1
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Stormo AE, Shavarebi F, FitzGibbon M, Earley EM, Ahrendt H, Lum LS, Verschueren E, Swaney DL, Skibinski G, Ravisankar A, van Haren J, Davis EJ, Johnson JR, Von Dollen J, Balen C, Porath J, Crosio C, Mirescu C, Iaccarino C, Dauer WT, Nichols RJ, Wittmann T, Cox TC, Finkbeiner S, Krogan NJ, Oakes SA, Hiniker A. The E3 ligase TRIM1 ubiquitinates LRRK2 and controls its localization, degradation, and toxicity. J Cell Biol 2022; 221:e202010065. [PMID: 35266954 PMCID: PMC8919618 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.202010065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2020] [Revised: 10/26/2021] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Missense mutations in leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) are the most common cause of familial Parkinson's disease (PD); however, pathways regulating LRRK2 subcellular localization, function, and turnover are not fully defined. We performed quantitative mass spectrometry-based interactome studies to identify 48 novel LRRK2 interactors, including the microtubule-associated E3 ubiquitin ligase TRIM1 (tripartite motif family 1). TRIM1 recruits LRRK2 to the microtubule cytoskeleton for ubiquitination and proteasomal degradation by binding LRRK2911-919, a nine amino acid segment within a flexible interdomain region (LRRK2853-981), which we designate the "regulatory loop" (RL). Phosphorylation of LRRK2 Ser910/Ser935 within LRRK2 RL influences LRRK2's association with cytoplasmic 14-3-3 versus microtubule-bound TRIM1. Association with TRIM1 modulates LRRK2's interaction with Rab29 and prevents upregulation of LRRK2 kinase activity by Rab29 in an E3-ligase-dependent manner. Finally, TRIM1 rescues neurite outgrowth deficits caused by PD-driving mutant LRRK2 G2019S. Our data suggest that TRIM1 is a critical regulator of LRRK2, controlling its degradation, localization, binding partners, kinase activity, and cytotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrienne E.D. Stormo
- Departments of Pathology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Farbod Shavarebi
- Department of Pathology, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA
| | - Molly FitzGibbon
- Department of Pathology, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA
| | - Elizabeth M. Earley
- Departments of Pathology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Hannah Ahrendt
- Department of Pathology, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA
| | - Lotus S. Lum
- Departments of Pathology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Erik Verschueren
- Departments of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
- Quantitative Biosciences Institute, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Danielle L. Swaney
- Departments of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
- Quantitative Biosciences Institute, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Gaia Skibinski
- Taube/Koret Center for Neurodegenerative Disease Research, J. David Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA
- Center for Systems and Therapeutics, J. David Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA
| | - Abinaya Ravisankar
- Taube/Koret Center for Neurodegenerative Disease Research, J. David Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA
- Center for Systems and Therapeutics, J. David Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA
| | - Jeffrey van Haren
- Departments of Cell and Tissue Biology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
- Department of Cell Biology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Emily J. Davis
- Departments of Pathology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Jeffrey R. Johnson
- Departments of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
- Quantitative Biosciences Institute, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - John Von Dollen
- Departments of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
- Quantitative Biosciences Institute, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Carson Balen
- Department of Pathology, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA
| | - Jacob Porath
- Department of Pathology, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA
| | - Claudia Crosio
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | | | - Ciro Iaccarino
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - William T. Dauer
- Departments of Neurology and Neurotherapeutics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX
- Neuroscience, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX
- Peter O’Donnell Jr. Brain Institute, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX
| | | | - Torsten Wittmann
- Departments of Cell and Tissue Biology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Timothy C. Cox
- Department of Oral and Craniofacial Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Missouri Kansas City, Kansas City, MO
- School of Dentistry and Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of Missouri Kansas City, Kansas City, MO
| | - Steve Finkbeiner
- Departments of Neurology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
- Departments of Physiology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
- Taube/Koret Center for Neurodegenerative Disease Research, J. David Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA
- Center for Systems and Therapeutics, J. David Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA
| | - Nevan J. Krogan
- Departments of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
- Quantitative Biosciences Institute, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
- Center for Systems and Therapeutics, J. David Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA
| | - Scott A. Oakes
- Departments of Pathology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
- Department of Pathology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL
| | - Annie Hiniker
- Department of Pathology, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA
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2
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Novak G, Finkbeiner S, Skibinski G, Bernini M, Donato C, Skupin A. Generation of two human induced pluripotent stem cell lines from fibroblasts of Parkinson’s disease patients carrying the ILE368ASN mutation in PINK1 (LCSBi002) and the R275W mutation in Parkin (LCSBi004). Stem Cell Res 2022; 61:102765. [PMID: 35378365 DOI: 10.1016/j.scr.2022.102765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2021] [Revised: 03/19/2022] [Accepted: 03/26/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations in PINK1 and Parkin are two of the main causes of recessive early-onset Parkinson's disease (PD). We generated human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) from fibroblasts of a 64-year-old male patient with a homozygous ILE368ASN mutation in PINK1, who experienced disease onset at 33 years, and from fibroblasts of a 61-year-old female patient heterozygous for the R275W mutation in Parkin, who experienced disease onset at 44 years. Array comparative genomic hybridization (aCGH) determined genotypic variation in each line. The cell lines were successfully used to generate midbrain dopaminergic neurons, the neuron type primarily affected in PD.
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3
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Novak G, Finkbeiner S, Skibinski G, Skupin A. Generation of two human induced pluripotent stem cell lines from fibroblasts of unrelated Parkinson's patients carrying the G2019S mutation in the LRRK2 gene (LCSBi005, LCSBi006). Stem Cell Res 2021; 57:102569. [PMID: 34736041 DOI: 10.1016/j.scr.2021.102569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2021] [Revised: 10/07/2021] [Accepted: 10/10/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations in the LRRK2 gene are known to mediate predisposition to Parkinson disease. Fibroblasts heterozygous for the G2019S LRRK2 mutation were obtained from a 53-year-old male patient with disease onset at 34 years (LCSBi005, ND29542), and from a 63-year-old male patient with disease onset at 56 years (LCSBi006, ND34267). Induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) clones were generated for each cell line using Sendai virus. The absence of chromosomal defects was confirmed using array comparative genomic hybridization. The cell lines express pluripotency markers and have the ability to differentiate into all three germ layers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela Novak
- The Integrative Cell Signaling Group, Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine (LCSB), University of Luxembourg, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg; Gladstone Center for Systems and Therapeutics, Gladstone Institutes and Departments of Neurology and Physiology, University of California, San Francisco San Francisco, CA 94158, USA.
| | - Steven Finkbeiner
- Gladstone Center for Systems and Therapeutics, Gladstone Institutes and Departments of Neurology and Physiology, University of California, San Francisco San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Gaia Skibinski
- Gladstone Center for Systems and Therapeutics, Gladstone Institutes and Departments of Neurology and Physiology, University of California, San Francisco San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Alexander Skupin
- The Integrative Cell Signaling Group, Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine (LCSB), University of Luxembourg, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg.
