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Gonçalves C, Harrison MC, Steenwyk JL, Opulente DA, LaBella AL, Wolters JF, Zhou X, Shen XX, Groenewald M, Hittinger CT, Rokas A. Diverse signatures of convergent evolution in cactus-associated yeasts. PLoS Biol 2024; 22:e3002832. [PMID: 39312572 PMCID: PMC11449361 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3002832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2024] [Revised: 10/03/2024] [Accepted: 09/05/2024] [Indexed: 09/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Many distantly related organisms have convergently evolved traits and lifestyles that enable them to live in similar ecological environments. However, the extent of phenotypic convergence evolving through the same or distinct genetic trajectories remains an open question. Here, we leverage a comprehensive dataset of genomic and phenotypic data from 1,049 yeast species in the subphylum Saccharomycotina (Kingdom Fungi, Phylum Ascomycota) to explore signatures of convergent evolution in cactophilic yeasts, ecological specialists associated with cacti. We inferred that the ecological association of yeasts with cacti arose independently approximately 17 times. Using a machine learning-based approach, we further found that cactophily can be predicted with 76% accuracy from both functional genomic and phenotypic data. The most informative feature for predicting cactophily was thermotolerance, which we found to be likely associated with altered evolutionary rates of genes impacting the cell envelope in several cactophilic lineages. We also identified horizontal gene transfer and duplication events of plant cell wall-degrading enzymes in distantly related cactophilic clades, suggesting that putatively adaptive traits evolved independently through disparate molecular mechanisms. Notably, we found that multiple cactophilic species and their close relatives have been reported as emerging human opportunistic pathogens, suggesting that the cactophilic lifestyle-and perhaps more generally lifestyles favoring thermotolerance-might preadapt yeasts to cause human disease. This work underscores the potential of a multifaceted approach involving high-throughput genomic and phenotypic data to shed light onto ecological adaptation and highlights how convergent evolution to wild environments could facilitate the transition to human pathogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla Gonçalves
- Department of Biological Sciences, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
- Evolutionary Studies Initiative, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
- Associate Laboratory i4HB—Institute for Health and Bioeconomy and UCIBIO—Applied Molecular Biosciences Unit, Department of Life Sciences, NOVA School of Science and Technology, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Caparica, Portugal
- UCIBIO-i4HB, Departamento de Ciências da Vida, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Caparica, Portugal
| | - Marie-Claire Harrison
- Department of Biological Sciences, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
- Evolutionary Studies Initiative, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Jacob L. Steenwyk
- Department of Biological Sciences, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
- Evolutionary Studies Initiative, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
- Howards Hughes Medical Institute and the Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California, United States of America
| | - Dana A. Opulente
- Laboratory of Genetics, DOE Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, Center for Genomic Science Innovation, J. F. Crow Institute for the Study of Evolution, Wisconsin Energy Institute, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
- Biology Department, Villanova University, Villanova, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Abigail L. LaBella
- Department of Biological Sciences, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
- Evolutionary Studies Initiative, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
- Department of Bioinformatics and Genomics, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - John F. Wolters
- Laboratory of Genetics, DOE Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, Center for Genomic Science Innovation, J. F. Crow Institute for the Study of Evolution, Wisconsin Energy Institute, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Xiaofan Zhou
- Department of Biological Sciences, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
- Evolutionary Studies Initiative, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, Integrative Microbiology Research Center, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xing-Xing Shen
- Department of Biological Sciences, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
- Evolutionary Studies Initiative, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
- College of Agriculture and Biotechnology and Centre for Evolutionary & Organismal Biology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | | | - Chris Todd Hittinger
- Laboratory of Genetics, DOE Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, Center for Genomic Science Innovation, J. F. Crow Institute for the Study of Evolution, Wisconsin Energy Institute, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Antonis Rokas
- Department of Biological Sciences, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
- Evolutionary Studies Initiative, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
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2
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Li F, Zhang J, Zhong H, Yu K, Chen J. Genome-Wide Identification of SNARE Family Genes and Functional Characterization of an R-SNARE Gene BbSEC22 in a Fungal Insect Pathogen Beauveria bassiana. J Fungi (Basel) 2024; 10:393. [PMID: 38921379 PMCID: PMC11204939 DOI: 10.3390/jof10060393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2024] [Revised: 05/23/2024] [Accepted: 05/27/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Soluble N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor attachment protein receptors (SNAREs) are central components of the machinery mediating cell membrane fusion and intracellular vesicular trafficking in eukaryotic cells, and have been well-documented to play critical roles in growth, development, and pathogenesis in the filamentous fungal plant pathogens. However, little is known about the contributions of SNAREs to the physiology and biocontrol potential in entomopathogenic filamentous fungi. Here, a genome-wide analysis of SNARE genes was performed taking advantage of the available whole genome sequence of Beauveria bassiana, a classical entomopathogenic fungus. Based on the compared genomic method, 22 genes encoding putative SNAREs were identified from the whole genome of B. bassiana, and were classified into four groups (7 Qa-, 4 Qb-, 6 Qc-, and 5 R-SNAREs) according to the conserved structural features of their encoding proteins. An R-SNARE encoding gene BbSEC22 was further functionally characterized by gene disruption and complementation. The BbSEC22 null mutant showed a fluffy appearance in mycelial growth and an obvious lag in conidial germination. The null mutant also exhibited significantly increased sensitivity to oxidative stress and cell wall perturbing agents and reduced the yield of conidia production by 43.1% compared with the wild-type strain. Moreover, disruption of BbSEC22 caused a significant decrease in conidial virulence to Spodoptera litura larvae. Overall, our results provide an overview of vesicle trafficking in B. bassiana and revealed that BbSec22 was a multifunctional protein associated with mycelial growth, sporulation, conidial germination, stress tolerance, and insecticidal virulence.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Juefeng Zhang
- Institute of Plant Protection and Microbiology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China; (F.L.)
| | | | | | - Jianming Chen
- Institute of Plant Protection and Microbiology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China; (F.L.)
