1
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Oppenheimer KG, Hager NA, McAtee CK, Filiztekin E, Shang C, Warnick JA, Bruchez MP, Brodsky JL, Prosser DC, Kwiatkowski AV, O’Donnell AF. Optimization of the fluorogen-activating protein tag for quantitative protein trafficking and colocalization studies in S. cerevisiae. Mol Biol Cell 2024; 35:mr5. [PMID: 38809589 PMCID: PMC11244157 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e24-04-0174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2024] [Revised: 05/17/2024] [Accepted: 05/20/2024] [Indexed: 05/30/2024] Open
Abstract
Spatial and temporal tracking of fluorescent proteins (FPs) in live cells permits visualization of proteome remodeling in response to extracellular cues. Historically, protein dynamics during trafficking have been visualized using constitutively active FPs fused to proteins of interest. While powerful, such FPs label all cellular pools of a protein, potentially masking the dynamics of select subpopulations. To help study protein subpopulations, bioconjugate tags, including the fluorogen activation proteins (FAPs), were developed. FAPs are comprised of two components: a single-chain antibody (SCA) fused to the protein of interest and a malachite-green (MG) derivative, which fluoresces only when bound to the SCA. Importantly, the MG derivatives can be either cell-permeant or -impermeant, thus permitting isolated detection of SCA-tagged proteins at the cell surface and facilitating quantitative endocytic measures. To expand FAP use in yeast, we optimized the SCA for yeast expression, created FAP-tagging plasmids, and generated FAP-tagged organelle markers. To demonstrate FAP efficacy, we coupled the SCA to the yeast G-protein coupled receptor Ste3. We measured Ste3 endocytic dynamics in response to pheromone and characterized cis- and trans-acting regulators of Ste3. Our work significantly expands FAP technology for varied applications in S. cerevisiae.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Natalie A. Hager
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, PA 15260
| | - Ceara K. McAtee
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, PA 15260
| | - Elif Filiztekin
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, PA 15260
| | - Chaowei Shang
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, PA 15260
| | | | - Marcel P. Bruchez
- Molecular Biosensor and Imaging Center, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213
| | | | - Derek C. Prosser
- Department of Biology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23284
| | - Adam V. Kwiatkowski
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261
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2
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Gainett G, Klementz BC, Blaszczyk P, Setton EVW, Murayama GP, Willemart R, Gavish-Regev E, Sharma PP. Vestigial organs alter fossil placements in an ancient group of terrestrial chelicerates. Curr Biol 2024; 34:1258-1270.e5. [PMID: 38401545 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2024.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2023] [Revised: 12/01/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 02/26/2024]
Abstract
Vestigial organs provide a link between ancient and modern traits and therefore have great potential to resolve the phylogeny of contentious fossils that bear features not seen in extant species. Here we show that extant daddy-longlegs (Arachnida, Opiliones), a group once thought to possess only one pair of eyes, in fact additionally retain a pair of vestigial median eyes and a pair of vestigial lateral eyes. Neuroanatomical gene expression surveys of eye-patterning transcription factors, opsins, and other structural proteins in the daddy-longlegs Phalangium opilio show that the vestigial median and lateral eyes innervate regions of the brain positionally homologous to the median and lateral eye neuropils, respectively, of chelicerate groups like spiders and horseshoe crabs. Gene silencing of eyes absent shows that the vestigial eyes are under the control of the retinal determination gene network. Gene silencing of dachshund disrupts the lateral eyes, but not the median eyes, paralleling loss-of-function phenotypes in insect models. The existence of lateral eyes in extant daddy-longlegs bears upon the placement of the oldest harvestmen fossils, a putative stem group that possessed both a pair of median eyes and a pair of lateral eyes. Phylogenetic analysis of harvestman relationships with an updated understanding of lateral eye incidence resolved the four-eyed fossil group as a member of the extant daddy-longlegs suborder, which in turn resulted in older estimated ages of harvestman diversification. This work underscores that developmental vestiges in extant taxa can influence our understanding of character evolution, placement of fossils, and inference of divergence times.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guilherme Gainett
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA; Department of Pathology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
| | - Benjamin C Klementz
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Pola Blaszczyk
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Emily V W Setton
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Gabriel P Murayama
- Laboratório de Ecologia Sensorial e Comportamento de Artrópodes, Escola de Artes, Ciências e Humanidades, Universidade de São Paulo, Rua Arlindo Béttio, 1000, Ermelino Matarazzo, São Paulo, SP 03828-000, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Willemart
- Laboratório de Ecologia Sensorial e Comportamento de Artrópodes, Escola de Artes, Ciências e Humanidades, Universidade de São Paulo, Rua Arlindo Béttio, 1000, Ermelino Matarazzo, São Paulo, SP 03828-000, Brazil
| | - Efrat Gavish-Regev
- The National Natural History Collections, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Edmond J. Safra Campus, Givat Ram, Jerusalem 9190401, Israel
| | - Prashant P Sharma
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
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3
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Laskin GR, Cabrera AR, Greene NP, Tomko RJ, Vied C, Gordon BS. The mechanosensitive gene arrestin domain containing 2 regulates myotube diameter with direct implications for disuse atrophy with aging. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2024; 326:C768-C783. [PMID: 38314723 PMCID: PMC11193484 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00444.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2023] [Revised: 01/08/2024] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 02/07/2024]
Abstract
Arrestin domain containing 2 and 3 (Arrdc2/3) are genes whose mRNA contents are decreased in young skeletal muscle following mechanical overload. Arrdc3 is linked to the regulation of signaling pathways in nonmuscle cells that could influence skeletal muscle size. Despite a similar amino acid sequence, Arrdc2 function remains undefined. The purpose of this study was to further explore the relationship of Arrdc2/Arrdc3 expression with changes in mechanical load in young and aged muscle and define the effect of Arrdc2/3 expression on C2C12 myotube diameter. In young and aged mice, mechanical load was decreased using hindlimb suspension whereas mechanical load was increased by reloading previously unloaded muscle or inducing high-force contractions. Arrdc2 and Arrdc3 mRNAs were overexpressed in C2C12 myotubes using adenoviruses. Myotube diameter was determined 48-h posttransfection, and RNA sequencing was performed on those samples. Arrdc2 and Arrdc3 mRNA content was higher in the unloaded muscle within 1 day of disuse and remained higher up through 10 days. The induction of Arrdc2 mRNA was more pronounced in aged muscle than young muscle in response to unloading. Reloading previously unloaded muscle of young and aged mice restored Arrdc2 and Arrdc3 levels to ambulatory levels. Increasing mechanical load beyond normal ambulatory levels lowered Arrdc2 mRNA, but not Arrdc3 mRNA, in young and aged muscle. Arrdc2 overexpression only was sufficient to lower myotube diameter in C2C12 cells in part by altering the transcriptome favoring muscle atrophy. These data are consistent with Arrdc2 contributing to disuse atrophy, particularly in aged muscle.NEW & NOTEWORTHY We establish Arrdc2 as a novel mechanosensitive gene highly induced in response to mechanical unloading, particularly in aged muscle. Arrdc2 induction in C2C12 myotubes is sufficient to produce thinner myotubes and a transcriptional landscape consistent with muscle atrophy and disuse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grant R Laskin
- Department of of Health, Nutrition, and Food Sciences, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida, United States
| | - Ana Regina Cabrera
- Department of Health, Human Performance and Recreation, Cachexia Research Laboratory, Exercise Science Research Center, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas, United States
| | - Nicholas P Greene
- Department of Health, Human Performance and Recreation, Cachexia Research Laboratory, Exercise Science Research Center, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas, United States
| | - Robert J Tomko
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Florida State University College of Medicine, Tallahassee, Florida, United States
| | - Cynthia Vied
- Translational Science Laboratory, Florida State University College of Medicine, Tallahassee, Florida, United States
| | - Bradley S Gordon
- Department of of Health, Nutrition, and Food Sciences, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida, United States
- Institute of Sports Sciences and Medicine, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida, United States
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4
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Lee KT, Pranoto IKA, Kim SY, Choi HJ, To NB, Chae H, Lee JY, Kim JE, Kwon YV, Nam JW. Comparative interactome analysis of α-arrestin families in human and Drosophila. eLife 2024; 12:RP88328. [PMID: 38270169 PMCID: PMC10945707 DOI: 10.7554/elife.88328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2024] Open
Abstract
The α-arrestins form a large family of evolutionally conserved modulators that control diverse signaling pathways, including both G-protein-coupled receptor (GPCR)-mediated and non-GPCR-mediated pathways, across eukaryotes. However, unlike β-arrestins, only a few α-arrestin targets and functions have been characterized. Here, using affinity purification and mass spectrometry, we constructed interactomes for 6 human and 12 Drosophila α-arrestins. The resulting high-confidence interactomes comprised 307 and 467 prey proteins in human and Drosophila, respectively. A comparative analysis of these interactomes predicted not only conserved binding partners, such as motor proteins, proteases, ubiquitin ligases, RNA splicing factors, and GTPase-activating proteins, but also those specific to mammals, such as histone modifiers and the subunits of V-type ATPase. Given the manifestation of the interaction between the human α-arrestin, TXNIP, and the histone-modifying enzymes, including HDAC2, we undertook a global analysis of transcription signals and chromatin structures that were affected by TXNIP knockdown. We found that TXNIP activated targets by blocking HDAC2 recruitment to targets, a result that was validated by chromatin immunoprecipitation assays. Additionally, the interactome for an uncharacterized human α-arrestin ARRDC5 uncovered multiple components in the V-type ATPase, which plays a key role in bone resorption by osteoclasts. Our study presents conserved and species-specific protein-protein interaction maps for α-arrestins, which provide a valuable resource for interrogating their cellular functions for both basic and clinical research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyung-Tae Lee
- Department of Life Science, College of Natural Sciences, Hanyang UniversitySeoulRepublic of Korea
- Hanyang Institute of Advanced BioConvergence, Hanyang UniversitySeoulRepublic of Korea
| | - Inez KA Pranoto
- Department of Biochemistry, University of WashingtonSeattleUnited States
| | - Soon-Young Kim
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Cell and Matrix Research Institute, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National UniversityDaeguRepublic of Korea
| | - Hee-Joo Choi
- Bio-BigData Center, Hanyang Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hanyang UniversitySeoulRepublic of Korea
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, Hanyang UniversitySeoulRepublic of Korea
- Hanyang Biomedical Research Institute, Hanyang UniversitySeoulRepublic of Korea
| | - Ngoc Bao To
- Department of Life Science, College of Natural Sciences, Hanyang UniversitySeoulRepublic of Korea
| | - Hansong Chae
- Department of Life Science, College of Natural Sciences, Hanyang UniversitySeoulRepublic of Korea
| | - Jeong-Yeon Lee
- Bio-BigData Center, Hanyang Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hanyang UniversitySeoulRepublic of Korea
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, Hanyang UniversitySeoulRepublic of Korea
| | - Jung-Eun Kim
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Cell and Matrix Research Institute, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National UniversityDaeguRepublic of Korea
| | - Young V Kwon
- Department of Biochemistry, University of WashingtonSeattleUnited States
| | - Jin-Wu Nam
- Department of Life Science, College of Natural Sciences, Hanyang UniversitySeoulRepublic of Korea
- Hanyang Institute of Advanced BioConvergence, Hanyang UniversitySeoulRepublic of Korea
- Bio-BigData Center, Hanyang Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hanyang UniversitySeoulRepublic of Korea
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5
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Liu R, Qu R, Li Q, Chen B, Mu J, Zeng Y, Luo Y, Xu F, Wang L, Zhang Z, Sang Q. ARRDC5 deficiency impairs spermatogenesis by affecting SUN5 and NDC1. Development 2023; 150:dev201959. [PMID: 37997706 DOI: 10.1242/dev.201959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2023] [Accepted: 11/17/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023]
Abstract
Sperm with normal morphology and motility are essential for successful fertilization, and the strong attachment of the sperm head-tail coupling apparatus to the nuclear envelope during spermatogenesis is required to ensure the integrity of sperm for capacitation and fertilization. Here, we report that Arrdc5 is associated with spermatogenesis. The Arrdc5 knockout mouse model showed male infertility characterized by a high bent-head rate and reduced motility in sperm, which led to capacitation defects and subsequent fertilization failure. Through mass spectrometry, we found that ARRDC5 affects spermatogenesis by affecting NDC1 and SUN5. We further found that ARRDC5 might affect the vesicle-trafficking protein SEC22A-mediated transport and localization of NDC1, SUN5 and other head-tail coupling apparatus-related proteins that are responsible for initiating the attachment of the sperm head and tail. We finally performed intracytoplasmic sperm injection as a way to explore therapeutic strategies. Our findings demonstrate the essential role and the underlying molecular mechanism of ARRDC5 in anchoring the sperm head to the tail during spermatogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruyi Liu
- Institute of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, the Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, and the State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Ronggui Qu
- Institute of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, the Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, and the State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Qun Li
- Institute of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, the Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, and the State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Biaobang Chen
- NHC Key Lab of Reproduction Regulation (Shanghai Institute for Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Technologies), Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Jian Mu
- Institute of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, the Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, and the State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Yang Zeng
- Institute of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, the Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, and the State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Yuxi Luo
- Institute of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, the Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, and the State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Fangzhou Xu
- Institute of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, the Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, and the State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Lei Wang
- Institute of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, the Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, and the State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Zhihua Zhang
- Institute of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, the Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, and the State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Qing Sang
- Institute of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, the Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, and the State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
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6
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Singh J, Sah B, Shen Y, Liu L. Histone methyltransferase inhibitor UNC0642 promotes breast cancer cell death by upregulating TXNIP-dependent oxidative stress. Chem Biol Interact 2023; 385:110720. [PMID: 37748637 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2023.110720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2023] [Revised: 09/04/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 09/27/2023]
Abstract
Breast cancer (BC) is one of the most frequent type of cancer in women worldwide. Current therapeutic strategies for BC are not always effective. In this study, we investigated the anticancer activity of an epigenetic compound UNC0642 and its mechanism of action in suppressing BC cell growth and survival. UNC0642 was developed as a selective inhibitor of G9a that is responsible for histone H3K9 methylation. After screening different BC cell lines, we found UNC0642 had the lowest IC-50 against MDA-MB-231 cells, a triple-negative BC cell line. To identify additional UNC0642 targets, we performed RNA-seq analyses in BC cells following UNC0642 treatment. UNC0642 significantly upregulated mRNA expression of thioredoxin-interacting protein (TXNIP), which was also validated by western blotting. We further showed that TXNIP upregulation was associated with dose-dependent elevation of reactive oxygen species, concurrent with loss of mitochondrial membrane potential and activation of caspase-3-dependent apoptosis. Finally, we demonstrated that UNC0642 treatment induced BC cell apoptosis in vitro and suppression of tumor growth in xenograft mouse models that was coupled with TXNIP activation. Taken together, our results show that UNC0642 exerts its antitumor function via upregulating TXNIP expression and oxidative stress to impair mitochondrial function and induce caspase-dependent cell death. This observation could inform future breast cancer therapies by targeting TXNIP-dependent ROS signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasvinder Singh
- The Hormel Institute, University of Minnesota, Austin, MN, 55912, USA.
