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Wutke S, Blank SM, Boevé JL, Faircloth BC, Koch F, Linnen CR, Malm T, Niu G, Prous M, Schiff NM, Schmidt S, Taeger A, Vilhelmsen L, Wahlberg N, Wei M, Nyman T. Phylogenomics and biogeography of sawflies and woodwasps (Hymenoptera, Symphyta). Mol Phylogenet Evol 2024; 199:108144. [PMID: 38972494 DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2024.108144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2024] [Revised: 07/03/2024] [Accepted: 07/04/2024] [Indexed: 07/09/2024]
Abstract
Phylogenomic approaches have recently helped elucidate various insect relationships, but large-scale comprehensive analyses on relationships within sawflies and woodwasps are still lacking. Here, we infer the relationships and long-term biogeographic history of these hymenopteran groups using a large dataset of 354 UCE loci collected from 385 species that represent all major lineages. Early Hymenoptera started diversifying during the Early Triassic ∼249 Ma and spread all over the ancient supercontinent Pangaea. We recovered Xyeloidea as a monophyletic sister group to other Hymenoptera and Pamphilioidea as sister to Unicalcarida. Within the diverse family Tenthredinidae, our taxonomically and geographically expanded taxon sampling highlights the non-monophyly of several traditionally defined subfamilies. In addition, the recent removal of Athalia and related genera from the Tenthredinidae into the separate family Athaliidae is supported. The deep historical biogeography of the group is characterised by independent dispersals and re-colonisations between the northern (Laurasia) and southern (Gondwana) palaeocontinents. The breakup of these landmasses led to ancient vicariance in several Gondwanan lineages, while interchange across the Northern Hemisphere has continued until the Recent. The little-studied African sawfly fauna is likewise a diverse mixture of groups with varying routes of colonization. Our results reveal interesting parallels in the evolution and biogeography of early hymenopterans and other ancient insect groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saskia Wutke
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Joensuu, Finland.
| | - Stephan M Blank
- Senckenberg Deutsches Entomologisches Institut, Müncheberg, Germany
| | - Jean-Luc Boevé
- OD Taxonomy and Phylogeny, Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Brant C Faircloth
- Museum of Natural Science and Department of Biological Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
| | - Frank Koch
- Museum für Naturkunde, Leibniz Institute for Evolution and Biodiversity Science, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Tobias Malm
- Department of Zoology, Swedish Museum of Natural History, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Gengyun Niu
- College of Life Sciences, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Marko Prous
- Museum of Natural History, University of Tartu, Estonia
| | - Nathan M Schiff
- Formerly with the USDA Forest Service, Southern Research Station, Center for Bottomland Hardwoods Research, Stoneville, MS, USA
| | - Stefan Schmidt
- SNSB-Zoologische Staatssammlung München, Munich, Germany
| | - Andreas Taeger
- Senckenberg Deutsches Entomologisches Institut, Müncheberg, Germany
| | - Lars Vilhelmsen
- Natural History Museum of Denmark, SCIENCE, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Meicai Wei
- College of Life Sciences, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Tommi Nyman
- Department of Ecosystems in the Barents Region, Norwegian Institute of Bioeconomy Research, Svanvik, Norway
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2
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Cornwallis CK, van 't Padje A, Ellers J, Klein M, Jackson R, Kiers ET, West SA, Henry LM. Symbioses shape feeding niches and diversification across insects. Nat Ecol Evol 2023; 7:1022-1044. [PMID: 37202501 PMCID: PMC10333129 DOI: 10.1038/s41559-023-02058-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/15/2023] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
For over 300 million years, insects have relied on symbiotic microbes for nutrition and defence. However, it is unclear whether specific ecological conditions have repeatedly favoured the evolution of symbioses, and how this has influenced insect diversification. Here, using data on 1,850 microbe-insect symbioses across 402 insect families, we found that symbionts have allowed insects to specialize on a range of nutrient-imbalanced diets, including phloem, blood and wood. Across diets, the only limiting nutrient consistently associated with the evolution of obligate symbiosis was B vitamins. The shift to new diets, facilitated by symbionts, had mixed consequences for insect diversification. In some cases, such as herbivory, it resulted in spectacular species proliferation. In other niches, such as strict blood feeding, diversification has been severely constrained. Symbioses therefore appear to solve widespread nutrient deficiencies for insects, but the consequences for insect diversification depend on the feeding niche that is invaded.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Anouk van 't Padje
- Amsterdam Institute for Life and Environment, section Ecology and Evolution, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Laboratory of Genetics, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Jacintha Ellers
- Amsterdam Institute for Life and Environment, section Ecology and Evolution, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Malin Klein
- Amsterdam Institute for Life and Environment, section Ecology and Evolution, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Raphaella Jackson
- School of Biological and Behavioural Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - E Toby Kiers
- Amsterdam Institute for Life and Environment, section Ecology and Evolution, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Stuart A West
- Department of Biology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Lee M Henry
- School of Biological and Behavioural Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK.
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3
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Wójcik Ł, Chęć M, Skowronek P, Grabowski M, Persona K, Strachecka A. Do the different life history strategies of ants and honeybees determine fat body morphology? ARTHROPOD STRUCTURE & DEVELOPMENT 2022; 69:101186. [PMID: 35696737 DOI: 10.1016/j.asd.2022.101186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2022] [Revised: 05/22/2022] [Accepted: 05/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The separation of two sister groups such as ants and bees in the Cretaceous involved the development of distinctive characteristics to occupy separate ecological niches. From the point of view of biology and ecology, it is important to see how different life history strategies affect the physiology of these insects. The fat body is the most metabolically important tissue in the organism of each insect. Therefore, we conducted a comparative analysis of the morphological image of the subcuticular fat body in different localisation/segments in Formica (Seviformica) cinerea and Apis mellifera mellifera foragers, because of the similarity of their functions in colonies. We observed that the fat bodies of ants and bees were composed of the same cell types: trophocytes and oenocytes. However, in each of the segments, the fat body cells in ants were bigger and there were fewer of them in comparison with bees. The dorsal part of the fat body of ants had a bilayer structure, where the outer layer was formed by binucleated oenocytes. Binucleated oenocytes were also found in the inner layer near the heart and tracheole. In bees, the fat body was unilayered and the trophocytes and oenocytes were present side by side. The similarities and, in particular, the differences in the structure of the fat body are the adaptation of these sister groups to life in a diverse environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Łukasz Wójcik
- Department of Invertebrate Ecophysiology and Experimental Biology, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Akademicka 13, 20-950, Lublin, Poland.
| | - Magdalena Chęć
- Department of Cell Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, Akademicka 19, 20-033, Lublin, Poland
| | - Patrycja Skowronek
- Department of Invertebrate Ecophysiology and Experimental Biology, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Akademicka 13, 20-950, Lublin, Poland
| | - Marcin Grabowski
- Department of Invertebrate Ecophysiology and Experimental Biology, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Akademicka 13, 20-950, Lublin, Poland
| | - Kamil Persona
- Department of Invertebrate Ecophysiology and Experimental Biology, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Akademicka 13, 20-950, Lublin, Poland
| | - Aneta Strachecka
- Department of Invertebrate Ecophysiology and Experimental Biology, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Akademicka 13, 20-950, Lublin, Poland
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Davis RB, Õunap E, Tammaru T. A supertree of Northern European macromoths. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0264211. [PMID: 35180261 PMCID: PMC8856531 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0264211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2021] [Accepted: 02/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Ecological and life-history data on the Northern European macromoth (Lepidoptera: Macroheterocera) fauna is widely available and ideal for use in answering phylogeny-based research questions: for example, in comparative biology. However, phylogenetic information for such studies lags behind. Here, as a synthesis of all currently available phylogenetic information on the group, we produce a supertree of 114 Northern European macromoth genera (in four superfamilies, with Geometroidea considered separately), providing the most complete phylogenetic picture of this fauna available to date. In doing so, we assess those parts of the phylogeny that are well resolved and those that are uncertain. Furthermore, we identify those genera for which phylogenetic information is currently too poor to include in such a supertree, or entirely absent, as targets for future work. As an aid to studies involving these genera, we provide information on their likely positions within the macromoth tree. With phylogenies playing an ever more important role in the field, this supertree should be useful in informing future ecological and evolutionary studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert B. Davis
- Department of Zoology, Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Erki Õunap
- Department of Zoology, Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
- Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Toomas Tammaru
- Department of Zoology, Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
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Malec P, Weber J, Böhmer R, Fiebig M, Meinert D, Rein C, Reinisch R, Henrich M, Polyvas V, Pollmann M, von Berg L, König C, Steidle JLM. The emergence of ecotypes in a parasitoid wasp: a case of incipient sympatric speciation in Hymenoptera? BMC Ecol Evol 2021; 21:204. [PMID: 34781897 PMCID: PMC8591844 DOI: 10.1186/s12862-021-01938-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background To understand which reproductive barriers initiate speciation is a major question in evolutionary research. Despite their high species numbers and specific biology, there are only few studies on speciation in Hymenoptera. This study aims to identify very early reproductive barriers in a local, sympatric population of Nasonia vitripennis (Walker 1836), a hymenopterous parasitoid of fly pupae. We studied ecological barriers, sexual barriers, and the reduction in F1-female offspring as a postmating barrier, as well as the population structure using microsatellites. Results We found considerable inbreeding within female strains and a population structure with either three or five subpopulation clusters defined by microsatellites. In addition, there are two ecotypes, one parasitizing fly pupae in bird nests and the other on carrion. The nest ecotype is mainly formed from one of the microsatellite clusters, the two or four remaining microsatellite clusters form the carrion ecotype. There was slight sexual isolation and a reduction in F1-female offspring between inbreeding strains from the same microsatellite clusters and the same ecotypes. Strains from different microsatellite clusters are separated by a reduction in F1-female offspring. Ecotypes are separated only by ecological barriers. Conclusions This is the first demonstration of very early reproductive barriers within a sympatric population of Hymenoptera. It demonstrates that sexual and premating barriers can precede ecological separation. This indicates the complexity of ecotype formation and highlights the general need for more studies within homogenous populations for the identification of the earliest barriers in the speciation process. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12862-021-01938-y.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pawel Malec
- Naturpark Steigerwald E.V., 91443, Scheinfeld, Germany
| | - Justus Weber
- Dep. of Chemical Ecology 190T, Institute of Biology, University of Hohenheim, 70593, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Robin Böhmer
- Natural History Museum Bern, 3005, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Marc Fiebig
- Untere Naturschutzbehörde, Landratsamt Kitzingen, 97318, Kitzingen, Germany
| | | | - Carolin Rein
- Apicultural State Institute, University of Hohenheim, 70593, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Ronja Reinisch
- Dep. of Chemical Ecology 190T, Institute of Biology, University of Hohenheim, 70593, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Maik Henrich
- Wildlife Ecology and Management, University of Freiburg, 79106, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Viktoria Polyvas
- Dep. of Chemical Ecology 190T, Institute of Biology, University of Hohenheim, 70593, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Marie Pollmann
- Dep. of Chemical Ecology 190T, Institute of Biology, University of Hohenheim, 70593, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Lea von Berg
- Dep. of Chemical Ecology 190T, Institute of Biology, University of Hohenheim, 70593, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Christian König
- Akademie für Natur- und Umweltschutz Baden-Württemberg beim Ministerium für Umwelt, Klima und Energiewirtschaft, 70192, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Johannes L M Steidle
- Dep. of Chemical Ecology 190T, Institute of Biology, University of Hohenheim, 70593, Stuttgart, Germany.
