at E16.5, as well as numerous apoptotic CGNs at the deepest layer of the external granule layer (EGL) in the medial cerebellum of Atoh1-Cre;Rac1flox/flox;Rac3-/- mice at P8. Atoh1-Cre;Rac1flox/flox;Rac3-/- CGNs differentiated normally until expression of p27kip1 and NeuN in the deep EGL at P5. Primary CGNs and cerebellar microexplants from Atoh1-Cre;Rac1flox/flox;Rac3-/- mice exhibited impaired neuritogenesis, which was more apparent in Map2-positive dendrites. Such findings suggest that impaired tangential migration and final differentiation of CGNs have resulted in decreased cerebellum size and agenesis of the medial internal granule layer, respectively. Furthermore, Rac depleted/deleted cells exhibited decreased levels of Mid1 and impaired mTORC1 signaling. Mid1 depletion in CGNs produced mild impairments in neuritogenesis and reductions in mTORC1 signaling. Thus, a novel Rac-signaling pathway (Rac1-Mid1-mTORC1) may be involved in medial cerebellar development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Nakamura
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Biosignal Research Center, Kobe University, Kobe 657-8501, Japan.,Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan
| | - Takehiko Ueyama
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Biosignal Research Center, Kobe University, Kobe 657-8501, Japan
| | - Yuzuru Ninoyu
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Biosignal Research Center, Kobe University, Kobe 657-8501, Japan
| | - Hirofumi Sakaguchi
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan
| | - Narantsog Choijookhuu
- Division of Histochemistry and Cell Biology, Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki 889-1692, Japan
| | - Yoshitaka Hishikawa
- Division of Histochemistry and Cell Biology, Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki 889-1692, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kiyonari
- Animal Resource Development Unit and Genetic Engineering Team, RIKEN Center for Life Science Technologies, Kobe 650-0047, Japan
| | - Masaaki Kohta
- Department of Neurosurgery, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe 650-0017, Japan
| | - Mizuho Sakahara
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe 650-0017, Japan
| | - Ivan de Curtis
- Division of Neuroscience, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milano 20132, Italy
| | - Eiji Kohmura
- Department of Neurosurgery, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe 650-0017, Japan
| | - Yasuo Hisa
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan
| | - Atsu Aiba
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe 650-0017, Japan.,Laboratory of Animal Resources, Center for Disease Biology and Integrative Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Naoaki Saito
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Biosignal Research Center, Kobe University, Kobe 657-8501, Japan
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28
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Parada-Sanchez MT, Chu EY, Cox LL, Undurty SS, Standley JM, Murray JC, Cox TC. Disrupted IRF6-NME1/2 Complexes as a Cause of Cleft Lip/Palate. J Dent Res 2017; 96:1330-1338. [PMID: 28767310 DOI: 10.1177/0022034517723615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Mutations and common polymorphisms in interferon regulatory factor 6 ( IRF6) are associated with both syndromic and nonsyndromic forms of cleft lip/palate (CLP). To date, much of the focus on this transcription factor has been on identifying its direct targets and the gene regulatory network in which it operates. Notably, however, IRF6 is found predominantly in the cytoplasm, with its import into the nucleus tightly regulated like other members of the IRF family. To provide further insight into the role of IRF6 in the pathogenesis of CLP, we sought to identify direct IRF6 protein interactors using a combination of yeast 2-hybrid screens and co-immunoprecipitation assays. Using this approach, we identified NME1 and NME2, well-known regulators of Rho-type GTPases, E-cadherin endocytosis, and epithelial junctional remodeling, as bona fide IRF6 partner proteins. The NME proteins co-localize with IRF6 in the cytoplasm of primary palatal epithelial cells in vivo, and their interaction with IRF6 is significantly enhanced by phosphorylation of key serine residues in the IRF6 C-terminus. Furthermore, CLP associated IRF6 missense mutations disrupt the ability of IRF6 to bind the NME proteins and result in elevated activation of Rac1 and RhoA, compared to wild-type IRF6, when ectopically expressed in 293T epithelial cells. Significantly, we also report the identification of 2 unique missense mutations in the NME proteins in patients with CLP (NME1 R18Q in an IRF6 and GRHL3 mutation-negative patient with van der Woude syndrome and NME2 G71V in a patient with nonsyndromic CLP). Both variants disrupted the ability of the respective proteins to interact with IRF6. The data presented suggest an important role for cytoplasmic IRF6 in regulating the availability or localization of the NME1/2 complex and thus the dynamic behavior of epithelia during lip/palate development.