| | - Bindeshwar Sah
- The Hormel Institute, University of Minnesota, Austin, MN, 55912, USA
| | - Yao Shen
- Department of Systems Biology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Liang Liu
- The Hormel Institute, University of Minnesota, Austin, MN, 55912, USA; Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
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7
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Wedegaertner H, Bosompra O, Kufareva I, Trejo J. Divergent regulation of α-arrestin ARRDC3 function by ubiquitination. Mol Biol Cell 2023; 34:ar93. [PMID: 37223976 PMCID: PMC10398895 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e23-02-0055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Revised: 04/14/2023] [Accepted: 05/19/2023] [Indexed: 05/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The α-arrestin ARRDC3 is a recently discovered tumor suppressor in invasive breast cancer that functions as a multifaceted adaptor protein to control protein trafficking and cellular signaling. However, the molecular mechanisms that control ARRDC3 function are unknown. Other arrestins are known to be regulated by posttranslational modifications, suggesting that ARRDC3 may be subject to similar regulatory mechanisms. Here we report that ubiquitination is a key regulator of ARRDC3 function and is mediated primarily by two proline-rich PPXY motifs in the ARRDC3 C-tail domain. Ubiquitination and the PPXY motifs are essential for ARRDC3 function in regulating GPCR trafficking and signaling. Additionally, ubiquitination and the PPXY motifs mediate ARRDC3 protein degradation, dictate ARRDC3 subcellular localization, and are required for interaction with the NEDD4-family E3 ubiquitin ligase WWP2. These studies demonstrate a role for ubiquitination in regulating ARRDC3 function and reveal a mechanism by which ARRDC3 divergent functions are controlled.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen Wedegaertner
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA92093
- Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA92093
| | - Oye Bosompra
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA92093
- Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA92093
| | - Irina Kufareva
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA92093
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA92093
| | - JoAnn Trejo
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA92093
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8
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Giassetti MI, Miao D, Law NC, Oatley MJ, Park J, Robinson LD, Maddison LA, Bernhardt ML, Oatley JM. ARRDC5 expression is conserved in mammalian testes and required for normal sperm morphogenesis. Nat Commun 2023; 14:2111. [PMID: 37069147 PMCID: PMC10110545 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-37735-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 04/19/2023] Open
Abstract
In sexual reproduction, sperm contribute half the genomic material required for creation of offspring yet core molecular mechanisms essential for their formation are undefined. Here, the α-arrestin molecule arrestin-domain containing 5 (ARRDC5) is identified as an essential regulator of mammalian spermatogenesis. Multispecies testicular tissue transcriptome profiling indicates that expression of Arrdc5 is testis enriched, if not specific, in mice, pigs, cattle, and humans. Knockout of Arrdc5 in mice leads to male specific sterility due to production of low numbers of sperm that are immotile and malformed. Spermiogenesis, the final phase of spermatogenesis when round spermatids transform to spermatozoa, is defective in testes of Arrdc5 deficient mice. Also, epididymal sperm in Arrdc5 knockouts are unable to capacitate and fertilize oocytes. These findings establish ARRDC5 as an essential regulator of mammalian spermatogenesis. Considering the role of arrestin molecules as modulators of cellular signaling and ubiquitination, ARRDC5 is a potential male contraceptive target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana I Giassetti
- Center for Reproductive Biology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
- School of Molecular Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
| | - Deqiang Miao
- Center for Reproductive Biology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
- School of Molecular Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
| | - Nathan C Law
- Center for Reproductive Biology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
- Department of Animal Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
| | - Melissa J Oatley
- Center for Reproductive Biology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
- School of Molecular Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
| | - Julie Park
- Center for Reproductive Biology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
- School of Molecular Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
| | - LeeLa D Robinson
- Center for Reproductive Biology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
- School of Molecular Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
| | - Lisette A Maddison
- Center for Reproductive Biology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
| | - Miranda L Bernhardt
- Center for Reproductive Biology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
| | - Jon M Oatley
- Center for Reproductive Biology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA.
- School of Molecular Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA.
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9
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Shpakov AO. Allosteric Regulation of G-Protein-Coupled Receptors: From Diversity of Molecular Mechanisms to Multiple Allosteric Sites and Their Ligands. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:6187. [PMID: 37047169 PMCID: PMC10094638 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24076187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Revised: 03/21/2023] [Accepted: 03/23/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Allosteric regulation is critical for the functioning of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) and their signaling pathways. Endogenous allosteric regulators of GPCRs are simple ions, various biomolecules, and protein components of GPCR signaling (G proteins and β-arrestins). The stability and functional activity of GPCR complexes is also due to multicenter allosteric interactions between protomers. The complexity of allosteric effects caused by numerous regulators differing in structure, availability, and mechanisms of action predetermines the multiplicity and different topology of allosteric sites in GPCRs. These sites can be localized in extracellular loops; inside the transmembrane tunnel and in its upper and lower vestibules; in cytoplasmic loops; and on the outer, membrane-contacting surface of the transmembrane domain. They are involved in the regulation of basal and orthosteric agonist-stimulated receptor activity, biased agonism, GPCR-complex formation, and endocytosis. They are targets for a large number of synthetic allosteric regulators and modulators, including those constructed using molecular docking. The review is devoted to the principles and mechanisms of GPCRs allosteric regulation, the multiplicity of allosteric sites and their topology, and the endogenous and synthetic allosteric regulators, including autoantibodies and pepducins. The allosteric regulation of chemokine receptors, proteinase-activated receptors, thyroid-stimulating and luteinizing hormone receptors, and beta-adrenergic receptors are described in more detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander O Shpakov
- Sechenov Institute of Evolutionary Physiology and Biochemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 194223 St. Petersburg, Russia
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10
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CHIP Haploinsufficiency Exacerbates Hepatic Steatosis via Enhanced TXNIP Expression and Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress Responses. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:antiox12020458. [PMID: 36830016 PMCID: PMC9951908 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12020458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2023] [Revised: 02/04/2023] [Accepted: 02/09/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023] Open
Abstract
TXNIP is a critical regulator of glucose homeostasis, fatty acid synthesis, and cholesterol accumulation in the liver, and it has been reported that metabolic diseases, such as obesity, atherosclerosis, hyperlipidemia, type 2 diabetes, and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), are associated with endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress. Because CHIP, an E3 ligase, was known to be involved in regulating tissue injury and inflammation in liver, its role in regulating ER stress-induced NAFLD was investigated in two experimental NAFLD models, a tunicamycin (TM)-induced and other diet-induced NAFLD mice models. In the TM-induced NAFLD model, intraperitoneal injection of TM induced liver steatosis in both CHIP+/+ and CHIP+/- mice, but it was severely exacerbated in CHIP+/- mice compared to CHIP+/+ mice. Key regulators of ER stress and de novo lipogenesis were also enhanced in the livers of TM-inoculated CHIP+/- mice. Furthermore, in the diet-induced NAFLD models, CHIP+/- mice developed severely impaired glucose tolerance, insulin resistance and hepatic steatosis compared to CHIP+/+ mice. Interestingly, CHIP promoted ubiquitin-dependent degradation of TXNIP in vitro, and inhibition of TXNIP was further found to alleviate the inflammation and ER stress responses increased by CHIP inhibition. In addition, the expression of TXNIP was increased in mice deficient in CHIP in the TM- and diet-induced models. These findings suggest that CHIP modulates ER stress and inflammatory responses by inhibiting TXNIP, and that CHIP protects against TM- or HF-HS diet-induced NAFLD and serves as a potential therapeutic means for treating liver diseases.
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11
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Dagdeviren S, Lee RT, Wu N. Physiological and Pathophysiological Roles of Thioredoxin Interacting Protein: A Perspective on Redox Inflammation and Metabolism. Antioxid Redox Signal 2023; 38:442-460. [PMID: 35754346 PMCID: PMC9968628 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2022.0022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2022] [Accepted: 06/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Significance: Thioredoxin interacting protein (TXNIP) is a member of the arrestin fold superfamily with important cellular functions, including cellular transport, mitochondrial energy generation, and protein cycling. It is the only arrestin-domain protein known to covalently bind to thioredoxin and plays roles in glucose metabolism, inflammation, apoptosis, and cancer. Recent Advances: The crystal structure of the TXNIP-thioredoxin complex provided details about this fascinating interaction. Recent studies showed that TXNIP is induced by endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, activates NLR family pyrin domain containing 3 (NLRP3) inflammasomes, and can regulate glucose transport into cells. The tumor suppressor role of TXNIP in various cancer types and the role of TXNIP in fructose absorption are now described. Critical Issues: The influence of TXNIP on redox state is more complex than its interaction with thioredoxin. Future Directions: It is incompletely understood which functions of TXNIP are thioredoxin-dependent. It is also unclear whether TXNIP binding can inhibit glucose transporters without endocytosis. TXNIP-regulated control of ER stress should also be investigated further. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 38, 442-460.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sezin Dagdeviren
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology and the Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Richard T. Lee
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology and the Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Ning Wu
- Van Andel Institute, Grand Rapids, Michigan, USA
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12
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Smylla TK, Wagner K, Huber A. The Role of Reversible Phosphorylation of Drosophila Rhodopsin. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232314674. [PMID: 36499010 PMCID: PMC9740569 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232314674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2022] [Revised: 11/18/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Vertebrate and fly rhodopsins are prototypical GPCRs that have served for a long time as model systems for understanding GPCR signaling. Although all rhodopsins seem to become phosphorylated at their C-terminal region following activation by light, the role of this phosphorylation is not uniform. Two major functions of rhodopsin phosphorylation have been described: (1) inactivation of the activated rhodopsin either directly or by facilitating binding of arrestins in order to shut down the visual signaling cascade and thus eventually enabling a high-temporal resolution of the visual system. (2) Facilitating endocytosis of activated receptors via arrestin binding that in turn recruits clathrin to the membrane for clathrin-mediated endocytosis. In vertebrate rhodopsins the shutdown of the signaling cascade may be the main function of rhodopsin phosphorylation, as phosphorylation alone already quenches transducin activation and, in addition, strongly enhances arrestin binding. In the Drosophila visual system rhodopsin phosphorylation is not needed for receptor inactivation. Its role here may rather lie in the recruitment of arrestin 1 and subsequent endocytosis of the activated receptor. In this review, we summarize investigations of fly rhodopsin phosphorylation spanning four decades and contextualize them with regard to the most recent insights from vertebrate phosphorylation barcode theory.