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4
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Novak G, Finkbeiner S, Skibinski G, Skupin A. Generation of two human induced pluripotent stem cell lines (iPSCs) with mutations of the α-synuclein (SNCA) gene associated with Parkinson's disease; the A53T mutation (LCSBi003) and a triplication of the SNCA gene (LCSBi007). Stem Cell Res 2021; 57:102600. [PMID: 34826737 PMCID: PMC9124237 DOI: 10.1016/j.scr.2021.102600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2021] [Revised: 11/14/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations in the SNCA (α-synuclein, PARK1) gene significantly contribute to Parkinson's disease and SNCA inclusions are strongly associated with PD. Fibroblasts from a 51-year-old female patient with disease onset at 39 years, carrying the A53T SNCA mutation (LCSBi003, ND40996), and fibroblasts with a triplication of the SNCA gene obtained from a 55-year-old female patient with disease onset at 52 years (LCSBi007, ND27760), were reprogrammed into human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) using Sendai virus. The presence of other genetic variants was determined using array comparative genomic hybridization. Presence of SNCA triplication was confirmed by FISH analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela Novak
- The Integrative Cell Signalling Group, Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine (LCSB), University of Luxembourg, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg; Gladstone Institutes and Neurology and Physiology Department, UC San Francisco San Francisco, CA 94158, USA.
| | - Steven Finkbeiner
- Gladstone Institutes and Neurology and Physiology Department, UC San Francisco San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Gaia Skibinski
- Gladstone Institutes and Neurology and Physiology Department, UC San Francisco San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Alexander Skupin
- The Integrative Cell Signalling Group, Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine (LCSB), University of Luxembourg, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
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5
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Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is the second most common neurodegenerative disease and its pathogenic mechanisms are poorly understood. The majority of PD cases are sporadic but a number of genes are associated with familial PD. Sporadic and familial PD have many molecular and cellular features in common, suggesting some shared pathogenic mechanisms. Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) have been derived from patients harboring a range of different mutations of PD-associated genes. PD patient-derived iPSCs have been differentiated into relevant cell types, in particular dopaminergic neurons and used as a model to study PD. In this review, we describe how iPSCs have been used to improve our understanding of the pathogenesis of PD. We describe what cellular and molecular phenotypes have been observed in neurons derived from iPSCs harboring known PD-associated mutations and what common pathways may be involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie M Cobb
- Gladstone Institutes, the Taube/Koret Center for Neurodegenerative Disease, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA
| | - Abinaya Ravisankar
- Gladstone Institutes, the Taube/Koret Center for Neurodegenerative Disease, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA
| | - Gaia Skibinski
- Gladstone Institutes, the Taube/Koret Center for Neurodegenerative Disease, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA
| | - Steven Finkbeiner
- Gladstone Institutes, the Taube/Koret Center for Neurodegenerative Disease, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA.
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA.
- Department Physiology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA.
- Graduate Programs in Neuroscience and Biomedical Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA.
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6
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Christiansen EM, Yang SJ, Ando DM, Javaherian A, Skibinski G, Lipnick S, Mount E, O'Neil A, Shah K, Lee AK, Goyal P, Fedus W, Poplin R, Esteva A, Berndl M, Rubin LL, Nelson P, Finkbeiner S. In Silico Labeling: Predicting Fluorescent Labels in Unlabeled Images. Cell 2018; 173:792-803.e19. [PMID: 29656897 PMCID: PMC6309178 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2018.03.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 317] [Impact Index Per Article: 52.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2017] [Revised: 12/13/2017] [Accepted: 03/15/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Microscopy is a central method in life sciences. Many popular methods, such as antibody labeling, are used to add physical fluorescent labels to specific cellular constituents. However, these approaches have significant drawbacks, including inconsistency; limitations in the number of simultaneous labels because of spectral overlap; and necessary perturbations of the experiment, such as fixing the cells, to generate the measurement. Here, we show that a computational machine-learning approach, which we call "in silico labeling" (ISL), reliably predicts some fluorescent labels from transmitted-light images of unlabeled fixed or live biological samples. ISL predicts a range of labels, such as those for nuclei, cell type (e.g., neural), and cell state (e.g., cell death). Because prediction happens in silico, the method is consistent, is not limited by spectral overlap, and does not disturb the experiment. ISL generates biological measurements that would otherwise be problematic or impossible to acquire.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Ashkan Javaherian
- Taube/Koret Center for Neurodegenerative Disease Research and DaedalusBio, Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Gaia Skibinski
- Taube/Koret Center for Neurodegenerative Disease Research and DaedalusBio, Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Scott Lipnick
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA; Department of Biomedical Informatics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Center for Assessment Technology and Continuous Health, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Elliot Mount
- Taube/Koret Center for Neurodegenerative Disease Research and DaedalusBio, Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Alison O'Neil
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Kevan Shah
- Taube/Koret Center for Neurodegenerative Disease Research and DaedalusBio, Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Alicia K Lee
- Taube/Koret Center for Neurodegenerative Disease Research and DaedalusBio, Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Piyush Goyal
- Taube/Koret Center for Neurodegenerative Disease Research and DaedalusBio, Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - William Fedus
- Google, Inc., Mountain View, CA 94043, USA; Montreal Institute of Learning Algorithms, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | | | - Andre Esteva
- Google, Inc., Mountain View, CA 94043, USA; Department of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | | | - Lee L Rubin
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | | | - Steven Finkbeiner
- Taube/Koret Center for Neurodegenerative Disease Research and DaedalusBio, Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Departments of Neurology and Physiology, University of California, San Francisco, 94158, USA.
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7
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Barch M, Skibinski G, Lee A, Finkbeiner S. Computational Cell-Barcoding for High-Throughput Robotic Microscopy. Biophys J 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2016.11.1643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
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8
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Shaby BA, Skibinski G, Ando M, LaDow ES, Finkbeiner S. A three-groups model for high-throughput survival screens. Biometrics 2016; 72:936-44. [PMID: 26821783 DOI: 10.1111/biom.12479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2014] [Revised: 10/01/2015] [Accepted: 11/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a neurodegenerative condition characterized by the progressive deterioration of motor neurons in the cortex and spinal cord. Using an automated robotic microscope platform that enables the longitudinal tracking of thousands of single neurons, we examine the effects a large library of compounds on modulating the survival of primary neurons expressing a mutation known to cause ALS. The goal of our analysis is to identify the few potentially beneficial compounds among the many assayed, the vast majority of which do not extend neuronal survival. This resembles the large-scale simultaneous inference scenario familiar from microarray analysis, but transferred to the survival analysis setting due to the novel experimental setup. We apply a three-component mixture model to censored survival times of thousands of individual neurons subjected to hundreds of different compounds. The shrinkage induced by our model significantly improves performance in simulations relative to performing treatment-wise survival analysis and subsequent multiple testing adjustment. Our analysis identified compounds that provide insight into potential novel therapeutic strategies for ALS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin A Shaby
- Department of Statistics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, U.S.A..