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Samacá-Sáenz E, Santos BF, José Martínez J, Egan SP, Shaw SR, Hanson PE, Zaldívar-Riverón A. Ultraconserved elements-based systematics reveals evolutionary patterns of host-plant family shifts and phytophagy within the predominantly parasitoid braconid wasp subfamily Doryctinae. Mol Phylogenet Evol 2021; 166:107319. [PMID: 34563693 DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2021.107319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2021] [Revised: 09/20/2021] [Accepted: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Phytophagy has promoted species diversification in many insect groups, including Hymenoptera, one of the most diverse animal orders on Earth. In the predominantly parasitoid family Braconidae, an association with insect-induced, plant galls in angiosperms have been reported in three subfamilies, but in particular in the Doryctinae, where it has been recorded to occur in species of ten genera. Allorhogas Gahan is the most species-rich of these genera, with its species having different phytophagous strategies. Here we conducted a comprehensive phylogenomic study for the doryctine gall-associated genera, with an emphasis on Allorhogas, using ultraconserved elements (UCEs). Based on this estimate of phylogeny we: (1) evaluated their taxonomic composition, (2) estimated the timing of origin of the gall-associated clade and divergence of its main subclades, and (3) performed ancestral state reconstruction analyses for life history traits related to their host-plant association. Our phylogenetic hypothesis confirmed Allorhogas as polyphyletic, with most of its members being nested in a main clade composed of various subclades, each comprising species with a particular host-plant family and herbivorous feeding habit. The origin of gall-association was estimated to have occurred during the late Oligocene to early Miocene, with a subsequent diversification of subclades during the middle to late Miocene and Pliocene. Overlap in divergence timing appears to occur between some taxa and their host-associated plant lineages. Evolution of the feeding strategies in the group shows "inquilinism-feeding" as the likely ancestral state, with gall-formation in different plant organs and seed predation having independently evolved on multiple occasions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ernesto Samacá-Sáenz
- Colección Nacional de Insectos, Instituto de Biología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 3er. circuito exterior s/n, Cd. Universitaria, Copilco, Coyoacán, A. P. 70-233, C. P. 04510 Ciudad de México, Mexico; Posgrado en Ciencias Biológicas, Unidad de Posgrado, Circuito de Posgrados, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Coyoacán, C. P. 04510, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Bernardo F Santos
- Institut de Systématique, Evolution, Biodiversité (ISYEB), Muséum National d'Histoire naturelle, CNRS, SU, EPHE, UA, 57 rue Cuvier CP50, 75231 Paris Cedex 05, France
| | - Juan José Martínez
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de La Pampa, Uruguay 151, L6300CLB, Santa Rosa, La Pampa, Argentina
| | - Scott P Egan
- Department of BioSciences, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005, USA
| | - Scott R Shaw
- University of Wyoming Insect Museum, Department of Ecosystem Science and Management (3354), University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY 82072, USA
| | - Paul E Hanson
- Escuela de Biología, Universidad de Costa Rica, San Pedro de Montes de Oca, Costa Rica
| | - Alejandro Zaldívar-Riverón
- Colección Nacional de Insectos, Instituto de Biología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 3er. circuito exterior s/n, Cd. Universitaria, Copilco, Coyoacán, A. P. 70-233, C. P. 04510 Ciudad de México, Mexico.
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Kasoju VT, Moen DS, Ford MP, Ngo TT, Santhanakrishnan A. Interspecific variation in bristle number on forewings of tiny insects does not influence clap-and-fling aerodynamics. J Exp Biol 2021; 224:272163. [PMID: 34286832 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.239798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2020] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Miniature insects must overcome significant viscous resistance in order to fly. They typically possess wings with long bristles on the fringes and use clap-and-fling mechanism to augment lift. These unique solutions to the extreme conditions of flight at tiny sizes (< 2 mm body length) suggest that natural selection has optimized wing design for better aerodynamic performance. However, species vary in wingspan, number of bristles (n), and bristle gap (G) to diameter (D) ratio (G/D). How this variation relates to body length (BL) and its effects on aerodynamics remain unknown. We measured forewing images of 38 species of thrips and 21 species of fairyflies. Our phylogenetic comparative analyses showed that n and wingspan scaled positively and similarly with body length across both groups, whereas G/D decreased with BL, with a sharper decline in thrips. We next measured aerodynamic forces and visualized flow on physical models of bristled wings performing clap-and-fling kinematics at chord-based Reynolds number of 10 using a dynamically scaled robotic platform. We examined the effects of dimensional (G, D, wingspan) and non-dimensional (n, G/D) geometric variables on dimensionless lift and drag. We found that: (a) increasing G reduced drag more than decreasing D; (b) changing n had minimal impact on lift generation; and (c) varying G/D minimally affected aerodynamic forces. These aerodynamic results suggest little pressure to functionally optimize n and G/D. Combined with the scaling relationships between wing variables and BL, much wing variation in tiny flying insects might be best explained by underlying shared growth factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vishwa T Kasoju
- School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078-5016, USA
| | - Daniel S Moen
- Department of Integrative Biology, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA
| | - Mitchell P Ford
- School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078-5016, USA
| | - Truc T Ngo
- School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078-5016, USA
| | - Arvind Santhanakrishnan
- School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078-5016, USA
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8
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A comparative genomic approach using mouse and fruit fly data to discover genes involved in testis function in hymenopterans with a focus on Nasonia vitripennis. BMC Ecol Evol 2021; 21:90. [PMID: 34011283 PMCID: PMC8132408 DOI: 10.1186/s12862-021-01825-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2020] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Spermatogenesis appears to be a relatively well-conserved process even among distantly related animal taxa such as invertebrates and vertebrates. Although Hymenopterans share many characteristics with other organisms, their complex haplodiploid reproduction system is still relatively unknown. However, they serve as a complementary insect model to Drosophila for studying functional male fertility. In this study, we used a comparative method combining taxonomic, phenotypic data and gene expression to identify candidate genes that could play a significant role in spermatogenesis in hymenopterans. Results Of the 546 mouse genes predominantly or exclusively expressed in the mouse testes, 36% had at least one ortholog in the fruit fly. Of these genes, 68% had at least one ortholog in one of the six hymenopteran species we examined. Based on their gene expression profiles in fruit fly testes, 71 of these genes were hypothesized to play a marked role in testis function. Forty-three of these 71 genes had an ortholog in at least one of the six hymenopteran species examined, and their enriched GO terms were related to the G2/M transition or to cilium organization, assembly, or movement. Second, of the 379 genes putatively involved in male fertility in Drosophila, 224 had at least one ortholog in each of the six Hymenoptera species. Finally, we showed that 199 of these genes were expressed in early pupal testis in Nasonia vitripennis; 86 exhibited a high level of expression, and 54 displayed modulated expression during meiosis. Conclusions In this study combining phylogenetic and experimental approaches, we highlighted genes that may have a major role in gametogenesis in hymenopterans; an essential prerequisite for further research on functional importance of these genes. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12862-021-01825-6.