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13
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Jiang N, Liu J, Guan C, Ma C, An J, Tang X. Thioredoxin-interacting protein: A new therapeutic target in bone metabolism disorders? Front Immunol 2022; 13:955128. [PMID: 36059548 PMCID: PMC9428757 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.955128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2022] [Accepted: 07/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Target identification is essential for developing novel therapeutic strategies in diseases. Thioredoxin-interacting protein (TXNIP), also known as thioredoxin-binding protein-2, is a member of the α-arrestin protein family and is regulated by several cellular stress factors. TXNIP overexpression coupled with thioredoxin inhibits its antioxidant functions, thereby increasing oxidative stress. TXNIP is directly involved in inflammatory activation by interacting with Nod-like receptor protein 3 inflammasome. Bone metabolic disorders are associated with aging, oxidative stress, and inflammation. They are characterized by an imbalance between bone formation involving osteoblasts and bone resorption by osteoclasts, and by chondrocyte destruction. The role of TXNIP in bone metabolic diseases has been extensively investigated. Here, we discuss the roles of TXNIP in the regulatory mechanisms of transcription and protein levels and summarize its involvement in bone metabolic disorders such as osteoporosis, osteoarthritis, and rheumatoid arthritis. TXNIP is expressed in osteoblasts, osteoclasts, and chondrocytes and affects the differentiation and functioning of skeletal cells through both redox-dependent and -independent regulatory mechanisms. Therefore, TXNIP is a potential regulatory and functional factor in bone metabolism and a possible new target for the treatment of bone metabolism-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Jiang
- The First Clinical Medical College of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Jinjin Liu
- The First Clinical Medical College of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Conghui Guan
- The First Clinical Medical College of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Chengxu Ma
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Jinyang An
- The First Clinical Medical College of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Xulei Tang
- The First Clinical Medical College of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Xulei Tang,
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14
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Aamna B, Kumar Dan A, Sahu R, Behera SK, Parida S. Deciphering the signaling mechanisms of β-arrestin1 and β-arrestin2 in regulation of cancer cell cycle and metastasis. J Cell Physiol 2022; 237:3717-3733. [PMID: 35908197 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.30847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2022] [Revised: 06/22/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
β-Arrestins are ubiquitously expressed intracellular proteins with many functions which interact directly and indirectly with a wide number of cellular partners and mediate downstream signaling. Originally, β-arrestins were identified for their contribution to GPCR desensitization to agonist-mediated activation, followed by receptor endocytosis and ubiquitylation. However, current investigations have now recognized that in addition to GPCR arresting (hence the name arrestin). β-Arrestins are adaptor proteins that control the recruitment, activation, and scaffolding of numerous cytoplasmic signaling complexes and assist in G-protein receptor signaling, thus bringing them into close proximity. They have participated in various cellular processes such as cell proliferation, migration, apoptosis, and transcription via canonical and noncanonical pathways. Despite their significant recognition in several physiological processes, these activities are also involved in the onset and progression of various cancers. This review delivers a concise overview of the role of β-arrestins with a primary emphasis on the signaling processes which underlie the mechanism of β-arrestins in the onset of cancer. Understanding these processes has important implications for understanding the therapeutic intervention and treatment of cancer in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bari Aamna
- School of Biotechnology, Kalinga Institute of Industrial Technology (Deemed to be University), Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
| | - Aritra Kumar Dan
- School of Biotechnology, Kalinga Institute of Industrial Technology (Deemed to be University), Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
| | - Raghaba Sahu
- College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Santosh Kumar Behera
- Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Ahmedabad, India
| | - Sagarika Parida
- Department of Botany, Centurion University of Technology and Management, Odisha, India
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15
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Barata-Antunes C, Talaia G, Broutzakis G, Ribas D, De Beule P, Casal M, Stefan CJ, Diallinas G, Paiva S. Interactions of cytosolic tails in the Jen1 carboxylate transporter are critical for trafficking and transport activity. J Cell Sci 2022; 135:275079. [PMID: 35437607 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.260059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 04/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Plasma membrane (PM) transporters of the major facilitator superfamily (MFS) are essential for cell metabolism, growth and response to stress or drugs. In Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Jen1 is a monocarboxylate/H+ symporter that provides a model to dissect the molecular details underlying cellular expression, transport mechanism and turnover of MFS transporters. Here, we present evidence revealing novel roles of the cytosolic N- and C-termini of Jen1 in its biogenesis, PM stability and transport activity, using functional analyses of Jen1 truncations and chimeric constructs with UapA, an endocytosis-insensitive transporter of Aspergillus nidulans. Our results show that both N- and C-termini are critical for Jen1 trafficking to the PM, transport activity and endocytosis. Importantly, we provide evidence that Jen1 N- and C-termini undergo transport-dependent dynamic intramolecular interactions, which affect the transport activity and turnover of Jen1. Our results support an emerging concept where the cytoplasmic termini of PM transporters control transporter cell surface stability and function through flexible intramolecular interactions with each other. These findings might be extended to other MFS members to understand conserved and evolving mechanisms underlying transporter structure-function relationships. This article has an associated First Person interview with the first authors of the paper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cláudia Barata-Antunes
- Centre of Molecular and Environmental Biology, Department of Biology, University of Minho, 4710-057, Braga, Portugal.,Institute of Science and Innovation for Bio-Sustainability (IB-S), University of Minho, 4710-057, Braga, Portugal
| | - Gabriel Talaia
- Centre of Molecular and Environmental Biology, Department of Biology, University of Minho, 4710-057, Braga, Portugal.,Department of Cell Biology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - George Broutzakis
- Department of Biology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis 15784, Athens, Greece
| | - David Ribas
- Centre of Molecular and Environmental Biology, Department of Biology, University of Minho, 4710-057, Braga, Portugal
| | - Pieter De Beule
- International Iberian Nanotechnology Laboratory, Avenida Mestre José Veiga s/n, Braga, Portugal
| | - Margarida Casal
- Centre of Molecular and Environmental Biology, Department of Biology, University of Minho, 4710-057, Braga, Portugal.,Institute of Science and Innovation for Bio-Sustainability (IB-S), University of Minho, 4710-057, Braga, Portugal
| | - Christopher J Stefan
- MRC Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - George Diallinas
- Department of Biology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis 15784, Athens, Greece.,Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Foundation for Research and Technology, 70013, Heraklion, Greece
| | - Sandra Paiva
- Centre of Molecular and Environmental Biology, Department of Biology, University of Minho, 4710-057, Braga, Portugal.,Institute of Science and Innovation for Bio-Sustainability (IB-S), University of Minho, 4710-057, Braga, Portugal
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16
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Abstract
Significance: Thioredoxin-interacting protein (Txnip) is an α-arrestin protein that acts as a cancer suppressor. Txnip is simultaneously a critical regulator of energy metabolism. Other alpha-arrestin proteins also play key roles in cell biology and cancer. Recent Advances: Txnip expression is regulated by multilayered mechanisms, including transcriptional regulation, microRNA, messenger RNA (mRNA) stabilization, and protein degradation. The Txnip-based connection between cancer and metabolism has been widely recognized. Meanwhile, new aspects are proposed for the mechanism of action of Txnip, including the regulation of RNA expression and autophagy. Arrestin domain containing 3 (ARRDC3), another α-arrestin protein, regulates endocytosis and signaling, whereas ARRDC1 and ARRDC4 regulate extracellular vesicle formation. Critical Issues: The mechanism of action of Txnip is yet to be elucidated. The regulation of intracellular protein trafficking by arrestin family proteins has opened an emerging field of biology and medical research, which needs to be examined further. Future Directions: A fundamental understanding of the mechanism of action of Txnip and other arrestin family members needs to be explored in the future to combat diseases such as cancer and diabetes. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 36, 1001-1022.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Masutani
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, Tenri Health Care University, Tenri, Japan.,Department of Infection and Prevention, Institute for Frontier Life and Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
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17
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Wedegaertner H, Pan WA, Gonzalez CC, Gonzalez DJ, Trejo J. The α-Arrestin ARRDC3 Is an Emerging Multifunctional Adaptor Protein in Cancer. Antioxid Redox Signal 2022; 36:1066-1079. [PMID: 34465145 PMCID: PMC9127825 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2021.0193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Significance: Adaptor proteins control the spatiotemporal dynamics of cellular signaling. Dysregulation of adaptor protein function can cause aberrant cell signaling and promote cancer. The arrestin family of adaptor proteins are known to regulate signaling by the superfamily of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs). The GPCRs are highly druggable and implicated in cancer progression. However, the molecular mechanisms responsible for arrestin dysregulation and the impact on GPCR function in cancer have yet to be fully elucidated. Recent Advances: A new family of mammalian arrestins, termed the α-arrestins, was recently discovered. The α-arrestin, arrestin domain-containing protein 3 (ARRDC3), in particular, has been identified as a tumor suppressor and is reported to control cellular signaling of GPCRs in cancer. Critical Issues: Compared with the extensively studied mammalian β-arrestins, there is limited information regarding the regulatory mechanisms that control α-arrestin activation and function. Here, we discuss the molecular mechanisms that regulate ARRDC3, which include post-translational modifications such as phosphorylation and ubiquitination. We also provide evidence that ARRDC3 can interact with a wide array of proteins that control diverse biological functions. Future Directions: ARRDC3 interacts with numerous proteins and is likely to display diverse functions in cancer, metabolic disease, and other syndromes. Thus, understanding the regulatory mechanisms of ARRDC3 activity in various cellular contexts is critically important. Recent studies suggest that α-arrestins may be regulated through post-translational modification, which is known to impact adaptor protein function. However, additional studies are needed to determine how these regulatory mechanisms affect ARRDC3 tumor suppressor function. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 36, 1066-1079.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen Wedegaertner
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA.,Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Wen-An Pan
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Carlos C Gonzalez
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - David J Gonzalez
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA.,Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - JoAnn Trejo
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
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18
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α-Arrestins and Their Functions: From Yeast to Human Health. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23094988. [PMID: 35563378 PMCID: PMC9105457 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23094988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Revised: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
α-Arrestins, also called arrestin-related trafficking adaptors (ARTs), constitute a large family of proteins conserved from yeast to humans. Despite their evolutionary precedence over their extensively studied relatives of the β-arrestin family, α-arrestins have been discovered relatively recently, and thus their properties are mostly unexplored. The predominant function of α-arrestins is the selective identification of membrane proteins for ubiquitination and degradation, which is an important element in maintaining membrane protein homeostasis as well as global cellular metabolisms. Among members of the arrestin clan, only α-arrestins possess PY motifs that allow canonical binding to WW domains of Rsp5/NEDD4 ubiquitin ligases and the subsequent ubiquitination of membrane proteins leading to their vacuolar/lysosomal degradation. The molecular mechanisms of the selective substrate’s targeting, function, and regulation of α-arrestins in response to different stimuli remain incompletely understood. Several functions of α-arrestins in animal models have been recently characterized, including redox homeostasis regulation, innate immune response regulation, and tumor suppression. However, the molecular mechanisms of α-arrestin regulation and substrate interactions are mainly based on observations from the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae model. Nonetheless, α-arrestins have been implicated in health disorders such as diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, neurodegenerative disorders, and tumor progression, placing them in the group of potential therapeutic targets.
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19
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Yang YS, Ning SK, Lyu XH, Suo F, Jia GS, Li W, Du LL. Canavanine resistance mutation can1-1 in Schizosaccharomyces pombe is a missense mutation in the ubiquitin ligase adaptor gene any1. MICROPUBLICATION BIOLOGY 2022; 2022:10.17912/micropub.biology.000538. [PMID: 35300005 PMCID: PMC8922049 DOI: 10.17912/micropub.biology.000538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2022] [Revised: 03/05/2022] [Accepted: 03/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
In Schizosaccharomyces pombe, the can1-1 mutation confers resistance to the toxic arginine analog canavanine. This mutation has been assumed to disrupt a gene encoding an arginine transporter. In PomBase, the gene SPBC18H10.16 is currently designated can1. Here, we sequenced the genomes of three can1-1 strains. No mutations were found in SPBC18H10.16. Instead, these strains harbor an R175C mutation in the gene any1 (SPBC18H10.20c). any1 encodes an α-arrestin that acts as a ubiquitin ligase adaptor to downregulate plasma membrane amino acid transporters. Our findings indicate that can1-1 is not a loss-of-function mutation in an amino acid transporter gene, but a possible gain-of-function mutation in a gene encoding a negative regulator of amino acid transporters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Sheng Yang
- National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Shao-Kai Ning
- National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiao-Hui Lyu
- National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Fang Suo
- National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Guo-Song Jia
- National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Wen Li
- National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Li-Lin Du
- National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing, China
,
Tsinghua Institute of Multidisciplinary Biomedical Research, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
,
Correspondence to: Li-Lin Du (
)
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20
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Paul S, Dinesh Kumar SM, Syamala SS, Balakrishnan S, Vijayan V, Arumugaswami V, Sudhakar S. Identification, tissue specific expression analysis and functional characterization of arrestin gene (ARRDC) in the earthworm Eudrilus eugeniae: a molecular hypothesis behind worm photoreception. Mol Biol Rep 2022; 49:4225-4236. [PMID: 35211863 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-022-07256-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The arrestin domain containing proteins (ARRDCs) are crucial adaptor proteins assist in signal transduction and regulation of sensory physiology. The molecular localization of the ARRDC gene has been confined mainly to the mammalian system while in invertebrates the expression pattern was not addressed significantly. The present study reports the identification, tissue specific expression and functional characterization of an ARRDC transcript in earthworm, Eudrilus eugeniae. METHODS AND RESULTS The coding region of earthworm ARRDC transcript was 1146 bp in length and encoded a protein of 381 amino acid residues. The worm ARRDC protein consists of conserved N-terminal and C-terminal regions and showed significant homology with the ARRDC3 sequence of other species. The tissue specific expression analysis through whole mount in-situ hybridization denoted the expression of ARRDC transcript in the central nervous system of the worm which includes cerebral ganglion and ventral nerve cord. Besides, the expression of ARRDC gene was observed in the epidermal region of earthworm skin. The functional characterization of ARRDC gene was assessed through siRNA silencing and the gene was found to play key role in the light sensing ability and photophobic movement of the worm. CONCLUSIONS The neuronal and dermal expression patterns of ARRDC gene and its functional characterization hypothesized the role of the gene in assisting the photosensory cells to regulate the process of photoreception and phototransduction in the worm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sayan Paul
- Department of Biotechnology, Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Tirunelveli, Tamil Nadu, 627012, India
- Centre for Cardiovascular Biology and Disease, Institute for Stem Cell Science and Regenerative Medicine (inStem), Bangalore, 560065, India
| | - Sudalai Mani Dinesh Kumar
- Department of Biotechnology, Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Tirunelveli, Tamil Nadu, 627012, India
| | - Sandhya Soman Syamala
- Department of Biotechnology, Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Tirunelveli, Tamil Nadu, 627012, India
| | | | - Vijithkumar Vijayan
- Department of Biotechnology, Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Tirunelveli, Tamil Nadu, 627012, India
| | | | - Sivasubramaniam Sudhakar
- Department of Biotechnology, Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Tirunelveli, Tamil Nadu, 627012, India.