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Affiliation(s)
- M T Parada-Sanchez
- 1 School of Dentistry, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia.,2 Departments of Oral Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - E Y Chu
- 2 Departments of Oral Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - L L Cox
- 3 Departments of Pediatrics (Craniofacial Medicine), University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.,4 Center for Developmental Biology & Regenerative Medicine, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - S S Undurty
- 5 Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - J M Standley
- 5 Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - J C Murray
- 5 Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - T C Cox
- 3 Departments of Pediatrics (Craniofacial Medicine), University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.,4 Center for Developmental Biology & Regenerative Medicine, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA.,6 Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
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29
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Buivydiene A, Liakina V, Valantinas J, Norkuniene J, Mockiene E, Jokubauskiene S, Smaliukiene R, Jancoriene L, Kovalevska L, Kashuba E. Expression Levels of the Uridine-Cytidine Kinase Like-1 Protein As a Novel Prognostic Factor for Hepatitis C Virus-Associated Hepatocellular Carcinomas. Acta Naturae 2017; 9:108-114. [PMID: 29104783 PMCID: PMC5662281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The expression levels of the two novel oncoproteins uridine-cytidine kinase like-1 (UCKL-1) and mitochondrial ribosomal protein S18-2 (MRPS18-2) were assessed in samples of hepatitis C virus (HCV)-associated hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) using immunohistochemistry. Tissue microarray (TMA) paraffin blocks were prepared from 42 HCC tumor samples with the corresponding peri-tumor tissues and from 11 tissues of a liver with HCV-induced cirrhosis. We found that the UCKL-1 signal in the liver tissues of the peri-tumor zone in the HCC samples was stronger than that in cirrhosis (50 ± 49.44 vs. 24.27 ± 14.53; p = 0.014). The MRPS18-2 expression was weak, and there was no differences between the groups (p = 0.26). Noteworthy, the UCKL-1 protein was expressed at higher levels in peri-tumor tissues in the cases of HCC recurrence; this was confirmed for 27 older patients (63.78 ± 9.22 vs. 53.53 ± 4.07 years, p < 0.001), in parallel with enhanced UCKL-1 staining in former HCC nodules (62.69 ± 50.4 vs. 26.0 ± 30.19, p = 0.006) and microvascular invasion (p = 0.02). A multivariate analysis of prognostic factors for HCC recurrence showed that the best predictive factors for these conditions were UCKL-1 expression in tumor, vascular invasion, and HCC treatment modality, other than liver transplantation (odds ratios: 1.029, 18.143 and 11.984, R2 = 0.633, p = 0.002). In conclusion, the high UCKL-1 expression might be a prognostic factor for HCC relapse, in combination with age and microvascular invasion. MRPS18-2 protein expression has no prognostic significance in the cases of HCV-associated HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. Buivydiene
- Vilnius University, Clinic of Gastroenterology, Nephrourology and Surgery, Centre of Hepatology, Gastroenterology and Dietetics, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - V. Liakina
- Vilnius University, Center of Hepatology, Gastroenterology and Dietetics, Vilnius, Lithuania
- Vilnius Gediminas Technical University, Department of Biomechanics, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - J. Valantinas
- Vilnius University, Clinic of Gastroenterology, Nephrourology and Surgery, Centre of Hepatology, Gastroenterology and Dietetics, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - J. Norkuniene
- Vilnius Gediminas Technical University, Department of Mathematical Statistics, Vilnius, Lithuania
- Vilnius College of Higher Education, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - E. Mockiene
- Centre of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Vilnius, Lithuania
- Vilnius University, Faculty of Medicine, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - S. Jokubauskiene
- Vilnius University, Department of Pathology, Forensic Medicine and Pharmacology, Vilnius, Lithuania
- National Center of Pathology, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | | | - L. Jancoriene
- Vilnius University, Clinic of Infectious, Chest Diseases, Dermatovenerology and Allergy, Center of Infectious Diseases, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - L. Kovalevska
- R.E. Kavetsky Institute of Experimental Pathology, Oncology and Radiobiology, Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - E. Kashuba
- R.E. Kavetsky Institute of Experimental Pathology, Oncology and Radiobiology, Kyiv, Ukraine
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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30
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Structural determinants of TRIM protein function. Biochem Soc Trans 2017; 45:183-191. [DOI: 10.1042/bst20160325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2016] [Revised: 10/14/2016] [Accepted: 10/24/2016] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Tripartite motif (TRIM) proteins constitute one of the largest subfamilies of Really Interesting New Gene (RING) E3 ubiquitin ligases and contribute to the regulation of numerous cellular activities, including innate immune responses. The conserved TRIM harbours a RING domain that imparts E3 ligase activity to TRIM family proteins, whilst a variable C-terminal region can mediate recognition of substrate proteins. The knowledge of the structure of these multidomain proteins and the functional interplay between their constituent domains is paramount to understanding their cellular roles. To date, available structural information on TRIM proteins is still largely restricted to subdomains of many TRIMs in isolation. Nevertheless, applying a combination of structural, biophysical and biochemical approaches has recently allowed important progress to be made towards providing a better understanding of the molecular features that underlie the function of TRIM family proteins and has uncovered an unexpected diversity in the link between self-association and catalytic activity.
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31
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Hoffman A, Taleski G, Sontag E. The protein serine/threonine phosphatases PP2A, PP1 and calcineurin: A triple threat in the regulation of the neuronal cytoskeleton. Mol Cell Neurosci 2017; 84:119-131. [PMID: 28126489 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2017.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2016] [Revised: 01/16/2017] [Accepted: 01/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The microtubule, F-actin and neurofilament networks play a critical role in neuronal cell morphogenesis, polarity and synaptic plasticity. Significantly, the assembly/disassembly and stability of these cytoskeletal networks is crucially modulated by protein phosphorylation and dephosphorylation events. Herein, we aim to more closely examine the role played by three major neuronal Ser/Thr protein phosphatases, PP2A, PP1 and calcineurin, in the homeostasis of the neuronal cytoskeleton. There is strong evidence that these enzymes interact with and dephosphorylate a variety of cytoskeletal proteins, resulting in major regulation of neuronal cytoskeletal dynamics. Conversely, we also discuss how multi-protein cytoskeletal scaffolds can also influence the regulation of these phosphatases, with important implications for neuronal signalling and homeostasis. Not surprisingly, deregulation of these cytoskeletal scaffolds and phosphatase dysfunction are associated with many neurological diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Hoffman
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medicine, and Hunter Medical Research Institute, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia
| | - Goce Taleski
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medicine, and Hunter Medical Research Institute, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia
| | - Estelle Sontag
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medicine, and Hunter Medical Research Institute, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia.