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3
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Dai M, Liu X, Goldman GH, Lu L, Zhang S. The EH domain-containing protein, EdeA, is involved in endocytosis, cell wall integrity, and pathogenicity in Aspergillus fumigatus. mSphere 2024; 9:e0005724. [PMID: 38687129 PMCID: PMC11237632 DOI: 10.1128/msphere.00057-24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2024] [Accepted: 03/29/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Endocytosis has been extensively studied in yeasts, where it plays crucial roles in growth, signaling regulation, and cell-surface receptor internalization. However, the biological functions of endocytosis in pathogenic filamentous fungi remain largely unexplored. In this study, we aimed to functionally characterize the roles of EdeA, an ortholog of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae endocytic protein Ede1, in Aspergillus fumigatus. EdeA was observed to be distributed as patches on the plasma membrane and concentrated in the subapical collar of hyphae, a localization characteristic of endocytic proteins. Loss of edeA caused defective hyphal polarity, reduced conidial production, and fewer sites of endocytosis initiations than that of the parental wild type. Notably, the edeA null mutant exhibited increased sensitivity to cell wall-disrupting agents, indicating a role for EdeA in maintaining cell wall integrity in A. fumigatus. This observation was further supported by the evidence showing that the thickness of the cell wall in the ΔedeA mutant increased, accompanied by abnormal activation of MpkA, a key component in the cell wall integrity pathway. Additionally, the ΔedeA mutant displayed increased pathogenicity in the Galleria mellonella wax moth infection model, possibly due to alterations in cell wall morphology. Site-directed mutagenesis identified the conserved residue E348 within the third EH (Eps15 homology) domain of EdeA as crucial for its subcellular localization and functions. In conclusion, our results highlight the involvement of EdeA in endocytosis, hyphal polarity, cell wall integrity, and pathogenicity in A. fumigatus. IMPORTANCE Aspergillus fumigatus is a significant human pathogenic fungus known to cause invasive aspergillosis, a disease with a high mortality rate. Understanding the basic principles of A. fumigatus pathogenicity is crucial for developing effective strategies against this pathogen. Previous research has underscored the importance of endocytosis in the infection capacity of pathogenic yeasts; however, its biological function in pathogenic mold remains largely unexplored. Our characterization of EdeA in A. fumigatus sheds light on the role of endocytosis in the development, stress response, and pathogenicity of pathogenic molds. These findings suggest that the components of the endocytosis process may serve as potential targets for antifungal therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengyao Dai
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Microbes and Functional Genomics, Jiangsu Engineering and Technology Research Centre for Microbiology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xintian Liu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Microbes and Functional Genomics, Jiangsu Engineering and Technology Research Centre for Microbiology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China
| | - Gustavo H Goldman
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Ling Lu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Microbes and Functional Genomics, Jiangsu Engineering and Technology Research Centre for Microbiology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China
| | - Shizhu Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Microbes and Functional Genomics, Jiangsu Engineering and Technology Research Centre for Microbiology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China
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Chuene LT, Ndlovu T, Rossouw D, Naidoo-Blassoples RK, Bauer FF. Isolation and characterization of Saccharomyces cerevisiae mutants with increased cell wall chitin using fluorescence-activated cell sorting. FEMS Yeast Res 2024; 24:foae028. [PMID: 39270658 PMCID: PMC11421375 DOI: 10.1093/femsyr/foae028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2024] [Revised: 08/29/2024] [Accepted: 09/11/2024] [Indexed: 09/15/2024] Open
Abstract
Yeast cell wall chitin has been shown to bind grape pathogenesis-related chitinases that are the primary cause of protein haze in wines, suggesting that yeast cell walls may be applied for haze protection. Here, we present a high-throughput screen to identify yeast strains with high cell wall chitin using a reiterative enrichment strategy and fluorescence-activated cell sorting of cells labelled with either GFP-tagged chitinase or Calcofluor white. To assess the validity of the strategy, we first used a pooled deletion strain library of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The strategy enriched for deletion mutants with genes that had previously been described as having an impact on chitin levels. Genes that had not previously been linked to chitin biosynthesis or deposition were also identified. These genes are involved in cell wall maintenance and/or membrane trafficking functions. The strategy was then applied to a mutagenized population of a commercial wine yeast strain, S. cerevisiae EC1118. Enriched mutant strains showed significantly higher cell wall chitin than the wild type and significantly reduced the activity of chitinases in synthetic model wine, suggesting that these strains may be able to reduce haze formation in wine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lesiba Tyrone Chuene
- South African Grape and Wine Research Institute, University of Stellenbosch, Matieland, Postcode 7600, South Africa
| | - Thulile Ndlovu
- South African Grape and Wine Research Institute, University of Stellenbosch, Matieland, Postcode 7600, South Africa
| | - Debra Rossouw
- South African Grape and Wine Research Institute, University of Stellenbosch, Matieland, Postcode 7600, South Africa
| | | | - Florian Franz Bauer
- South African Grape and Wine Research Institute, University of Stellenbosch, Matieland, Postcode 7600, South Africa
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5
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Gonçalves C, Harrison MC, Steenwyk JL, Opulente DA, LaBella AL, Wolters JF, Zhou X, Shen XX, Groenewald M, Hittinger CT, Rokas A. Diverse signatures of convergent evolution in cacti-associated yeasts. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.09.14.557833. [PMID: 37745407 PMCID: PMC10515907 DOI: 10.1101/2023.09.14.557833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/26/2023]
Abstract