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21
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Zhou L, Li M, Cui P, Tian M, Xu Y, Zheng X, Zhang K, Li G, Wang X. Arrestin-Coding Genes Regulate Endocytosis, Sporulation, Pathogenicity, and Stress Resistance in Arthrobotrys oligospora. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:754333. [PMID: 35252023 PMCID: PMC8890662 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.754333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2021] [Accepted: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Arrestins are a family of scaffold proteins that play a crucial role in regulating numerous cellular processes, such as GPCR signaling. The Arthrobotrys oligospora arrestin family contains 12 members, which have highly conserved N-terminal and C-terminal domains. In the presence of ammonia, A. oligospora can change its lifestyle from saprotrophic to carnivorous. During this transition, the expression pattern of arrestin-coding (AoArc) genes was markedly upregulated. Therefore, we disrupted seven AoArc genes from A. oligospora to identify their functions. Although individual arrestin mutant strains display similar pathogenesis, phenotypes, and stress resistance, the fundamental data on the roles of AoArc genes in A. oligospora are obtained in this study. Membrane endocytosis in AoArc mutants was significantly reduced. Meanwhile, the capacity of trap device formation against nematodes and ammonia was impaired due to AoArc deletions. We also found that AoArc genes could regulate conidial phenotypes, cell nuclear distribution, pH response, and stress resistance. Results of qRT-PCR assays revealed that sporulation-regulated genes were affected after the deletion of AoArc genes. In particular, among the 12 arrestins, AoArc2 mediates pH signaling in the fungus A. oligospora. Notably, combined with the classical paradigm of arrestin–GPCR signal transduction, we suggest that arrestin-regulated trap formation in A. oligospora may be directly linked to the receptor endocytosis pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Zhou
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan University, Kunming, China
- Key Laboratory for Microbial Resources of the Ministry of Education, Yunnan University, Kunming, China
| | - Mengfei Li
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan University, Kunming, China
- Key Laboratory for Microbial Resources of the Ministry of Education, Yunnan University, Kunming, China
| | - Peijie Cui
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan University, Kunming, China
- Key Laboratory for Microbial Resources of the Ministry of Education, Yunnan University, Kunming, China
| | - Mengqing Tian
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan University, Kunming, China
- Key Laboratory for Microbial Resources of the Ministry of Education, Yunnan University, Kunming, China
| | - Ya Xu
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan University, Kunming, China
- Key Laboratory for Microbial Resources of the Ministry of Education, Yunnan University, Kunming, China
| | - Xi Zheng
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan University, Kunming, China
- Key Laboratory for Microbial Resources of the Ministry of Education, Yunnan University, Kunming, China
| | - Keqin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan University, Kunming, China
- Key Laboratory for Microbial Resources of the Ministry of Education, Yunnan University, Kunming, China
| | - Guohong Li
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan University, Kunming, China
- Key Laboratory for Microbial Resources of the Ministry of Education, Yunnan University, Kunming, China
- *Correspondence: Xin Wang, ; Guohong Li,
| | - Xin Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan University, Kunming, China
- Key Laboratory for Microbial Resources of the Ministry of Education, Yunnan University, Kunming, China
- *Correspondence: Xin Wang, ; Guohong Li,
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22
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Farooq AU, Gembus K, Sandow JJ, Webb A, Mathivanan S, Manning JA, Shah SS, Foot NJ, Kumar S. K-29 linked ubiquitination of Arrdc4 regulates its function in extracellular vesicle biogenesis. J Extracell Vesicles 2022; 11:e12188. [PMID: 35106941 PMCID: PMC8807422 DOI: 10.1002/jev2.12188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2021] [Revised: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 01/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are important mediators of intercellular communication. However, EV biogenesis remains poorly understood. We previously defined a role for Arrdc4 (Arrestin domain containing protein 4), an adaptor for Nedd4 family ubiquitin ligases, in the biogenesis of EVs. Here we report that ubiquitination of Arrdc4 is critical for its role in EV secretion. We identified five potential ubiquitinated lysine residues in Arrdc4 using mass spectrometry. By analysing Arrdc4 lysine mutants we discovered that lysine 270 (K270) is critical for Arrdc4 function in EV biogenesis. Arrdc4K270R mutation caused a decrease in the number of EVs released by cells compared to Arrdc4WT , and a reduction in trafficking of divalent metal transporter (DMT1) into EVs. Furthermore, we also observed a decrease in DMT1 activity and an increase in its intracellular degradation in the presence of Arrdc4K270R . K270 was found to be ubiquitinated with K-29 polyubiquitin chains by the ubiquitin ligase Nedd4-2. Thus, our results uncover a novel role of K-29 polyubiquitin chains in Arrdc4-mediated EV biogenesis and protein trafficking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ammara Usman Farooq
- Centre for Cancer BiologyUniversity of South AustraliaAdelaideSouth AustraliaAustralia
| | - Kelly Gembus
- Centre for Cancer BiologyUniversity of South AustraliaAdelaideSouth AustraliaAustralia
| | | | - Andrew Webb
- Walter and Eliza Hall InstituteParkvilleVictoriaAustralia
| | - Suresh Mathivanan
- La Trobe Institute for Molecular ScienceLa Trobe UniversityVictoriaAustralia
| | - Jantina A. Manning
- Centre for Cancer BiologyUniversity of South AustraliaAdelaideSouth AustraliaAustralia
| | - Sonia S. Shah
- Centre for Cancer BiologyUniversity of South AustraliaAdelaideSouth AustraliaAustralia
| | - Natalie J. Foot
- Centre for Cancer BiologyUniversity of South AustraliaAdelaideSouth AustraliaAustralia
| | - Sharad Kumar
- Centre for Cancer BiologyUniversity of South AustraliaAdelaideSouth AustraliaAustralia
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23
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Fission Yeast TORC2 Signaling Pathway Ensures Cell Proliferation under Glucose-Limited, Nitrogen-Replete Conditions. Biomolecules 2021; 11:biom11101465. [PMID: 34680098 PMCID: PMC8533292 DOI: 10.3390/biom11101465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Revised: 09/29/2021] [Accepted: 10/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Target of rapamycin (TOR) kinases form two distinct complexes, TORC1 and TORC2, which are evolutionarily conserved among eukaryotes. These complexes control intracellular biochemical processes in response to changes in extracellular nutrient conditions. Previous studies using the fission yeast, Schizosaccharomyces pombe, showed that the TORC2 signaling pathway, which is essential for cell proliferation under glucose-limited conditions, ensures cell-surface localization of a high-affinity hexose transporter, Ght5, by downregulating its endocytosis. The TORC2 signaling pathway retains Ght5 on the cell surface, depending on the presence of nitrogen sources in medium. Ght5 is transported to vacuoles upon nitrogen starvation. In this review, we discuss the molecular mechanisms underlying this regulation to cope with nutritional stress, a response which may be conserved from yeasts to mammals.
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24
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Watkins JM, Ross-Elliott TJ, Shan X, Lou F, Dreyer B, Tunc-Ozdemir M, Jia H, Yang J, Oliveira CC, Wu L, Trusov Y, Schwochert TD, Krysan P, Jones AM. Differential regulation of G protein signaling in Arabidopsis through two distinct pathways that internalize AtRGS1. Sci Signal 2021; 14:14/695/eabe4090. [PMID: 34376571 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.abe4090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
In animals, endocytosis of a seven-transmembrane GPCR is mediated by arrestins to propagate or arrest cytoplasmic G protein-mediated signaling, depending on the bias of the receptor or ligand, which determines how much one transduction pathway is used compared to another. In Arabidopsis thaliana, GPCRs are not required for G protein-coupled signaling because the heterotrimeric G protein complex spontaneously exchanges nucleotide. Instead, the seven-transmembrane protein AtRGS1 modulates G protein signaling through ligand-dependent endocytosis, which initiates derepression of signaling without the involvement of canonical arrestins. Here, we found that endocytosis of AtRGS1 initiated from two separate pools of plasma membrane: sterol-dependent domains and a clathrin-accessible neighborhood, each with a select set of discriminators, activators, and candidate arrestin-like adaptors. Ligand identity (either the pathogen-associated molecular pattern flg22 or the sugar glucose) determined the origin of AtRGS1 endocytosis. Different trafficking origins and trajectories led to different cellular outcomes. Thus, in this system, compartmentation with its associated signalosome architecture drives biased signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin M Watkins
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Timothy J Ross-Elliott
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Xiaoyi Shan
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Fei Lou
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Bernd Dreyer
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Meral Tunc-Ozdemir
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Haiyan Jia
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Jing Yang
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Celio Cabral Oliveira
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology/Bioagro, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG, Brazil
| | - Luguang Wu
- School of Agriculture and Food Science, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland Q4072, Australia
| | - Yuri Trusov
- School of Agriculture and Food Science, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland Q4072, Australia
| | - Timothy D Schwochert
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Patrick Krysan
- Department of Horticulture, University of Wisconsin Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Alan M Jones
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA. .,Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
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25
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Cao X, He W, Pang Y, Cao Y, Qin A. Redox-dependent and independent effects of thioredoxin interacting protein. Biol Chem 2021; 401:1215-1231. [PMID: 32845855 DOI: 10.1515/hsz-2020-0181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2020] [Accepted: 08/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Thioredoxin interacting protein (TXNIP) is an important physiological inhibitor of the thioredoxin (TXN) redox system in cells. Regulation of TXNIP expression and/or activity not only plays an important role in redox regulation but also exerts redox-independent physiological effects that exhibit direct pathophysiological consequences including elevated inflammatory response, aberrant glucose metabolism, cellular senescence and apoptosis, cellular immunity, and tumorigenesis. This review provides a brief overview of the current knowledge concerning the redox-dependent and independent roles of TXNIP and its relevance to various disease states. The implications for the therapeutic targeting of TXNIP will also be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiankun Cao
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orthopedic Implants, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, No. 639, Zhizaoju Road, Shanghai, 200011,People's Republic of China
| | - Wenxin He
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orthopedic Implants, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, No. 639, Zhizaoju Road, Shanghai, 200011,People's Republic of China
| | - Yichuan Pang
- Department of Oral Surgery, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center of Stomatology, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200011,People's Republic of China
| | - Yu Cao
- Department of Orthopaedics and Institute of Precision Medicine, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, No. 639, Zhizaoju Road, Shanghai, 200011,People's Republic of China
| | - An Qin
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orthopedic Implants, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, No. 639, Zhizaoju Road, Shanghai, 200011,People's Republic of China
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26
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Foot NJ, Gonzalez MB, Gembus K, Fonseka P, Sandow JJ, Nguyen TT, Tran D, Webb AI, Mathivanan S, Robker RL, Kumar S. Arrdc4-dependent extracellular vesicle biogenesis is required for sperm maturation. J Extracell Vesicles 2021; 10:e12113. [PMID: 34188787 PMCID: PMC8217992 DOI: 10.1002/jev2.12113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2020] [Revised: 06/07/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are important players in cell to cell communication in reproductive systems. Notably, EVs have been found and characterized in the male reproductive tract, however, direct functional evidence for their importance in mediating sperm function is lacking. We have previously demonstrated that Arrdc4, a member of the α-arrestin protein family, is involved in extracellular vesicle biogenesis and release. Here we show that Arrdc4-mediated extracellular vesicle biogenesis is required for proper sperm function. Sperm from Arrdc4-/- mice develop normally through the testis but fail to acquire adequate motility and fertilization capabilities through the epididymis, as observed by reduced motility, premature acrosome reaction, reduction in zona pellucida binding and two-cell embryo production. We found a significant reduction in extracellular vesicle production by Arrdc4-/- epididymal epithelial cells, and further, supplementation of Arrdc4-/- sperm with additional vesicles dampened the acrosome reaction defect and restored zona pellucida binding. These results indicate that Arrdc4 is important for proper sperm maturation through the control of extracellular vesicle biogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie J. Foot
- Centre for Cancer BiologyUniversity of South Australia and SA PathologyAdelaideSouth AustraliaAustralia
- School of MedicineRobinson Research InstituteUniversity of AdelaideAdelaideSouth AustraliaAustralia
| | - Macarena B. Gonzalez
- School of MedicineRobinson Research InstituteUniversity of AdelaideAdelaideSouth AustraliaAustralia
| | - Kelly Gembus
- Centre for Cancer BiologyUniversity of South Australia and SA PathologyAdelaideSouth AustraliaAustralia
| | - Pamali Fonseka
- Department of Biochemistry and GeneticsLa Trobe Institute for Molecular SciencesLa Trobe UniversityMelbourneVictoriaAustralia
| | - Jarrod J. Sandow