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Jeong JW, Sundaram S, Behen ME, Chugani HT. Relationship between genotype and arcuate fasciculus morphology in six young children with global developmental delay: Preliminary DTI stuy. J Magn Reson Imaging 2016; 44:1504-1512. [PMID: 27251476 DOI: 10.1002/jmri.25306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2016] [Accepted: 04/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate whether different genetic mutations observed in children with global developmental delay (GD) are associated with unique patterns of the arcuate fasciculus dysmorphology. MATERIALS AND METHODS Six children with GD (age: 36.8 ± 14.1 months, 5 boys) having mutations in MID1, CDK4, SFRP1, EN2, RXRG-GLRB, or MECP2, and five children with typical development (TD, age: 38.5 ± 20.5 months, 4 boys) underwent a 3 Tesla MRI including diffusion weighted imaging (DWI). Five language pathway segments in the left hemisphere, "C1 : Broca's to Wernicke's area," "C2 : Broca's to premotor area," "C3 : premotor to Wernicke's area," "C4 : Wernicke's to inferior parietal area," and "C5 : premotor to inferior parietal area" were objectively identified using the DWI "maximum a posteriori probability" classifier. RESULTS Affinity propagation clustering analysis found that three arcuate pathway segments, C1,2,4 , of MID1, CDK4, EN2, and MECP2 had a similar pattern of volume ratio while those of SFRP1 and RXRG-GLRB had a heterogeneous pattern of volume ratio (net similarity = -0.01). Using receiver operating characteristic curve analysis, the fiber ratios of C1,2,4 showed a high probability to discriminate between GD and TD, yielding an accuracy of 0.91, 0.91, 1.00, respectively. The fiber volumes of C1 and C4 showed a strong correlation with expressive language (R2 = 0.6019; P-value = 0.033) and receptive language (R2 = 0.6379; P-value = 0.028), respectively. CONCLUSION The findings of the present study provide preliminary evidence to suggest that different segments of the arcuate fasciculus are formed under the regulation of different genes which, when mutated, may result in developmental delay. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2016;44:1504-1512.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeong-Won Jeong
- Carman and Ann Adams Department of Pediatrics Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, USA.,Department of Neurology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, USA.,Translational Imaging Laboratory, PET center, Children's Hospital of Michigan, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Senthil Sundaram
- Carman and Ann Adams Department of Pediatrics Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, USA.,Department of Neurology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, USA.,Translational Imaging Laboratory, PET center, Children's Hospital of Michigan, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Michael E Behen
- Carman and Ann Adams Department of Pediatrics Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, USA.,Department of Neurology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, USA.,Translational Imaging Laboratory, PET center, Children's Hospital of Michigan, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Harry T Chugani
- Department of Neurology, Nemours DuPont Hospital for Children, Wilmington, Delaware, USA.,Thomas Jefferson University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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The E3 Ubiquitin Ligase TRIM9 Is a Filopodia Off Switch Required for Netrin-Dependent Axon Guidance. Dev Cell 2016; 35:698-712. [PMID: 26702829 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2015.11.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2015] [Revised: 07/09/2015] [Accepted: 10/19/2015] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Neuronal growth cone filopodia contain guidance receptors and contribute to axon guidance; however, the mechanism by which the guidance cue netrin increases filopodia density is unknown. Here, we demonstrate that TRIM9, an E3 ubiquitin ligase that localizes to filopodia tips and binds the netrin receptor DCC, interacts with and ubiquitinates the barbed-end polymerase VASP to modulate filopodial stability during netrin-dependent axon guidance. Studies with murine Trim9(+/+) and Trim9(-/-) cortical neurons, along with a non-ubiquitinatable VASP mutant, demonstrate that TRIM9-mediated ubiquitination of VASP reduces VASP filopodial tip localization, VASP dynamics at tips, and filopodial stability. Upon netrin treatment, VASP is deubiquitinated, which promotes VASP tip localization and filopodial stability. Trim9 deletion induces axon guidance defects in vitro and in vivo, whereas a gradient of deubiquitinase inhibition promotes axon turning in vitro. We conclude that a gradient of TRIM9-mediated ubiquitination of VASP creates a filopodial stability gradient during axon turning.
