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Tokumasu R, Yasuhara R, Kang S, Funatsu T, Mishima K. Transcription factor FoxO1 regulates myoepithelial cell diversity and growth. Sci Rep 2024; 14:1069. [PMID: 38212454 PMCID: PMC10784559 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-51619-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2023] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 01/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Salivary gland myoepithelial cells regulate saliva secretion and have been implicated in the histological diversity of salivary gland tumors. However, detailed functional analysis of myoepithelial cells has not been determined owing to the few of the specific marker to isolate them. We isolated myoepithelial cells from the submandibular glands of adult mice using the epithelial marker EpCAM and the cell adhesion molecule CD49f as indicators and found predominant expression of the transcription factor FoxO1 in these cells. RNA-sequence analysis revealed that the expression of cell cycle regulators was negatively regulated in FoxO1-overexpressing cells. Chromatin immunoprecipitation analysis showed that FoxO1 bound to the p21/p27 promoter DNA, indicating that FoxO1 suppresses cell proliferation through these factors. In addition, FoxO1 induced the expression of ectodysplasin A (Eda) and its receptor Eda2r, which are known to be associated with X-linked hypohidrotic ectodermal dysplasia and are involved in salivary gland development in myoepithelial cells. FoxO1 inhibitors suppressed Eda/Eda2r expression and salivary gland development in primordial organ cultures after mesenchymal removal. Although mesenchymal cells are considered a source of Eda, myoepithelial cells might be one of the resources of Eda. These results suggest that FoxO1 regulates myoepithelial cell proliferation and Eda secretion during salivary gland development in myoepithelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rino Tokumasu
- Division of Pathology, Department of Oral Diagnostic Sciences, School of Dentistry, Showa University, Tokyo, 142-8555, Japan
- Division of Dentistry for Persons with Disabilities, Department of Perioperative Medicine, Graduate School of Dentistry, Showa University, Tokyo, 142-8555, Japan
| | - Rika Yasuhara
- Division of Pathology, Department of Oral Diagnostic Sciences, School of Dentistry, Showa University, Tokyo, 142-8555, Japan.
| | - Seya Kang
- Division of Dentistry for Persons with Disabilities, Department of Perioperative Medicine, School of Dentistry, Showa University, Tokyo, 142-8555, Japan
| | - Takahiro Funatsu
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Showa University, Tokyo, 142-8555, Japan
| | - Kenji Mishima
- Division of Pathology, Department of Oral Diagnostic Sciences, School of Dentistry, Showa University, Tokyo, 142-8555, Japan.
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2
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Bonnet H, Isidro Alonso CA, Gupta IR. Submandibular gland epithelial development and the importance of junctions. Tissue Barriers 2023; 11:2161255. [PMID: 36576256 PMCID: PMC10606785 DOI: 10.1080/21688370.2022.2161255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2022] [Revised: 12/08/2022] [Accepted: 12/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Salivary glands consist of highly specialized epithelial cells that secrete the fluid, saliva, and/or transport saliva into the oral cavity. Saliva is essential to lubricate the oral cavity for food consumption and to maintain the hygiene of the oral cavity. In this review, we will focus on the formation of the epithelial cell lineage and the cell junctions that are essential for formation of saliva and maintenance of the epithelial barrier between the ducts that transport saliva and the extracellular environment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Carlos Agustin Isidro Alonso
- Research Institute of the McGill University Health Center, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Indra R. Gupta
- Research Institute of the McGill University Health Center, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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3
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Ehnes DD, Alghadeer A, Hanson-Drury S, Zhao YT, Tilmes G, Mathieu J, Ruohola-Baker H. Sci-Seq of Human Fetal Salivary Tissue Introduces Human Transcriptional Paradigms and a Novel Cell Population. FRONTIERS IN DENTAL MEDICINE 2022; 3:887057. [PMID: 36540608 PMCID: PMC9762771 DOI: 10.3389/fdmed.2022.887057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Multiple pathologies and non-pathological factors can disrupt the function of the non-regenerative human salivary gland including cancer and cancer therapeutics, autoimmune diseases, infections, pharmaceutical side effects, and traumatic injury. Despite the wide range of pathologies, no therapeutic or regenerative approaches exist to address salivary gland loss, likely due to significant gaps in our understanding of salivary gland development. Moreover, identifying the tissue of origin when diagnosing salivary carcinomas requires an understanding of human fetal development. Using computational tools, we identify developmental branchpoints, a novel stem cell-like population, and key signaling pathways in the human developing salivary glands by analyzing our human fetal single-cell sequencing data. Trajectory and transcriptional analysis suggest that the earliest progenitors yield excretory duct and myoepithelial cells and a transitional population that will yield later ductal cell types. Importantly, this single-cell analysis revealed a previously undescribed population of stem cell-like cells that are derived from SD and expresses high levels of genes associated with stem cell-like function. We have observed these rare cells, not in a single niche location but dispersed within the developing duct at later developmental stages. Our studies introduce new human-specific developmental paradigms for the salivary gland and lay the groundwork for the development of translational human therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Devon Duron Ehnes
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
- Institute for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Ammar Alghadeer
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
- Institute for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
- Department of Biomedical Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, Imam Abdulrahman bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sesha Hanson-Drury
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
- Institute for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
- Department of Oral Health Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Yan Ting Zhao
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
- Institute for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
- Department of Oral Health Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Gwen Tilmes
- Institute for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Julie Mathieu
- Institute for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
- Department of Comparative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Hannele Ruohola-Baker
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
- Institute for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
- Department of Biomedical Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, Imam Abdulrahman bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
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4
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Su Y, Xing H, Kang J, Bai L, Zhang L. Role of the hedgehog signaling pathway in rheumatic diseases: An overview. Front Immunol 2022; 13:940455. [PMID: 36105801 PMCID: PMC9466598 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.940455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2022] [Accepted: 08/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Hedgehog (Hh) signaling pathway is an evolutionarily conserved signal transduction pathway that plays an important regulatory role during embryonic development, cell proliferation, and differentiation of vertebrates, and it is often inhibited in adult tissues. Recent evidence has shown that Hh signaling also plays a key role in rheumatic diseases, as alterations in their number or function have been identified in rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis, ankylosing spondylitis, systemic sclerosis, and Sjogren’s Syndrome. As a result, emerging studies have focused on the blockade of this pathogenic axis as a promising therapeutic target in several autoimmune disorders; nevertheless, a greater understanding of its contribution still requires further investigation. This review aims to elucidate the most recent studies and literature data on the pathogenetic role of Hh signaling in rheumatic diseases.