Many distantly related organisms have convergently evolved traits and lifestyles that enable them to live in similar ecological environments. However, the extent of phenotypic convergence evolving through the same or distinct genetic trajectories remains an open question. Here, we leverage a comprehensive dataset of genomic and phenotypic data from 1,049 yeast species in the subphylum Saccharomycotina (Kingdom Fungi, Phylum Ascomycota) to explore signatures of convergent evolution in cactophilic yeasts, ecological specialists associated with cacti. We inferred that the ecological association of yeasts with cacti arose independently ~17 times. Using machine-learning, we further found that cactophily can be predicted with 76% accuracy from functional genomic and phenotypic data. The most informative feature for predicting cactophily was thermotolerance, which is likely associated with duplication and altered evolutionary rates of genes impacting the cell envelope in several cactophilic lineages. We also identified horizontal gene transfer and duplication events of plant cell wall-degrading enzymes in distantly related cactophilic clades, suggesting that putatively adaptive traits evolved through disparate molecular mechanisms. Remarkably, multiple cactophilic lineages and their close relatives are emerging human opportunistic pathogens, suggesting that the cactophilic lifestyle-and perhaps more generally lifestyles favoring thermotolerance-may preadapt yeasts to cause human disease. This work underscores the potential of a multifaceted approach involving high throughput genomic and phenotypic data to shed light onto ecological adaptation and highlights how convergent evolution to wild environments could facilitate the transition to human pathogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla Gonçalves
- Vanderbilt University, Department of Biological Sciences, VU Station B #35-1634, Nashville, TN 37235, United States of America
- Evolutionary Studies Initiative, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235, USA
- Present address: Associate Laboratory i4HB—Institute for Health and Bioeconomy and UCIBIO—Applied Molecular Biosciences Unit, Department of Life Sciences, NOVA School of Science and Technology, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Caparica, Portugal
- Present address: UCIBIO-i4HB, Departamento de Ciências da Vida, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Caparica, Portugal
| | - Marie-Claire Harrison
- Vanderbilt University, Department of Biological Sciences, VU Station B #35-1634, Nashville, TN 37235, United States of America
- Evolutionary Studies Initiative, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235, USA
| | - Jacob L. Steenwyk
- Vanderbilt University, Department of Biological Sciences, VU Station B #35-1634, Nashville, TN 37235, United States of America
- Evolutionary Studies Initiative, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235, USA
- Howards Hughes Medical Institute and the Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Dana A. Opulente
- Laboratory of Genetics, DOE Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, Center for Genomic Science Innovation, J. F. Crow Institute for the Study of Evolution, Wisconsin Energy Institu te, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53726, USA
- Biology Department, Villanova University, Villanova, PA 19085, USA
| | - Abigail L. LaBella
- Vanderbilt University, Department of Biological Sciences, VU Station B #35-1634, Nashville, TN 37235, United States of America
- Evolutionary Studies Initiative, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235, USA
- Department of Bioinformatics and Genomics, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte NC 28223
| | - John F. Wolters
- Laboratory of Genetics, DOE Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, Center for Genomic Science Innovation, J. F. Crow Institute for the Study of Evolution, Wisconsin Energy Institu te, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53726, USA
| | - Xiaofan Zhou
- Vanderbilt University, Department of Biological Sciences, VU Station B #35-1634, Nashville, TN 37235, United States of America
- Evolutionary Studies Initiative, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235, USA
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, Integrative Microbiology Research Center, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Xing-Xing Shen
- Vanderbilt University, Department of Biological Sciences, VU Station B #35-1634, Nashville, TN 37235, United States of America
- Evolutionary Studies Initiative, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235, USA
- College of Agriculture and Biotechnology and Centre for Evolutionary & Organismal Biology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | | | - Chris Todd Hittinger
- Laboratory of Genetics, DOE Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, Center for Genomic Science Innovation, J. F. Crow Institute for the Study of Evolution, Wisconsin Energy Institu te, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53726, USA
| | - Antonis Rokas
- Vanderbilt University, Department of Biological Sciences, VU Station B #35-1634, Nashville, TN 37235, United States of America
- Evolutionary Studies Initiative, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235, USA
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6
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Lee GM, Weng F, Cranley J, Rajasekhar A, Stoeckel M, Kane T, Tisi R, Wang Y. The Ycx1 protein encoded by the yeast YDL206W gene plays a role in calcium and calcineurin signaling. J Biol Chem 2023; 299:104647. [PMID: 36965615 PMCID: PMC10126930 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2023.104647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Revised: 03/03/2023] [Accepted: 03/17/2023] [Indexed: 03/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Calcium is ubiquitously present in all living cells and plays important regulatory roles in a wide variety of biological processes. In yeast, many effects of calcium are mediated via the action of calcineurin, a calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein phosphatase. Proper signaling of calcium and calcineurin is important in yeast, and the calcineurin pathway has emerged as a valuable target for developing novel antifungal drugs. Here, we report a role of YDL206W in calcium and calcineurin signaling in yeast. YDL206W is an uncharacterized gene in yeast, encoding a protein with two sodium/calcium exchange domains. Disrupting the YDL206W gene leads to a diminished level of calcium-induced activation of calcineurin and a reduced accumulation of cytosolic calcium. Consistent with a role of calcineurin in regulating pheromone and cell wall integrity signaling, the ydl206wΔ mutants display an enhanced growth arrest induced by pheromone treatment and poor growth at elevated temperature. Subcellular localization studies indicate that YDL206W is localized in endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi. Together, our results reveal YDL206W as a new regulator for calcineurin signaling in yeast and suggest a role of the endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi in regulating cytosolic calcium in yeast.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grace M Lee
- Department of Biology, Saint Louis University, St Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Fangli Weng
- Department of Biology, Saint Louis University, St Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Juliana Cranley
- Department of Biology, Saint Louis University, St Louis, Missouri, USA
| | | | - Matthew Stoeckel
- Department of Biology, Saint Louis University, St Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Thomas Kane
- Department of Biology, Saint Louis University, St Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Renata Tisi
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioscience, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy
| | - Yuqi Wang
- Department of Biology, Saint Louis University, St Louis, Missouri, USA.