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9
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Insights into how development and life-history dynamics shape the evolution of venom. EvoDevo 2021; 12:1. [PMID: 33413660 PMCID: PMC7791878 DOI: 10.1186/s13227-020-00171-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Venomous animals are a striking example of the convergent evolution of a complex trait. These animals have independently evolved an apparatus that synthesizes, stores, and secretes a mixture of toxic compounds to the target animal through the infliction of a wound. Among these distantly related animals, some can modulate and compartmentalize functionally distinct venoms related to predation and defense. A process to separate distinct venoms can occur within and across complex life cycles as well as more streamlined ontogenies, depending on their life-history requirements. Moreover, the morphological and cellular complexity of the venom apparatus likely facilitates the functional diversity of venom deployed within a given life stage. Intersexual variation of venoms has also evolved further contributing to the massive diversity of toxic compounds characterized in these animals. These changes in the biochemical phenotype of venom can directly affect the fitness of these animals, having important implications in their diet, behavior, and mating biology. In this review, we explore the current literature that is unraveling the temporal dynamics of the venom system that are required by these animals to meet their ecological functions. These recent findings have important consequences in understanding the evolution and development of a convergent complex trait and its organismal and ecological implications.
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10
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Abdi MK, Hardy ICW, Jucker C, Lupi D. Kinship effects in quasi-social parasitoids II: co-foundress relatedness and host dangerousness interactively affect host exploitation. Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2020. [DOI: 10.1093/biolinnean/blaa047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Sclerodermus brevicornis is a parasitoid that exhibits cooperative multi-foundress brood production. Prior work showed that the time lag to paralysis of small-sized hosts is shorter when co-foundress relatedness is higher and predicted that the greater risks and greater benefits of attacking larger hosts would combine with co-foundress relatedness to determine the limits to the size of a host that a female is selected to attack as a public good. It was also predicted that the time to host attack would be affected by an interaction between host size and relatedness. Here, we show empirically that both host size and kinship affect S. brevicornis reproduction and that they interact to influence the timing of host attack. We also find effects of co-foundress relatedness after hosts have been suppressed successfully. A public goods model using parameters estimated for S. brevicornis again suggests that selection for individual foundresses to attack and, if successful, to share hosts will be dependent on both the size of the host and the relatedness of the foundresses to any co-foundresses present. Females will not be selected to bear the individual cost of a public good when hosts are large and dangerous or when their relatedness to the co-foundress is low. We conclude that although reproductive behaviours exhibited by Sclerodermus females can be cooperative, they are unlikely to be exhibited without reference to kinship or to the risks involved in attempting to suppress and share large and dangerous hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Khadar Abdi
- School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Loughborough, UK
| | - Ian C W Hardy
- School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Loughborough, UK
| | - Costanza Jucker
- Department of Food, Environmental and Nutritional Sciences (DeFENS), University of Milan, Milano (MI), Italy
| | - Daniela Lupi
- Department of Food, Environmental and Nutritional Sciences (DeFENS), University of Milan, Milano (MI), Italy
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11
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Alajmi R, Haddadi R, Abdel-Gaber R, Alkuriji M. Molecular phylogeny of Monomorium pharaonis (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) based on rRNA sequences of mitochondrial gene. J Genet 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s12041-020-1186-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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12
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Nyman T, Onstein RE, Silvestro D, Wutke S, Taeger A, Wahlberg N, Blank SM, Malm T. The early wasp plucks the flower: disparate extant diversity of sawfly superfamilies (Hymenoptera: ‘Symphyta’) may reflect asynchronous switching to angiosperm hosts. Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2019. [DOI: 10.1093/biolinnean/blz071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
AbstractThe insect order Hymenoptera originated during the Permian nearly 300 Mya. Ancestrally herbivorous hymenopteran lineages today make up the paraphyletic suborder ‘Symphyta’, which encompasses c. 8200 species with very diverse host-plant associations. We use phylogeny-based statistical analyses to explore the drivers of diversity dynamics within the ‘Symphyta’, with a particular focus on the hypothesis that diversification of herbivorous insects has been driven by the explosive radiation of angiosperms during and after the Cretaceous. Our ancestral-state estimates reveal that the first symphytans fed on gymnosperms, and that shifts onto angiosperms and pteridophytes – and back – have occurred at different time intervals in different groups. Trait-dependent analyses indicate that average net diversification rates do not differ between symphytan lineages feeding on angiosperms, gymnosperms or pteridophytes, but trait-independent models show that the highest diversification rates are found in a few angiosperm-feeding lineages that may have been favoured by the radiations of their host taxa during the Cenozoic. Intriguingly, lineages-through-time plots show signs of an early Cretaceous mass extinction, with a recovery starting first in angiosperm-associated clades. Hence, the oft-invoked assumption of herbivore diversification driven by the rise of flowering plants may overlook a Cretaceous global turnover in insect herbivore communities during the rapid displacement of gymnosperm- and pteridophyte-dominated floras by angiosperms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tommi Nyman
- Department of Ecosystems in the Barents Region, Norwegian Institute of Bioeconomy Research, Svanvik, Norway
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Joensuu, Finland
| | - Renske E Onstein
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle–Jena–Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Daniele Silvestro
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg and Gothenburg Global Biodiversity Centre, Sweden
| | - Saskia Wutke
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Joensuu, Finland
| | - Andreas Taeger
- Senckenberg Deutsches Entomologisches Institut Müncheberg, Germany
| | | | - Stephan M Blank
- Senckenberg Deutsches Entomologisches Institut Müncheberg, Germany
| | - Tobias Malm
- Department of Zoology, Swedish Museum of Natural History, Stockholm, Sweden
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Bascompte J, García MB, Ortega R, Rezende EL, Pironon S. Mutualistic interactions reshuffle the effects of climate change on plants across the tree of life. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2019; 5:eaav2539. [PMID: 31106269 PMCID: PMC6520021 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aav2539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2018] [Accepted: 04/11/2019] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Climatically induced local species extinctions may trigger coextinction cascades, thus driving many more species to extinction than originally predicted by species distribution models. Using seven pollination networks across Europe that include the phylogeny and life history traits of plants, we show a substantial variability across networks in climatically predicted plant extinction-and particularly the subsequent coextinction-rates, with much higher values in Mediterranean than Eurosiberian networks. While geographic location best predicts the probability of a plant species to be driven to extinction by climate change, subsequent coextinctions are best predicted by the local network of interactions. These coextinctions not only increase the total number of plant species being driven to extinction but also add a bias in the way the major taxonomic and functional groups are pruned.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordi Bascompte
- Department of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, CH-8057 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - María B. García
- Instituto Pirenaico de Ecología (IPE-CSIC), Apartado 13034, E-50080 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Raúl Ortega
- Department of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, CH-8057 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Enrico L. Rezende
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Roehampton, Holybourne Avenue, London SW15 4JD, UK
| | - Samuel Pironon
- Instituto Pirenaico de Ecología (IPE-CSIC), Apartado 13034, E-50080 Zaragoza, Spain
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Walker AA, Robinson SD, Yeates DK, Jin J, Baumann K, Dobson J, Fry BG, King GF. Entomo-venomics: The evolution, biology and biochemistry of insect venoms. Toxicon 2018; 154:15-27. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2018.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2018] [Revised: 08/23/2018] [Accepted: 09/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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15
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Gene arrangement and sequence of mitochondrial genomes yield insights into the phylogeny and evolution of bees and sphecid wasps (Hymenoptera: Apoidea). Mol Phylogenet Evol 2018; 124:1-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2018.02.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2017] [Revised: 02/12/2018] [Accepted: 02/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Sun D, Guo Z, Liu Y, Zhang Y. Progress and Prospects of CRISPR/Cas Systems in Insects and Other Arthropods. Front Physiol 2017; 8:608. [PMID: 28932198 PMCID: PMC5592444 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2017.00608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2017] [Accepted: 08/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR) and the CRISPR-associated gene Cas9 represent an invaluable system for the precise editing of genes in diverse species. The CRISPR/Cas9 system is an adaptive mechanism that enables bacteria and archaeal species to resist invading viruses and phages or plasmids. Compared with zinc finger nucleases and transcription activator-like effector nucleases, the CRISPR/Cas9 system has the advantage of requiring less time and effort. This efficient technology has been used in many species, including diverse arthropods that are relevant to agriculture, forestry, fisheries, and public health; however, there is no review that systematically summarizes its successful application in the editing of both insect and non-insect arthropod genomes. Thus, this paper seeks to provide a comprehensive and impartial overview of the progress of the CRISPR/Cas9 system in different arthropods, reviewing not only fundamental studies related to gene function exploration and experimental optimization but also applied studies in areas such as insect modification and pest control. In addition, we also describe the latest research advances regarding two novel CRISPR/Cas systems (CRISPR/Cpf1 and CRISPR/C2c2) and discuss their future prospects for becoming crucial technologies in arthropods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Sun
- Longping Branch, Graduate School of Hunan UniversityChangsha, China.,Department of Plant Protection, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijing, China
| | - Zhaojiang Guo
- Department of Plant Protection, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijing, China
| | - Yong Liu
- Longping Branch, Graduate School of Hunan UniversityChangsha, China
| | - Youjun Zhang
- Department of Plant Protection, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijing, China
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Abstract
Drilling into solid substrates with slender beam-like structures is a mechanical challenge, but is regularly done by female parasitic wasps. The wasp inserts her ovipositor into solid substrates to deposit eggs in hosts, and even seems capable of steering the ovipositor while drilling. The ovipositor generally consists of three longitudinally connected valves that can slide along each other. Alternative valve movements have been hypothesized to be involved in ovipositor damage avoidance and steering during drilling. However, none of the hypotheses have been tested in vivo. We used 3D and 2D motion analysis to quantify the probing behavior of the fruit-fly parasitoid Diachasmimorpha longicaudata (Braconidae) at the levels of the ovipositor and its individual valves. We show that the wasps can steer and curve their ovipositors in any direction relative to their body axis. In a soft substrate, the ovipositors can be inserted without reciprocal motion of the valves. In a stiff substrate, such motions were always observed. This is in agreement with the damage avoidance hypothesis of insertion, as they presumably limit the overall net pushing force. Steering can be achieved by varying the asymmetry of the distal part of the ovipositor by protracting one valve set with respect to the other. Tip asymmetry is enhanced by curving of ventral elements in the absence of an opposing force, possibly due to pretension. Our findings deepen the knowledge of the functioning and evolution of the ovipositor in hymenopterans and may help to improve man-made steerable probes.