| | - Gaia Skibinski
- Gladstone Institute of Neurological Disease, J. David Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, California 94158, U.S.A
| | - Michael Ando
- Gladstone Institute of Neurological Disease, J. David Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, California 94158, U.S.A
| | - Eva S LaDow
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, Texas 75080, U.S.A
| | - Steven Finkbeiner
- Gladstone Institute of Neurological Disease, J. David Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, California 94158, U.S.A
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9
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Tóth G, Gardai SJ, Zago W, Bertoncini CW, Cremades N, Roy SL, Tambe MA, Rochet JC, Galvagnion C, Skibinski G, Finkbeiner S, Bova M, Regnstrom K, Chiou SS, Johnston J, Callaway K, Anderson JP, Jobling MF, Buell AK, Yednock TA, Knowles TPJ, Vendruscolo M, Christodoulou J, Dobson CM, Schenk D, McConlogue L. Targeting the intrinsically disordered structural ensemble of α-synuclein by small molecules as a potential therapeutic strategy for Parkinson's disease. PLoS One 2014; 9:e87133. [PMID: 24551051 PMCID: PMC3925190 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0087133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2013] [Accepted: 12/19/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The misfolding of intrinsically disordered proteins such as α-synuclein, tau and the Aβ peptide has been associated with many highly debilitating neurodegenerative syndromes including Parkinson’s and Alzheimer’s diseases. Therapeutic targeting of the monomeric state of such intrinsically disordered proteins by small molecules has, however, been a major challenge because of their heterogeneous conformational properties. We show here that a combination of computational and experimental techniques has led to the identification of a drug-like phenyl-sulfonamide compound (ELN484228), that targets α-synuclein, a key protein in Parkinson’s disease. We found that this compound has substantial biological activity in cellular models of α-synuclein-mediated dysfunction, including rescue of α-synuclein-induced disruption of vesicle trafficking and dopaminergic neuronal loss and neurite retraction most likely by reducing the amount of α-synuclein targeted to sites of vesicle mobilization such as the synapse in neurons or the site of bead engulfment in microglial cells. These results indicate that targeting α-synuclein by small molecules represents a promising approach to the development of therapeutic treatments of Parkinson’s disease and related conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gergely Tóth
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Elan Pharmaceuticals, South San Francisco, California, United States of America
- * E-mail: (LM); (GT); (MV); (DS); (CMD)
| | - Shyra J. Gardai
- Elan Pharmaceuticals, South San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Wagner Zago
- Elan Pharmaceuticals, South San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Carlos W. Bertoncini
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- SEDIPFAR (Servicio De Descubrimiento, Diseño Y Desarrollo Pre-Clínico De Fármacos De La Argentina) drug discovery platform, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Rosario, Argentina
| | - Nunilo Cremades
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Susan L. Roy
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Mitali A. Tambe
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Jean-Christophe Rochet
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Celine Galvagnion
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Gaia Skibinski
- Gladstone Institute of Neurological Disease, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- Taube-Koret Center for Neurodegenerative Disease Research, The Consortium for Frontotemporal Dementia Research, and The Hellman Family Foundation Program for Alzheimer’s Disease Research, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Steven Finkbeiner
- Gladstone Institute of Neurological Disease, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- Taube-Koret Center for Neurodegenerative Disease Research, The Consortium for Frontotemporal Dementia Research, and The Hellman Family Foundation Program for Alzheimer’s Disease Research, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- Departments of Neurology and Physiology, UCSF, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Michael Bova
- Elan Pharmaceuticals, South San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Karin Regnstrom
- Elan Pharmaceuticals, South San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - San-San Chiou
- Elan Pharmaceuticals, South San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Jennifer Johnston
- Elan Pharmaceuticals, South San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Kari Callaway
- Elan Pharmaceuticals, South San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - John P. Anderson
- Elan Pharmaceuticals, South San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Michael F. Jobling
- Elan Pharmaceuticals, South San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Alexander K. Buell
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Ted A. Yednock
- Elan Pharmaceuticals, South San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | | | - Michele Vendruscolo
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- * E-mail: (LM); (GT); (MV); (DS); (CMD)
| | - John Christodoulou
- Department of Structural & Molecular Biology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Christopher M. Dobson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- * E-mail: (LM); (GT); (MV); (DS); (CMD)
| | - Dale Schenk
- Elan Pharmaceuticals, South San Francisco, California, United States of America
- * E-mail: (LM); (GT); (MV); (DS); (CMD)
| | - Lisa McConlogue
- Elan Pharmaceuticals, South San Francisco, California, United States of America
- * E-mail: (LM); (GT); (MV); (DS); (CMD)
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10
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Skibinski G, Finkbeiner S. Longitudinal measures of proteostasis in live neurons: features that determine fate in models of neurodegenerative disease. FEBS Lett 2013; 587:1139-46. [PMID: 23458259 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2013.02.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2013] [Accepted: 02/21/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Protein misfolding and proteostasis decline is a common feature of many neurodegenerative diseases. However, modeling the complexity of proteostasis and the global cellular consequences of its disruption is a challenge, particularly in live neurons. Although conventional approaches, based on population measures and single "snapshots", can identify cellular changes during neurodegeneration, they fail to determine if these cellular events drive cell death or act as adaptive responses. Alternatively, a "systems" cell biology approach known as longitudinal survival analysis enables single neurons to be followed over the course of neurodegeneration. By capturing the dynamics of misfolded proteins and the multiple cellular events that occur along the way, the relationship of these events to each other and their importance and role during cell death can be determined. Quantitative models of proteostasis dysfunction may yield unique insight and novel therapeutic strategies for neurodegenerative disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaia Skibinski
- Gladstone Institute of Neurological Disease, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
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11