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Batista M, Donker EIM, Bon C, Guillien M, Caisso A, Mourey Funding L, Marie François Funding J, Maveyraud L, Zerbib D. The conserved yeast protein Knr4 involved in cell wall integrity is a multi-domain intrinsically disordered protein. J Mol Biol 2023; 435:168048. [PMID: 36933821 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2023.168048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Revised: 03/07/2023] [Accepted: 03/09/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023]
Abstract
Knr4/Smi1 proteins are specific to the fungal kingdom and their deletion in the model yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae and the human pathogen Candida albicans results in hypersensitivity to specific antifungal agents and a wide range of parietal stresses. In S. cerevisiae, Knr4 is located at the crossroads of several signalling pathways, including the conserved cell wall integrity and calcineurin pathways. Knr4 interacts genetically and physically with several protein members of those pathways. Its sequence suggests that it contains large intrinsically disordered regions. Here, a combination of small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) and crystallographic analysis led to a comprehensive structural view of Knr4. This experimental work unambiguously showed that Knr4 comprises two large intrinsically disordered regions flanking a central globular domain whose structure has been established. The structured domain is itself interrupted by a disordered loop. Using the CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing technique, strains expressing KNR4 genes deleted from different domains were constructed. The N-terminal domain and the loop are essential for optimal resistance to cell wall-binding stressors. The C-terminal disordered domain, on the other hand, acts as a negative regulator of this function of Knr4. The identification of molecular recognition features, the possible presence of secondary structure in these disordered domains and the functional importance of the disordered domains revealed here designate these domains as putative interacting spots with partners in either pathway. Targeting these interacting regions is a promising route to the discovery of inhibitory molecules that could increase the susceptibility of pathogens to the antifungals currently in clinical use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manon Batista
- Toulouse Biotechnology Institute (TBI), Université de Toulouse, CNRS, INRAE, INSA, F-31077 Toulouse, France; Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale (IPBS), Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, F-31062 Toulouse, France
| | - Ellen I M Donker
- Toulouse Biotechnology Institute (TBI), Université de Toulouse, CNRS, INRAE, INSA, F-31077 Toulouse, France; Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale (IPBS), Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, F-31062 Toulouse, France
| | - Cécile Bon
- Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale (IPBS), Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, F-31062 Toulouse, France
| | - Myriam Guillien
- Toulouse Biotechnology Institute (TBI), Université de Toulouse, CNRS, INRAE, INSA, F-31077 Toulouse, France; Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale (IPBS), Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, F-31062 Toulouse, France
| | - Adriana Caisso
- Toulouse Biotechnology Institute (TBI), Université de Toulouse, CNRS, INRAE, INSA, F-31077 Toulouse, France
| | - Lionel Mourey Funding
- Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale (IPBS), Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, F-31062 Toulouse, France
| | | | - Laurent Maveyraud
- Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale (IPBS), Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, F-31062 Toulouse, France.
| | - Didier Zerbib
- Toulouse Biotechnology Institute (TBI), Université de Toulouse, CNRS, INRAE, INSA, F-31077 Toulouse, France.
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8
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SNARE Protein AoSec22 Orchestrates Mycelial Growth, Vacuole Assembly, Trap Formation, Stress Response, and Secondary Metabolism in Arthrobotrys oligospora. J Fungi (Basel) 2023; 9:jof9010075. [PMID: 36675896 PMCID: PMC9863257 DOI: 10.3390/jof9010075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2022] [Revised: 12/31/2022] [Accepted: 12/31/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Soluble N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor attachment protein receptors (SNAREs) facilitate intracellular vesicle trafficking and membrane fusion in eukaryotes and play a vital role in fungal growth, development, and pathogenicity. However, the functions of SNAREs are still largely unknown in nematode-trapping fungi. Arthrobotrys oligospora is a representative species of nematode-trapping fungi that can produce adhesive networks (traps) for nematode predation. In this study, we characterized AoSec22 in A. oligospora, a homolog of the yeast SNARE protein Sec22. Deletion of Aosec22 resulted in remarkable reductions in mycelial growth, the number of nuclei, conidia yield, and trap formation, especially for traps that failed to develop mature three-dimensional networks. Further, absence of Aosec22 impaired fatty acid utilization, autophagy, and stress tolerance; in addition, the vacuoles became small and fragmented in the hyphal cells of the ∆Aosec22 mutant, and large vacuoles failed to form. The reduced sporulation capacity correlated with the transcriptional repression of several sporulation-related genes, and the impaired accumulation of lipid droplets is in line with the transcriptional repression of several genes involved in fatty acid oxidation. Moreover, absence of Aosec22 remarkably impaired secondary metabolism, resulting in 4717 and 1230 compounds upregulated and downregulated in the ∆Aosec22 mutant, respectively. Collectively, our data highlighted that the SNARE protein AoSec22 plays a pleiotropic role in mycelial growth and development, vacuole assembly, lipid metabolism, stress response, and secondary metabolism; in particular, it is required for the proper development of traps in A. oligospora.