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Abstract
Protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A) plays a critical multi-faceted role in the regulation of the cell cycle. It is known to dephosphorylate over 300 substrates involved in the cell cycle, regulating almost all major pathways and cell cycle checkpoints. PP2A is involved in such diverse processes by the formation of structurally distinct families of holoenzymes, which are regulated spatially and temporally by specific regulators. Here, we review the involvement of PP2A in the regulation of three cell signaling pathways: wnt, mTOR and MAP kinase, as well as the G1→S transition, DNA synthesis and mitotic initiation. These processes are all crucial for proper cell survival and proliferation and are often deregulated in cancer and other diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan Wlodarchak
- a McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research, University of Wisconsin-Madison , Madison , WI , USA
| | - Yongna Xing
- a McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research, University of Wisconsin-Madison , Madison , WI , USA
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35
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Midline2 is overexpressed and a prognostic indicator in human breast cancer and promotes breast cancer cell proliferation in vitro and in vivo. Front Med 2016; 10:41-51. [PMID: 26791755 DOI: 10.1007/s11684-016-0429-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2015] [Accepted: 10/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Midline2 (MID2) is an ubiquitin-conjugating E2 enzyme linked to tumor progression and a novel interacting partner of breast cancer 1, early-onset (BRCA1). However, the role of MID2 in breast cancer remains unknown. This study investigated the expression, prognostic value, and role of MID2 in breast cancer. The expression of MID2 mRNA and protein was significantly upregulated in breast cancer tissue and established cell lines compared with that in normal breast epithelial cells and paired adjacent non-tumor tissue (P < 0.001). Immunohistochemical analysis demonstrated that MID2 was overexpressed in 272 of 284 (95.8%) paraffinembedded, archived breast cancer tissue. Moreover, MID2 expression increased with advanced clinical stage (P < 0.001). High MID2 expression was significantly associated with advanced clinical stages and T, N, and M staging (all P < 0.05). Univariate and multivariate analyses indicated that high MID2 expression was an independent prognostic factor for poor overall survival in the entire cohort (93.73 vs. 172.1 months; P < 0.001, logrank test) and in subgroups with stages Tis + I + II and III + IV. Furthermore, 3-(4,5-dimethyl-2-thiazolyl)-2,5-diphenyl-2H-tetrazolium bromide colony formation, and anchorage-independent growth ability assays were conducted. Results showed that siRNA silencing of MID2 expression significantly reduced MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 cell proliferation in vitro and blocked the growth of MDA-MB-231 cell xenograft tumors in vivo (P < 0.05). This study indicated that MID2 may be a novel prognostic marker and interventional target in breast cancer.
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Gholkar AA, Senese S, Lo YC, Vides E, Contreras E, Hodara E, Capri J, Whitelegge JP, Torres JZ. The X-Linked-Intellectual-Disability-Associated Ubiquitin Ligase Mid2 Interacts with Astrin and Regulates Astrin Levels to Promote Cell Division. Cell Rep 2015; 14:180-8. [PMID: 26748699 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2015.12.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2015] [Revised: 10/13/2015] [Accepted: 12/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Mid1 and Mid2 are ubiquitin ligases that regulate microtubule dynamics and whose mutation is associated with X-linked developmental disorders. We show that astrin, a microtubule-organizing protein, co-purifies with Mid1 and Mid2, has an overlapping localization with Mid1 and Mid2 at intercellular bridge microtubules, is ubiquitinated by Mid2 on lysine 409, and is degraded during cytokinesis. Mid2 depletion led to astrin stabilization during cytokinesis, cytokinetic defects, multinucleated cells, and cell death. Similarly, expression of a K409A mutant astrin in astrin-depleted cells led to the accumulation of K409A on intercellular bridge microtubules and an increase in cytokinetic defects, multinucleated cells, and cell death. These results indicate that Mid2 regulates cell division through the ubiquitination of astrin on K409, which is critical for its degradation and proper cytokinesis. These results could help explain how mutation of MID2 leads to misregulation of microtubule organization and the downstream disease pathology associated with X-linked intellectual disabilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ankur A Gholkar
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Silvia Senese
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Yu-Chen Lo
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Program in Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Edmundo Vides
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Ely Contreras
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Emmanuelle Hodara
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Joseph Capri
- Pasarow Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, The Jane and Terry Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Julian P Whitelegge
- Pasarow Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, The Jane and Terry Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Jorge Z Torres
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