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Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is the second most common neurodegenerative disorder and is characterized by the degeneration of dopaminergic (DA) neurons within the substantia nigra. Dopamine replacement drugs remain the most effective PD treatment but only provide temporary symptomatic relief. New therapies are urgently needed, but the search for a disease-modifying treatment and a definitive understanding of the underlying mechanisms of PD has been limited by the lack of physiologically relevant models that recapitulate the disease phenotype. The use of immortalized cell lines as in vitro model systems for drug discovery has met with limited success, since efficacy and safety too often fail to translate successfully in human clinical trials. Drug discoverers are shifting their focus to more physiologically relevant cellular models, including primary neurons and stem cells. The recent discovery of induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cell technology presents an exciting opportunity to derive human DA neurons from patients with sporadic and familial forms of PD. We anticipate that these human DA models will recapitulate key features of the PD phenotype. In parallel, high-content screening platforms, which extract information on multiple cellular features within individual neurons, provide a network-based approach that can resolve temporal and spatial relationships underlying mechanisms of neurodegeneration and drug perturbations. These emerging technologies have the potential to establish highly predictive cellular models that could bring about a desperately needed revolution in PD drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaia Skibinski
- Gladstone Institute of Neurological Disease, San Francisco, CA 94158, United States ; Taube-Koret Center for Huntingon's Disease Research, the Consortium for Frontotemporal Dementia Research, and the Hellman Family Foundation Program for Alzheimer's Disease Research, San Francisco, CA 94158, United States
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12
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Nakamura K, Nemani VM, Azarbal F, Skibinski G, Levy JM, Egami K, Munishkina L, Zhang J, Gardner B, Wakabayashi J, Sesaki H, Cheng Y, Finkbeiner S, Nussbaum RL, Masliah E, Edwards RH. Direct membrane association drives mitochondrial fission by the Parkinson disease-associated protein alpha-synuclein. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:20710-26. [PMID: 21489994 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.213538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 440] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The protein α-synuclein has a central role in Parkinson disease, but the mechanism by which it contributes to neural degeneration remains unknown. We now show that the expression of α-synuclein in mammalian cells, including neurons in vitro and in vivo, causes the fragmentation of mitochondria. The effect is specific for synuclein, with more fragmentation by α- than β- or γ-isoforms, and it is not accompanied by changes in the morphology of other organelles or in mitochondrial membrane potential. However, mitochondrial fragmentation is eventually followed by a decline in respiration and neuronal death. The fragmentation does not require the mitochondrial fission protein Drp1 and involves a direct interaction of synuclein with mitochondrial membranes. In vitro, synuclein fragments artificial membranes containing the mitochondrial lipid cardiolipin, and this effect is specific for the small oligomeric forms of synuclein. α-Synuclein thus exerts a primary and direct effect on the morphology of an organelle long implicated in the pathogenesis of Parkinson disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ken Nakamura
- Department of Neurology and Physiology, University of California, San Francisco, California 94158, USA
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13
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Parker JC, Thavagnanam ST, Skibinski G, Shields MD, Heaney LG. S85 The effects of exposure to IL-9 alone or in combination with IL-13 on the mucociliary differentiation of bronchial epithelial cells from normal and asthmatic children. Thorax 2010. [DOI: 10.1136/thx.2010.150938.36] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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14
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Parker JC, Thavagnanam ST, Skibinski G, Heaney LG, Shields MD. S86 Effects of exposure to IL-13, IL-31 and an IL-13/31 combination on mucociliary differentiation of bronchial epithelial cells from normal children. Thorax 2010. [DOI: 10.1136/thx.2010.150938.37] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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15
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Parkinson N, Ince PG, Smith MO, Highley R, Skibinski G, Andersen PM, Morrison KE, Pall HS, Hardiman O, Collinge J, Shaw PJ, Fisher EMC. ALS phenotypes with mutations in CHMP2B (charged multivesicular body protein 2B). Neurology 2006; 67:1074-7. [PMID: 16807408 DOI: 10.1212/01.wnl.0000231510.89311.8b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 290] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutation in the CHMP2B gene has been implicated in frontotemporal dementia. The authors screened CHMP2B in patients with ALS and several cohorts of control samples. They identified mutations (Q206H; I29V) in two patients with non-SOD1 ALS. Neuropathology of the Q206H case showed lower motor neuron predominant disease with ubiquitylated inclusions in motor neurons. Antibodies to p62 (sequestosome 1) showed novel oligodendroglial inclusions in the motor cortex.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Parkinson
- MRC Prion Unit, Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK
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16
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Skibinski G, Parkinson NJ, Brown JM, Chakrabarti L, Lloyd SL, Hummerich H, Nielsen JE, Hodges JR, Spillantini MG, Thusgaard T, Brandner S, Brun A, Rossor MN, Gade A, Johannsen P, Sørensen SA, Gydesen S, Fisher EMC, Collinge J. Mutations in the endosomal ESCRTIII-complex subunit CHMP2B in frontotemporal dementia. Nat Genet 2005; 37:806-8. [PMID: 16041373 DOI: 10.1038/ng1609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 595] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2005] [Accepted: 06/29/2005] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
We have previously reported a large Danish pedigree with autosomal dominant frontotemporal dementia (FTD) linked to chromosome 3 (FTD3). Here we identify a mutation in CHMP2B, encoding a component of the endosomal ESCRTIII complex, and show that it results in aberrant mRNA splicing in tissue samples from affected members of this family. We also describe an additional missense mutation in an unrelated individual with FTD. Aberration in the endosomal ESCRTIII complex may result in FTD and neurodegenerative disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaia Skibinski
- MRC Prion Unit, Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK
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17
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Brown J, Gydesen S, Johannsen P, Gade A, Skibinski G, Chakrabarti L, Brun A, Spillantini M, Yancopoulou D, Thusgaard T, Sorensen A, Fisher E, Collinge J. Frontotemporal dementia linked to chromosome 3. Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord 2004; 17:274-6. [PMID: 15178935 DOI: 10.1159/000077153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
A large pedigree with autosomal dominant frontotemporal dementia has been identified. Positional cloning has linked the disease gene to the pericentromeric region of chromosome 3. Clinical, neuropsychological, imaging, pathological and molecular genetic data are presented. The genetic mutation responsible for the disease has not been identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerry Brown
- Department of Neurology, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK.