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9
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Chitin Synthesis in Yeast: A Matter of Trafficking. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232012251. [PMID: 36293107 PMCID: PMC9603707 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232012251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2022] [Revised: 10/11/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Chitin synthesis has attracted scientific interest for decades as an essential part of fungal biology and for its potential as a target for antifungal therapies. While this interest remains, three decades ago, pioneering molecular studies on chitin synthesis regulation identified the major chitin synthase in yeast, Chs3, as an authentic paradigm in the field of the intracellular trafficking of integral membrane proteins. Over the years, researchers have shown how the intracellular trafficking of Chs3 recapitulates all the steps in the intracellular trafficking of integral membrane proteins, from their synthesis in the endoplasmic reticulum to their degradation in the vacuole. This trafficking includes specific mechanisms for sorting in the trans-Golgi network, regulated endocytosis, and endosomal recycling at different levels. This review summarizes the work carried out on chitin synthesis regulation, mostly focusing on Chs3 as a molecular model to study the mechanisms involved in the control of the intracellular trafficking of proteins.
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Jiang C, Wang H, Liu M, Wang L, Yang R, Wang P, Lu Z, Zhou Y, Zheng Z, Zhao G. Identification of chitin synthase activator in Aspergillus niger and its application in citric acid fermentation. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2022; 106:6993-7011. [PMID: 36149454 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-022-12174-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2022] [Revised: 08/30/2022] [Accepted: 09/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
The biosynthesis of citric acid (CA) using Aspergillus niger as a carrier is influenced by mycelium morphology, which is determined by the expression level of morphology-related genes. As a key component of the fungal cell wall, chitin content has an important effect on morphogenesis, and to investigate the effects of this on fermentation performance, we used RNA interference to knockdown chitin synthase C (CHSC) and chitin synthase activator (CHS3) to obtain the single-gene mutant strains A. niger chs3 and chsC and the double mutant A. niger chs3C. We found that the CA fermentation performance of the two single mutants was significantly better than that of the double mutant. The mutant A. niger chs3-4 exhibited CA production potential compared to that of the parent strain in scale-up fermentation; we determined certain characteristics of CA high-yielding strain fermentation pellets. In addition, when chsC alone was silenced, there was very little change in chs3 mRNA levels, whereas those of chsC were significantly reduced when only chs3 was silenced. As this may be because of a synergistic effect between chsC and chs3, and we speculated that the latent activation target of CHS3 is CHSC, our results confirmed this hypothesis. This study is the first application of a separation and combination silence strategy of chitin synthase and chitin synthase activator in the morphology of A. niger CA fermentation. Furthermore, it provides new insights into the method for the morphological study of A. niger fermentation and the interaction of homologous genes. KEY POINTS: • The function of chitin synthase C (chsC) and chitin synthase activator (chs3) is tightly interrelated. • Mycelial morphology was optimized by knockdown of CHS3, resulting in the overproduction of citric acid. • The separation and combination silence strategies are promising tools for the interaction of homologous housekeeping genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunxu Jiang
- Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Comprehensive Laboratory Building, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 350 Shushanhu Road, P.O. Box 1138, Hefei Anhui, 230031, People's Republic of China.,University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, People's Republic of China
| | - Han Wang
- Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Comprehensive Laboratory Building, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 350 Shushanhu Road, P.O. Box 1138, Hefei Anhui, 230031, People's Republic of China.
| | - Menghan Liu
- COFCO Biotechnology Co, Ltd. No. 1, Zhongliang Avenue, Bengbu Anhui, 233010, People's Republic of China
| | - Li Wang
- Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Comprehensive Laboratory Building, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 350 Shushanhu Road, P.O. Box 1138, Hefei Anhui, 230031, People's Republic of China
| | - Ruwen Yang
- COFCO Biotechnology Co, Ltd. No. 1, Zhongliang Avenue, Bengbu Anhui, 233010, People's Republic of China
| | - Peng Wang
- Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Comprehensive Laboratory Building, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 350 Shushanhu Road, P.O. Box 1138, Hefei Anhui, 230031, People's Republic of China
| | - Zongmei Lu
- COFCO Biotechnology Co, Ltd. No. 1, Zhongliang Avenue, Bengbu Anhui, 233010, People's Republic of China
| | - Yong Zhou
- COFCO Biotechnology Co, Ltd. No. 1, Zhongliang Avenue, Bengbu Anhui, 233010, People's Republic of China.
| | - Zhiming Zheng
- Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Comprehensive Laboratory Building, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 350 Shushanhu Road, P.O. Box 1138, Hefei Anhui, 230031, People's Republic of China.
| | - Genhai Zhao
- Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Comprehensive Laboratory Building, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 350 Shushanhu Road, P.O. Box 1138, Hefei Anhui, 230031, People's Republic of China.