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Kaiser L, Fernandez-Triana J, Capdevielle-Dulac C, Chantre C, Bodet M, Kaoula F, Benoist R, Calatayud PA, Dupas S, Herniou EA, Jeannette R, Obonyo J, Silvain JF, Ru BL. Systematics and biology of Cotesia typhae sp. n. (Hymenoptera, Braconidae, Microgastrinae), a potential biological control agent against the noctuid Mediterranean corn borer, Sesamia nonagrioides. Zookeys 2017:105-136. [PMID: 28769725 PMCID: PMC5523161 DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.682.13016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2017] [Accepted: 05/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Many parasitoid species are subjected to strong selective pressures from their host, and their adaptive response may result in the formation of genetically differentiated populations, called host races. When environmental factors and reproduction traits prevent gene flow, host races become distinct species. Such a process has recently been documented within the Cotesiaflavipes species complex, all of which are larval parasitoids of moth species whose larvae are stem borers of Poales. A previous study on the African species C.sesamiae, incorporating molecular, ecological and biological data on various samples, showed that a particular population could be considered as a distinct species, because it was specialized at both host (Sesamianonagrioides) and plant (Typhadomingensis) levels, and reproductively isolated from other C.sesamiae. Due to its potential for the biological control of S.nonagrioides, a serious corn pest in Mediterranean countries and even in Iran, we describe here Cotesiatyphae Fernandez-Triana sp. n. The new species is characterized on the basis of morphological, molecular, ecological and geographical data, which proved to be useful for future collection and rapid identification of the species within the species complex. Fecundity traits and parasitism success on African and European S.nonagrioides populations, estimated by laboratory studies, are also included.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laure Kaiser
- Laboratoire Evolution, Génomes, Comportement et Ecologie, UMR CNRS 9191, IRD 247, Université. Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, 1 Avenue de la Terrasse, 91198 Gif sur Yvette, France
| | | | - Claire Capdevielle-Dulac
- Laboratoire Evolution, Génomes, Comportement et Ecologie, UMR CNRS 9191, IRD 247, Université. Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, 1 Avenue de la Terrasse, 91198 Gif sur Yvette, France
| | - Célina Chantre
- Laboratoire Evolution, Génomes, Comportement et Ecologie, UMR CNRS 9191, IRD 247, Université. Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, 1 Avenue de la Terrasse, 91198 Gif sur Yvette, France
| | - Matthieu Bodet
- Laboratoire Evolution, Génomes, Comportement et Ecologie, UMR CNRS 9191, IRD 247, Université. Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, 1 Avenue de la Terrasse, 91198 Gif sur Yvette, France
| | - Ferial Kaoula
- Laboratoire Evolution, Génomes, Comportement et Ecologie, UMR CNRS 9191, IRD 247, Université. Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, 1 Avenue de la Terrasse, 91198 Gif sur Yvette, France
| | - Romain Benoist
- Laboratoire Evolution, Génomes, Comportement et Ecologie, UMR CNRS 9191, IRD 247, Université. Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, 1 Avenue de la Terrasse, 91198 Gif sur Yvette, France
| | - Paul-André Calatayud
- Laboratoire Evolution, Génomes, Comportement et Ecologie, UMR CNRS 9191, IRD 247, Université. Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, 1 Avenue de la Terrasse, 91198 Gif sur Yvette, France.,icipe: African Insect Science for Food and Health, Duduville Campus, Kasarani, P.O. Box 30772-00100, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Stéphane Dupas
- Laboratoire Evolution, Génomes, Comportement et Ecologie, UMR CNRS 9191, IRD 247, Université. Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, 1 Avenue de la Terrasse, 91198 Gif sur Yvette, France
| | - Elisabeth A Herniou
- Institut de Recherche sur la Biologie de l'Insecte, UMR CNRS 7261, Université François-Rabelais de Tours, Faculté des Sciences, Parc Grandmont, 37200 Tours, France
| | - Rémi Jeannette
- Laboratoire Evolution, Génomes, Comportement et Ecologie, UMR CNRS 9191, IRD 247, Université. Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, 1 Avenue de la Terrasse, 91198 Gif sur Yvette, France
| | - Julius Obonyo
- icipe: African Insect Science for Food and Health, Duduville Campus, Kasarani, P.O. Box 30772-00100, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Jean-François Silvain
- Laboratoire Evolution, Génomes, Comportement et Ecologie, UMR CNRS 9191, IRD 247, Université. Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, 1 Avenue de la Terrasse, 91198 Gif sur Yvette, France
| | - Bruno Le Ru
- Laboratoire Evolution, Génomes, Comportement et Ecologie, UMR CNRS 9191, IRD 247, Université. Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, 1 Avenue de la Terrasse, 91198 Gif sur Yvette, France.,icipe: African Insect Science for Food and Health, Duduville Campus, Kasarani, P.O. Box 30772-00100, Nairobi, Kenya
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van Oudenhove L, Mailleret L, Fauvergue X. Infochemical use and dietary specialization in parasitoids: a meta-analysis. Ecol Evol 2017; 7:4804-4811. [PMID: 28690809 PMCID: PMC5496531 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.2888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2017] [Revised: 02/02/2017] [Accepted: 02/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Many parasitoid species use olfactory cues to locate their hosts. In tritrophic systems, parasitoids of herbivores can exploit the chemical blends emitted by plants in reaction to herbivore-induced damage, known as herbivore-induced plant volatiles (HIPVs). In this study, we explored the specificity and innateness of parasitoid responses to HIPVs using a meta-analysis of data from the literature. Based on the concept of dietary specialization and infochemical use, we hypothesized that (i) specialist parasitoids (i.e., with narrow host ranges) should be attracted to specific HIPV signals, whereas generalist parasitoids (i.e., with broad host ranges) should be attracted to more generic HIPV signals and (ii) specialist parasitoids should innately respond to HIPVs, whereas generalist parasitoids should have to learn to associate HIPVs with host presence. We characterized the responses of 66 parasitoid species based on published studies of parasitoid behavior. Our meta-analysis showed that (i) as predicted, specialist parasitoids were attracted to more specific signals than were generalist parasitoids but, (ii) contrary to expectations, response innateness depended on a parasitoid's target host life stage rather than on its degree of host specialization: parasitoids of larvae were more likely to show an innate response to HIPVs than were parasitoids of adults. This result changes our understanding of dietary specialization and highlights the need for further theoretical research that will help clarify infochemical use by parasitoids.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ludovic Mailleret
- Université Côte d'AzurINRACNRSISASophia AntipolisFrance
- Université Côte d'AzurINRIAINRACNRSUPMC Univ. Paris 06Sophia AntipolisFrance
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20
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Mounce R, Murray-Rust P, Wills M. A machine-compiled microbial supertree from figure-mining thousands of papers. RESEARCH IDEAS AND OUTCOMES 2017. [DOI: 10.3897/rio.3.e13589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
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Li M, Au LYC, Douglah D, Chong A, White BJ, Ferree PM, Akbari OS. Generation of heritable germline mutations in the jewel wasp Nasonia vitripennis using CRISPR/Cas9. Sci Rep 2017; 7:901. [PMID: 28424460 PMCID: PMC5430486 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-00990-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2017] [Accepted: 03/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The revolutionary RNA-guided endonuclease CRISPR/Cas9 system has proven to be a powerful tool for gene editing in a plethora of organisms. Here, utilizing this system we developed an efficient protocol for the generation of heritable germline mutations in the parasitoid jewel wasp, Nasonia vitripennis, a rising insect model organism for the study of evolution, development of axis pattern formation, venom production, haplo-diploid sex determination, and host–symbiont interactions. To establish CRISPR-directed gene editing in N. vitripennis, we targeted a conserved eye pigmentation gene cinnabar, generating several independent heritable germline mutations in this gene. Briefly, to generate these mutants, we developed a protocol to efficiently collect N. vitripennis eggs from a parasitized flesh fly pupa, Sarcophaga bullata, inject these eggs with Cas9/guide RNA mixtures, and transfer injected eggs back into the host to continue development. We also describe a flow for screening mutants and establishing stable mutant strains through genetic crosses. Overall, our results demonstrate that the CRISPR/Cas9 system is a powerful tool for genome manipulation in N. vitripennis, with strong potential for expansion to target critical genes, thus allowing for the investigation of several important biological phenomena in this organism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Li
- Department of Entomology and Riverside Center for Disease Vector Research, Institute for Integrative Genome Biology, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA
| | - Lauren Yun Cook Au
- W.M. Keck Science Department, Claremont McKenna, Pitzer and Scripps Colleges, 925 Mills Avenue, Claremont, CA, 91711, USA
| | - Deema Douglah
- W.M. Keck Science Department, Claremont McKenna, Pitzer and Scripps Colleges, 925 Mills Avenue, Claremont, CA, 91711, USA
| | - Abigail Chong
- Department of Entomology and Riverside Center for Disease Vector Research, Institute for Integrative Genome Biology, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA
| | - Bradley J White
- Department of Entomology and Riverside Center for Disease Vector Research, Institute for Integrative Genome Biology, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA
| | - Patrick M Ferree
- W.M. Keck Science Department, Claremont McKenna, Pitzer and Scripps Colleges, 925 Mills Avenue, Claremont, CA, 91711, USA.
| | - Omar S Akbari
- Department of Entomology and Riverside Center for Disease Vector Research, Institute for Integrative Genome Biology, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA.