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Abstract
Fluid secretion by exocrine glandular organs is essential to the survival of mammals. Each glandular unit within the body is uniquely organized to carry out its own specific functions, with failure to establish these specialized structures resulting in impaired organ function. Here, we review glandular organs in terms of shared and divergent architecture. We first describe the structural organization of the diverse glandular secretory units (the end-pieces) and their fluid transporting systems (the ducts) within the mammalian system, focusing on how tissue architecture corresponds to functional output. We then highlight how defects in development of end-piece and ductal architecture impacts secretory function. Finally, we discuss how knowledge of exocrine gland structure-function relationships can be applied to the development of new diagnostics, regenerative approaches and tissue regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sameed Khan
- Department of Obstetrics Gynecology and Reproductive Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
- Institute for Quantitative Health Science and Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Sarah Fitch
- Department of Obstetrics Gynecology and Reproductive Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
- Institute for Quantitative Health Science and Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Sarah Knox
- Department of Cell and Tissue Biology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Ripla Arora
- Department of Obstetrics Gynecology and Reproductive Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
- Institute for Quantitative Health Science and Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
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6
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Mukaibo T, Munemasa T, Masaki C, Cui C, Melvin J. Defective NaCl Reabsorption in Salivary Glands of Eda-Null X-LHED Mice. J Dent Res 2018; 97:1244-1251. [PMID: 29913094 PMCID: PMC6151911 DOI: 10.1177/0022034518782461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations in the ectodysplasin A gene ( EDA) cause X-LHED (X-linked hypohidrotic ectodermal dysplasia), the most common human form of ectodermal dysplasia. Defective EDA signaling is linked to hypoplastic development of epithelial tissues, resulting in hypotrichosis, hypodontia, hypohidrosis, and xerostomia. The primary objective of the present study was to better understand the salivary gland dysfunction associated with ectodermal dysplasia using the analogous murine disorder. The salivary flow rate and ion composition of the 3 major salivary glands were determined in adult Eda-deficient Tabby hemizygous male (Ta/Y) and heterozygous female (Ta/X) mice. Submandibular and sublingual glands of Eda-mutant mice were smaller than wild-type littermates, while parotid gland weight was not significantly altered. Fluid secretion by the 3 major salivary glands was essentially unchanged, but the decrease in submandibular gland size was associated with a dramatic loss of ducts in Ta/Y and Ta/X mice. Reabsorption of Na+ and Cl-, previously linked in salivary glands to Scnn1 Na+ channels and Cftr Cl- channels, respectively, was markedly reduced at high flow rates in the ex vivo submandibular glands of Ta/Y mice (~60%) and, to a lesser extent, Ta/X mice (Na+ by 14%). Consistent with decreased Na+ reabsorption in Ta/Y mice, quantitative polymerase chain reaction analysis detected decreased mRNA expression for Scnn1b and Scnn1g, genes encoding the β and γ subunits, respectively. Moreover, the Na+ channel blocker amiloride significantly inhibited Na+ and Cl- reabsorption by wild-type male submandibular glands to levels comparable to those observed in Ta/Y mice. In summary, fluid secretion was intact in the salivary glands of Eda-deficient mice but displayed marked Na+ and Cl- reabsorption defects that correlated with the loss of duct cells and decreased Scnn1 Na+ channel expression. These results provide a likely mechanism for the elevated NaCl concentration observed in the saliva of affected male and female patients with X-LHED.
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Affiliation(s)
- T. Mukaibo
- Secretory Mechanisms and Dysfunctions Section,
National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health,
Bethesda, MD, USA
- Department of Oral Reconstruction and
Rehabilitation, Kyushu Dental University, Kitakyushu, Japan
| | - T. Munemasa
- Secretory Mechanisms and Dysfunctions Section,
National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health,
Bethesda, MD, USA
- Department of Oral Reconstruction and
Rehabilitation, Kyushu Dental University, Kitakyushu, Japan
| | - C. Masaki
- Department of Oral Reconstruction and
Rehabilitation, Kyushu Dental University, Kitakyushu, Japan
| | - C.Y. Cui
- Laboratory of Genetics and Genomics, National
Institute of Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - J.E. Melvin
- Secretory Mechanisms and Dysfunctions Section,
National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health,
Bethesda, MD, USA
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7
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Elliott KH, Millington G, Brugmann SA. A novel role for cilia-dependent sonic hedgehog signaling during submandibular gland development. Dev Dyn 2018. [PMID: 29532549 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.24627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Submandibular glands (SMGs) are specialized epithelial structures which generate saliva necessary for mastication and digestion. Loss of SMGs can lead to inflammation, oral lesions, fungal infections, problems with chewing/swallowing, and tooth decay. Understanding the development of the SMG is important for developing therapeutic options for patients with impaired SMG function. Recent studies have suggested Sonic hedgehog (Shh) signaling in the epithelium plays an integral role in SMG development; however, the mechanism by which Shh influences gland development remains nebulous. RESULTS Using the Kif3af/f ;Wnt1-Cre ciliopathic mouse model to prevent Shh signal transduction by means of the loss of primary cilia in neural crest cells, we report that mesenchymal Shh activity is necessary for gland development. Furthermore, using a variety of murine transgenic lines with aberrant mesenchymal Shh signal transduction, we determine that loss of Shh activity, by means of loss of the Gli activator, rather than gain of Gli repressor, is sufficient to cause the SMG aplasia. Finally, we determine that loss of the SMG correlates with reduced Neuregulin1 (Nrg1) expression and lack of innervation of the SMG epithelium. CONCLUSIONS Together, these data suggest a novel mechanistic role for mesenchymal Shh signaling during SMG development. Developmental Dynamics 247:818-831, 2018. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelsey H Elliott
- Division of Plastic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio.,Division of Developmental Biology, Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Grethel Millington
- Division of Plastic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio.,Division of Developmental Biology, Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Samantha A Brugmann
- Division of Plastic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio.,Division of Developmental Biology, Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
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8