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11
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Zhu J, Hu D, Liu Q, Hou R, Xu JR, Wang G. Stage-Specific Genetic Interaction between FgYCK1 and FgBNI4 during Vegetative Growth and Conidiation in Fusarium graminearum. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:9106. [PMID: 36012372 PMCID: PMC9408904 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23169106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2022] [Revised: 08/09/2022] [Accepted: 08/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
CK1 casein kinases are well conserved in filamentous fungi. However, their functions are not well characterized in plant pathogens. In Fusarium graminearum, deletion of FgYCK1 caused severe growth defects and loss of conidiation, fertility, and pathogenicity. Interestingly, the Fgyck1 mutant was not stable and often produced fast-growing spontaneous suppressors. Suppressor mutations were frequently identified in the FgBNI4 gene by sequencing analyses. Deletion of the entire FgBNI4 or disruptions of its conserved C-terminal region could suppress the defects of Fgyck1 in hyphal growth and conidiation, indicating the genetic relationship between FgYCK1 and FgBNI4. Furthermore, the Fgyck1 mutant showed defects in polarized growth, cell wall integrity, internalization of FgRho1 and vacuole fusion, which were all partially suppressed by deletion of FgBNI4. Overall, our results indicate a stage-specific functional relationship between FgYCK1 and FgBNI4, possibly via FgRho1 signaling for regulating polarized hyphal growth and cell wall integrity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jindong Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Xianyang 712100, China
| | - Denghui Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Xianyang 712100, China
| | - Qianqian Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Xianyang 712100, China
| | - Rui Hou
- College of Forestry, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Jin-Rong Xu
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Guanghui Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Xianyang 712100, China
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
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12
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Bartolec TK, Hamey JJ, Keller A, Chavez JD, Bruce JE, Wilkins MR. Differential Proteome and Interactome Analysis Reveal the Basis of Pleiotropy Associated With the Histidine Methyltransferase Hpm1p. Mol Cell Proteomics 2022; 21:100249. [PMID: 35609787 PMCID: PMC9234706 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcpro.2022.100249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2021] [Revised: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 05/19/2022] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The methylation of histidine is a post-translational modification whose function is poorly understood. Methyltransferase histidine protein methyltransferase 1 (Hpm1p) monomethylates H243 in the ribosomal protein Rpl3p and represents the only known histidine methyltransferase in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Interestingly, the hpm1 deletion strain is highly pleiotropic, with many extraribosomal phenotypes including improved growth rates in alternative carbon sources. Here, we investigate how the loss of histidine methyltransferase Hpm1p results in diverse phenotypes, through use of targeted mass spectrometry (MS), growth assays, quantitative proteomics, and differential crosslinking MS. We confirmed the localization and stoichiometry of the H243 methylation site, found unreported sensitivities of Δhpm1 yeast to nonribosomal stressors, and identified differentially abundant proteins upon hpm1 knockout with clear links to the coordination of sugar metabolism. We adapted the emerging technique of quantitative large-scale stable isotope labeling of amino acids in cell culture crosslinking MS for yeast, which resulted in the identification of 1267 unique in vivo lysine-lysine crosslinks. By reproducibly monitoring over 350 of these in WT and Δhpm1, we detected changes to protein structure or protein-protein interactions in the ribosome, membrane proteins, chromatin, and mitochondria. Importantly, these occurred independently of changes in protein abundance and could explain a number of phenotypes of Δhpm1, not addressed by expression analysis. Further to this, some phenotypes were predicted solely from changes in protein structure or interactions and could be validated by orthogonal techniques. Taken together, these studies reveal a broad role for Hpm1p in yeast and illustrate how crosslinking MS will be an essential tool for understanding complex phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tara K Bartolec
- Systems Biology Initiative, School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, The University of New South Wales, Randwick, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Joshua J Hamey
- Systems Biology Initiative, School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, The University of New South Wales, Randwick, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Andrew Keller
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Juan D Chavez
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - James E Bruce
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Marc R Wilkins
- Systems Biology Initiative, School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, The University of New South Wales, Randwick, New South Wales, Australia.
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13
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Gutiérrez-Santiago F, Cintas-Galán M, Martín-Expósito M, del Carmen Mota-Trujillo M, Cobo-Huesa C, Perez-Fernandez J, Navarro Gómez F. A High-Copy Suppressor Screen Reveals a Broad Role of Prefoldin-like Bud27 in the TOR Signaling Pathway in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Genes (Basel) 2022; 13:genes13050748. [PMID: 35627133 PMCID: PMC9141189 DOI: 10.3390/genes13050748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2022] [Revised: 04/18/2022] [Accepted: 04/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Bud27 is a prefoldin-like, a member of the family of ATP-independent molecular chaperones that associates with RNA polymerases I, II, and III in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Bud27 and its human ortholog URI perform several functions in the cytoplasm and the nucleus. Both proteins participate in the TOR signaling cascade by coordinating nutrient availability with gene expression, and lack of Bud27 partially mimics TOR pathway inactivation. Bud27 regulates the transcription of the three RNA polymerases to mediate the synthesis of ribosomal components for ribosome biogenesis through the TOR cascade. This work presents a high-copy suppression screening of the temperature sensitivity of the bud27Δ mutant. It shows that Bud27 influences different TOR-dependent processes. Our data also suggest that Bud27 can impact some of these TOR-dependent processes: cell wall integrity and autophagy induction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Gutiérrez-Santiago
- Departamento de Biología Experimental-Genética, Universidad de Jaén, Paraje de las Lagunillas, s/n, E-23071 Jaén, Spain; (F.G.-S.); (M.C.-G.); (M.M.-E.); (M.d.C.M.-T.); (C.C.-H.); (J.P.-F.)