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Towards a Supertree of Arthropoda: A Species-Level Supertree of the Spiny, Slipper and Coral Lobsters (Decapoda: Achelata). PLoS One 2015; 10:e0140110. [PMID: 26461106 PMCID: PMC4603899 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0140110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2015] [Accepted: 08/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
While supertrees have been built for many vertebrate groups (notably birds, mammals and dinosaurs), invertebrates have attracted relatively little attention. The paucity of supertrees of arthropods is particularly surprising given their economic and ecological importance, as well as their overwhelming contribution to biodiversity. The absence of comprehensive archives of machine-readable source trees, coupled with the need for software implementing repeatable protocols for managing them, has undoubtedly impeded progress. Here we present a supertree of Achelata (spiny, slipper and coral lobsters) as a proof of concept, constructed using new supertree specific software (the Supertree Toolkit; STK) and following a published protocol. We also introduce a new resource for archiving and managing published source trees. Our supertree of Achelata is synthesised from morphological and molecular source trees, and represents the most complete species-level tree of the group to date. Our findings are consistent with recent taxonomic treatments, confirming the validity of just two families: Palinuridae and Scyllaridae; Synaxidae were resolved within Palinuridae. Monophyletic Silentes and Stridentes lineages are recovered within Palinuridae, and all sub-families within Scyllaridae are found to be monophyletic with the exception of Ibacinae. We demonstrate the feasibility of building larger supertrees of arthropods, with the ultimate objective of building a complete species-level phylogeny for the entire phylum using a divide and conquer strategy.
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Identification of Genes Uniquely Expressed in the Germ-Line Tissues of the Jewel Wasp Nasonia vitripennis. G3-GENES GENOMES GENETICS 2015; 5:2647-53. [PMID: 26464360 PMCID: PMC4683638 DOI: 10.1534/g3.115.021386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The jewel wasp Nasonia vitripennis is a rising model organism for the study of haplo-diploid reproduction characteristic of hymenopteran insects, which include all wasps, bees, and ants. We performed transcriptional profiling of the ovary, the female soma, and the male soma of N. vitripennis to complement a previously existing transcriptome of the wasp testis. These data were deposited into an open-access genome browser for visualization of transcripts relative to their gene models. We used these data to identify the assemblies of genes uniquely expressed in the germ-line tissues. We found that 156 protein-coding genes are expressed exclusively in the wasp testis compared with only 22 in the ovary. Of the testis-specific genes, eight are candidates for male-specific DNA packaging proteins known as protamines. We found very similar expression patterns of centrosome associated genes in the testis and ovary, arguing that de novo centrosome formation, a key process for development of unfertilized eggs into males, likely does not rely on large-scale transcriptional differences between these tissues. In contrast, a number of meiosis-related genes show a bias toward testis-specific expression, despite the lack of true meiosis in N. vitripennis males. These patterns may reflect an unexpected complexity of male gamete production in the haploid males of this organism. Broadly, these data add to the growing number of genomic and genetic tools available in N. vitripennis for addressing important biological questions in this rising insect model organism.
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Evolution of Cuticular Hydrocarbons in the Hymenoptera: a Meta-Analysis. J Chem Ecol 2015; 41:871-83. [PMID: 26410609 PMCID: PMC4619461 DOI: 10.1007/s10886-015-0631-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2015] [Revised: 08/30/2015] [Accepted: 09/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Chemical communication is the oldest form of communication, spreading across all forms of life. In insects, cuticular hydrocarbons (CHC) function as chemical cues for the recognition of mates, species, and nest-mates in social insects. Although much is known about the function of individual hydrocarbons and their biosynthesis, a phylogenetic overview is lacking. Here, we review the CHC profiles of 241 species of Hymenoptera, one of the largest and most important insect orders, which includes the Symphyta (sawflies), the polyphyletic Parasitica (parasitoid wasps), and the Aculeata (wasps, bees, and ants). We investigated whether these taxonomic groups differed in the presence and absence of CHC classes and whether the sociality of a species (solitarily vs. social) had an effect on CHC profile complexity. We found that the main CHC classes (i.e., n-alkanes, alkenes, and methylalkanes) were all present early in the evolutionary history of the Hymenoptera, as evidenced by their presence in ancient Symphyta and primitive Parasitica wasps. Throughout all groups within the Hymenoptera, the more complex a CHC the fewer species that produce it, which may reflect the Occam’s razor principle that insects’ only biosynthesize the most simple compound that fulfil its needs. Surprisingly, there was no difference in the complexity of CHC profiles between social and solitary species, with some of the most complex CHC profiles belonging to the Parasitica. This profile complexity has been maintained in the ants, but some specialization in biosynthetic pathways has led to a simplification of profiles in the aculeate wasps and bees. The absence of CHC classes in some taxa or species may be due to gene silencing or down-regulation rather than gene loss, as demonstrated by sister species having highly divergent CHC profiles, and cannot be predicted by their phylogenetic history. The presence of highly complex CHC profiles prior to the vast radiation of the social Hymenoptera indicates a ‘spring-loaded’ system where the diversity of CHC needed for the complex communication systems of social insects were already present for natural selection to act upon, rather than having evolved independently. This diversity may have aided the multiple independent evolution of sociality within the Aculeata.
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Faircloth BC, Branstetter MG, White ND, Brady SG. Target enrichment of ultraconserved elements from arthropods provides a genomic perspective on relationships among Hymenoptera. Mol Ecol Resour 2015; 15:489-501. [PMID: 25207863 PMCID: PMC4407909 DOI: 10.1111/1755-0998.12328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 197] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2014] [Revised: 08/31/2014] [Accepted: 09/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Gaining a genomic perspective on phylogeny requires the collection of data from many putatively independent loci across the genome. Among insects, an increasingly common approach to collecting this class of data involves transcriptome sequencing, because few insects have high-quality genome sequences available; assembling new genomes remains a limiting factor; the transcribed portion of the genome is a reasonable, reduced subset of the genome to target; and the data collected from transcribed portions of the genome are similar in composition to the types of data with which biologists have traditionally worked (e.g. exons). However, molecular techniques requiring RNA as a template, including transcriptome sequencing, are limited to using very high-quality source materials, which are often unavailable from a large proportion of biologically important insect samples. Recent research suggests that DNA-based target enrichment of conserved genomic elements offers another path to collecting phylogenomic data across insect taxa, provided that conserved elements are present in and can be collected from insect genomes. Here, we identify a large set (n = 1510) of ultraconserved elements (UCEs) shared among the insect order Hymenoptera. We used in silico analyses to show that these loci accurately reconstruct relationships among genome-enabled hymenoptera, and we designed a set of RNA baits (n = 2749) for enriching these loci that researchers can use with DNA templates extracted from a variety of sources. We used our UCE bait set to enrich an average of 721 UCE loci from 30 hymenopteran taxa, and we used these UCE loci to reconstruct phylogenetic relationships spanning very old (≥220 Ma) to very young (≤1 Ma) divergences among hymenopteran lineages. In contrast to a recent study addressing hymenopteran phylogeny using transcriptome data, we found ants to be sister to all remaining aculeate lineages with complete support, although this result could be explained by factors such as taxon sampling. We discuss this approach and our results in the context of elucidating the evolutionary history of one of the most diverse and speciose animal orders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brant C Faircloth
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA; Department of Biological Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, 70803, USA
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Burks RA, Heraty JM. Subforaminal bridges in Hymenoptera (Insecta), with a focus on Chalcidoidea. ARTHROPOD STRUCTURE & DEVELOPMENT 2015; 44:173-194. [PMID: 25579204 DOI: 10.1016/j.asd.2014.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2014] [Revised: 12/20/2014] [Accepted: 12/22/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Variation in structures of the posterior surface of the head in Hymenoptera is compared and interpreted according to theories of head capsule evolution, with focus on understanding previously baffling conditions in the superfamily Chalcidoidea. Features are investigated separately without first classifying subforaminal bridges into subcategories. In Proctotrupomorpha (including Chalcidoidea), Ceraphronoidea and some Ichneumonoidea, there are multiple posterior pits associated with the tentorium. In most examined Hymenoptera with a subforaminal bridge, there was a differentiated median area, typically with highly variable microtrichia. This area is elevated in Cephoidea and Pamphilioidea, but is not elevated in other Hymenoptera. Subforaminal bridges in Apocrita previously classified as hypostomal bridges are discussed in the context of A.P. Rasnitsyn's hypothesis that relative importance of adult feeding drives subforaminal bridge evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- R A Burks
- Entomology Department, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA.
| | - J M Heraty
- Entomology Department, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA.