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Li S, Zhou J, Bu J, Ning K, Zhang L, Li J, Guo Y, He X, He H, Cai X, Chen Y, Reinach PS, Liu Z, Li W. Ectodysplasin A protein promotes corneal epithelial cell proliferation. J Biol Chem 2017; 292:13391-13401. [PMID: 28655773 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m117.803809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The EDA gene encodes ectodysplasin A (Eda), which if mutated causes X-linked hypohidrotic ectodermal dysplasia (XLHED) disease in humans. Ocular surface changes occur in XLHED patients whereas its underlying mechanism remains elusive. In this study, we found Eda was highly expressed in meibomian glands, and it was detected in human tears but not serum. Corneal epithelial integrity was defective and the thickness was reduced in the early postnatal stage of Eda mutant Tabby mice. Corneal epithelial cell proliferation decreased and the epithelial wound healing was delayed in Tabby mice, whereas it was restored by exogenous Eda. Eda exposure promoted mouse corneal epithelial wound healing during organ culture, whereas scratch wound assay showed that it did not affect human corneal epithelial cell line migration. Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), phosphorylated EGFR (p-EGFR), and phosphorylated ERK1/2 (p-ERK) were down-regulated in Tabby mice corneal epithelium. Eda treatment up-regulated the expression of Ki67, EGFR, p-EGFR, and p-ERK in human corneal epithelial cells in a dose-dependent manner. In conclusion, Eda protein can be secreted from meibomian glands and promotes corneal epithelial cell proliferation through regulation of the EGFR signaling pathway. Eda release into the tears plays an essential role in the maintenance of corneal epithelial homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanming Li
- From the Eye Institute of Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102.,the Medical College of Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102.,the Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, and
| | - Jing Zhou
- From the Eye Institute of Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102.,the Medical College of Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102.,the Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, and
| | - Jinghua Bu
- From the Eye Institute of Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102.,the Medical College of Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102.,the Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, and
| | - Ke Ning
- From the Eye Institute of Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102.,the Medical College of Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102.,the Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, and
| | - Liying Zhang
- From the Eye Institute of Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102.,the Medical College of Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102.,the Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, and
| | - Juan Li
- From the Eye Institute of Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102.,the Medical College of Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102.,the Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, and
| | - Yuli Guo
- From the Eye Institute of Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102.,the Medical College of Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102.,the Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, and
| | - Xin He
- From the Eye Institute of Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102.,the Medical College of Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102.,the Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, and
| | - Hui He
- From the Eye Institute of Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102.,the Medical College of Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102.,the Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, and
| | - Xiaoxin Cai
- From the Eye Institute of Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102.,the Medical College of Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102.,the Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, and
| | - Yongxiong Chen
- From the Eye Institute of Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102.,the Medical College of Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102.,the Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, and
| | | | - Zuguo Liu
- From the Eye Institute of Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102.,the Medical College of Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102.,the Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, and.,the Xiamen University affiliated Xiamen Eye Center, Xiamen, Fujian 361000
| | - Wei Li
- From the Eye Institute of Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, .,the Medical College of Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102.,the Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, and.,the Xiamen University affiliated Xiamen Eye Center, Xiamen, Fujian 361000
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9
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Sisto M, Lorusso L, Ingravallo G, Lisi S. Exocrine Gland Morphogenesis: Insights into the Role of Amphiregulin from Development to Disease. Arch Immunol Ther Exp (Warsz) 2017; 65:477-499. [DOI: 10.1007/s00005-017-0478-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2016] [Accepted: 06/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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10
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Sisto M, Barca A, Lofrumento DD, Lisi S. Downstream activation of NF-κB in the EDA-A1/EDAR signalling in Sjögren's syndrome and its regulation by the ubiquitin-editing enzyme A20. Clin Exp Immunol 2016; 184:183-96. [PMID: 26724675 DOI: 10.1111/cei.12764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Sjögren's syndrome (SS) is an autoimmune disease and the second most common chronic systemic rheumatic disorder. Prevalence of primary SS in the general population has been estimated to be approximately 1-3%, whereas secondary SS has been observed in 10-20% of patients with rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and scleroderma. Despite this, its exact aetiology and pathogenesis are largely unexplored. Nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) signalling mechanisms provide central controls in SS, but how these pathways intersect the pathological features of this disease is unclear. The ubiquitin-editing enzyme A20 (tumour necrosis factor-α-induced protein 3, TNFAIP3) serves as a critical inhibitor on NF-κB signalling. In humans, polymorphisms in the A20 gene or a deregulated expression of A20 are often associated with several inflammatory disorders, including SS. Because A20 controls the ectodysplasin-A1 (EDA-A1)/ectodysplasin receptor (EDAR) signalling negatively, and the deletion of A20 results in excessive EDA1-induced NF-κB signalling, this work investigates the expression levels of EDA-A1 and EDAR in SS human salivary glands epithelial cells (SGEC) and evaluates the hypothesis that SS SGEC-specific deregulation of A20 results in excessive EDA1-induced NF-κB signalling in SS. Our approach, which combines the use of siRNA-mediated gene silencing and quantitative pathway analysis, was used to elucidate the role of the A20 target gene in intracellular EDA-A1/EDAR/NF-κB pathway in SS SGEC, holding significant promise for compound selection in drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Sisto
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neurosciences and Sense Organs, Section of Human Anatomy and Histology, University of Bari Medical School, Bari, Italy
| | - A Barca
- Neuropathology Unit, Institute of Experimental Neurology and Division of Neuroscience, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute (Section of Lecce), Milan, Italy
| | - D D Lofrumento
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies, Section of Human Anatomy, University of Salento, Lecce, Italy
| | - S Lisi
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neurosciences and Sense Organs, Section of Human Anatomy and Histology, University of Bari Medical School, Bari, Italy