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Li B, Zhou T, Zou Y. Mid1/Mid2 expression in craniofacial development and a literature review of X-linked opitz syndrome. Mol Genet Genomic Med 2015; 4:95-105. [PMID: 26788540 PMCID: PMC4707030 DOI: 10.1002/mgg3.183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2015] [Revised: 09/28/2015] [Accepted: 09/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Opitz syndrome (OS) is a genetic disorder that affects mainly the development of midline structures, including the craniofacial region, embryonic heart, and urogenital system. The manifestations of X‐linked OS are believed to be results of a malfunctioned gene, MID1, whose product has been shown to have ubiquitin E3 ligase activity and regulate the turnover of microtubular protein phosphatase 2Ac. MID2, a homolog of MID1, shares high structural and functional similarities with MID1. Identification of a missense mutation in MID2 in an Indian family causing overlapping phenotypes with OS provided the first evidence that MID2 might be involved in similar pathogenesis. Methods The clinic features and the genetic findings of all reported X‐linked OS were collectively summarized in this research. Real‐time RT‐PCR and in situ hybridization were used in the expression studies of Mid1/Mid2 in mouse embryos. Results Up‐to‐date, 88 different mutations have been identified in MID1 and most mutations occurred on the conserved amino acids of MID1 and MID2. Expression studies using real‐time RT‐PCR implicated a tendency of a mutually repressive expression pattern between Mid1 and Mid2 in mouse embryos. Further investigations using in situ hybridization revealed strong expressions of Mid1 and Mid2 in the epithelium of approaching facial prominences and downregulated expressions after fusion in mouse embryos. Conclusions Our results support the hypothesis of functional redundancy of Mid1/Mid2 and their potential roles in regulating tissue remodelling in early development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bijun Li
- Department of Biology Jinan University Guangzhou China
| | - Tianhong Zhou
- Department of Biology Jinan University Guangzhou China
| | - Yi Zou
- Department of Biology Jinan University Guangzhou China
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Boding L, Hansen AK, Meroni G, Levring TB, Woetmann A, Ødum N, Bonefeld CM, Geisler C. MID2 can substitute for MID1 and control exocytosis of lytic granules in cytotoxic T cells. APMIS 2015; 123:682-7. [PMID: 25924778 DOI: 10.1111/apm.12402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2015] [Accepted: 04/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
We have recently shown that the E3 ubiquitin ligase midline 1 (MID1) is upregulated in murine cytotoxic lymphocytes (CTL), where it controls exocytosis of lytic granules and the killing capacity. Accordingly, CTL from MID1 knock-out (MID1(-/-)) mice have a 25-30% reduction in exocytosis of lytic granules and cytotoxicity compared to CTL from wild-type (WT) mice. We wondered why the MID1 gene knock-out did not affect exocytosis and cytotoxicity more severely and speculated whether MID2, a close homologue of MID1, might partially compensate for the loss of MID1 in MID1(-/-) CTL. Here, we showed that MID2, like MID1, is upregulated in activated murine T cells. Furthermore, MID1(-/-) CTL upregulated MID2 two-twenty-fold stronger than CTL from WT mice, suggesting that MID2 might compensate for MID1. In agreement, transfection of MID2 into MID1(-/-) CTL completely rescued exocytosis of lytic granules in MID1(-/-) CTL, and vice versa, knock-down of MID2 inhibited exocytosis of lytic granules in both WT and MID1(-/-) CTL, demonstrating that both MID1 and MID2 play a central role in the regulation of granule exocytosis and that functional redundancy exists between MID1 and MID2 in CTL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lasse Boding
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ann K Hansen
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Germana Meroni
- Institute for Maternal and Child Health - IRCCS "Burlo Garofolo", Trieste, Italy
| | - Trine B Levring
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Anders Woetmann
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Niels Ødum
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Charlotte M Bonefeld
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Carsten Geisler
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Lee CW, Yang FC, Chang HY, Chou H, Tan BCM, Lee SC. Interaction between salt-inducible kinase 2 and protein phosphatase 2A regulates the activity of calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase I and protein phosphatase methylesterase-1. J Biol Chem 2015; 289:21108-19. [PMID: 24841198 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.540229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Salt-inducible kinase 2 (SIK2) is the only AMP-activated kinase (AMPK) family member known to interact with protein phosphatase 2 (PP2A). However, the functional aspects of this complex are largely unknown. Here we report that the SIK2-PP2A complex preserves both kinase and phosphatase activities. In this capacity,SIK2 attenuates the association of the PP2A repressor, the protein phosphatase methylesterase-1 (PME-1), thus preserving the methylation status of the PP2A catalytic subunit. Furthermore, the SIK2-PP2A holoenzyme complex dephosphorylates and inactivates Ca2(+)/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase I (CaMKI), an upstream kinase for phosphorylating PME-1/Ser(15). The functionally antagonistic SIK2-PP2A and CaMKI and PME-1 networks thus constitute a negative feedback loop that modulates the phosphatase activity of PP2A. Depletion of SIK2 led to disruption of the SIK2-PP2A complex, activation of CaMKI, and downstream effects, including phosphorylation of HDAC5/Ser(259), sequestration of HDAC5 in the cytoplasm, and activation of myocyte-specific enhancer factor 2C (MEF2C)-mediated gene expression. These results suggest that the SIK2-PP2A complex functions in the regulation of MEF2C-dependent transcription. Furthermore, this study suggests that the tightly linked regulatory loop comprised of the SIK2-PP2A and CaMKI and PME-1 networks may function in fine-tuning cell proliferation and stress response.