- Advanced Technology and Biology DivisionWalter and Eliza Hall InstituteParkvilleVictoriaAustralia
- Department of Medical BiologyUniversity of MelbourneParkvilleVICAustralia
| | - Thuy Tien Nguyen
- Centre for Cancer BiologyUniversity of South Australia and SA PathologyAdelaideSouth AustraliaAustralia
- School of Biological SciencesUniversity of AdelaideAdelaideSouth AustraliaAustralia
| | - Diana Tran
- School of Chemical Engineering & Advanced MaterialsUniversity of AdelaideAdelaideSouth AustraliaAustralia
| | - Andrew I. Webb
- Advanced Technology and Biology DivisionWalter and Eliza Hall InstituteParkvilleVictoriaAustralia
- Department of Medical BiologyUniversity of MelbourneParkvilleVICAustralia
| | - Suresh Mathivanan
- Department of Biochemistry and GeneticsLa Trobe Institute for Molecular SciencesLa Trobe UniversityMelbourneVictoriaAustralia
| | - Rebecca L. Robker
- School of MedicineRobinson Research InstituteUniversity of AdelaideAdelaideSouth AustraliaAustralia
- Department of Anatomy and Developmental BiologyBiomedicine Discovery InstituteMonash UniversityMelbourneVictoriaAustralia
| | - Sharad Kumar
- Centre for Cancer BiologyUniversity of South Australia and SA PathologyAdelaideSouth AustraliaAustralia
- Faculty of Health and Medical SciencesUniversity of AdelaideAdelaideSouth AustraliaAustralia
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27
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Toyoda Y, Soejima S, Masuda F, Saitoh S. TORC2 inhibition of α-arrestin Aly3 mediates cell surface persistence of S. pombe Ght5 glucose transporter in low glucose. J Cell Sci 2021; 134:268339. [PMID: 34028542 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.257485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2020] [Accepted: 04/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
In the fission yeast, Schizosaccharomyces pombe, the high-affinity hexose transporter, Ght5, must be transcriptionally upregulated and localized to the cell surface for cell division under limited glucose. Although cell-surface localization of Ght5 depends on Target of rapamycin complex 2 (TORC2), the molecular mechanisms by which TORC2 ensures proper localization of Ght5 remain unknown. We performed genetic screening for gene mutations that restore Ght5 localization on the cell surface in TORC2-deficient mutant cells, and identified a gene encoding an uncharacterized α-arrestin-like protein, Aly3/SPCC584.15c. α-arrestins are thought to recruit a ubiquitin ligase to membrane-associated proteins. Consistently, Ght5 is ubiquitylated in TORC2-deficient cells, and this ubiquitylation is dependent on Aly3. TORC2 supposedly enables cell-surface localization of Ght5 by preventing Aly3-dependent ubiquitylation and subsequent ubiquitylation-dependent translocation of Ght5 to vacuoles. Surprisingly, nitrogen starvation, but not glucose depletion, triggers Aly3-dependent transport of Ght5 to vacuoles in S. pombe, unlike budding yeast hexose transporters, vacuolar transport of which is initiated upon changes in hexose concentration. This study provides new insights into the molecular mechanisms controlling the subcellular localization of hexose transporters in response to extracellular stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Toyoda
- Department of Cell Biology, Institute of Life Science, Kurume University, Asahi-machi 67, Kurume, Fukuoka 830-0011, Japan
| | - Saeko Soejima
- Department of Cell Biology, Institute of Life Science, Kurume University, Asahi-machi 67, Kurume, Fukuoka 830-0011, Japan
| | - Fumie Masuda
- Department of Cell Biology, Institute of Life Science, Kurume University, Asahi-machi 67, Kurume, Fukuoka 830-0011, Japan
| | - Shigeaki Saitoh
- Department of Cell Biology, Institute of Life Science, Kurume University, Asahi-machi 67, Kurume, Fukuoka 830-0011, Japan
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28
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Kahlhofer J, Leon S, Teis D, Schmidt O. The α-arrestin family of ubiquitin ligase adaptors links metabolism with selective endocytosis. Biol Cell 2021; 113:183-219. [PMID: 33314196 DOI: 10.1111/boc.202000137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2020] [Accepted: 12/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The regulation of nutrient uptake into cells is important, as it allows to either increase biomass for cell growth or to preserve homoeostasis. A key strategy to adjust cellular nutrient uptake is the reconfiguration of the nutrient transporter repertoire at the plasma membrane by the addition of nutrient transporters through the secretory pathway and by their endocytic removal. In this review, we focus on the mechanisms that regulate selective nutrient transporter endocytosis, which is mediated by the α-arrestin protein family. In the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, 14 different α-arrestins (also named arrestin-related trafficking adaptors, ARTs) function as adaptors for the ubiquitin ligase Rsp5. They instruct Rsp5 to ubiquitinate subsets of nutrient transporters to orchestrate their endocytosis. The ART proteins are under multilevel control of the major nutrient sensing systems, including amino acid sensing by the general amino acid control and target of rapamycin pathways, and energy sensing by 5'-adenosine-monophosphate-dependent kinase. The function of the six human α-arrestins is comparably under-characterised. Here, we summarise the current knowledge about the function, regulation and substrates of yeast ARTs and human α-arrestins, and highlight emerging communalities and general principles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Kahlhofer
- Institute for Cell Biology, Biocenter, Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Sebastien Leon
- Université de Paris, CNRS, Institut Jacques Monod, Paris, France
| | - David Teis
- Institute for Cell Biology, Biocenter, Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Oliver Schmidt
- Institute for Cell Biology, Biocenter, Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
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29
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Patwardhan A, Cheng N, Trejo J. Post-Translational Modifications of G Protein-Coupled Receptors Control Cellular Signaling Dynamics in Space and Time. Pharmacol Rev 2021; 73:120-151. [PMID: 33268549 PMCID: PMC7736832 DOI: 10.1124/pharmrev.120.000082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are a large family comprising >800 signaling receptors that regulate numerous cellular and physiologic responses. GPCRs have been implicated in numerous diseases and represent the largest class of drug targets. Although advances in GPCR structure and pharmacology have improved drug discovery, the regulation of GPCR function by diverse post-translational modifications (PTMs) has received minimal attention. Over 200 PTMs are known to exist in mammalian cells, yet only a few have been reported for GPCRs. Early studies revealed phosphorylation as a major regulator of GPCR signaling, whereas later reports implicated a function for ubiquitination, glycosylation, and palmitoylation in GPCR biology. Although our knowledge of GPCR phosphorylation is extensive, our knowledge of the modifying enzymes, regulation, and function of other GPCR PTMs is limited. In this review we provide a comprehensive overview of GPCR post-translational modifications with a greater focus on new discoveries. We discuss the subcellular location and regulatory mechanisms that control post-translational modifications of GPCRs. The functional implications of newly discovered GPCR PTMs on receptor folding, biosynthesis, endocytic trafficking, dimerization, compartmentalized signaling, and biased signaling are also provided. Methods to detect and study GPCR PTMs as well as PTM crosstalk are further highlighted. Finally, we conclude with a discussion of the implications of GPCR PTMs in human disease and their importance for drug discovery. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Post-translational modification of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) controls all aspects of receptor function; however, the detection and study of diverse types of GPCR modifications are limited. A thorough understanding of the role and mechanisms by which diverse post-translational modifications regulate GPCR signaling and trafficking is essential for understanding dysregulated mechanisms in disease and for improving and refining drug development for GPCRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anand Patwardhan
- Department of Pharmacology and the Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Norton Cheng
- Department of Pharmacology and the Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - JoAnn Trejo
- Department of Pharmacology and the Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California
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30
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Langille BL, Hyde J, Saint KM, Bradford TM, Stringer DN, Tierney SM, Humphreys WF, Austin AD, Cooper SJB. Evidence for speciation underground in diving beetles (Dytiscidae) from a subterranean archipelago. Evolution 2020; 75:166-175. [PMID: 33219700 DOI: 10.1111/evo.14135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2020] [Revised: 11/02/2020] [Accepted: 11/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Most subterranean animals are assumed to have evolved from surface ancestors following colonization of a cave system; however, very few studies have raised the possibility of "subterranean speciation" in underground habitats (i.e., obligate cave-dwelling organisms [troglobionts] descended from troglobiotic ancestors). Numerous endemic subterranean diving beetle species from spatially discrete calcrete aquifers in Western Australia (stygobionts) have evolved independently from surface ancestors; however, several cases of sympatric sister species raise the possibility of subterranean speciation. We tested this hypothesis using vision (phototransduction) genes that are evolving under neutral processes in subterranean species and purifying selection in surface species. Using sequence data from 32 subterranean and five surface species in the genus Paroster (Dytiscidae), we identified deleterious mutations in long wavelength opsin (lwop), arrestin 1 (arr1), and arrestin 2 (arr2) shared by a sympatric sister-species triplet, arr1 shared by a sympatric sister-species pair, and lwop and arr2 shared among closely related species in adjacent calcrete aquifers. In all cases, a common ancestor possessed the function-altering mutations, implying they were already adapted to aphotic environments. Our study represents one of the first confirmed cases of subterranean speciation in cave insects. The assessment of genes undergoing pseudogenization provides a novel way of testing modes of speciation and the history of diversification in blind cave animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara L Langille
- Australian Centre for Evolutionary Biology and Biodiversity, Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, 5005, Australia
| | - Josephine Hyde
- Australian Centre for Evolutionary Biology and Biodiversity, Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, 5005, Australia.,Department of Environmental Sciences, The Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station, New Haven, Connecticut, 06511
| | - Kathleen M Saint
- Australian Centre for Evolutionary Biology and Biodiversity, Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, 5005, Australia
| | - Tessa M Bradford
- Australian Centre for Evolutionary Biology and Biodiversity, Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, 5005, Australia.,Evolutionary Biology Unit, South Australian Museum, Adelaide, South Australia, 5000, Australia
| | - Danielle N Stringer
- Australian Centre for Evolutionary Biology and Biodiversity, Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, 5005, Australia
| | - Simon M Tierney
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Penrith, New South Wales, 2751, Australia
| | - William F Humphreys
- Collections and Research, Western Australian Museum, 49 Kew Street, Welshpool, Western Australia, 6106, Australia.,School of Animal Biology, University of Western Australia, Nedlands, Western Australia, 6009, Australia
| | - Andrew D Austin
- Australian Centre for Evolutionary Biology and Biodiversity, Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, 5005, Australia.,Evolutionary Biology Unit, South Australian Museum, Adelaide, South Australia, 5000, Australia
| | - Steven J B Cooper
- Australian Centre for Evolutionary Biology and Biodiversity, Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, 5005, Australia.,Evolutionary Biology Unit, South Australian Museum, Adelaide, South Australia, 5000, Australia
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31
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Gainett G, Ballesteros JA, Kanzler CR, Zehms JT, Zern JM, Aharon S, Gavish-Regev E, Sharma PP. Systemic paralogy and function of retinal determination network homologs in arachnids. BMC Genomics 2020; 21:811. [PMID: 33225889 PMCID: PMC7681978 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-020-07149-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2020] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Arachnids are important components of cave ecosystems and display many examples of troglomorphisms, such as blindness, depigmentation, and elongate appendages. Little is known about how the eyes of arachnids are specified genetically, let alone the mechanisms for eye reduction and loss in troglomorphic arachnids. Additionally, duplication of Retinal Determination Gene Network (RDGN) homologs in spiders has convoluted functional inferences extrapolated from single-copy homologs in pancrustacean models. RESULTS We investigated a sister species pair of Israeli cave whip spiders, Charinus ioanniticus and C. israelensis (Arachnopulmonata, Amblypygi), of which one species has reduced eyes. We generated embryonic transcriptomes for both Amblypygi species, and discovered that several RDGN homologs exhibit duplications. We show that duplication of RDGN homologs is systemic across arachnopulmonates (arachnid orders that bear book lungs), rather than being a spider-specific phenomenon. A differential gene expression (DGE) analysis comparing the expression of RDGN genes in field-collected embryos of both species identified candidate RDGN genes involved in the formation and reduction of eyes in whip spiders. To ground bioinformatic inference of expression patterns with functional experiments, we interrogated the function of three candidate RDGN genes identified from DGE using RNAi in the spider Parasteatoda tepidariorum. We provide functional evidence that one of these paralogs, sine oculis/Six1 A (soA), is necessary for the development of all arachnid eye types. CONCLUSIONS Our work establishes a foundation to investigate the genetics of troglomorphic adaptations in cave arachnids, and links differential gene expression to an arthropod eye phenotype for the first time outside of Pancrustacea. Our results support the conservation of at least one RDGN component across Arthropoda and provide a framework for identifying the role of gene duplications in generating arachnid eye diversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guilherme Gainett
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA.
| | - Jesús A Ballesteros
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA.