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11
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Melnick M, Jaskoll T. CMV-induced embryonic mouse organ of corti dysplasia: Network architecture of dysfunctional lateral inhibition. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 103:573-82. [PMID: 26178632 DOI: 10.1002/bdra.23386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2014] [Revised: 03/18/2015] [Accepted: 04/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Congenital cytomegalovirus infection is the major nongenetic cause of sensorineural hearing loss at birth and beyond. Among other pathologies, there is a striking dysplasia/hyperplasia of organ of Corti hair and supporting cells. METHODS Using an in vitro embryonic mouse model of cytomegalovirus-induced cochlear teratogenesis that mimics the known human pathology, and functional signaling network modeling, we tested the hypothesis that cytomegalovirus disrupts the highly ordered organ of Corti hair and supporting cells pattern by dysregulating Notch and Fgfr3, their cognate ligands and downstream effectors. RESULTS Several novel emergent properties of the critical lateral inhibition subnetwork became apparent. The subnetwork has classic small-world properties such as short paths between most gene pairs, few long-distance links, and considerable clustering. Concomitantly, the calculated probability that our specific gene expression dataset is from dysplastic organs of Corti is highly significant (p < 1 × 10(-12) ). Furthermore, we determined that the subnetwork has a highly heterogeneous scale-free topology in which the highly linked genes (hubs), Notch and Fgfr3, play a central role in mediating interactions among the less linked genes. CONCLUSION This phenomenon has important biologic and therapeutic implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Melnick
- Laboratory Developmental Genetics, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Tina Jaskoll
- Laboratory Developmental Genetics, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
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12
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Abstract
Mechanistic modeling has the potential to transform how cell biologists contend with the inescapable complexity of modern biology. I am a physiologist–electrical engineer–systems biologist who has been working at the level of cell biology for the past 24 years. This perspective aims 1) to convey why we build models, 2) to enumerate the major approaches to modeling and their philosophical differences, 3) to address some recurrent concerns raised by experimentalists, and then 4) to imagine a future in which teams of experimentalists and modelers build—and subject to exhaustive experimental tests—models covering the entire spectrum from molecular cell biology to human pathophysiology. There is, in my view, no technical obstacle to this future, but it will require some plasticity in the biological research mind-set.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert D Phair
- Integrative Bioinformatics, Inc., Mountain View, CA 94041
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13
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Mattingly A, Finley JK, Knox SM. Salivary gland development and disease. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY 2015; 4:573-90. [PMID: 25970268 DOI: 10.1002/wdev.194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2015] [Revised: 04/14/2015] [Accepted: 04/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Mammalian salivary glands synthesize and secrete saliva via a vast interconnected network of epithelial tubes attached to secretory end units. The extensive morphogenesis required to establish this organ is dependent on interactions between multiple cell types (epithelial, mesenchymal, endothelial, and neuronal) and the engagement of a wide range of signaling pathways. Here we describe critical regulators of salivary gland development and discuss how mutations in these impact human organogenesis. In particular, we explore the genetic contribution of growth factor pathways, nerve-derived factors and extracellular matrix molecules to salivary gland formation in mice and humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron Mattingly
- Department of Cell & Tissue Biology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Jennifer K Finley
- Department of Cell & Tissue Biology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Sarah M Knox
- Department of Cell & Tissue Biology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
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14
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CMV-induced pathology: pathway and gene-gene interaction analysis. Exp Mol Pathol 2014; 97:154-65. [PMID: 24984270 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexmp.2014.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2014] [Accepted: 06/27/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Mucoepidermoid carcinoma (MEC) is the most prevalent malignant tumor in major and minor salivary glands (SGs). We have recently identified human cytomegalovirus (hCMV) as a principle component in the multifactorial causation of SG-MEC. This finding is corroborated by the ability of the purified mouse CMV (mCMV) to induce malignant transformation of SG cells in a three-dimensional in vitro mouse model, using a similar oncogenic signaling pathway. Our prior studies indicate that the core tumor microenvironment (TME) is a key regulator of pathologic progression, particularly the cancer-associated fibroblast (CAF) component. Studies of early CAFs immunodetect aberrant expression of ECM components, as well as multiple growth factors, cytokines and transcription factors. Here we present the mechanistic insight derived from a mathematical structure ("wiring diagram") used to model complex relationships between a highly relevant (p=9.43×10(-12)) global "cancer network" of 32 genes and their known links. Detailed characterization of the functional architecture of the examined "cancer network" exposes the critical crosstalk and compensatory pathways that limit the efficacy of targeted anti-kinase therapies.
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Abstract
Current approaches for the development of regenerative therapies have been influenced by our understanding of embryonic development, stem cell biology, and tissue engineering technology. The ultimate goal of regenerative therapy is to develop fully functioning bioengineered organs to replace lost or damaged organs that result from disease, injury, or aging. Almost all organs including ectodermal organs, such as teeth, hair, salivary glands, and lacrimal glands, arise from organ germs induced by reciprocal epithelial-mesenchymal interactions in the developing embryo. A novel concept to generate a bioengineered organ is to recreate organogenesis and thereby develop fully functioning bioengineered organs from the resulting bioengineered organ germ generated via 3-dimensional cell manipulation using immature stem cells in vitro. We have previously developed a bioengineering method for forming a 3-dimensional organ germ in the early developmental stages, termed the "bioengineered organ germ method." Recently, we reported fully functioning bioengineered tooth replacements after transplantation of a bioengineered tooth germ or a mature tooth unit comprising the bioengineered tooth and periodontal tissues. This concept could be adopted to generate not only teeth but also bioengineered hair follicles, salivary glands, and lacrimal glands. These studies emphasize the potential for bioengineered organ replacement in future regenerative therapies. In this review, we will summarize the strategies and the recent progress of research and development for the establishment of organ replacement regenerative therapies.