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Wright KM, Wu K, Babatunde O, Du H, Massiah MA. XLOS-observed mutations of MID1 Bbox1 domain cause domain unfolding. PLoS One 2014; 9:e107537. [PMID: 25216264 PMCID: PMC4162623 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0107537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2014] [Accepted: 08/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
MID1 catalyzes the ubiquitination of the protein alpha4 and the catalytic subunit of protein phosphatase 2A. Mutations within the MID1 Bbox1 domain are associated with X-linked Opitz G syndrome (XLOS). Our functional assays have shown that mutations of Ala130 to Val or Thr, Cys142 to Ser and Cys145 to Thr completely disrupt the polyubiquitination of alpha4. Using NMR spectroscopy, we characterize the effect of these mutations on the tertiary structure of the Bbox1 domain by itself and in tandem with the Bbox2 domain. The mutation of either Cys142 or Cys145, each of which is involved in coordinating one of the two zinc ions, results in the collapse of signal dispersion in the HSQC spectrum of the Bbox1 domain indicating that the mutant protein structure is unfolded. Each mutation caused the coordination of both zinc ions, which are ∼ 13 Å apart, to be lost. Although Ala130 is not involved in the coordination of a zinc ion, the Ala130Thr mutant Bbox1 domain yields a poorly dispersed HSQC spectrum similar to those of the Cys142Ser and Cys145Thr mutants. Interestingly, neither cysteine mutation affects the structure of the adjacent Bbox2 domain when the two Bbox domains are engineered in their native tandem Bbox1-Bbox2 protein construct. Dynamic light scattering measurements suggest that the mutant Bbox1 domain has an increased propensity to form aggregates compared to the wild type Bbox1 domain. These studies provide insight into the mechanism by which mutations observed in XLOS affect the structure and function of the MID1 Bbox1 domain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharine M. Wright
- Department of Chemistry, George Washington University, Washington, D.C., United States of America
| | - Kuanlin Wu
- Department of Chemistry, George Washington University, Washington, D.C., United States of America
| | - Omotolani Babatunde
- Department of Chemistry, George Washington University, Washington, D.C., United States of America
| | - Haijuan Du
- Department of Chemistry, George Washington University, Washington, D.C., United States of America
| | - Michael A. Massiah
- Department of Chemistry, George Washington University, Washington, D.C., United States of America
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Du H, Wu K, Didoronkute A, Levy MVA, Todi N, Shchelokova A, Massiah MA. MID1 catalyzes the ubiquitination of protein phosphatase 2A and mutations within its Bbox1 domain disrupt polyubiquitination of alpha4 but not of PP2Ac. PLoS One 2014; 9:e107428. [PMID: 25207814 PMCID: PMC4160256 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0107428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2014] [Accepted: 08/14/2014] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
MID1 is a microtubule-associated protein that belongs to the TRIM family. MID1 functions as an ubiquitin E3 ligase, and recently was shown to catalyze the polyubiquitination of, alpha4, a protein regulator of protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A). It has been hypothesized that MID1 regulates PP2A, requiring the intermediary interaction with alpha4. Here we report that MID1 catalyzes the in vitro ubiquitination of the catalytic subunit of PP2A (PP2Ac) in the absence of alpha4. In the presence of alpha4, the level of PP2Ac ubiquitination is reduced. Using the MID1 RING-Bbox1-Bbox2 (RB1B2) construct containing the E3 ligase domains, we investigate the functional effects of mutations within the Bbox domains that are identified in patients with X-linked Opitz G syndrome (XLOS). The RB1B2 proteins harboring the C142S, C145T, A130V/T mutations within the Bbox1 domain and C195F mutation within the Bbox2 domain maintain auto-polyubiquitination activity. Qualitatively, the RB1B2 proteins containing these mutations are able to catalyze the ubiquitination of PP2Ac. In contrast, the RB1B2 proteins with mutations within the Bbox1 domain are unable to catalyze the polyubiquitination of alpha4. These results suggest that unregulated alpha4 may be the direct consequence of these natural mutations in the Bbox1 domain of MID1, and hence alpha4 could play a greater role to account for the increased amount of PP2A observed in XLOS-derived fibroblasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haijuan Du
- Department of Chemistry, George Washington University, Washington, District of Columbia, United States of America
| | - Kuanlin Wu
- Department of Chemistry, George Washington University, Washington, District of Columbia, United States of America
| | - Alma Didoronkute
- Department of Chemistry, George Washington University, Washington, District of Columbia, United States of America
| | - Marcus V. A. Levy
- Department of Chemistry, George Washington University, Washington, District of Columbia, United States of America
| | - Nimish Todi
- Department of Chemistry, George Washington University, Washington, District of Columbia, United States of America
| | - Anna Shchelokova
- Department of Chemistry, George Washington University, Washington, District of Columbia, United States of America
| | - Michael A. Massiah
- Department of Chemistry, George Washington University, Washington, District of Columbia, United States of America
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Quintás-Cardama A, Post SM, Solis LM, Xiong S, Yang P, Chen N, Wistuba II, Killary AM, Lozano G. Loss of the novel tumour suppressor and polarity gene Trim62 (Dear1) synergizes with oncogenic Ras in invasive lung cancer. J Pathol 2014; 234:108-19. [PMID: 24890125 DOI: 10.1002/path.4385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2014] [Revised: 05/15/2014] [Accepted: 05/28/2014] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Deregulation of cell polarity proteins has been linked to the processes of invasion and metastasis. TRIM62 is a regulator of cell polarity and a tumour suppressor in breast cancer. Here, we demonstrate that human non-small cell lung cancer lesions show a step-wise loss of TRIM62 levels during disease progression, which was associated with poor clinical outcomes. To directly examine the role of Trim62 in development of lung cancer, we deleted Trim62 in a mutant K-Ras mouse model of lung cancer. In this context, haploinsufficiency of Trim62 synergized with a K-RasG12D mutation to promote invasiveness and disrupt three-dimensional morphogenesis, both of which are associated with epithelial-mesenchymal transitions. Re-expression of Trim62 reverted these phenotypes in tumour cell lines. Thus, Trim62 loss cooperates with K-Ras mutation in tumourigenesis and metastasis in vivo, indicating that decreased levels of TRIM62 may play an important role in the evolution of lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alfonso Quintás-Cardama