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18
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Gade A, Skibinski G, Gydesen S. P3-345 Preclinical signs of impairment in persons at high risk of frontotemporal dementia related to chromosome 3 (FTD3): preliminary findings in neuropsychological tests. Neurobiol Aging 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/s0197-4580(04)81494-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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19
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Doherty GM, Christie SN, Skibinski G, Puddicombe SM, Warke TJ, de Courcey F, Cross AL, Lyons JDM, Ennis M, Shields MD, Heaney LG. Non-bronchoscopic sampling and culture of bronchial epithelial cells in children. Clin Exp Allergy 2003; 33:1221-5. [PMID: 12956742 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2222.2003.01752.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The bronchial epithelium is likely to play a vital role in airway diseases in children, such as asthma and viral-associated wheeze. In adults, studies with primary bronchial epithelial cells cultured from samples obtained by fibre-optic bronchoscopy have provided key insights into the role of the epithelial cell. However, it is difficult to justify bronchoscopy in children to obtain epithelial cells for research purposes. OBJECTIVE To examine the possibility of retrieving and culturing viable epithelial cells using a blind non-bronchoscopic method from children undergoing elective surgery. METHODS Subjects were children undergoing elective surgery under general anaesthesia. Following intubation, non-bronchoscopic bronchoalveolar lavage and non-bronchoscopic bronchial brushing were performed. A sheathed bronchial cytology brush was advanced through the endotracheal tube, wedged and then withdrawn 2-3 cm before gentle sampling was used to collect bronchial epithelial cells. Initial samples were used to characterize the number, type and viability of epithelial cells recovered compared to a control group of adults undergoing standard bronchoscopic sampling. Subsequent samples were used to establish primary bronchial epithelial cell cultures in children both with and without wheezing illness. RESULTS A total of 63 children underwent bronchial brushing [38 male; median age 7.1 years (1.0-14.2 years]. Initial samples (n=30) showed recovery of viable epithelial cells comparable to that from a single brush obtained via a bronchoscope in an adult control group (n=11). In 27 (82%) of the subsequent 33 samples obtained non-bronchoscopically from children, primary bronchial epithelial cell cultures were successfully established. There were no adverse effects attributable to sampling. CONCLUSION We have shown that non-bronchoscopic bronchial brushing is a safe and effective technique for recovering viable bronchial epithelial cells that consistently yield primary cultures. This method will facilitate examination of the role of the epithelium in paediatric disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- G M Doherty
- Department of Child Health, Queen's University, Belfast, Northern Ireland
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20
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Skibinski G, Skibinska A, James K. Hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) protects c-met-expressing Burkitt's lymphoma cell lines from apoptotic death induced by DNA damaging agents. Eur J Cancer 2001; 37:1562-9. [PMID: 11506966 DOI: 10.1016/s0959-8049(01)00164-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The relative sensitivity of neoplastic cells to DNA damaging agents is a key factor in cancer therapy. In this paper, we show that pretreatment of Burkitt's lymphoma cell lines expressing the c-met protooncogene with hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) protects them from death induced by DNA damaging agents commonly used in tumour therapy. This protection was observed in assays based on morphological assessment of apoptotic cells and DNA fragmentation assays. The protection was dose- and time-dependent -- maximal protection requiring pre-incubation with 100 ng/ml HGF for 48 h. Western blotting analysis and flow cytometric studies revealed that HGF inhibited doxorubicin- and etoposide-induced decreases in the levels of the anti-apoptotic proteins Bcl-X(L), and to a lesser extent Bcl-2, without inducing changes in the pro-apoptotic Bax protein. Overall, these studies suggest that the accumulation of HGF within the microenvironment of neoplastic cells may contribute to the development of a chemoresistant phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Skibinski
- Department of Clinical and Surgical Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Royal Infirmary, Edinburgh EH3 9YW, UK.
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21
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Skibinski G, Skibinska A, James K. The role of hepatocyte growth factor and its receptor c-met in interactions between lymphocytes and stromal cells in secondary human lymphoid organs. Immunology 2001; 102:506-14. [PMID: 11328385 PMCID: PMC1783204 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2567.2001.01186.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Secondary lymphoid tissue consists of two major populations of cells: lymphoid cells and stromal cells. It is generally accepted that these two cell populations influence each other however, factors mediating these processes are poorly understood. In this paper we characterize one of the possible means of communication between stroma and lymphocytes namely through hepatocyte growth factor/c-met receptor interactions. Hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) is a pleiotropic factor that is mainly produced by mesenchymal cells and acts on cells of epithelial origin which express the HGF receptor c-met. Here we demonstrate that biologically active HGF is constitutively produced by fibroblast-like stromal cells from human lymphoid tissues. HGF secretion from stromal cells was increased by direct contact with activated T cells. This increase was abrogated when activated T cells were separated physically from stromal cells. Using neutralizing antibody or cytokine inhibitors we provide evidence that enhancement of HGF production was due to additive effects of T-cell membrane-associated interleukin-1 (IL-1) and CD40 ligand. Finally, we also show that B lymphocytes activated with CD40L/anti-mu or phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) express c-met receptor. Co-culture of activated B cells with stromal cells from spleen leads to enhanced production of immunoglobulins. This can be partially inhibited by introduction of anti-HGF neutralizing antibodies to the culture system. Substitution of stromal cells with recombinant HGF did not produce enhancement of immunoglobulin secretion. On the other hand stimulation of c-met receptor with HGF leads to enhanced integrin-mediated adhesion of activated B cells to vascular cell adhesion molecule (VCAM-1) and fibronectin. On the basis of the above experiments we conclude that HGF production by fibroblast-like stromal cells can be modulated by activated T cells, thus providing signals for the regulation of adhesion of c-met expressing B cells to extracellular matrix proteins. In this way HGF may indirectly influence immunoglobulin secretion by B cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Skibinski
- Department of Clinical and Surgical Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.
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22
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Young DG, Skibinski G, Skibinska A, Mason JI, James K. Preliminary studies on the effect of dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) on both constitutive and phytohaemagglutinin (PHA)-inducible IL-6 and IL-2 mRNA expression and cytokine production in human spleen mononuclear cell suspensions in vitro. Clin Exp Immunol 2001; 123:28-35. [PMID: 11167994 PMCID: PMC1905953 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2249.2001.01445.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
In order to gain further insight into the potential immunological benefits of oral administration of DHEA we have examined its effects on the constitutive and PHA-inducible expression by human spleen cell suspensions in vitro of IL-6 and IL-2. This was studied at both the mRNA and protein levels. The quantification of specific mRNA was undertaken using commercially available quantitative polymerase chain reaction kits. These studies, which were performed on suspensions from six individual spleens, revealed that 10(-5) M DHEA did not impair the expression of IL-6 at either the mRNA or protein level, but may have slightly enhanced the latter. In contrast, IL-2 mRNA levels were increased on most occasions, whilst IL-2 secretion was decreased, albeit slightly. Additional studies revealed that cyclosporin (approx. 10(-5) M) and dexamethasone (10(-7) M) readily inhibited these responses and the production of other cytokines, including interferon-gamma and tumour necrosis factor-alpha. These preliminary studies suggest that high doses of DHEA do not readily inhibit the production of IL-6, and indeed other cytokines, by PHA-stimulated secondary human lymphoid tissue suspensions in vitro. They may also partially explain the meagre immunomodulatory effects noted in some DHEA replacement studies in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- D G Young
- Department of Clinical and Surgical Sciences (Surgery) and Reproductive and Developmental Sciences (Clinical Biochemistry), University of Edinburgh, Royal Infirmary, Edinburgh, UK
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23
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Tsiantis M, Brown MI, Skibinski G, Langdale JA. Disruption of auxin transport is associated with aberrant leaf development in maize. Plant Physiol 1999; 121:1163-8. [PMID: 10594103 PMCID: PMC59483 DOI: 10.1104/pp.121.4.1163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/1999] [Accepted: 09/02/1999] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Despite recent progress, the mechanisms governing shoot morphogenesis in higher plants are only partially understood. Classical physiological studies have suggested that gradients of the plant growth regulator auxin may play a role in controlling tissue differentiation in shoots. More recent molecular genetic studies have also identified knotted1 like homeobox (knox) genes as important regulators of shoot development. The maize (Zea mays L.) mutant rough sheath2 (rs2) displays ectopic expression of at least three knox genes and consequently conditions a range of shoot and leaf phenotypes, including aberrant vascular development, ligular displacements, and dwarfism (R. Schneeberger, M. Tsiantis, M. Freeling, J.A. Langdale [1998] Development 125: 2857-2865). In this report, we show that rs2 mutants also display decreased polar auxin transport in the shoot. We also demonstrate that germination of wild-type maize seedlings on agents known to inhibit polar auxin transport mimics aspects of the rs2 mutant phenotype. The phenotype elaborated in inhibitor-treated plants is not correlated with ectopic KNOX protein accumulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Tsiantis
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3RB United Kingdom
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24
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Young DG, Skibinski G, Mason JI, James K. The influence of age and gender on serum dehydroepiandrosterone sulphate (DHEA-S), IL-6, IL-6 soluble receptor (IL-6 sR) and transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGF-beta1) levels in normal healthy blood donors. Clin Exp Immunol 1999; 117:476-81. [PMID: 10469050 PMCID: PMC1905380 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2249.1999.01003.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Dysregulation of IL-6 synthesis is thought to play a role in the development of a number of age-related conditions, such as rheumatoid arthritis, osteoporosis, atherosclerosis, Alzheimer's disease and B cell malignancies. Recently it has been suggested that the production of IL-6 is influenced by the adrenal hormone dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) and its sulphated derivative DHEA-S. In humans we investigated the relationship between DHEA-S, IL-6, IL-6 sR and TGF-beta1 in the serum of normal healthy male and female blood donors. Using immunoassay techniques we found that the serum levels of DHEA-S significantly (P = 0.0001) decreased with age in both males and females. Furthermore, mean DHEA-S levels in all age groups were significantly (P = 0.0001) higher in males. Such correlations were not apparent for IL-6 using a standard assay, but a high sensitivity assay revealed that serum IL-6 was significantly (P = 0.0018) positively correlated with age in males only. In addition, serum levels of DHEA-S were significantly (P = 0.048) negatively correlated with serum IL-6, again in male subjects only. In contrast, serum IL-6 sR and TGF-beta1 levels were not correlated with age in either males or females and were not significantly different between the sexes. However, a significant (P = 0.024) negative correlation between DHEA-S and IL-6 sR was found in males. These studies clearly highlight the complex nature of the relationship between these molecules in the ageing process in normal healthy blood donors and demonstrate the need to use high sensitivity assays when measuring IL-6 in apparently healthy individuals under the age of 70 years.