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27
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Rainford JL, Hofreiter M, Nicholson DB, Mayhew PJ. Phylogenetic distribution of extant richness suggests metamorphosis is a key innovation driving diversification in insects. PLoS One 2014; 9:e109085. [PMID: 25275450 PMCID: PMC4183542 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0109085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2014] [Accepted: 09/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Insects and their six-legged relatives (Hexapoda) comprise more than half of all described species and dominate terrestrial and freshwater ecosystems. Understanding the macroevolutionary processes generating this richness requires a historical perspective, but the fossil record of hexapods is patchy and incomplete. Dated molecular phylogenies provide an alternative perspective on divergence times and have been combined with birth-death models to infer patterns of diversification across a range of taxonomic groups. Here we generate a dated phylogeny of hexapod families, based on previously published sequence data and literature derived constraints, in order to identify the broad pattern of macroevolutionary changes responsible for the composition of the extant hexapod fauna. The most prominent increase in diversification identified is associated with the origin of complete metamorphosis, confirming this as a key innovation in promoting insect diversity. Subsequent reductions are recovered for several groups previously identified as having a higher fossil diversity during the Mesozoic. In addition, a number of recently derived taxa are found to have radiated following the development of flowering plant (angiosperm) floras during the mid-Cretaceous. These results reveal that the composition of the modern hexapod fauna is a product of a key developmental innovation, combined with multiple and varied evolutionary responses to environmental changes from the mid Cretaceous floral transition onward.
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Affiliation(s)
- James L. Rainford
- Department of Biology, University of York, York, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
| | - Michael Hofreiter
- Department of Biology, University of York, York, United Kingdom
- Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Institute for Biochemistry and Biology, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany
| | - David B. Nicholson
- Department of Biology, University of York, York, United Kingdom
- Department of Natural Sciences, National Museums Scotland, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- Department of Earth Sciences, The Natural History Museum, London, United Kingdom
| | - Peter J. Mayhew
- Department of Biology, University of York, York, United Kingdom
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Käfer J, de Boer HJ, Mousset S, Kool A, Dufay M, Marais GAB. Dioecy is associated with higher diversification rates in flowering plants. J Evol Biol 2014; 27:1478-90. [PMID: 24797166 DOI: 10.1111/jeb.12385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2013] [Revised: 03/23/2014] [Accepted: 03/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
In angiosperms, dioecious clades tend to have fewer species than their nondioecious sister clades. This departure from the expected equal species richness in the standard sister clade test has been interpreted as implying that dioecious clades diversify less and has initiated a series of studies suggesting that dioecy might be an 'evolutionary dead end'. However, two of us recently showed that the 'equal species richness' null hypothesis is not valid in the case of derived char acters, such as dioecy, and proposed a new test for sister clade comparisons; preliminary results, using a data set available in the litterature, indicated that dioecious clades migth diversify more than expected. However, it is crucial for this new test to distinguish between ancestral and derived cases of dioecy, a criterion that was not taken into account in the available data set. Here, we present a new data set that was obtained by searching the phylogenetic literature on more than 600 completely dioecious angiosperm genera and identifying 115 sister clade pairs for which dioecy is likely to be derived (including > 50% of the dioecious species). Applying the new sister clade test to this new dataset, we confirm the preliminary result that dioecy is associated with an increased diversification rate, a result that does not support the idea that dioecy is an evolutionary dead end in angiosperms. The traits usually associated with dioecy, that is, an arborescent growth form, abiotic pollination, fleshy fruits or a tropical distribution, do not influence the diversification rate. Rather than a low diversification rate, the observed species richness patterns of dioecious clades seem to be better explained by a low transition rate to dioecy and frequent losses.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Käfer
- Université Lyon 1, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR5558, Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Evolutive, Villeurbanne, France
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29
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Dos Santos EF, Noll FB, Brandão CRF. Functional and Taxonomic Diversity of Stinging Wasps in Brazilian Atlantic Rainforest Areas. NEOTROPICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2014; 43:97-105. [PMID: 27193515 DOI: 10.1007/s13744-013-0183-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2012] [Accepted: 10/29/2013] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Vespoidea are the most functionally diverse superfamily of Hymenoptera. Ecological studies involving this family are primarily based on eusocial groups, including ants and social paper wasps. In the present study, we examine stinging wasp (Vespoidea) faunal diversity in the Atlantic Rain Forest, which is one of the most diverse and threatened ecosystems in the World. Three conservation areas were sampled employing a standardized sample protocol. Families and functional groups of Vespoidea were collected in each area, with the exception ants (Formicidae), and analyzed using diversity analyses, to generate taxonomic diversity and distinctness indices. Results indicated Pompilidae was the most diverse family, and the idiobiont parasitoid type was the most diverse functional group in the three study areas. Núcleo Picinguaba of the Parque Estadual da Serra do Mar was taxonomically and functionally the most diverse and species rich area. Parque Estadual Intervales showed the highest number of dominant species and diversity of koinobiont parasitoids, while the Rebio Sooretama exhibited a decrease in several diversity parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- E F Dos Santos
- Fac de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto, Univ de São Paulo, Avenida Bandeirantes, 3900, Bairro Monte Alegre, 14040-901, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brasil.
| | - F B Noll
- Depto de Zoologia e Botânica, Instituto de Biociências, Letras e Ciências Exatas, Univ Estadual Paulista, São José do Rio Preto, SP, Brasil
| | - C R F Brandão
- Museu de Zoologia, Univ de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
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30
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Käfer J, Mousset S. Standard sister clade comparison fails when testing derived character States. Syst Biol 2014; 63:601-9. [PMID: 24671619 DOI: 10.1093/sysbio/syu024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Comparing species richness in sister clades that differ in a character state is one of the ways to study factors influencing diversification. While most of its applications have focussed on traits that increase diversification, some have been used to study the association of a trait with lower species richness, e.g., the occurrence of dioecy in flowering plants. We show here, using simulations and an analytical model, that the null expectation of equal species richness that is generally used in sister clade comparisons is wrong in the case of a derived trait occurring independently from speciation: one should expect fewer species in the clade with the derived character state when there is no difference in diversification rates. This is due to the waiting time for the derived state to appear, which causes it to occur more often on longer branches. This has the important implication that the probability for a clade to possess the derived state depends on the tree geometry, and thus on species richness: species-poorer clades are more likely to possess the derived state. We develop a statistical test for sister clade comparisons to study the effect of a derived character state. Applying it to a data set of dioecious clades, we find that we cannot confirm earlier work that concluded that dioecy decreases diversification; on the contrary, it seems to be associated to higher species richness than expected. [angiosperms; dioecy; diversification; sister clades; species richness.].
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Affiliation(s)
- Jos Käfer
- Université de Lyon; Université Lyon 1; CNRS; UMR 5558; Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Evolutive; F-69622, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Sylvain Mousset
- Université de Lyon; Université Lyon 1; CNRS; UMR 5558; Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Evolutive; F-69622, Villeurbanne, France
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31
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Malm T, Nyman T. Phylogeny of the symphytan grade of Hymenoptera: new pieces into the old jigsaw(fly) puzzle. Cladistics 2014; 31:1-17. [DOI: 10.1111/cla.12069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/19/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Malm
- Department of Biology; University of Eastern Finland; PO Box 111 Joensuu FI-80101 Finland
- Department of Biology; Laboratory of Genetics; University of Turku; Turku FI-20014 Finland
| | - Tommi Nyman
- Department of Biology; University of Eastern Finland; PO Box 111 Joensuu FI-80101 Finland
- Institute for Systematic Botany; University of Zurich; Zollikerstrasse 107 Zurich CH-8008 Switzerland
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32
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Höhna S. Likelihood inference of non-constant diversification rates with incomplete taxon sampling. PLoS One 2014; 9:e84184. [PMID: 24400082 PMCID: PMC3882215 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0084184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2013] [Accepted: 11/13/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Large-scale phylogenies provide a valuable source to study background diversification rates and investigate if the rates have changed over time. Unfortunately most large-scale, dated phylogenies are sparsely sampled (fewer than 5% of the described species) and taxon sampling is not uniform. Instead, taxa are frequently sampled to obtain at least one representative per subgroup (e.g. family) and thus to maximize diversity (diversified sampling). So far, such complications have been ignored, potentially biasing the conclusions that have been reached. In this study I derive the likelihood of a birth-death process with non-constant (time-dependent) diversification rates and diversified taxon sampling. Using simulations I test if the true parameters and the sampling method can be recovered when the trees are small or medium sized (fewer than 200 taxa). The results show that the diversification rates can be inferred and the estimates are unbiased for large trees but are biased for small trees (fewer than 50 taxa). Furthermore, model selection by means of Akaike's Information Criterion favors the true model if the true rates differ sufficiently from alternative models (e.g. the birth-death model is recovered if the extinction rate is large and compared to a pure-birth model). Finally, I applied six different diversification rate models – ranging from a constant-rate pure birth process to a decreasing speciation rate birth-death process but excluding any rate shift models – on three large-scale empirical phylogenies (ants, mammals and snakes with respectively 149, 164 and 41 sampled species). All three phylogenies were constructed by diversified taxon sampling, as stated by the authors. However only the snake phylogeny supported diversified taxon sampling. Moreover, a parametric bootstrap test revealed that none of the tested models provided a good fit to the observed data. The model assumptions, such as homogeneous rates across species or no rate shifts, appear to be violated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Höhna
- Department of Mathematics, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
- * E-mail:
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33