- Department of Genetics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA; Department of Leukemia, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
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Geetha TS, Michealraj KA, Kabra M, Kaur G, Juyal RC, Thelma BK. Targeted deep resequencing identifies MID2 mutation for X-linked intellectual disability with varied disease severity in a large kindred from India. Hum Mutat 2014; 35:41-4. [PMID: 24115387 DOI: 10.1002/humu.22453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2013] [Accepted: 09/19/2013] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
We report a novel missense mutation (c.1040G>A, p.Arg347Gln) in MID2, which encodes ubiquitin ligase E3, as the likely cause of X-linked mental retardation in a large kindred. The mutation was observed in all affected and obligate carriers but not in any unaffected males of the family or in population controls (n = 200). When transiently expressed in HEK293T cell line, the mutation was found to abolish the function of the COS domain in the protein. The GFP-tagged mutant protein accumulated in the cytoplasm instead of binding to the cytoskeleton resulting in its altered subcellular localization. Screening of coding exons of this gene in additional 480 unrelated individuals with idiopathic intellectual disability identified another novel variation p.Asn343Ser. This study highlights the growing role of the ubiquitin pathway in intellectual disability and also, the difference in MID2 determined phenotype observed in this study compared with that of its paralogue MID1 reported in literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thenral S Geetha
- Department of Genetics, University of Delhi South Campus, New Delhi, India
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X-linked microtubule-associated protein, Mid1, regulates axon development. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2013; 110:19131-6. [PMID: 24194544 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1303687110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Opitz syndrome (OS) is a genetic neurological disorder. The gene responsible for the X-linked form of OS, Midline-1 (MID1), encodes an E3 ubiquitin ligase that regulates the degradation of the catalytic subunit of protein phosphatase 2A (PP2Ac). However, how Mid1 functions during neural development is largely unknown. In this study, we provide data from in vitro and in vivo experiments suggesting that silencing Mid1 in developing neurons promotes axon growth and branch formation, resulting in a disruption of callosal axon projections in the contralateral cortex. In addition, a similar phenotype of axonal development was observed in the Mid1 knockout mouse. This defect was largely due to the accumulation of PP2Ac in Mid1-depleted cells as further down-regulation of PP2Ac rescued the axonal phenotype. Together, these data demonstrate that Mid1-dependent PP2Ac turnover is important for normal axonal development and that dysregulation of this process may contribute to the underlying cause of OS.
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46
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Structural basis of protein phosphatase 2A stable latency. Nat Commun 2013; 4:1699. [PMID: 23591866 PMCID: PMC3644067 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms2663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2012] [Accepted: 02/26/2013] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The catalytic subunit of protein phosphatase 2A (PP2Ac) is stabilized in a latent form by α4, a regulatory protein essential for cell survival and biogenesis of all PP2A complexes. Here we report the structure of α4 bound to the N-terminal fragment of PP2Ac. This structure suggests that α4 binding to the full-length PP2Ac requires local unfolding near the active site, which perturbs the scaffold subunit binding site at the opposite surface via allosteric relay. These changes stabilize an inactive conformation of PP2Ac and convert oligomeric PP2A complexes to the α4 complex upon perturbation of the active site. The PP2Ac–α4 interface is essential for cell survival and sterically hinders a PP2A ubiquitination site, important for the stability of cellular PP2Ac. Our results show that α4 is a scavenger chaperone that binds to and stabilizes partially folded PP2Ac for stable latency, and reveal a mechanism by which α4 regulates cell survival, and biogenesis and surveillance of PP2A holoenzymes. The protein α4 is essential for the formation, stability and activity of protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A) complexes. Here the authors solve the crystal structure of a truncated PP2A bound to α4 and show that α4 binds to a partially folded form of the protein, stabilizing the enzyme in an inactive state.
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Migliore C, Athanasakis E, Dahoun S, Wonkam A, Lees M, Calabrese O, Connell F, Lynch SA, Izzi C, Pompilii E, Thakur S, van Maarle M, Wilson LC, Meroni G. Complex rearrangement of the exon 6 genomic region among Opitz G/BBB Syndrome MID1 alterations. Eur J Med Genet 2013; 56:404-10. [PMID: 23791568 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmg.2013.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2013] [Accepted: 05/27/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Opitz G/BBB Syndrome (OS) is a multiple congenital anomaly disorder characterized by developmental defects of midline structures. The most relevant clinical signs are ocular hypertelorism, hypospadias, cleft lip and palate, laryngo-tracheo-esophageal abnormalities, imperforate anus, and cardiac defects. Developmental delay, intellectual disability and brain abnormalities are also present. The X-linked form of this disorder is caused by mutations in the MID1 gene coding for a member of the tripartite motif family of E3 ubiquitin ligases. Here, we describe 12 novel patients that carry MID1 mutations emphasizing that laryngo-tracheo-esophageal defects are very common in OS patients and, together with hypertelorism and hypospadias, are the most frequent findings among the full spectrum of OS clinical manifestations. Besides missense and nonsense mutations, small insertions and deletions scattered along the entire length of the gene, we found that a consistent number of MID1 alterations are represented by the deletion of single coding exons. Deep characterization of one of these deletions reveals, for the first time within the MID1 gene, a complex rearrangement composed of two deletions, an inversion and a small insertion that may suggest the involvement of concurrent non-homologous mechanisms in the generation of the observed structural variant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Migliore
- Institute for Maternal and Child Health - IRCCS "Burlo Garofolo", Trieste, Italy
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48