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Affiliation(s)
- D G Young
- Department of Clinical and Surgical Sciences (Surgery), University of Edinburgh, Royal Infirmary, UK
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25
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Abstract
Stromal elements are major components of lymphoid tissues contributing to both tissue architecture and function. In this study we report on the phenotype and function of fibroblast-like stromal cells obtained from human spleen. These cells express high levels of CD44 and ICAM-1 and moderate levels of VLA-4, VCAM, CD40 and CD21. They fail to express endothelial, epithelial, lymphocyte and monocyte/macrophage markers. We show that these cells interact with B cell blasts induced in vitro by anti-CD40 and anti-mu stimulation. As a result of these interactions both IL-6 and IgG secretion into culture medium is increased. The enhanced secretion of IgG is partly inhibited by abolishing B cell blaststromal cell contact or by anti-IL-6, anti-VCAM or anti-CD49d antibodies. Our studies also suggest that the ability of stromal cells to promote B cell survival is most likely the underlying mechanism of the enhanced immunoglobulin secretion. Comparison of stromal cells from different lymphoid and non-lymphoid organs revealed that bone marrow- and spleen-derived stromal cells are the most effective in promoting B cell blast differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Skibinski
- Lister Research Laboratories, University Department of Surgery, Royal Infirmary, Edinburgh, GB.
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26
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Skibinski G, Skibinska A, Deckers M, James K. Tonsil stromal-cell lines expressing FDC-like properties: isolation, characterization, and interaction with B lymphocytes. Dev Immunol 1998; 6:273-84. [PMID: 9814601 PMCID: PMC2276016 DOI: 10.1155/1998/81637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The microenvironment of secondary lymphoid organs consists of two major populations of cells, the lymphoid cells and a population of stromal cells that contribute to both tissue architecture and function. Interactions of both populations are essential for the development and control of humoral immune responses. In this study, stromal-cell preparations were obtained by a multistage process. This involved culturing 300-400-microm slices of human tonsil for 6-8 days at 25 degrees C, trypsin digestion of the residual explant, followed by CD45-positive-cell depletion using magnetic beads, and a final period of culture for 4 days to remove remaining nonadherent cells. Phenotyping with a panel of monoclonal antibodies revealed that the cells express HLA-DR, CD54 (ICAM-1), CD44, but no CD45 nor a range of other markers for epithelial and endothelial cells. Immunoassays of supernatants from stromal cells revealed that IL-6 was produced constitutively, and its production was increased by treatment with TNF-alpha and IFN-gamma. In contrast IL-1, IL-2, IL-4, IL-7, IL-8, IL-10, IL-12, TNF-alpha, and IFNgamma were not produced. Functional tests showed that these cells express follicular dendritic cell-like properties. Coculturing of tonsilar B cells with stromal cells resulted in enhanced proliferation and also led to increased production of immunoglobulins and IL-6, suggesting crucial signaling between these populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Skibinski
- Department of Surgery, University of Edinburgh, Royal Infirmary, Scotland, UK
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27
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Skibinski G, Hoffmann P, Radbruch A, James K. Organ culture of human lymphoid tissue. II. Marked differences in cytokine production and proliferation between slice and suspension cultures of human spleen. J Immunol Methods 1997; 205:115-25. [PMID: 9294592 DOI: 10.1016/s0022-1759(97)00058-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Recently, we have established a method for the culture of human spleen slices in vitro. The procedure allows thin slices (200-350 microns) of human spleen to be cultured for up to 7 days. Using this method, we have previously established that unstimulated spleen slices spontaneously synthesize and secrete considerably higher levels of immunoglobulin than suspension cultures of the same tissue run in parallel. In this study, we report that there are also marked differences in the cytokine secretion profile between slices and suspensions and in their proliferative response. In brief, control and PHA-stimulated spleen slices secrete high levels of IL-1 beta, IL-6, IL-8 and IL-11 while the levels found in suspension supernatants are appreciably lower. By way of contrast, high levels of IL-2, IL-4, IL-10 and TNF alpha are found in suspension culture supernatants following PHA stimulation while the response in slice cultures is extremely low. These differences are also reflected in the results obtained at the cellular (intracellular cytokine) level. Additional studies reveal that spontaneous immunoglobulin production observed in spleen slices can be inhibited by the addition of specific antibodies to IL-1 beta, IL-6 and TNF alpha and that the bulk of the IL-6 and IL-1 beta detected in culture supernatants represents de novo synthesis. Finally, the background and mitogen-stimulated proliferative response of tissue slices is meagre compared with that observed in spleen suspensions suggesting that proliferation in the former is held under strict control. Collectively, we believe that the tissue slice procedure described provides us with a system for studying integrated events in lymphoid tissues in vitro and evaluating immunomodulatory substances of potential clinical importance.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Skibinski
- Lister Research Laboratories, Department of Surgery, University of Edinburgh, Royal Infirmary, UK
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28
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Skibinski G, Skibinska A, James K. Tonsil stromal cell lines expressing follicular dendritic cell-like properties--isolation, characterization and interaction with B lymphocytes. Biochem Soc Trans 1997; 25:233S. [PMID: 9191277 DOI: 10.1042/bst025233s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- G Skibinski
- Department of Surgery, University of Edinburgh Medical School
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29
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Skibinski G. The effect of human splenic stromal cells on terminal differentiation of activated B lymphocytes. Immunol Lett 1997. [DOI: 10.1016/s0165-2478(97)88435-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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30
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Abstract
The age-related increase in circulating IL-6 levels in humans which has been attributed to a decline in DHEA production by the adrenal gland is currently attracting attention because of its possible relevance to the aetiology and management of a number of age-related clinical disorders. The potential importance of these observations and suggestions has prompted us to perform more detailed studies on the relationship between IL-6 and DHEA. Using immunoassay techniques we have found in normal healthy individuals over the age of 40 an inverse relationship between plasma DHEA levels and the presence of detectable levels of IL-6 (more than 1 pg/ml). In vitro, studies also revealed that low dose (10(-6)-10(-8) M) of DHEA and DHEAS inhibited the production of IL-6 in unstimulated human spleen cell suspension cultures whilst enhancing its release by explant cultures of the same tissue. In contrast they had no effect on immunoglobulin production. These studies suggest that there is a real, but complex relationship between IL-6 production and DHEA levels which warrants further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- K James