| | - Charlotte R Kanzler
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Jakob T Zehms
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - John M Zern
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Shlomi Aharon
- National Natural History Collections, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem , Jerusalem, 9190401, Israel
| | - Efrat Gavish-Regev
- National Natural History Collections, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem , Jerusalem, 9190401, Israel
| | - Prashant P Sharma
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
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32
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Chen Y, Ning J, Cao W, Wang S, Du T, Jiang J, Feng X, Zhang B. Research Progress of TXNIP as a Tumor Suppressor Gene Participating in the Metabolic Reprogramming and Oxidative Stress of Cancer Cells in Various Cancers. Front Oncol 2020; 10:568574. [PMID: 33194655 PMCID: PMC7609813 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2020.568574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Accepted: 08/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Thioredoxin-interacting protein (TXNIP) is a thioredoxin-binding protein that can mediate oxidative stress, inhibit cell proliferation, and induce apoptosis by inhibiting the function of the thioredoxin system. TXNIP is important because of its wide range of functions in cardiovascular diseases, neurodegenerative diseases, cancer, diabetes, and other diseases. Increasing evidence has shown that TXNIP expression is low in tumors and that it may act as a tumor suppressor in various cancer types such as hepatocarcinoma, breast cancer, and lung cancer. TXNIP is known to inhibit the proliferation of breast cancer cells by affecting metabolic reprogramming and can affect the invasion and migration of breast cancer cells through the TXNIP-HIF1α-TWIST signaling axis. TXNIP can also prevent the occurrence of bladder cancer by inhibiting the activation of ERK, which inhibits apoptosis in bladder cancer cells. In this review, we find that TXNIP can be regulated by binding to transcription factors or other binding proteins and can also be downregulated by epigenetic changes or miRNA. In addition, we also summarize emerging insights on TXNIP expression and its functional role in different kinds of cancers, as well as clarify its participation in metabolic reprogramming and oxidative stress in cancer cells, wherein it acts as a putative tumor suppressor gene to inhibit the proliferation, invasion, and migration of different tumor cells as well as promote apoptosis in these cells. TXNIP may therefore be of basic and clinical significance for finding novel molecular targets that can facilitate the diagnosis and treatment of malignant tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiting Chen
- Department of Oncology and Institute of Medical Sciences, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Department of Histology and Embryology, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Jieling Ning
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Wenjie Cao
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Shuanglian Wang
- Institute of Medical Sciences, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Tao Du
- Institute of Medical Sciences, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Jiahui Jiang
- Institute of Medical Sciences, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Xueping Feng
- Department of Oncology and Institute of Medical Sciences, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Bin Zhang
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China
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33
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Martins E, Brodier H, Rossitto-Borlat I, Ilgaz I, Villard M, Hartley O. Arrestin Recruitment to C-C Chemokine Receptor 5: Potent C-C Chemokine Ligand 5 Analogs Reveal Differences in Dependence on Receptor Phosphorylation and Isoform-Specific Recruitment Bias. Mol Pharmacol 2020; 98:599-611. [PMID: 32943494 DOI: 10.1124/molpharm.120.000036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2020] [Accepted: 08/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
C-C chemokine receptor 5 (CCR5) is a chemokine receptor belonging to the G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) superfamily. An established anti-human immunodeficiency virus drug target, CCR5 is attracting significant additional interest in both cancer and neuroinflammation. Several N-terminally engineered analogs of C-C chemokine ligand 5 (CCL5), a natural ligand of CCR5, are highly potent CCR5 inhibitors. The inhibitory mechanisms of certain analogs relate to modulation of receptor desensitization, but the cellular and molecular mechanisms have not been fully elucidated. Here we made use of a collection of CCR5 phosphorylation mutants and arrestin variants to investigate how CCL5 analogs differ from CCL5 in their capacity to elicit both CCR5 phosphorylation and arrestin recruitment, with reference to the current "core" and "tail" interaction model for arrestin-GPCR interaction. We showed that CCL5 recruits both arrestin 2 and arrestin 3 to CCR5 with recruitment, particularly of arrestin 2, strongly dependent on the arrestin tail interaction. 5P12-RANTES does not elicit receptor phosphorylation or arrestin recruitment. In contrast, PSC-RANTES induces CCR5 hyperphosphorylation, driving enhanced arrestin recruitment with lower dependence on the arrestin tail interaction. 5P14-RANTES induces comparable levels of receptor phosphorylation to CCL5, but arrestin recruitment is absolutely dependent on the arrestin tail interaction, and in one of the cellular backgrounds used, recruitment showed isoform bias toward arrestin 3 versus arrestin 2. No evidence for ligand-specific differences in receptor phosphorylation patterns across the four implicated serine residues was observed. Our results improve understanding of the molecular pharmacology of CCR5 and help further elucidate the inhibitory mechanisms of a group of potent inhibitors. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: C-C chemokine receptor 5 (CCR5) is a key drug target for human immunodeficiency virus, cancer, and inflammation. Highly potent chemokine analog inhibitors act via the modulation of receptor desensitization, a process initiated by the recruitment of arrestin proteins. This study shows that potent C-C chemokine ligand 5 analogs differ from each other and from the parent chemokine in the extent and quality of CCR5-arrestin association that they elicit, providing valuable insights into CCR5 pharmacology and cell biology that will facilitate the development of new medicines targeting this important receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elsa Martins
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Hellena Brodier
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Irène Rossitto-Borlat
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Ilke Ilgaz
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Mélanie Villard
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Oliver Hartley
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
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Yoshihara E. TXNIP/TBP-2: A Master Regulator for Glucose Homeostasis. Antioxidants (Basel) 2020; 9:E765. [PMID: 32824669 PMCID: PMC7464905 DOI: 10.3390/antiox9080765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Revised: 08/09/2020] [Accepted: 08/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Identification of thioredoxin binding protein-2 (TBP-2), which is currently known as thioredoxin interacting protein (TXNIP), as an important binding partner for thioredoxin (TRX) revealed that an evolutionarily conserved reduction-oxidation (redox) signal complex plays an important role for pathophysiology. Due to the reducing activity of TRX, the TRX/TXNIP signal complex has been shown to be an important regulator for redox-related signal transduction in many types of cells in various species. In addition to its role in redox-dependent regulation, TXNIP has cellular functions that are performed in a redox-independent manner, which largely rely on their scaffolding function as an ancestral α-Arrestin family. Both the redox-dependent and -independent TXNIP functions serve as regulatory pathways in glucose metabolism. This review highlights the key advances in understanding TXNIP function as a master regulator for whole-body glucose homeostasis. The potential for therapeutic advantages of targeting TXNIP in diabetes and the future direction of the study are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eiji Yoshihara
- The Lundquist Institute for Biomedical Innovation at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA 90502, USA;
- David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
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Ivashov V, Zimmer J, Schwabl S, Kahlhofer J, Weys S, Gstir R, Jakschitz T, Kremser L, Bonn GK, Lindner H, Huber LA, Leon S, Schmidt O, Teis D. Complementary α-arrestin-ubiquitin ligase complexes control nutrient transporter endocytosis in response to amino acids. eLife 2020; 9:e58246. [PMID: 32744498 PMCID: PMC7449699 DOI: 10.7554/elife.58246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2020] [Accepted: 08/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
How cells adjust nutrient transport across their membranes is incompletely understood. Previously, we have shown that S. cerevisiae broadly re-configures the nutrient transporters at the plasma membrane in response to amino acid availability, through endocytosis of sugar- and amino acid transporters (AATs) (Müller et al., 2015). A genome-wide screen now revealed that the selective endocytosis of four AATs during starvation required the α-arrestin family protein Art2/Ecm21, an adaptor for the ubiquitin ligase Rsp5, and its induction through the general amino acid control pathway. Art2 uses a basic patch to recognize C-terminal acidic sorting motifs in AATs and thereby instructs Rsp5 to ubiquitinate proximal lysine residues. When amino acids are in excess, Rsp5 instead uses TORC1-activated Art1 to detect N-terminal acidic sorting motifs within the same AATs, which initiates exclusive substrate-induced endocytosis. Thus, amino acid excess or starvation activate complementary α-arrestin-Rsp5-complexes to control selective endocytosis and adapt nutrient acquisition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vasyl Ivashov
- Institute for Cell Biology, Medical University of InnsbruckInnsbruckAustria
| | - Johannes Zimmer
- Institute for Cell Biology, Medical University of InnsbruckInnsbruckAustria
| | - Sinead Schwabl
- Institute for Cell Biology, Medical University of InnsbruckInnsbruckAustria
| | - Jennifer Kahlhofer
- Institute for Cell Biology, Medical University of InnsbruckInnsbruckAustria
| | - Sabine Weys
- Institute for Cell Biology, Medical University of InnsbruckInnsbruckAustria
| | - Ronald Gstir
- ADSI – Austrian Drug Screening Institute GmbHInnsbruckAustria
| | | | - Leopold Kremser
- Division of Clinical Biochemistry, ProteinMicroAnalysis Facility, Medical University of InnsbruckInnsbruckAustria
| | - Günther K Bonn
- ADSI – Austrian Drug Screening Institute GmbHInnsbruckAustria
| | - Herbert Lindner
- Division of Clinical Biochemistry, ProteinMicroAnalysis Facility, Medical University of InnsbruckInnsbruckAustria
| | - Lukas A Huber
- Institute for Cell Biology, Medical University of InnsbruckInnsbruckAustria
- ADSI – Austrian Drug Screening Institute GmbHInnsbruckAustria
| | - Sebastien Leon
- Université de Paris, CNRS, Institut Jacques MonodParisFrance
| | - Oliver Schmidt
- Institute for Cell Biology, Medical University of InnsbruckInnsbruckAustria
| | - David Teis
- Institute for Cell Biology, Medical University of InnsbruckInnsbruckAustria
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Bellucci L, Felline A, Fanelli F. Dynamics and structural communication in the ternary complex of fully phosphorylated V2 vasopressin receptor, vasopressin, and β-arrestin 1. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2020; 1862:183355. [PMID: 32413442 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2020.183355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2019] [Revised: 05/08/2020] [Accepted: 05/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are critically regulated by arrestins, which not only desensitize G-protein signaling but also initiate a G protein-independent wave of signaling. The information from structure determination was herein exploited to build a structural model of the ternary complex, comprising fully phosphorylated V2 vasopressin receptor (V2R), the agonist arginine vasopressin (AVP), and β-arrestin 1 (β-arr1). Molecular simulations served to explore dynamics and structural communication in the ternary complex. Flexibility and mechanical profiles reflect fold of V2R and β-arr1. Highly conserved amino acids tend to behave as hubs in the structure network and contribute the most to the mechanical rigidity of V2R seven-helix bundle and of β-arr1. Two structurally and dynamically distinct receptor-arrestin interfaces assist the twist of the N- and C-terminal domains (ND and CD, respectively) of β-arr1 with respect to each other, which is linked to arrestin activation. While motion of the ND is essentially assisted by the fully phosphorylated C-tail of V2R (V2RCt), that of CD is assisted by the second and third intracellular loops and the cytosolic extensions of helices 5 and 6. In the presence of the receptor, the β-arr1 inter-domain twist angle correlates with the modes describing the essential subspace of the ternary complex. β-arr1 motions are also influenced by the anchoring to the membrane of the C-edge-loops in the β-arr1-CD. Overall fluctuations reveal a coupling between motions of the agonist binding site and of β-arr1-ND, which are in allosteric communication between each other. Mechanical rigidity points, often acting as hubs in the structure network and distributed along the main axis of the receptor helix bundle, contribute to establish a preferential communication pathway between agonist ligand and the ND of arrestin. Such communication, mediated by highly conserved amino acids, involves also the first amino acid in the arrestin C-tail, which is highly dynamic and is involved in clathrin-mediated GPCR internalization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Bellucci
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, via Campi 103, 41125 Modena, Italy; NEST, Istituto Nanoscienze-CNR, Piazza San Silvestro 12, 56127 Pisa, Italy
| | - Angelo Felline
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, via Campi 103, 41125 Modena, Italy
| | - Francesca Fanelli
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, via Campi 103, 41125 Modena, Italy; Center for Neuroscience and Neurotechnology, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, via Campi 287, 41125 Modena, Italy.
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Lamb TD. Evolution of the genes mediating phototransduction in rod and cone photoreceptors. Prog Retin Eye Res 2019; 76:100823. [PMID: 31790748 DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2019.100823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2019] [Revised: 11/21/2019] [Accepted: 11/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
This paper reviews current knowledge of the evolution of the multiple genes encoding proteins that mediate the process of phototransduction in rod and cone photoreceptors of vertebrates. The approach primarily involves molecular phylogenetic analysis of phototransduction protein sequences, combined with analysis of the syntenic arrangement of the genes. At least 35 of these phototransduction genes appear to reside on no more than five paralogons - paralogous regions that each arose from a common ancestral region. Furthermore, it appears that such paralogs arose through quadruplication during the two rounds of genome duplication (2R WGD) that occurred in a chordate ancestor prior to the vertebrate radiation, probably around 600 millions years ago. For several components of the phototransduction cascade, it is shown that distinct isoforms already existed prior to WGD, with the likely implication that separate classes of scotopic and photopic photoreceptor cells had already evolved by that stage. The subsequent quadruplication of the entire genome then permitted the refinement of multiple distinct protein isoforms in rods and cones. A unified picture of the likely pattern and approximate timing of all the important gene duplications is synthesised, and the implications for our understanding of the evolution of rod and cone phototransduction are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trevor D Lamb
- Eccles Institute of Neuroscience, John Curtin School of Medical Research, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia.