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Liu F, Wang S. Molecular cues for development and regeneration of salivary glands. Histol Histopathol 2013; 29:305-12. [PMID: 24189993 DOI: 10.14670/hh-29.305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The hypofunction of salivary glands caused by Sjögren's Syndrome or radiotherapy for head and neck cancer significantly compromises the quality of life of millions patients. Currently no curative treatment is available for the irreversible hyposalivation, whereas regenerative strategies targeting salivary stem/progenitor cells are promising. However, the success of these strategies is constrained by the lack of insights on the molecular cues of salivary gland regeneration. Recent advances in the molecular controls of salivary gland morphogenesis provided valuable clues for identifying potential regenerative cues. A complicated network of signaling molecules between epithelia, mesenchyme, endothelia, extracellular matrix and innervating nerves orchestrate the salivary gland organogenesis. Here we discuss the roles of several cross-talking intercellular signaling pathways, i.e., FGF, Wnt, Hedgehog, Eda, Notch, Chrm1/HB-EGF and Laminin/Integrin pathways, in the development of salivary glands and their potentials to promote salivary regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Liu
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine at Scott and White, Molecular and Cellular Medicine Department, Texas A&M Health Science Center, Temple, Texas, USA.
| | - Songlin Wang
- Salivary Gland Disease Center and Beijing Key Laboratory of Tooth Regeneration and Function Reconstruction, Capital Medical University School of Stomatology, Beijing, China.
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The ectodysplasin pathway: from diseases to adaptations. Trends Genet 2013; 30:24-31. [PMID: 24070496 DOI: 10.1016/j.tig.2013.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2013] [Revised: 08/06/2013] [Accepted: 08/20/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The ectodysplasin (EDA) pathway, which is active during the development of ectodermal organs, including teeth, hairs, feathers, and mammary glands, and which is crucial for fine-tuning the developmental network controlling the number, size, and density of these structures, was discovered by studying human patients affected by anhidrotic/hypohidrotic ectodermal dysplasia. It comprises three main gene products: EDA, a ligand that belongs to the tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α family, EDAR, a receptor related to the TNFα receptors, and EDARADD, a specific adaptor. This core pathway relies on downstream NF-κB pathway activation to regulate target genes. The pathway has recently been found to be associated with specific adaptations in natural populations: the magnitude of armor plates in sticklebacks and the hair structure in Asian human populations. Thus, despite its role in human disease, the EDA pathway is a 'hopeful pathway' that could allow adaptive changes in ectodermal appendages which, as specialized interfaces with the environment, are considered hot-spots of morphological evolution.
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Cytomegalovirus-induced salivary gland pathology: AREG, FGF8, TNF-α, and IL-6 signal dysregulation and neoplasia. Exp Mol Pathol 2013; 94:386-97. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yexmp.2013.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2012] [Revised: 01/10/2013] [Accepted: 01/31/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Melnick M, Sedghizadeh PP, Deluca KA, Jaskoll T. Cytomegalovirus-induced salivary gland pathology: resistance to kinase inhibitors of the upregulated host cell EGFR/ERK pathway is associated with CMV-dependent stromal overexpression of IL-6 and fibronectin. HERPESVIRIDAE 2013; 4:1. [PMID: 23342981 PMCID: PMC3602079 DOI: 10.1186/2042-4280-4-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2012] [Accepted: 12/28/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Background Recently we identified a relationship between human cytomegalovirus (hCMV) and human salivary gland (SG) mucoepidermoid carcinoma (MEC) in over 90% of cases; tumorigenesis in these cases uniformly correlated with active hCMV protein expression and an upregulation of the EGFR → ERK pathway. Our previously characterized, novel mouse organ culture model of mouse CMV (mCMV)-induced tumorigenesis displays a number of histologic and molecular characteristics similar to human MEC. Methods Newborn mouse submandibular glands (SMGs) were incubated with 1 × 105 PFU/ml of lacZ-tagged mCMV RM427+ on day 0 for 24 hours and then cultured in virus-free media for a total of 6 or 12 days with or without EGFR/ERK inhibitors and/or aciclovir. SMGs were collected for histology, immunolocalization (pERK, FN, IL-6), viral distribution, or Western blot analysis (pERK). Results Here we report: (1) mouse SMG tumors soon exhibit an acquired resistance to EGFR/ERK pathway kinase inhibitors, alone or in combination; (2) long term tumor regression can only be sustained by concurrent inhibitor and antiviral treatment; (3) CMV-dependent, kinase inhibitor resistance is associated with overexpression of fibronectin and IL-6 proteins in abnormal stromal cells. Conclusions Acquired resistance to kinase inhibitors is dependent upon CMV dysregulation of alternative pathways with downstream effectors common with the targeted pathway, a phenomenon with important therapeutic implications for human MEC of salivary glands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Melnick
- Laboratory for Developmental Genetics, University of Southern California, 925 W 34th Street, MC-0641, Los Angeles, CA 90089-0641, USA.
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Daley WP, Yamada KM. Cell–ECM Interactions and the Regulation of Epithelial Branching Morphogenesis. EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX IN DEVELOPMENT 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-35935-4_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Melnick M, Jaskoll T. An in vitro mouse model of congenital cytomegalovirus-induced pathogenesis of the inner ear cochlea. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 97:69-78. [PMID: 23281115 DOI: 10.1002/bdra.23105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2012] [Revised: 10/22/2012] [Accepted: 11/06/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Congenital human cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection is the leading nongenetic etiology of sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL) at birth and prelingual SNHL not expressed at birth. The paucity of temporal bone autopsy specimens from infants with congenital CMV infection has hindered the critical correlation of histopathology with pathogenesis. Here, we present an in vitro embryonic mouse model of CMV-infected cochleas that mimics the human sites of viral infection and associated pathology. There is a striking dysplasia/hyperplasia in mouse CMV-infected cochlear epithelium and mesenchyme, including organ of Corti hair and supporting cells and stria vascularis. This is concomitant with significant dysregulation of p19, p21, p27, and Pcna gene expression, as well as proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) protein expression. Other pathologies similar to those arising from known deafness gene mutations include downregulation of KCNQ1 protein expression in the stria vascularis, as well as hypoplastic and dysmorphic melanocytes. Thus, this model provides a relevant and reliable platform within which the detailed cell and molecular biology of CMV-induced deafness may be studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Melnick
- Laboratory for Developmental Genetics, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA.