- Department of Surgery, University of Edinburgh Medical School, UK
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31
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Miao D, Skibinski G, James K. The effects of human seminal plasma and PGE2 on mitogen induced proliferation and cytokine production of human splenic lymphocytes and peripheral blood mononuclear cells. J Reprod Immunol 1996; 30:97-114. [PMID: 8816327 DOI: 10.1016/0165-0378(96)00957-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The effects of human seminal plasma (HSP) and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) on the proliferative responses of human splenic lymphocytes and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) to phytohaemagglutinin (PHA), anti-CD3 and anti-CD3 plus anti-CD28 mAb have been studied. Th1 and Th2 cytokines were also measured in the supernatants of selected cultures. Both HSP and PGE2 reproducibly inhibit the proliferative response to PHA and anti-CD3 mAb in a dose dependent manner. These effects were observed with both fresh and frozen human PBMCs and splenic lymphocytes. HSP and PGE2 however were less effective in inhibiting the co-stimulatory response induced by anti-CD3 plus anti-CD28 mAb. In addition, the HSP and PGE2 treatment used inhibited the production of the Th1 cytokines IL-2 and IFNg but had a differential modulatory effect on Th2 cytokine production, namely enhancing the production of IL-6 whilst simultaneously impairing the synthesis of IL-4 and IL-10.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Miao
- Department of Surgery, University of Edinburgh Medical School, UK
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32
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James K, Skibinski G, Hoffman P. A comparison of the performance in vitro of precision cut tissue slices and suspensions of human spleen with special reference to immunoglobulin and cytokine production. Hum Antibodies Hybridomas 1996; 7:138-50. [PMID: 9140725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
During the past decade our knowledge of the cellular and molecular events associated with key immunological responses has been greatly advanced by the use of isolated subpopulations of immunocompetent cells, cloned cell lines and recombinant derived cytokines. Valuable as these studies have been they do not truly reflect the complex integrative events which take place in both primary and secondary lymphoid tissue both in vivo and in vitro. In order to address this problem we have developed a tissue culture procedure which is a modification of that previously used by others to study T cell maturation in the thymus. This involves culturing precision cut slices of human lymphoid tissue in a sponge culture system. Using this technique we have observed marked differences in both immunoglobulin and cytokine secretion between slices and suspensions of human spleen. In brief, cultured slices (mitogen stimulated or otherwise) consistently secrete higher levels of immunoglobulin, IL-1 beta, IL-6, IL-8 and IL-11 and exhibit much lower proliferation than suspensions of the same tissue. Mitogen stimulated suspensions on the other hand secrete higher levels of IL-2, IL-4, IL-10 and TNF alpha than do slices. These differences are also observed at the intracellular cytokine level. Additional studies reveal that the immunoglobulin and cytokine secretion observed is largely due to the de novo synthesis of these molecules and not as a result of spontaneous secretion of preformed products. Furthermore immunoglobulin secretion in both slices and suspensions can be inhibited by the addition of specific antibodies to IL-1 beta, IL-6 and TNF alpha while IL-6 production can be differentially modulated by a variety of substances. Preliminary studies indicate that close interaction between B cells and stromal cells within explants accounts for some of the observed differences. This review article describes the basic technique, summarises the results we have obtained in this system and outlines the possible basis of the observed differences.
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Affiliation(s)
- K James
- Department of Surgery, University of Edinburgh Medical School, UK
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Abstract
The major aim of three-dimensional tissue culture is to preserve the natural architecture of the tissue and thereby allow the cells to retain their original functions during in vitro cultivation. Here we describe a method for the rapid preparation of three-dimensional tissue explants from human lymphoid organs. The precision-cut tissue slices are of uniform size and thickness and can be cryopreserved and stored in liquid nitrogen without substantial loss of viability or functionality of the cells. Upon in vitro culture, cells within the explants survived as well as their counterparts cultured in single cell suspension. However, spontaneous immunoglobulin (Ig) production in explants started more promptly and often reached considerably higher levels than that in suspension cultures run in parallel. Lymphocytes within the slices could be activated by polyclonal stimuli such as PHA, as shown by the upregulation of the activation markers CD23 and CD25 on B and T cells, respectively. However, approximately five-fold higher concentrations of mitogen than those used for suspension cultures were needed. Taken together, the system presented here constitutes a potent tool for the investigation of the complex interactions leading to activation and differentiation of B and T cells in lymphoid organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Hoffmann
- Department of Surgery (WGH), Medical School, University of Edinburgh, UK
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Abstract
We demonstrate that extracellular secretory vesicles isolated from bovine seminal plasma have immunomodulatory properties. They inhibit mitogen induced proliferation of bovine and human peripheral blood lymphocytes in a dose dependent fashion. They also inhibit phagocytosis of latex particles by bovine neutrophils. Phagocytosis of opsonised Staphylococcus aureus however was not affected. Furthermore phorbol ester and chemotactic peptide induced superoxide production was decreased especially when a suboptimal dose of stimulants was used. We suggest that extracellular secretory vesicles may preserve sperm survival in the female reproductive tract.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Lazarevic
- Department of Surgery (WGH), Wilkie Laboratories, University of Edinburgh Medical School, UK
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Skibinski G, Kelly RW, James K. Expression of a common secretory granule specific protein as a marker for the extracellular organelles (prostasomes) in human semen. Fertil Steril 1994; 61:755-9. [PMID: 8150122 DOI: 10.1016/s0015-0282(16)56658-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To further characterize prostasomes, trilamellar to multilamellar vesicles that are thought to originate from acinar cells of the human prostate and present in appreciable amounts in normal human semen. Purified prostasomes were shown to have immunosuppressive activity in vitro as measured by inhibition of mitogen-induced lymphocyte proliferation and inhibition of superoxide generation by neutrophils. A granule membrane protein, called granulophysin, has recently been identified in the membranes of platelet dense granules. Antibodies that recognize granulophysin also stain granules in different cell types including leukocytes, melanocytes, neurones, endothelial cells, and epithelial cells. DESIGN The presence of epitopes recognized by antigranulophysin monoclonal antibody in prostasomes was investigated using indirect immunofluorescence and subsequent cytofluorimetric analysis. The protein was also analyzed by Western blotting. Reactivity of antigranulophysin antibody with the prostate tissue was studied by immunoperoxidase staining. RESULTS A majority of prostasome particles specifically reacted with antigranulophysin antibody. In lysates prepared from prostasomes, a broad band of 32 to 37 kd was detected by Western blotting. CONCLUSION This report defines granulophysin as a constituent membrane molecule of prostasomes that may serve as a useful marker in elucidation of prostasome function.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Skibinski