| | - María Cintas-Galán
- Departamento de Biología Experimental-Genética, Universidad de Jaén, Paraje de las Lagunillas, s/n, E-23071 Jaén, Spain; (F.G.-S.); (M.C.-G.); (M.M.-E.); (M.d.C.M.-T.); (C.C.-H.); (J.P.-F.)
| | - Manuel Martín-Expósito
- Departamento de Biología Experimental-Genética, Universidad de Jaén, Paraje de las Lagunillas, s/n, E-23071 Jaén, Spain; (F.G.-S.); (M.C.-G.); (M.M.-E.); (M.d.C.M.-T.); (C.C.-H.); (J.P.-F.)
| | - Maria del Carmen Mota-Trujillo
- Departamento de Biología Experimental-Genética, Universidad de Jaén, Paraje de las Lagunillas, s/n, E-23071 Jaén, Spain; (F.G.-S.); (M.C.-G.); (M.M.-E.); (M.d.C.M.-T.); (C.C.-H.); (J.P.-F.)
| | - Cristina Cobo-Huesa
- Departamento de Biología Experimental-Genética, Universidad de Jaén, Paraje de las Lagunillas, s/n, E-23071 Jaén, Spain; (F.G.-S.); (M.C.-G.); (M.M.-E.); (M.d.C.M.-T.); (C.C.-H.); (J.P.-F.)
| | - Jorge Perez-Fernandez
- Departamento de Biología Experimental-Genética, Universidad de Jaén, Paraje de las Lagunillas, s/n, E-23071 Jaén, Spain; (F.G.-S.); (M.C.-G.); (M.M.-E.); (M.d.C.M.-T.); (C.C.-H.); (J.P.-F.)
| | - Francisco Navarro Gómez
- Departamento de Biología Experimental-Genética, Universidad de Jaén, Paraje de las Lagunillas, s/n, E-23071 Jaén, Spain; (F.G.-S.); (M.C.-G.); (M.M.-E.); (M.d.C.M.-T.); (C.C.-H.); (J.P.-F.)
- Centro de Estudios Avanzados en Aceite de Oliva y Olivar, Universidad de Jaén, Paraje de las Lagunillas, s/n, E-23071 Jaén, Spain
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-953-212771; Fax: +34-953-211875
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14
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Coradini ALV, da Silveira Bezerra de Mello F, Furlan M, Maneira C, Carazzolle MF, Pereira GAG, Teixeira GS. QTL mapping of a Brazilian bioethanol strain links the cell wall protein-encoding gene GAS1 to low pH tolerance in S. cerevisiae. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS 2021; 14:239. [PMID: 34915919 PMCID: PMC8675505 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-021-02079-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2021] [Accepted: 11/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Saccharomyces cerevisiae is largely applied in many biotechnological processes, from traditional food and beverage industries to modern biofuel and biochemicals factories. During the fermentation process, yeast cells are usually challenged in different harsh conditions, which often impact productivity. Regarding bioethanol production, cell exposure to acidic environments is related to productivity loss on both first- and second-generation ethanol. In this scenario, indigenous strains traditionally used in fermentation stand out as a source of complex genetic architecture, mainly due to their highly robust background-including low pH tolerance. RESULTS In this work, we pioneer the use of QTL mapping to uncover the genetic basis that confers to the industrial strain Pedra-2 (PE-2) acidic tolerance during growth at low pH. First, we developed a fluorescence-based high-throughput approach to collect a large number of haploid cells using flow cytometry. Then, we were able to apply a bulk segregant analysis to solve the genetic basis of low pH resistance in PE-2, which uncovered a region in chromosome X as the major QTL associated with the evaluated phenotype. A reciprocal hemizygosity analysis revealed the allele GAS1, encoding a β-1,3-glucanosyltransferase, as the casual variant in this region. The GAS1 sequence alignment of distinct S. cerevisiae strains pointed out a non-synonymous mutation (A631G) prevalence in wild-type isolates, which is absent in laboratory strains. We further showcase that GAS1 allele swap between PE-2 and a low pH-susceptible strain can improve cell viability on the latter of up to 12% after a sulfuric acid wash process. CONCLUSION This work revealed GAS1 as one of the main causative genes associated with tolerance to growth at low pH in PE-2. We also showcase how GAS1PE-2 can improve acid resistance of a susceptible strain, suggesting that these findings can be a powerful foundation for the development of more robust and acid-tolerant strains. Our results collectively show the importance of tailored industrial isolated strains in discovering the genetic architecture of relevant traits and its implications over productivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro L V Coradini
- Department of Genetics, Evolution, Microbiology, and Immunology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas, Rua Monteiro Lobato 255, Campinas, 13083-862, Brazil
- Molecular and Computational Biology Section, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90089-2910, USA
| | - Fellipe da Silveira Bezerra de Mello
- Department of Genetics, Evolution, Microbiology, and Immunology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas, Rua Monteiro Lobato 255, Campinas, 13083-862, Brazil
| | - Monique Furlan
- Department of Genetics, Evolution, Microbiology, and Immunology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas, Rua Monteiro Lobato 255, Campinas, 13083-862, Brazil
| | - Carla Maneira
- Department of Genetics, Evolution, Microbiology, and Immunology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas, Rua Monteiro Lobato 255, Campinas, 13083-862, Brazil
| | - Marcelo F Carazzolle
- Department of Genetics, Evolution, Microbiology, and Immunology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas, Rua Monteiro Lobato 255, Campinas, 13083-862, Brazil
| | - Gonçalo Amarante Guimaraes Pereira
- Department of Genetics, Evolution, Microbiology, and Immunology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas, Rua Monteiro Lobato 255, Campinas, 13083-862, Brazil.