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22
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Okumura K, Shinohara M, Endo F. Capability of tissue stem cells to organize into salivary rudiments. Stem Cells Int 2012; 2012:502136. [PMID: 22550510 PMCID: PMC3328257 DOI: 10.1155/2012/502136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2011] [Accepted: 01/05/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Branching morphogenesis (BrM), an essential step for salivary gland development, requires epithelial-mesenchymal interactions. BrM is impaired when the surrounding mesenchyme is detached from the salivary epithelium during the pseudoglandular stage. It is believed that the salivary mesenchyme is indispensable for BrM, however, an extracellular matrix gel with exogenous EGF can be used as a substitute for the mesenchyme during BrM in the developing salivary epithelium. Stem/progenitor cells isolated from salivary glands in humans and rodents can be classified as mesenchymal stem cell-like, bone-marrow-derived, duct cell-like, and embryonic epithelium-like cells. Salivary-gland-derived progenitor (SGP) cells isolated from duct-ligated rats, mice, and swine submandibular glands share similar characteristics, including intracellular laminin and α6β1-integrin expression, similar to the embryonic salivary epithelia during the pseudoglandular stage. Progenitor cells also isolated from human salivary glands (human SGP cells) having the same characteristics differentiate into hepatocyte-like cells when transplanted into the liver. Similar to the dissociated embryonic salivary epithelium, human SGP cells aggregate to self-organize into branching organ-like structures on Matrigel plus exogenous EGF. These results suggest the possibility that tissue stem cells organize rudiment-like structures, and the embryonic cells that organize into whole tissues during development are preserved even in adult tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenji Okumura
- Department of Pediatrics, Kumamoto University School of Medicine, Honjo 1-1-1, Kumamoto 860-8556, Japan
| | - Masanori Shinohara
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Fumio Endo
- Department of Pediatrics, Kumamoto University School of Medicine, Honjo 1-1-1, Kumamoto 860-8556, Japan
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Hsu J, Di Pasquale G, Harunaga J, Onodera T, Hoffman M, Chiorini J, Yamada K. Viral gene transfer to developing mouse salivary glands. J Dent Res 2012; 91:197-202. [PMID: 22095070 PMCID: PMC3261122 DOI: 10.1177/0022034511429346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2011] [Revised: 09/30/2011] [Accepted: 10/03/2011] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Branching morphogenesis is essential for the formation of salivary glands, kidneys, lungs, and many other organs during development, but the mechanisms underlying this process are not adequately understood. Microarray and other gene expression methods have been powerful approaches for identifying candidate genes that potentially regulate branching morphogenesis. However, functional validation of the proposed roles for these genes has been severely hampered by the absence of efficient techniques to genetically manipulate cells within embryonic organs. Using ex vivo cultured embryonic mouse submandibular glands (SMGs) as models to study branching morphogenesis, we have identified new vectors for viral gene transfer with high efficiency and cell-type specificity to developing SMGs. We screened adenovirus, lentivirus, and 11 types of adeno-associated viruses (AAV) for their ability to transduce embryonic day 12 or 13 SMGs. We identified two AAV types, AAV2 and bovine AAV (BAAV), that are selective in targeting expression differentially to SMG epithelial and mesenchymal cell populations, respectively. Transduction of SMG epithelia with self-complementary (sc) AAV2 expressing fibroblast growth factor 7 (Fgf7) supported gland survival and enhanced SMG branching morphogenesis. Our findings represent, to our knowledge, the first successful selective gene targeting to epithelial vs. mesenchymal cells in an organ undergoing branching morphogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- J.C. Hsu
- Laboratory of Cell and Developmental Biology, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Building 30, Room 426, 30 Convent Drive, MSC 4370, Bethesda, MD 20892-4370, USA
| | - G. Di Pasquale
- Molecular Physiology and Therapeutics Branch, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Building 30, Room 426, 30 Convent Drive, MSC 4370, Bethesda, MD 20892-4370, USA
| | - J.S. Harunaga
- Laboratory of Cell and Developmental Biology, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Building 30, Room 426, 30 Convent Drive, MSC 4370, Bethesda, MD 20892-4370, USA
| | - T. Onodera
- Laboratory of Cell and Developmental Biology, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Building 30, Room 426, 30 Convent Drive, MSC 4370, Bethesda, MD 20892-4370, USA
| | - M.P. Hoffman
- Laboratory of Cell and Developmental Biology, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Building 30, Room 426, 30 Convent Drive, MSC 4370, Bethesda, MD 20892-4370, USA
| | - J.A. Chiorini
- Molecular Physiology and Therapeutics Branch, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Building 30, Room 426, 30 Convent Drive, MSC 4370, Bethesda, MD 20892-4370, USA
| | - K.M. Yamada
- Laboratory of Cell and Developmental Biology, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Building 30, Room 426, 30 Convent Drive, MSC 4370, Bethesda, MD 20892-4370, USA
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Knosp WM, Knox SM, Hoffman MP. Salivary gland organogenesis. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY 2011; 1:69-82. [PMID: 23801668 DOI: 10.1002/wdev.4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Our understanding of vertebrate salivary gland organogenesis has been largely informed by the study of the developing mouse submandibular gland (SMG), which will be the major focus of this review. The mouse SMG has been historically used as a model system to study epithelial-mesenchymal interactions, growth factor-extracellular matrix (ECM) interactions, and branching morphogenesis. SMG organogenesis involves interactions between a variety of cell types and their stem/progenitor cells, including the epithelial, neuronal, and mesenchymal cells, and their ECM microenvironment, or niche. Here, we will review recent literature that provides conceptual advances in understanding the molecular mechanisms of salivary gland development. We will describe SMG organogenesis, introduce the model systems used to study development, and outline the key signaling pathways and cellular processes involved. We will also review recent research focusing on the identification of stem/progenitor cells in the SMG and how they are directed along a series of cell fate decisions to form a functional gland. The mechanisms that drive SMG organogenesis provide a template to regenerate functional salivary glands in patients who suffer from salivary hypofunction due to irreversible glandular damage after irradiation or removal of tumors. Additionally, these mechanisms may also control growth and development of other organ systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wendy M Knosp