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Du H, Huang Y, Zaghlula M, Walters E, Cox TC, Massiah MA. The MID1 E3 ligase catalyzes the polyubiquitination of Alpha4 (α4), a regulatory subunit of protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A): novel insights into MID1-mediated regulation of PP2A. J Biol Chem 2013; 288:21341-21350. [PMID: 23740247 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.481093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Alpha4 (α4) is a key regulator of protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A) and mTOR in steps essential for cell-cycle progression. α4 forms a complex with PP2A and MID1, a microtubule-associated ubiquitin E3 ligase that facilitates MID1-dependent regulation of PP2A and the dephosphorylation of MID1 by PP2A. Ectopic overexpression of α4 is associated with hepatocellular carcinomas, breast cancer, and invasive adenocarcinomas. Here, we provide data suggesting that α4 is regulated by ubiquitin-dependent degradation mediated by MID1. In cells stably expressing a dominant-negative form of MID1, significantly elevated levels of α4 were observed. Treatment of cells with the specific proteasome inhibitor, lactacystin, resulted in a 3-fold increase in α4 in control cells and a similar level in mutant cells. Using in vitro assays, individual MID1 E3 domains facilitated monoubiquitination of α4, whereas full-length MID1 as well as RING-Bbox1 and RING-Bbox1-Bbox2 constructs catalyzed its polyubiquitination. In a novel non-biased functional screen, we identified a leucine to glutamine substitution at position 146 within Bbox1 that abolished MID1-α4 interaction and the subsequent polyubiquitination of α4, indicating that direct binding to Bbox1 was necessary for the polyubiquitination of α4. The mutant had little impact on the RING E3 ligase functionality of MID1. Mass spectrometry data confirmed Western blot analysis that ubiquitination of α4 occurs only within the last 105 amino acids. These novel findings identify a new role for MID1 and a mechanism of regulation of α4 that is likely to impact the stability and activity level of PP2Ac.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haijuan Du
- From the Department of Chemistry, George Washington University, Washington, D. C. 20052
| | - Yongzhao Huang
- the Center for Developmental Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Seattle Children's Research Institute and
| | - Manar Zaghlula
- From the Department of Chemistry, George Washington University, Washington, D. C. 20052
| | - Erica Walters
- From the Department of Chemistry, George Washington University, Washington, D. C. 20052
| | - Timothy C Cox
- the Center for Developmental Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Seattle Children's Research Institute and; Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98101, and; the Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Michael A Massiah
- From the Department of Chemistry, George Washington University, Washington, D. C. 20052,.
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Hüning I, Kutsche K, Rajaei S, Erlandsson A, Lovmar L, Rundberg J, Stefanova M. Exon 2 duplication of the MID1 gene in a patient with a mild phenotype of Opitz G/BBB syndrome. Eur J Med Genet 2013; 56:188-91. [PMID: 23354372 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmg.2013.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2012] [Accepted: 01/08/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The X-linked form of Opitz G/BBB syndrome is a congenital midline malformation syndrome caused by MID1 loss-of-function mutations, including point mutations and small-sized duplications, insertions, and deletions. Three patients with an Opitz G/BBB syndrome phenotype and relatively large duplications of part of the MID1 gene have been described up to date. Here we report a 2-months-old boy with a very mild phenotype including craniofacial dysmorphism, swallowing difficulties, and a normal psychomotor development. Molecular karyotyping revealed a 57-kb duplication involving exon 2 of the MID1 gene. The in-frame tandem duplication was confirmed by MID1 transcript analysis. This alteration results likely in a mutant MID1 protein which contains 32 duplicated amino acids in the first part of the coiled-coil domain. The mild phenotype of the patient with the microduplication suggests that MID1 mutations can be found in patients with hypertelorism with or without other clinical signs and MID1 alterations might be missed in individuals not fulfilling the minimal criteria for diagnosis of X-linked Opitz G/BBB syndrome. This report further emphasizes the genotype-first approach in medical genetics in general and patients with unspecific clinical features in particular.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina Hüning
- Institut für Humangenetik, Universität zu Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
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50
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Sents W, Ivanova E, Lambrecht C, Haesen D, Janssens V. The biogenesis of active protein phosphatase 2A holoenzymes: a tightly regulated process creating phosphatase specificity. FEBS J 2012; 280:644-61. [PMID: 22443683 DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-4658.2012.08579.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Protein phosphatase type 2A (PP2A) enzymes constitute a large family of Ser/Thr phosphatases with multiple functions in cellular signaling and physiology. The composition of heterotrimeric PP2A holoenzymes, resulting from the combinatorial assembly of a catalytic C subunit, a structural A subunit, and regulatory B-type subunit, provides the essential determinants for substrate specificity, subcellular targeting, and fine-tuning of phosphatase activity, largely explaining why PP2A is functionally involved in so many diverse physiological processes, sometimes in seemingly opposing ways. In this review, we highlight how PP2A holoenzyme biogenesis and enzymatic activity are controlled by a sophisticatedly coordinated network of five PP2A modulators, consisting of α4, phosphatase 2A phosphatase activator (PTPA), leucine carboxyl methyl transferase 1 (LCMT1), PP2A methyl esterase 1 (PME-1) and, potentially, target of rapamycin signaling pathway regulator-like 1 (TIPRL1), which serve to prevent promiscuous phosphatase activity until the holoenzyme is completely assembled. Likewise, these modulators may come into play when PP2A holoenzymes are disassembled following particular cellular stresses. Malfunctioning of these cellular control mechanisms contributes to human disease. The potential therapeutic benefits or pitfalls of interfering with these regulatory mechanisms will be briefly discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ward Sents
- Laboratory of Protein Phosphorylation & Proteomics, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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