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Abstract
To survive under unpredictable conditions, all organisms must adapt to stressors by regulating adaptive cellular responses. Arrestin proteins are conserved regulators of adaptive cellular responses in eukaryotes. Studies that have been limited to mammals and model fungi have demonstrated that the disruption of arrestin-regulated pathways is detrimental for viability. The human fungal pathogen Cryptococcus neoformans causes more than 180,000 infection-related deaths annually, especially among immunocompromised patients. In addition to being genetically tractable, C. neoformans has a small arrestin family of four members, lending itself to a comprehensive characterization of its arrestin family. This study serves as a functional analysis of arrestins in a pathogen, particularly in the context of fungal fitness and virulence. We investigate the functions of one arrestin protein, Ali1, and define its novel contributions to cytokinesis. We additionally explore the virulence contributions of the C. neoformans arrestin family and find that they contribute to disease establishment and progression. Arrestins, a structurally specialized and functionally diverse group of proteins, are central regulators of adaptive cellular responses in eukaryotes. Previous studies on fungal arrestins have demonstrated their capacity to modulate diverse cellular processes through their adaptor functions, facilitating the localization and function of other proteins. However, the mechanisms by which arrestin-regulated processes are involved in fungal virulence remain unexplored. We have identified a small family of four arrestins, Ali1, Ali2, Ali3, and Ali4, in the human fungal pathogen Cryptococcus neoformans. Using complementary microscopy, proteomic, and reverse genetics techniques, we have defined a role for Ali1 as a novel contributor to cytokinesis, a fundamental cell cycle-associated process. We observed that Ali1 strongly interacts with proteins involved in lipid synthesis, and that ali1Δ mutant phenotypes are rescued by supplementation with lipid precursors that are used to build cellular membranes. From these data, we hypothesize that Ali1 contributes to cytokinesis by serving as an adaptor protein, facilitating the localization of enzymes that modify the plasma membrane during cell division, specifically the fatty acid synthases Fas1 and Fas2. Finally, we assessed the contributions of the C. neoformans arrestin family to virulence to better understand the mechanisms by which arrestin-regulated adaptive cellular responses influence fungal infection. We observed that the C. neoformans arrestin family contributes to virulence, and that the individual arrestin proteins likely fulfill distinct functions that are important for disease progression.
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Yeast α-arrestin Art2 is the key regulator of ubiquitylation-dependent endocytosis of plasma membrane vitamin B1 transporters. PLoS Biol 2019; 17:e3000512. [PMID: 31658248 PMCID: PMC6837554 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3000512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2019] [Revised: 11/07/2019] [Accepted: 10/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Endocytosis of membrane proteins in yeast requires α-arrestin-mediated ubiquitylation by the ubiquitin ligase Rsp5. Yet, the diversity of α-arrestin targets studied is restricted to a small subset of plasma membrane (PM) proteins. Here, we performed quantitative proteomics to identify new targets of 12 α-arrestins and gained insight into the diversity of pathways affected by α-arrestins, including the cell wall integrity pathway and PM–endoplasmic reticulum contact sites. We found that Art2 is the main regulator of substrate- and stress-induced ubiquitylation and endocytosis of the thiamine (vitamin B1) transporters: Thi7, nicotinamide riboside transporter 1 (Nrt1), and Thi72. Genetic screening allowed for the isolation of transport-defective Thi7 mutants, which impaired thiamine-induced endocytosis. Coexpression of inactive mutants with wild-type Thi7 revealed that both transporter conformation and transport activity are important to induce endocytosis. Finally, we provide evidence that Art2 mediated Thi7 endocytosis is regulated by the target of rapamycin complex 1 (TORC1) and requires the Sit4 phosphatase but is not inhibited by the Npr1 kinase. A combination of proteomics, protein modeling, and molecular biology sheds light on how endocytosis of the plasma membrane vitamin B1 transporter Thi7 in yeast is regulated by the α-arrestin Art2.
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40
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Baile MG, Guiney EL, Sanford EJ, MacGurn JA, Smolka MB, Emr SD. Activity of a ubiquitin ligase adaptor is regulated by disordered insertions in its arrestin domain. Mol Biol Cell 2019; 30:3057-3072. [PMID: 31618110 PMCID: PMC6880881 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e19-08-0451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The protein composition of the plasma membrane is rapidly remodeled in response to changes in nutrient availability or cellular stress. This occurs, in part, through the selective ubiquitylation and endocytosis of plasma membrane proteins, which in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae is mediated by the HECT E3 ubiquitin ligase Rsp5 and arrestin-related trafficking (ART) adaptors. Here, we provide evidence that the ART protein family members are composed of an arrestin fold with interspersed disordered loops. Using Art1 as a model, we show that these loop and tail regions, while not strictly required for function, regulate its activity through two separate mechanisms. Disruption of one loop mediates Art1 substrate specificity. Other loops are subjected to phosphorylation in a manner dependent on the Pho85 cyclins Clg1 and Pho80. Phosphorylation of the loops controls Art1’s localization to the plasma membrane, which promotes cargo ubiquitylation and endocytosis, demonstrating a mechanism through which Art1 activity is regulated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew G Baile
- Weill Institute for Cell and Molecular Biology and Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853
| | - Evan L Guiney
- Weill Institute for Cell and Molecular Biology and Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853
| | - Ethan J Sanford
- Weill Institute for Cell and Molecular Biology and Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853
| | - Jason A MacGurn
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37212
| | - Marcus B Smolka
- Weill Institute for Cell and Molecular Biology and Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853
| | - Scott D Emr
- Weill Institute for Cell and Molecular Biology and Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853
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Lamb TD, Patel HR, Chuah A, Hunt DM. Evolution of the shut-off steps of vertebrate phototransduction. Open Biol 2019; 8:rsob.170232. [PMID: 29321241 PMCID: PMC5795056 DOI: 10.1098/rsob.170232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2017] [Accepted: 12/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Different isoforms of the genes involved in phototransduction are expressed in vertebrate rod and cone photoreceptors, providing a unique example of parallel evolution via gene duplication. In this study, we determine the molecular phylogeny of the proteins underlying the shut-off steps of phototransduction in the agnathan and jawed vertebrate lineages. For the G-protein receptor kinases (GRKs), the GRK1 and GRK7 divisions arose prior to the divergence of tunicates, with further expansion during the two rounds of whole-genome duplication (2R); subsequently, jawed and agnathan vertebrates retained different subsets of three isoforms of GRK. For the arrestins, gene expansion occurred during 2R. Importantly, both for GRKs and arrestins, the respective rod isoforms did not emerge until the second round of 2R, just prior to the separation of jawed and agnathan vertebrates. For the triplet of proteins mediating shut-off of the G-protein transducin, RGS9 diverged from RGS11, probably at the second round of 2R, whereas Gβ5 and R9AP appear not to have undergone 2R expansion. Overall, our analysis provides a description of the duplications and losses of phototransduction shut-off genes that occurred during the transition from a chordate with only cone-like photoreceptors to an ancestral vertebrate with both cone- and rod-like photoreceptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trevor D Lamb
- Eccles Institute of Neuroscience, John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Australian Capital Territory 2600, Australia
| | - Hardip R Patel
- National Centre for Indigenous Genomics, John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Australian Capital Territory 2600, Australia
| | - Aaron Chuah
- Genome Discovery Unit, John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Australian Capital Territory 2600, Australia
| | - David M Hunt
- The Lions Eye Institute, The University of Western Australia, Western Australia 6009, Australia.,School of Biological Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Western Australia 6009, Australia
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AMPK-Mediated Regulation of Alpha-Arrestins and Protein Trafficking. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20030515. [PMID: 30691068 PMCID: PMC6387238 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20030515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2018] [Revised: 01/17/2019] [Accepted: 01/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) plays a central role in the regulation of cellular metabolism. Recent studies reveal a novel role for AMPK in the regulation of glucose and other carbohydrates flux by controlling the endocytosis of transporters. The first step in glucose metabolism is glucose uptake, a process mediated by members of the GLUT/SLC2A (glucose transporters) or HXT (hexose transporters) family of twelve-transmembrane domain glucose transporters in mammals and yeast, respectively. These proteins are conserved from yeast to humans, and multiple transporters—each with distinct kinetic properties—compete for plasma membrane occupancy in order to enhance or limit the rate of glucose uptake. During growth in the presence of alternative carbon sources, glucose transporters are removed and replaced with the appropriate transporter to help support growth in response to this environment. New insights into the regulated protein trafficking of these transporters reveal the requirement for specific α-arrestins, a little-studied class of protein trafficking adaptor. A defining feature of the α-arrestins is that each contains PY-motifs, which can bind to the ubiquitin ligases from the NEDD4/Rsp5 (Neural precursor cell Expressed, Developmentally Down-regulated 4 and Reverses Spt- Phenotype 5, respectively) family. Specific association of α-arrestins with glucose and carbohydrate transporters is thought to bring the ubiquitin ligase in close proximity to its membrane substrate, and thereby allows the membrane cargo to become ubiquitinated. This ubiquitination in turn serves as a mark to stimulate endocytosis. Recent results show that AMPK phosphorylation of the α-arrestins impacts their abundance and/or ability to stimulate carbohydrate transporter endocytosis. Indeed, AMPK or glucose limitation also controls α-arrestin gene expression, adding an additional layer of complexity to this regulation. Here, we review the recent studies that have expanded the role of AMPK in cellular metabolism to include regulation of α-arrestin-mediated trafficking of transporters and show that this mechanism of regulation is conserved over the ~150 million years of evolution that separate yeast from man.