- Matrix and Morphogenesis Section, LCDB, NIDCR, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
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Kuramoto T, Yokoe M, Hashimoto R, Hiai H, Serikawa T. A rat model of hypohidrotic ectodermal dysplasia carries a missense mutation in the Edaradd gene. BMC Genet 2011; 12:91. [PMID: 22013926 PMCID: PMC3224228 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2156-12-91] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2011] [Accepted: 10/21/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Hypohidrotic ectodermal dysplasia (HED) is a congenital disorder characterized by sparse hair, oligodontia, and inability to sweat. It is caused by mutations in any of three Eda pathway genes: ectodysplasin (Eda), Eda receptor (Edar), and Edar-associated death domain (Edaradd), which encode ligand, receptor, and intracellular adaptor molecule, respectively. The Eda signaling pathway activates NF-κB, which is central to ectodermal differentiation. Although the causative genes and the molecular pathway affecting HED have been identified, no curative treatment for HED has been established. Previously, we found a rat spontaneous mutation that caused defects in hair follicles and named it sparse-and-wavy (swh). Here, we have established the swh rat as the first rat model of HED and successfully identified the swh mutation. Results The swh/swh rat showed sparse hair, abnormal morphology of teeth, and absence of sweat glands. The ectoderm-derived glands, meibomian, preputial, and tongue glands, were absent. We mapped the swh mutation to the most telomeric part of rat Chr 7 and found a Pro153Ser missense mutation in the Edaradd gene. This mutation was located in the death domain of EDARADD, which is crucial for signal transduction and resulted in failure to activate NF-κB. Conclusions These findings suggest that swh is a loss-of-function mutation in the rat Edaradd and indicate that the swh/swh rat would be an excellent animal model of HED that could be used to investigate the pathological basis of the disease and the development of new therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Kuramoto
- Institute of Laboratory Animals, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Yoshidakonoe-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan.
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Häärä O, Fujimori S, Schmidt-Ullrich R, Hartmann C, Thesleff I, Mikkola ML. Ectodysplasin and Wnt pathways are required for salivary gland branching morphogenesis. Development 2011; 138:2681-91. [PMID: 21652647 DOI: 10.1242/dev.057711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The developing submandibular salivary gland (SMG) is a well-studied model for tissue interactions and branching morphogenesis. Its development shares similar features with other ectodermal appendages such as hair and tooth. The ectodysplasin (Eda) pathway is essential for the formation and function of several ectodermal organs. Mutations in the signaling components of the Eda pathway lead to a human syndrome known as hypohidrotic ectodermal dysplasia (HED), which is characterized by missing and malformed teeth, sparse hair and reduced sweating. Individuals with HED suffer also from dry mouth because of reduced saliva flow. In order to understand the underlying mechanism, we analyzed salivary gland development in mouse models with altered Eda pathway activities. We have found that Eda regulates growth and branching of the SMG via transcription factor NF-κB in the epithelium, and that the hedgehog pathway is an important mediator of Eda/NF-κB. We also sought to determine whether a similar reciprocal interplay between the Eda and Wnt/β-catenin pathways, which are known to operate in other skin appendages, functions in developing SMG. Surprisingly and unlike in developing hair follicles and teeth, canonical Wnt signaling activity did not colocalize with Edar/NF-κB in salivary gland epithelium. Instead, we observed high mesenchymal Wnt activity and show that ablation of mesenchymal Wnt signaling either in vitro or in vivo compromised branching morphogenesis. We also provide evidence suggesting that the effects of mesenchymal Wnt/β-catenin signaling are mediated, at least in part, through regulation of Eda expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Otso Häärä
- Developmental Biology Program, Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, P.O.B. 56, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
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Melnick M, Abichaker G, Htet K, Sedghizadeh P, Jaskoll T. Small molecule inhibitors of the host cell COX/AREG/EGFR/ERK pathway attenuate cytomegalovirus-induced pathogenesis. Exp Mol Pathol 2011; 91:400-10. [PMID: 21565184 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexmp.2011.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2011] [Accepted: 04/18/2011] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
As with other herpesviruses, human cytomegalovirus (hCMV) has the ability to establish lifelong persistence and latent infection following primary exposure, salivary glands (SMGs) being the primary site of both. In the immunocompromised patient, hCMV is a common cause of opportunistic infections, and subsequent morbidity and mortality. Elucidating the molecular pathogenesis of CMV-induced disease is critical to the development of more effective and safer drug therapies. In the present study, we used a novel mouse postnatal SMG organ culture model of mCMV-induced dysplasia to investigate a candidate signaling network suggested by our prior studies (COX-2/AREG/EGFR/ERK). The objective was to employ small molecule inhibitors to target several key steps in the autocrine loop, and in this way ameliorate pathology. Our results indicate that upregulation of ERK phosphorylation is necessary for initial mCMV-induced pathogenesis, and that ErbB receptor family phosphorylation and downstream signaling are highly relevant targets for drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Melnick
- Laboratory for Developmental Genetics, USC, Los Angeles, CA 90089-0641, USA.