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Dijkstra KDB, Monaghan MT, Pauls SU. Freshwater biodiversity and aquatic insect diversification. ANNUAL REVIEW OF ENTOMOLOGY 2014; 59:143-63. [PMID: 24160433 PMCID: PMC4816856 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-ento-011613-161958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Inland waters cover less than 1% of Earth's surface but harbor more than 6% of all insect species: Nearly 100,000 species from 12 orders spend one or more life stages in freshwater. Little is known about how this remarkable diversity arose, although allopatric speciation and ecological adaptation are thought to be primary mechanisms. Freshwater habitats are highly susceptible to environmental change and exhibit marked ecological gradients. Standing waters appear to harbor more dispersive species than running waters, but there is little understanding of how this fundamental ecological difference has affected diversification. In contrast to the lack of evolutionary studies, the ecology and habitat preferences of aquatic insects have been intensively studied, in part because of their widespread use as bioindicators. The combination of phylogenetics with the extensive ecological data provides a promising avenue for future research, making aquatic insects highly suitable models for the study of ecological diversification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klaas-Douwe B. Dijkstra
- Naturalis Biodiversity Center, P.O. Box 9517, 2300 RA, Leiden, The
Netherlands, and University Museum of Zoology, Cambridge, CB2 3EJ, United Kingdom
| | - Michael T. Monaghan
- Leibniz-Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries (IGB),
12587 Berlin, Germany;
| | - Steffen U. Pauls
- Biodiversity and Climate Research Centre, Frankfurt, Germany and
Senckenberg Research Institute and Natural History Museum Frankfurt, Frankfurt,
Germany;
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34
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Payne A, Barden PM, Wheeler WC, Carpenter JM. Direct Optimization, Sensitivity Analysis, and the Evolution of the Hymenopteran Superfamilies. AMERICAN MUSEUM NOVITATES 2013. [DOI: 10.1206/3789.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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35
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Weltz CE, Vilhelmsen L. The saws of sawflies: exploring the morphology of the ovipositor in Tenthredinoidea (Insecta: Hymenoptera), with emphasis on Nematinae. J NAT HIST 2013. [DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2013.791941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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36
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Buttstedt A, Moritz RFA, Erler S. Origin and function of the major royal jelly proteins of the honeybee (Apis mellifera) as members of the yellow gene family. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2013; 89:255-69. [PMID: 23855350 DOI: 10.1111/brv.12052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2012] [Revised: 06/19/2013] [Accepted: 06/20/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
In the honeybee, Apis mellifera, the queen larvae are fed with a diet exclusively composed of royal jelly (RJ), a secretion of the hypopharyngeal gland of young worker bees that nurse the brood. Up to 15% of RJ is composed of proteins, the nine most abundant of which have been termed major royal jelly proteins (MRJPs). Although it is widely accepted that RJ somehow determines the fate of a female larva and in spite of considerable research efforts, there are surprisingly few studies that address the biochemical characterisation and functions of these MRJPs. Here we review the research on MRJPs not only in honeybees but in hymenopteran insects in general and provide metadata analyses on genome organisation of mrjp genes, corroborating previous reports that MRJPs have important functions for insect development and not just a nutritional value for developing honeybee larvae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anja Buttstedt
- Departamentul de Apicultură şi Sericicultură, Facultatea de Zootehnie şi Biotehnologii, Universitatea de Ştiinţe Agricole şi Medicină Veterinară, Cluj-Napoca, 400372, Romania; Institut für Biologie, Zoologie-Molekulare Ökologie, Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, 06099, Germany
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37
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Engel MS, Ortega-Blanco J, Soriano C, Grimaldi DA, Delclòs X. A New Lineage of Enigmatic Diaprioid Wasps in Cretaceous Amber (Hymenoptera: Diaprioidea). AMERICAN MUSEUM NOVITATES 2013. [DOI: 10.1206/3771.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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38
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Ferreira PG, Patalano S, Chauhan R, Ffrench-Constant R, Gabaldón T, Guigó R, Sumner S. Transcriptome analyses of primitively eusocial wasps reveal novel insights into the evolution of sociality and the origin of alternative phenotypes. Genome Biol 2013; 14:R20. [PMID: 23442883 PMCID: PMC4053794 DOI: 10.1186/gb-2013-14-2-r20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2012] [Accepted: 02/26/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Understanding how alternative phenotypes arise from the same genome is a major challenge in modern biology. Eusociality in insects requires the evolution of two alternative phenotypes - workers, who sacrifice personal reproduction, and queens, who realize that reproduction. Extensive work on honeybees and ants has revealed the molecular basis of derived queen and worker phenotypes in highly eusocial lineages, but we lack equivalent deep-level analyses of wasps and of primitively eusocial species, the latter of which can reveal how phenotypic decoupling first occurs in the early stages of eusocial evolution. RESULTS We sequenced 20 Gbp of transcriptomes derived from brains of different behavioral castes of the primitively eusocial tropical paper wasp Polistes canadensis. Surprisingly, 75% of the 2,442 genes differentially expressed between phenotypes were novel, having no significant homology with described sequences. Moreover, 90% of these novel genes were significantly upregulated in workers relative to queens. Differential expression of novel genes in the early stages of sociality may be important in facilitating the evolution of worker behavioral complexity in eusocial evolution. We also found surprisingly low correlation in the identity and direction of expression of differentially expressed genes across similar phenotypes in different social lineages, supporting the idea that social evolution in different lineages requires substantial de novo rewiring of molecular pathways. CONCLUSIONS These genomic resources for aculeate wasps and first transcriptome-wide insights into the origin of castes bring us closer to a more general understanding of eusocial evolution and how phenotypic diversity arises from the same genome.
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39
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Phylogenetics and evolution of host-plant use in leaf-mining sawflies (Hymenoptera: Tenthredinidae: Heterarthrinae). Mol Phylogenet Evol 2012; 64:331-41. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2012.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2011] [Revised: 03/21/2012] [Accepted: 04/06/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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40
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Vilhelmsen L. Head capsule characters in the Hymenoptera and their phylogenetic implications. Zookeys 2012:343-61. [PMID: 22259288 PMCID: PMC3260771 DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.130.1438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2011] [Accepted: 06/24/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The head capsule of a taxon sample of three outgroup and 86 ingroup taxa is examined for characters of possible phylogenetic significance within Hymenoptera. 21 morphological characters are illustrated and scored, and their character evolution explored by mapping them onto a phylogeny recently produced from a large morphological data set. Many of the characters are informative and display unambiguous changes. Most of the character support demonstrated is supportive at the superfamily or family level. In contrast, only few characters corroborate deeper nodes in the phylogeny of Hymenoptera.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lars Vilhelmsen
- Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 15, DK-2100, Denmark
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41
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Brothers DJ. A new Late Cretaceous family of Hymenoptera, and phylogeny of the Plumariidae and Chrysidoidea (Aculeata). Zookeys 2012:515-42. [PMID: 22259297 PMCID: PMC3260779 DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.130.1591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2011] [Accepted: 07/12/2011] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The taxonomic placement of an enigmatic species of wasp known from two specimens in Late Cretaceous New Jersey amber is investigated through cladistic analyses of 90 morphological characters for 33 terminals ranging across non-Aculeata, non-Chrysidoidea, most subfamilies of Chrysidoidea and all genera of Plumariidae (the family to which the fossils were initially assigned), based on use of exemplars. The fossil taxon is apparently basal in Chrysidoidea, most likely sister to Plumariidae, but perhaps sister to the remaining chrysidoids, or even sister to Chrysidoidea as a whole. It is described as representing a new family, Plumalexiidaefam. n., containing a single species, Plumalexius rasnitsynigen. et sp. n. Previous estimates of relationships for the genera of Plumariidae and for the higher taxa of Chrysidoidea are mostly confirmed. The importance of outgroup choice, and additivity and weighting of characters are demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denis J Brothers
- School of Biological and Conservation Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, Private Bag X01, Scottsville, 3209 South Africa
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42
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Perrichot V, Ortega-Blanco J, McKellar RC, Delclòs X, Azar D, Nel A, Tafforeau P, Engel MS. New and revised maimetshid wasps from Cretaceous ambers (Hymenoptera, Maimetshidae). Zookeys 2012:421-53. [PMID: 22259291 PMCID: PMC3260773 DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.130.1453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2011] [Accepted: 06/23/2011] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
New material of the wasp family Maimetshidae (Apocrita) is presented from four Cretaceous amber deposits – the Neocomian of Lebanon, the Early Albian of Spain, the latest Albian/earliest Cenomanian of France, and the Campanian of Canada. The new record from Canadian Cretaceous amber extends the temporal and paleogeographical range of the family. New material from France is assignable to Guyotemaimetsha enigmatica Perrichot et al. including the first females for the species, while a series of males and females from Spain are described and figured as Iberomaimetsha Ortega-Blanco, Perrichot & Engel, gen. n., with the two new species Iberomaimetsha rasnitsyni Ortega-Blanco, Perrichot & Engel, sp. n. and Iberomaimetsha nihtmara Ortega-Blanco, Delclòs & Engel, sp. n.; a single female from Lebanon is described and figured as Ahiromaimetsha najlae Perrichot, Azar, Nel & Engel, gen. et sp. n., and a single male from Canada is described and figured as Ahstemiam cellula McKellar & Engel, gen. et sp. n. The taxa are compared with other maimetshids, a key to genera and species is given, and brief comments made on the family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Perrichot
- CNRS UMR 6118 Géosciences and Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers de Rennes, Université Rennes 1, Campus de Beaulieu bât. 15, 263 avenue du Général Leclerc, 35042 Rennes Cedex, France
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43
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Albert Š, Gätschenberger H, Azzami K, Gimple O, Grimmer G, Sumner S, Fujiyuki T, Tautz J, Mueller MJ. Evidence of a novel immune responsive protein in the Hymenoptera. INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2011; 41:968-981. [PMID: 22001069 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibmb.2011.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2011] [Revised: 09/20/2011] [Accepted: 09/27/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Honeybee populations are severely threatened by parasites and diseases. Recent outbreaks of Colony Collapse Disorder (CCD) has caused loss of more than 35% of bee colonies in the USA, and this is thought to at least in part be due to parasites and/or disease. Interestingly, the honeybee possesses of a limited set of immune genes compared to other insects. Non-canonical immune genes of honeybee are of interest because they may provide greater insights into the peculiar nature of the immune system of this social insect. Previous analyses of bee haemolymph upon bacterial challenge identified a novel leucine-rich repeat protein termed IRP30. Here we show that IRP30 behaves as a typical secreted immune protein. It is expressed simultaneously with carboxylesterase upon treatment with bacteria or other elicitors of immune response. Furthermore we characterize the gene and the mRNA encoding this protein and the IRP30 protein itself. Its regulation and evolution reveal that IRP30 belongs to a protein family, distributed broadly among Hymenoptera, suggesting its ancient function in immune response. We document an interesting case of a recent IRP30 loss in the ant Atta cephalotes and hypothesize that a putative IRP30 homolog of Nasonia emerged by convergent evolution rather than diverged from a common ancestor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Štefan Albert
- BEEgroup, Biozentrum, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany.