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Deal SL, Yamamoto S. Unraveling Novel Mechanisms of Neurodegeneration Through a Large-Scale Forward Genetic Screen in Drosophila. Front Genet 2019; 9:700. [PMID: 30693015 PMCID: PMC6339878 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2018.00700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2018] [Accepted: 12/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurodegeneration is characterized by progressive loss of neurons. Genetic and environmental factors both contribute to demise of neurons, leading to diverse devastating cognitive and motor disorders, including Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases in humans. Over the past few decades, the fruit fly, Drosophila melanogaster, has become an integral tool to understand the molecular, cellular and genetic mechanisms underlying neurodegeneration. Extensive tools and sophisticated technologies allow Drosophila geneticists to identify and study evolutionarily conserved genes that are essential for neural maintenance. In this review, we will focus on a large-scale mosaic forward genetic screen on the fly X-chromosome that led to the identification of a number of essential genes that exhibit neurodegenerative phenotypes when mutated. Most genes identified from this screen are evolutionarily conserved and many have been linked to human diseases with neurological presentations. Systematic electrophysiological and ultrastructural characterization of mutant tissue in the context of the Drosophila visual system, followed by a series of experiments to understand the mechanism of neurodegeneration in each mutant led to the discovery of novel molecular pathways that are required for neuronal integrity. Defects in mitochondrial function, lipid and iron metabolism, protein trafficking and autophagy are recurrent themes, suggesting that insults that eventually lead to neurodegeneration may converge on a set of evolutionarily conserved cellular processes. Insights from these studies have contributed to our understanding of known neurodegenerative diseases such as Leigh syndrome and Friedreich's ataxia and have also led to the identification of new human diseases. By discovering new genes required for neural maintenance in flies and working with clinicians to identify patients with deleterious variants in the orthologous human genes, Drosophila biologists can play an active role in personalized medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha L Deal
- Program in Developmental Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Shinya Yamamoto
- Program in Developmental Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States.,Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States.,Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States.,Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX, United States
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Mas L, Cieren A, Delphin C, Journet A, Aubry L. Calcium influx mediates the chemoattractant-induced translocation of the arrestin-related protein AdcC in Dictyostelium. J Cell Sci 2018; 131:jcs.207951. [PMID: 30209138 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.207951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2017] [Accepted: 09/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Arrestins are key adaptor proteins that control the fate of cell-surface membrane proteins and modulate downstream signaling cascades. The Dictyostelium discoideum genome encodes six arrestin-related proteins, harboring additional modules besides the arrestin domain. Here, we studied AdcB and AdcC, two homologs that contain C2 and SAM domains. We showed that AdcC - in contrast to AdcB - responds to various stimuli (such as the chemoattractants cAMP and folate) known to induce an increase in cytosolic calcium by transiently translocating to the plasma membrane, and that calcium is a direct regulator of AdcC localization. This response requires the calcium-dependent membrane-targeting C2 domain and the double SAM domain involved in AdcC oligomerization, revealing a mode of membrane targeting and regulation unique among members of the arrestin clan. AdcB shares several biochemical properties with AdcC, including in vitro binding to anionic lipids in a calcium-dependent manner and auto-assembly as large homo-oligomers. AdcB can interact with AdcC; however, its intracellular localization is insensitive to calcium. Therefore, despite their high degree of homology and common characteristics, AdcB and AdcC are likely to fulfill distinct functions in amoebae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauriane Mas
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CEA, INSERM, BGE U1038, F-38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Adeline Cieren
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CEA, INSERM, BGE U1038, F-38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Christian Delphin
- Université Grenoble Alpes, INSERM U1216, GIN, F-38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Agnès Journet
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CEA, INSERM, BGE U1038, F-38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Laurence Aubry
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CEA, INSERM, BGE U1038, F-38000 Grenoble, France
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Kamitori K, Yamaguchi F, Dong Y, Hossain A, Katagi A, Noguchi C, Hirata Y, Tsukamoto I, Hatano N, Tokuda M. Both Ser361 phosphorylation and the C-arrestin domain of thioredoxin interacting protein are important for cell cycle blockade at the G1/S checkpoint. FEBS Open Bio 2018; 8:1804-1819. [PMID: 30410860 PMCID: PMC6212649 DOI: 10.1002/2211-5463.12518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2018] [Revised: 05/11/2018] [Accepted: 08/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Thioredoxin interacting protein (TXNIP) is a novel tumor suppressor that is down‐regulated in several cancer tissues and tumor cell lines. Overexpression of TXNIP causes cell cycle arrest at the G1/S checkpoint in the hepatocellular carcinoma cell line HuH‐7. TXNIP contains putative phosphorylation sites, but the effects of its phosphorylation have not been fully characterized. TXNIP also contains two α‐arrestin domains (N‐arrestin and C‐arrestin) whose functions are not fully understood. Here, we reveal an association between TXNIP and cell cycle regulatory proteins (p27kip1, Jun activation domain‐binding protein 1 (JAB1), Cdk2, and cyclin E), suggesting its participation in cell cycle regulation. We observed phosphorylation of TXNIP and used both in vivo and in vitro kinase assays to demonstrate that TXNIP can be phosphorylated by p38 mitogen‐activated protein kinase. Furthermore, we also identified Ser361 in TXNIP as one of the major phosphorylation sites. Cell cycle analysis showed that Ser361 phosphorylation participates in TXNIP‐mediated cell cycle arrest. In addition, the C‐arrestin domain may also play an important role in cell cycle arrest. We also showed that phosphorylation at Ser361 may be important for the association of TXNIP with JAB1 and that the C‐arrestin domain is necessary for the nuclear localization of this molecule. Collectively, these studies reveal that TXNIP participates in cell cycle regulation through association with regulatory proteins, especially JAB1, and that C‐arrestin‐dependent nuclear localization is important for this function. This work may facilitate the development of a new cancer therapy strategy that targets TXNIP as a key molecule inhibiting cancer cell growth via cell cycle blockade at the G1/S checkpoint.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuyo Kamitori
- Departments of Cell Physiology Faculty of Medicine Kagawa University Miki-cho Japan
| | - Fuminori Yamaguchi
- Departments of Cell Physiology Faculty of Medicine Kagawa University Miki-cho Japan
| | - Youyi Dong
- Departments of Cell Physiology Faculty of Medicine Kagawa University Miki-cho Japan
| | - Akram Hossain
- Departments of Cell Physiology Faculty of Medicine Kagawa University Miki-cho Japan
| | - Ayako Katagi
- Departments of Cell Physiology Faculty of Medicine Kagawa University Miki-cho Japan
| | - Chisato Noguchi
- Departments of Cell Physiology Faculty of Medicine Kagawa University Miki-cho Japan
| | - Yuko Hirata
- Departments of Cell Physiology Faculty of Medicine Kagawa University Miki-cho Japan
| | - Ikuko Tsukamoto
- Department of Pharmaco-Bio-Informatics Faculty of Medicine Kagawa University Miki-cho Japan
| | - Naoya Hatano
- Integrated Center for Mass Spectrometry Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine Japan
| | - Masaaki Tokuda
- Departments of Cell Physiology Faculty of Medicine Kagawa University Miki-cho Japan
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46
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Anand S, Foot N, Ang C, Gembus KM, Keerthikumar S, Adda CG, Mathivanan S, Kumar S. Arrestin‐Domain Containing Protein 1 (Arrdc1) Regulates the Protein Cargo and Release of Extracellular Vesicles. Proteomics 2018; 18:e1800266. [DOI: 10.1002/pmic.201800266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2018] [Revised: 07/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sushma Anand
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science La Trobe University Bundoora Victoria 3086 Australia
| | - Natalie Foot
- Center for Cancer Biology University of South Australia and SA Pathology Adelaide South Australia 5000 Australia
| | - Ching‐Seng Ang
- Bio21 Institute University of Melbourne Victoria Melbourne 3010 Australia
| | - Kelly M. Gembus
- Center for Cancer Biology University of South Australia and SA Pathology Adelaide South Australia 5000 Australia
| | - Shivakumar Keerthikumar
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science La Trobe University Bundoora Victoria 3086 Australia
| | - Christopher G. Adda
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science La Trobe University Bundoora Victoria 3086 Australia
| | - Suresh Mathivanan
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science La Trobe University Bundoora Victoria 3086 Australia
| | - Sharad Kumar
- Center for Cancer Biology University of South Australia and SA Pathology Adelaide South Australia 5000 Australia
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Abstract
Gonadotropin receptors include the follicle stimulating hormone receptor (FSHR) and the luteinizing hormone/choriogonadotropin receptor (LHCGR), both belong to the G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) superfamily and are essential to reproduction. FSHR is activated by follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) while LHCGR is activated by either luteinizing hormone (LH) or choriogonadotropin (CG). Upon ligand binding, gonadotropin receptors undergo conformational changes that lead to the activation of the heterotrimeric G protein, resulting in the production of different second messengers. Gonadotropin receptors can also recruit and bind β-arrestins. This particular class of scaffold proteins were initially identified to mediate GPCRs desensitization and recycling, but it is now well established that β-arrestins can also initiate Gs-independent signaling by assembling signaling modules. Furthermore, new advances in structural biology and biophysical techniques have revealed novel activation mechanisms allowing β-arrestins and G proteins to control signaling in time and space. The ability of different ligands to preferentially elicit G- or β-arrestin-mediated signaling is known as functional selectivity or biased signaling. This new concept has switched the view of pharmacology efficacy from monodimensional to multidimensional. Biased signaling offers the possibility to separate therapeutic benefits of a drug from its adverse effects. The proof of concept that gonadotropin receptors can be subjected to biased signaling is now established. The challenge will now be the design of molecules that can specifically activate beneficial signaling pathway at gonadotropin receptors while reducing or abolishing those leading to side effects. Such strategy could for instance lead to improved treatments for infertility.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Eric Reiter
- PCR, INRA, CNRS, IFCE, Université de Tours, Nouzilly, France -
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48
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Oberacker T, Bajorat J, Ziola S, Schroeder A, Röth D, Kastl L, Edgar BA, Wagner W, Gülow K, Krammer PH. Enhanced expression of thioredoxin-interacting-protein regulates oxidative DNA damage and aging. FEBS Lett 2018; 592:2297-2307. [PMID: 29897613 PMCID: PMC6099297 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.13156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2018] [Revised: 05/18/2018] [Accepted: 05/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The "free radical theory of aging" suggests that reactive oxygen species (ROS) are responsible for age-related loss of cellular functions and, therefore, represent the main cause of aging. Redox regulation by thioredoxin-1 (TRX) plays a crucial role in responses to oxidative stress. We show that thioredoxin-interacting protein (TXNIP), a negative regulator of TRX, plays a major role in maintaining the redox status and, thereby, influences aging processes. This role of TXNIP is conserved from flies to humans. Age-dependent upregulation of TXNIP results in decreased stress resistance to oxidative challenge in primary human cells and in Drosophila. Experimental overexpression of TXNIP in flies shortens lifespan due to elevated oxidative DNA damage, whereas downregulation of TXNIP enhances oxidative stress resistance and extends lifespan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tina Oberacker
- Tumor Immunology Program (D030)German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ)HeidelbergGermany
| | - Jörg Bajorat
- Tumor Immunology Program (D030)German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ)HeidelbergGermany
| | - Sabine Ziola
- Tumor Immunology Program (D030)German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ)HeidelbergGermany
| | - Anne Schroeder
- Tumor Immunology Program (D030)German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ)HeidelbergGermany
| | - Daniel Röth
- Tumor Immunology Program (D030)German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ)HeidelbergGermany
| | - Lena Kastl
- Tumor Immunology Program (D030)German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ)HeidelbergGermany
| | - Bruce A. Edgar
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ)Center for Molecular BiologyUniversity of Heidelberg AllianceGermany
- Huntsman Cancer InstituteUniversity of UtahSalt Lake CityUTUSA
| | - Wolfgang Wagner
- Department for Stem Cell Biology and Cellular EngineeringHelmholtz‐Institute for Biomedical EngineeringRWTH Aachen University Medical SchoolGermany
| | - Karsten Gülow
- Tumor Immunology Program (D030)German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ)HeidelbergGermany
- Internal Medicine IUniversity Hospital RegensburgGermany
| | - Peter H. Krammer
- Tumor Immunology Program (D030)German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ)HeidelbergGermany
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49
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Arakaki AKS, Pan WA, Trejo J. GPCRs in Cancer: Protease-Activated Receptors, Endocytic Adaptors and Signaling. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19071886. [PMID: 29954076 PMCID: PMC6073120 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19071886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2018] [Revised: 06/20/2018] [Accepted: 06/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are a large diverse family of cell surface signaling receptors implicated in various types of cancers. Several studies indicate that GPCRs control many aspects of cancer progression including tumor growth, invasion, migration, survival and metastasis. While it is known that GPCR activity can be altered in cancer through aberrant overexpression, gain-of-function activating mutations, and increased production and secretion of agonists, the precise mechanisms of how GPCRs contribute to cancer progression remains elusive. Protease-activated receptors (PARs) are a unique class of GPCRs implicated in cancer. PARs are a subfamily of GPCRs comprised of four members that are irreversibly activated by proteolytic cleavage induced by various proteases generated in the tumor microenvironment. Given the unusual proteolytic irreversible activation of PARs, expression of receptors at the cell surface is a key feature that influences signaling responses and is exquisitely controlled by endocytic adaptor proteins. Here, we discuss new survey data from the Cancer Genome Atlas and the Genotype-Tissue Expression projects analysis of expression of all PAR family member expression in human tumor samples as well as the role and function of the endocytic sorting machinery that controls PAR expression and signaling of PARs in normal cells and in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleena K S Arakaki
- Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, School of Medicine, University of California, La Jolla, San Diego, CA 92093, USA.
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of California, La Jolla, San Diego, CA 92093, USA.
| | - Wen-An Pan
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of California, La Jolla, San Diego, CA 92093, USA.
| | - JoAnn Trejo
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of California, La Jolla, San Diego, CA 92093, USA.
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50
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Hager NA, Krasowski CJ, Mackie TD, Kolb AR, Needham PG, Augustine AA, Dempsey A, Szent-Gyorgyi C, Bruchez MP, Bain DJ, Kwiatkowski AV, O'Donnell AF, Brodsky JL. Select α-arrestins control cell-surface abundance of the mammalian Kir2.1 potassium channel in a yeast model. J Biol Chem 2018; 293:11006-11021. [PMID: 29784874 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra117.001293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2017] [Revised: 05/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein composition at the plasma membrane is tightly regulated, with rapid protein internalization and selective targeting to the cell surface occurring in response to environmental changes. For example, ion channels are dynamically relocalized to or from the plasma membrane in response to physiological alterations, allowing cells and organisms to maintain osmotic and salt homeostasis. To identify additional factors that regulate the selective trafficking of a specific ion channel, we used a yeast model for a mammalian potassium channel, the K+ inward rectifying channel Kir2.1. Kir2.1 maintains potassium homeostasis in heart muscle cells, and Kir2.1 defects lead to human disease. By examining the ability of Kir2.1 to rescue the growth of yeast cells lacking endogenous potassium channels, we discovered that specific α-arrestins regulate Kir2.1 localization. Specifically, we found that the Ldb19/Art1, Aly1/Art6, and Aly2/Art3 α-arrestin adaptor proteins promote Kir2.1 trafficking to the cell surface, increase Kir2.1 activity at the plasma membrane, and raise intracellular potassium levels. To better quantify the intracellular and cell-surface populations of Kir2.1, we created fluorogen-activating protein fusions and for the first time used this technique to measure the cell-surface residency of a plasma membrane protein in yeast. Our experiments revealed that two α-arrestin effectors also control Kir2.1 localization. In particular, both the Rsp5 ubiquitin ligase and the protein phosphatase calcineurin facilitated the α-arrestin-mediated trafficking of Kir2.1. Together, our findings implicate α-arrestins in regulating an additional class of plasma membrane proteins and establish a new tool for dissecting the trafficking itinerary of any membrane protein in yeast.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie A Hager
- From the Department of Biological Sciences, Duquesne University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15282
| | - Collin J Krasowski
- From the Department of Biological Sciences, Duquesne University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15282
| | - Timothy D Mackie
- the Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260
| | - Alexander R Kolb
- the Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260
| | - Patrick G Needham
- the Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260
| | - Andrew A Augustine
- the Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260
| | - Alison Dempsey
- the Molecular Biosensor and Imaging Center, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213
| | - Christopher Szent-Gyorgyi
- the Molecular Biosensor and Imaging Center, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213
| | - Marcel P Bruchez
- the Molecular Biosensor and Imaging Center, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213
| | - Daniel J Bain
- the Department of Geology and Environmental Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, and
| | - Adam V Kwiatkowski
- the Department of Cell Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261
| | - Allyson F O'Donnell
- From the Department of Biological Sciences, Duquesne University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15282,
| | - Jeffrey L Brodsky
- the Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260,
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