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Abstract
Salivary glands form during embryonic development by a complex process that creates compact, highly organized secretory organs with functions essential for oral health. The architecture of these glands is generated by branching morphogenesis, revealed by recent research to involve unexpectedly dynamic cell motility and novel regulatory pathways. Numerous growth factors, extracellular matrix molecules, gene regulatory pathways, and mechanical forces contribute to salivary gland morphogenesis, but local gene regulation and morphological changes appear to play particularly notable roles. Here we review these recent advances and their potential application to salivary gland tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Harunaga
- Laboratory of Cell and Developmental Biology, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bldg. 30, Room 426, 30 Convent Drive, MSC 4370, Bethesda, MD 20892-4370, USA
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Wells KL, Mou C, Headon DJ, Tucker AS. Recombinant EDA or Sonic Hedgehog rescue the branching defect in Ectodysplasin A pathway mutant salivary glands in vitro. Dev Dyn 2011; 239:2674-84. [PMID: 20803597 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.22406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Hypohidrotic ectodermal dysplasia (HED) is characterized by defective ectodermal organ development. This includes the salivary glands (SGs), which have an important role in lubricating the oral cavity. In humans and mice, HED is caused by mutations in Ectodysplasin A (Eda) pathway genes. Various phenotypes of the mutant mouse Eda(Ta/Ta), which lacks the ligand Eda, can be rescued by maternal injection or in vitro culture supplementation with recombinant EDA. However, the response of the SGs to this treatment has not been investigated. Here, we show that the submandibular glands (SMGs) of Eda(Ta/Ta) mice exhibit impaired branching morphogenesis, and that supplementation of Eda(Ta/Ta) SMG explants with recombinant EDA rescues the defect. Supplementation of Edar(dlJ/dlJ) SMGs with recombinant Sonic hedgehog (Shh) also rescues the defect, whereas treatment with recombinant Fgf8 does not. This work is the first to test the ability of putative Eda target molecules to rescue Eda pathway mutant SMGs.
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Affiliation(s)
- K L Wells
- Department of Craniofacial Development, Dental Institute, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
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The Edar Subfamily in Hair and Exocrine Gland Development. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2011; 691:23-33. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4419-6612-4_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Larsen M, Yamada KM, Musselmann K. Systems analysis of salivary gland development and disease. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS. SYSTEMS BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2010; 2:670-82. [PMID: 20890964 PMCID: PMC3398465 DOI: 10.1002/wsbm.94] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Branching morphogenesis is a crucial developmental process in which vertebrate organs generate extensive epithelial surface area while retaining a compact size. In the vertebrate submandibular salivary gland, branching morphogenesis is crucial for the generation of the large surface area necessary to produce sufficient saliva. However, in many salivary gland diseases, saliva-producing acinar cells are destroyed, resulting in dry mouth and secondary health conditions. Systems-based approaches can provide insights into understanding salivary gland development, function, and disease. The traditional approach to understanding these processes is the identification of molecular signals using reductionist approaches; we review current progress with such methods in understanding salivary gland development. Taking a more global approach, multiple groups are currently profiling the transcriptome, the proteome, and other 'omes' in both developing mouse tissues and in human patient samples. Computational methods have been successful in deciphering large data sets, and mathematical models are starting to make predictions regarding the contribution of molecules to the physical processes of morphogenesis and cellular function. A challenge for the future will be to establish comprehensive, publicly accessible salivary gland databases spanning the full range of genes and proteins; plans are underway to provide these resources to researchers in centralized repositories. The greatest challenge for the future will be to develop realistic models that integrate multiple types of data to both describe and predict embryonic development and disease pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melinda Larsen
- Department of Biological Sciences, University at Albany, State University of New York
| | - Kenneth M. Yamada
- Laboratory of Cell and Developmental Biology, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health
| | - Kurt Musselmann
- Laboratory of Cell and Developmental Biology, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health
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Jaskoll T, Htet K, Abichaker G, Kaye FJ, Melnick M. CRTC1 expression during normal and abnormal salivary gland development supports a precursor cell origin for mucoepidermoid cancer. Gene Expr Patterns 2010; 11:57-63. [PMID: 20837164 DOI: 10.1016/j.gep.2010.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2010] [Revised: 08/25/2010] [Accepted: 09/06/2010] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Dysregulation of the transcription factor CRTC1 by a t(11;19) chromosomal rearrangement mediates the formation of mucoepidermoid salivary gland carcinoma (MEC). Although the CRTC1 promoter is consistently active in fusion-positive MEC and low levels of CRTC1 transcripts have been reported in normal adult salivary glands, the distribution of CRTC1 protein in the normal salivary gland is not known. The aim of this study was to determine if CRTC1, like many known oncogenes, is expressed during early submandibular salivary gland (SMG) development and re-expressed in an experimental tumor model. Our results indicate that CRTC1 protein is expressed in SMG epithelia during early stages of morphogenesis, disappears with differentiation, and reappears in initial tumor-like pathology. This stage-dependent expression pattern suggests that CRTC1 may play a role during embryonic SMG branching morphogenesis but not for pro-acinar/acinar differentiation, supporting a precursor cell origin for MEC tumorigenesis. Moreover, the coincident expression of CRTC1 protein and cell proliferation markers in tumor-like histopathology suggests that CRTC1-mediated cell proliferation may contribute, in part, to initial tumor formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tina Jaskoll
- Laboratory for Developmental Genetics, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089-0641, USA.
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Gresik EW, Koyama N, Hayashi T, Kashimata M. Branching morphogenesis in the fetal mouse submandibular gland is codependent on growth factors and extracellular matrix. THE JOURNAL OF MEDICAL INVESTIGATION 2010; 56 Suppl:228-33. [PMID: 20224186 DOI: 10.2152/jmi.56.228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
Branching morphogenesis (BrM) is a basic developmental process for the formation of the lung, kidney, and all exocrine glands, including the salivary glands. This process proceeds as follows. An epithelial downgrowth invaginates into underlying mesenchyme, and forms a cleft at its distal end, which is the site of dichotomous branching and elongation; this process of clefting and elongation is repeated many times at the distal ends of the invading epithelium until the desired final extent of branching is reached. The distal ends of the epithelium differentiate into the secretory endpieces, and the elongated segments become the ducts. This presentation is a brief historical review of studies on BrM during the development of the submandibular gland (SMG).
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward W Gresik
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, Sophie Davis School of Biomedical Education, City University of New York, NY, USA
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