- Department of Surgery, University of Edinburgh Medical School, Scotland
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Kelly RW, Skibinski G, James K. The immunosuppressive contribution of prostaglandin components of human semen and their ability to elevate cyclic adenosine monophosphate levels in peripheral blood mononuclear cells. J Reprod Immunol 1994; 26:31-40. [PMID: 8040835 DOI: 10.1016/0165-0378(93)00862-n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
We have compared the ability of fractions from seminal plasma to suppress lymphocyte proliferation and examined the effects of these fractions in raising intracellular cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) in the same preparations of peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Human seminal plasma is very effective at raising cAMP but seminal plasma stripped by C-18 reverse phase columns is inactive. Both prostaglandin E (PGE) and 19-hydroxy PGE contribute to the elevation of cAMP and a combination of these two prostaglandins is as effective as whole seminal plasma in raising cAMP but not as effective in inhibiting lymphoproliferation. These results suggest that human seminal plasma prostaglandins act through the EP2 receptor to inhibit T cell and NK cell function and thus attenuate both the cellular and humoral actions of the female's immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- R W Kelly
- Medical Research Council Reproductive Biology Unit, Edinburgh, Scotland, UK
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Skibinski G, Kelly RW, Harkiss D, James K. Immunosuppression by human seminal plasma--extracellular organelles (prostasomes) modulate activity of phagocytic cells. Am J Reprod Immunol 1992; 28:97-103. [PMID: 1337434 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0897.1992.tb00767.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
PROBLEM Prostasomes are trilamellar to multilamellar vesicles produced by the acinar cells of the human prostate and are present in appreciable amounts in normal human semen. The aim of this work was to study the effect of prostasomes on human polymorphonuclear cell and monocyte function. METHODS Functional activity of human neutrophils and monocytes was studied after incubation with prostasomes isolated from normal human seminal plasma. The following functional tests were employed: ability to ingest latex particles and opsonized bacteria (St. aureus) and ability to generate superoxide anion in response to PMA and FMLP. The latter was determined by measuring the superoxide-dismutase inhibitable reduction of ferricytochrome c to ferrocytochrome c at 550 nm. Expression of cell surface markers and interactions of prostasomes with cells were studied by cytofluorimetry. RESULTS We show that prostasomes bind rapidly to the leukocyte cell membrane followed by internalization of adsorbed material. Interactions of prostasomes with neutrophils and monocytes inhibits their ability to phagocytose latex particles. The ability to ingest opsonized bacteria is, however, not impaired. Our results also show that incubation of leukocytes with prostasomes effectively inhibits superoxide anion generation in response to activation by PMA and FMLP. CONCLUSIONS Prostasomes may play a complementary role to other immunosuppressive factors contained in the human semen. They may protect sperm cells from deleterious effects of phagocytosing cells, prolong their life, and consequently enhance the chance of conception. At the same time prostasomes may have a permissive effect on sexually transmitted diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Skibinski
- MRC Reproductive Biology Unit, University of Edinburgh, Scotland
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Abstract
Human seminal plasma contains uniquely high concentrations of prostaglandins of the E series which are believed to contribute to its immunosuppressive effects in vivo. In order to obtain further insight into their activity we have compared the immunosuppressive properties in vitro of PGE1, PGE2 and 19-OH PGE using three immunological systems known to be modulated by prostaglandins, namely, mitogen induced lymphocyte proliferation, IL-2 and transferrin receptor expression and NK-cell mediated cytotoxicity. These studies revealed that PGE1 and PGE2 exerted a greater immunosuppressive effect than 19-OH PGE, but considerably higher levels of 19-OH PGE in semen might contribute the majority of immunosuppressive activity in vivo. Our studies also show that the lower stability of 19-OH PGE in culture media may be responsible for its lower immunosuppressive effect observed in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Skibinski
- MRC Reproductive Biology Unit, University of Edinburgh Centre for Reproductive Biology, UK
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Kelly RW, Holland P, Skibinski G, Harrison C, McMillan L, Hargreave T, James K. Extracellular organelles (prostasomes) are immunosuppressive components of human semen. Clin Exp Immunol 1991; 86:550-6. [PMID: 1747961 PMCID: PMC1554200 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2249.1991.tb02968.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Numerous reports have ascribed immunosuppressive activity to human seminal plasma and there is growing agreement that much of this activity can be accounted for by the very high levels of E series prostaglandins present (up to 300 microM 19-hydroxy prostaglandin E). However not all suppressive activity is due to prostaglandin since several reports have appeared of high molecular weight active substances and we have found that stripped seminal plasma is still effective in inhibiting the mitogen-induced proliferation of lymphocytes. In this study such immunosuppressive activity has been separated by molecular size fractionation and the activity has been found to be particulate and corresponded to the previously reported prostasomes. These are trilaminar to multilaminar vesicles (150 nm diameter) which are secreted by the prostate. Pure preparations of prostasomes inhibited mitogen-induced lymphoproliferation in a dose-dependent manner with a concentration of prostasomes equivalent to 40% of that seen in seminal fluid giving 69% suppression of thymidine incorporation. The suppressive activity survived boiling and therefore was unlikely to be due to enzymatic action associated with these organelles. Interaction with the accessory cells, involved in full development of the lymphoproliferation induced by mitogen, was indicated and this possibility was supported by the demonstration of a direct effect of prostasomes on macrophage function using a mouse macrophage cell line. The prostasomes in semen may play a complementary role to the prostaglandins in neutralizing the immune defences of the female reproductive tract. This combination would allow the alloantigenic spermatozoa the best chance of achieving fertilization, but at the same time leave the recipient open to any infection present in the semen.
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Affiliation(s)
- R W Kelly
- Medical Research Council Reproductive Biology Unit, Wilkie Laboratories, Edinburgh, Scotland, UK
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Taussig MJ, Asherson GL, Holliman A, Richardson N, Skibinski G. Structural and functional studies on antigen-specific suppressor factors from T cells and T cell hybrids. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 1982; 100:43-52. [PMID: 6980096 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-68586-6_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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