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44
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Davis RB, Nicholson DB, Saunders ELR, Mayhew PJ. Fossil gaps inferred from phylogenies alter the apparent nature of diversification in dragonflies and their relatives. BMC Evol Biol 2011; 11:252. [PMID: 21917167 PMCID: PMC3179963 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2148-11-252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2011] [Accepted: 09/14/2011] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The fossil record has suggested that clade growth may differ in marine and terrestrial taxa, supporting equilibrial models in the former and expansionist models in the latter. However, incomplete sampling may bias findings based on fossil data alone. To attempt to correct for such bias, we assemble phylogenetic supertrees on one of the oldest clades of insects, the Odonatoidea (dragonflies, damselflies and their extinct relatives), using MRP and MRC. We use the trees to determine when, and in what clades, changes in taxonomic richness have occurred. We then test whether equilibrial or expansionist models are supported by fossil data alone, and whether findings differ when phylogenetic information is used to infer gaps in the fossil record. RESULTS There is broad agreement in family-level relationships between both supertrees, though with some uncertainty along the backbone of the tree regarding dragonflies (Anisoptera). "Anisozygoptera" are shown to be paraphyletic when fossil information is taken into account. In both trees, decreases in net diversification are associated with species-poor extant families (Neopetaliidae, Hemiphlebiidae), and an upshift is associated with Calopterygidae + Polythoridae. When ghost ranges are inferred from the fossil record, many families are shown to have much earlier origination dates. In a phylogenetic context, the number of family-level lineages is shown to be up to twice as high as the fossil record alone suggests through the Cretaceous and Cenozoic, and a logistic increase in richness is detected in contrast to an exponential increase indicated by fossils alone. CONCLUSIONS Our analysis supports the notion that taxa, which appear to have diversified exponentially using fossil data, may in fact have diversified more logistically. This in turn suggests that one of the major apparent differences between the marine and terrestrial fossil record may simply be an artifact of incomplete sampling. Our results also support previous notions that adult colouration plays an important role in odonate radiation, and that Anisozygoptera should be grouped in a single inclusive taxon with Anisoptera, separate from Zygoptera.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert B Davis
- Department of Biology, University of York, York, YO10 5YW, UK
- Department of Zoology, University of Tartu, Vanemuise 46, EE-51014 Tartu, Estonia
| | - David B Nicholson
- Department of Biology, University of York, York, YO10 5YW, UK
- Department of Palaeontology, The Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London, SW7 5BD, UK
- National Museums of Scotland, Department of Natural Sciences, Edinburgh, Midlothian, EH1 1JF, UK
| | | | - Peter J Mayhew
- Department of Biology, University of York, York, YO10 5YW, UK
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JERVIS MARK, FERNS PETER. Towards a general perspective on life-history evolution and diversification in parasitoid wasps. Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2011. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1095-8312.2011.01719.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Peters RS, Meyer B, Krogmann L, Borner J, Meusemann K, Schütte K, Niehuis O, Misof B. The taming of an impossible child: a standardized all-in approach to the phylogeny of Hymenoptera using public database sequences. BMC Biol 2011; 9:55. [PMID: 21851592 PMCID: PMC3173391 DOI: 10.1186/1741-7007-9-55] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2011] [Accepted: 08/18/2011] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Enormous molecular sequence data have been accumulated over the past several years and are still exponentially growing with the use of faster and cheaper sequencing techniques. There is high and widespread interest in using these data for phylogenetic analyses. However, the amount of data that one can retrieve from public sequence repositories is virtually impossible to tame without dedicated software that automates processes. Here we present a novel bioinformatics pipeline for downloading, formatting, filtering and analyzing public sequence data deposited in GenBank. It combines some well-established programs with numerous newly developed software tools (available at http://software.zfmk.de/). RESULTS We used the bioinformatics pipeline to investigate the phylogeny of the megadiverse insect order Hymenoptera (sawflies, bees, wasps and ants) by retrieving and processing more than 120,000 sequences and by selecting subsets under the criteria of compositional homogeneity and defined levels of density and overlap. Tree reconstruction was done with a partitioned maximum likelihood analysis from a supermatrix with more than 80,000 sites and more than 1,100 species. In the inferred tree, consistent with previous studies, "Symphyta" is paraphyletic. Within Apocrita, our analysis suggests a topology of Stephanoidea + (Ichneumonoidea + (Proctotrupomorpha + (Evanioidea + Aculeata))). Despite the huge amount of data, we identified several persistent problems in the Hymenoptera tree. Data coverage is still extremely low, and additional data have to be collected to reliably infer the phylogeny of Hymenoptera. CONCLUSIONS While we applied our bioinformatics pipeline to Hymenoptera, we designed the approach to be as general as possible. With this pipeline, it is possible to produce phylogenetic trees for any taxonomic group and to monitor new data and tree robustness in a taxon of interest. It therefore has great potential to meet the challenges of the phylogenomic era and to deepen our understanding of the tree of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ralph S Peters
- Zoologisches Forschungsmuseum Alexander Koenig, Adenauerallee 160, D-53113 Bonn, Germany
| | - Benjamin Meyer
- Institut für Systemische Neurowissenschaften, Universitätsklinikum Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistrasse 52, D-20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Lars Krogmann
- Staatliches Museum für Naturkunde Stuttgart, Rosenstein 1, D-70191 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Janus Borner
- Zoologisches Institut der Universität Hamburg, Martin-Luther-King-Platz 3, D-20146 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Karen Meusemann
- Zoologisches Forschungsmuseum Alexander Koenig, Adenauerallee 160, D-53113 Bonn, Germany
| | - Kai Schütte
- Zoologisches Museum Hamburg, Martin-Luther-King-Platz 3, D-20146 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Oliver Niehuis
- Zoologisches Forschungsmuseum Alexander Koenig, Adenauerallee 160, D-53113 Bonn, Germany
| | - Bernhard Misof
- Zoologisches Forschungsmuseum Alexander Koenig, Adenauerallee 160, D-53113 Bonn, Germany
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Sharkey MJ, Carpenter JM, Vilhelmsen L, Heraty J, Liljeblad J, Dowling AP, Schulmeister S, Murray D, Deans AR, Ronquist F, Krogmann L, Wheeler WC. Phylogenetic relationships among superfamilies of Hymenoptera. Cladistics 2011; 28:80-112. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1096-0031.2011.00366.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
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Kupczok A. Split-based computation of majority-rule supertrees. BMC Evol Biol 2011; 11:205. [PMID: 21752249 PMCID: PMC3169514 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2148-11-205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2010] [Accepted: 07/13/2011] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Supertree methods combine overlapping input trees into a larger supertree. Here, I consider split-based supertree methods that first extract the split information of the input trees and subsequently combine this split information into a phylogeny. Well known split-based supertree methods are matrix representation with parsimony and matrix representation with compatibility. Combining input trees on the same taxon set, as in the consensus setting, is a well-studied task and it is thus desirable to generalize consensus methods to supertree methods. Results Here, three variants of majority-rule (MR) supertrees that generalize majority-rule consensus trees are investigated. I provide simple formulas for computing the respective score for bifurcating input- and supertrees. These score computations, together with a heuristic tree search minmizing the scores, were implemented in the python program PluMiST (Plus- and Minus SuperTrees) available from http://www.cibiv.at/software/plumist. The different MR methods were tested by simulation and on real data sets. The search heuristic was successful in combining compatible input trees. When combining incompatible input trees, especially one variant, MR(-) supertrees, performed well. Conclusions The presented framework allows for an efficient score computation of three majority-rule supertree variants and input trees. I combined the score computation with a heuristic search over the supertree space. The implementation was tested by simulation and on real data sets and showed promising results. Especially the MR(-) variant seems to be a reasonable score for supertree reconstruction. Generalizing these computations to multifurcating trees is an open problem, which may be tackled using this framework.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Kupczok
- Center for Integrative Bioinformatics Vienna, Max F, Perutz Laboratories, University of Vienna, Medical University of Vienna, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Dr. Bohr-Gasse 9, A-1030 Vienna, Austria.
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Heraty J, Ronquist F, Carpenter JM, Hawks D, Schulmeister S, Dowling AP, Murray D, Munro J, Wheeler WC, Schiff N, Sharkey M. Evolution of the hymenopteran megaradiation. Mol Phylogenet Evol 2011; 60:73-88. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2011.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2010] [Revised: 03/15/2011] [Accepted: 04/06/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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