| | - Gleidson Silva Teixeira
- Department of Genetics, Evolution, Microbiology, and Immunology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas, Rua Monteiro Lobato 255, Campinas, 13083-862, Brazil
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15
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Roncero C, Celador R, Sánchez N, García P, Sánchez Y. The Role of the Cell Integrity Pathway in Septum Assembly in Yeast. J Fungi (Basel) 2021; 7:jof7090729. [PMID: 34575767 PMCID: PMC8471060 DOI: 10.3390/jof7090729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Revised: 08/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytokinesis divides a mother cell into two daughter cells at the end of each cell cycle and proceeds via the assembly and constriction of a contractile actomyosin ring (CAR). Ring constriction promotes division furrow ingression, after sister chromatids are segregated to opposing sides of the cleavage plane. Cytokinesis contributes to genome integrity because the cells that fail to complete cytokinesis often reduplicate their chromosomes. While in animal cells, the last steps of cytokinesis involve extracellular matrix remodelling and mid-body abscission, in yeast, CAR constriction is coupled to the synthesis of a polysaccharide septum. To preserve cell integrity during cytokinesis, fungal cells remodel their cell wall through signalling pathways that connect receptors to downstream effectors, initiating a cascade of biological signals. One of the best-studied signalling pathways is the cell wall integrity pathway (CWI) of the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae and its counterpart in the fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe, the cell integrity pathway (CIP). Both are signal transduction pathways relying upon a cascade of MAP kinases. However, despite strong similarities in the assembly of the septa in both yeasts, there are significant mechanistic differences, including the relationship of this process with the cell integrity signalling pathways.
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16
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Queiroz MG, Elsztein C, Strahl S, de Morais Junior MA. The Saccharomyces cerevisiae Ncw2 protein works on the chitin/β-glucan organisation of the cell wall. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 2021; 114:1141-1153. [PMID: 33945065 DOI: 10.1007/s10482-021-01584-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2020] [Accepted: 04/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The NCW2 gene was recently described as encoding a GPI-bounded protein that assists in the re-modelling of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae cell wall (CW) and in the repair of damage caused by the polyhexamethylene biguanide (PHMB) polymer to the cell wall. Its absence produces a re-organization of the CW structure that result in resistance to lysis by glucanase. Hence, the present study aimed to extend the analysis of the Ncw2 protein (Ncw2p) to determine its physiological role in the yeast cell surface. The results showed that Ncw2p is transported to the cell surface upon O-mannosylation mediated by the Pmt1p-Pmt2p enzyme complex. It co-localises with the yeast bud scars, a region in cell surface formed by chitin deposition. Once there, Ncw2p enables correct chitin/β-glucan structuring during the exponential growth. The increase in molecular mass by hyper-mannosylation coincides with the increasing in chitin deposition, and leads to glucanase resistance. Treatment of the yeast cells with PHMB produced the same biological effects observed for the passage from exponential to stationary growth phase. This might be a possible mechanism of yeast protection against cationic biocides. In conclusion, we propose that Ncw2p takes part in the mechanism involved in the control of cell surface rigidity by aiding on the linkage between chitin and glucan layers in the modelling of the cell wall during cell growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maise Gomes Queiroz
- Laboratory of Microbial Genetics, Department of Genetics, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil
| | - Carolina Elsztein
- Laboratory of Microbial Genetics, Department of Genetics, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil
| | - Sabine Strahl
- Laboratory of Glycobiology, Centre for Organismal Studies, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Marcos Antonio de Morais Junior
- Laboratory of Microbial Genetics, Department of Genetics, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil. .,Departamento de Genética, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Av. Moraes Rego, 1235, Cidade Universitária, Recife, PE, 50.670-901, Brasil.
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17
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Perrine-Walker F, Payne J. Rapid screening method of Saccharomyces cerevisiae mutants using calcofluor white and aniline blue. Braz J Microbiol 2021; 52:1077-1086. [PMID: 33948877 DOI: 10.1007/s42770-021-00515-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2020] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Fungal cell walls are composed of polysaccharide scaffold that changes in response to environment. The structure and biosynthesis of the wall are unique to fungi, with plant and mammalian immune systems evolved to recognize wall components. Additionally, the enzymes that assemble fungal cell wall components are excellent targets for antifungal chemotherapies and fungicides. Understanding changes in the cell wall are important for fundamental understanding of cell wall dynamics and for drug development. Here we describe a screening technique to monitor the gross morphological changes of two key cell wall polysaccharides of chitin and β-1,3-glucan combined with polymerase chain reaction (PCR) genotyping. Changes in chitin and β-1,3-glucan were detected microscopically by using the dyes calcofluor white and aniline blue. Combining PCR and fluorescence microscopy, as a quick and easy screening technique, confirmed both the phenotype and genotype of the wild-type, h chitin synthase mutants (chs1Δ and chs3Δ) and one β-1,3-glucan synthase mutant fks2Δ from Saccharomyces cerevisiae knockout library. This combined screening method highlighted that the fks1Δ strain obtained commercially was in fact not FKS1 deletion strain, and instead had both wild-type genotype and phenotype. A new β-1,3-glucan synthase knockout fks1::URA3 strain was created. Fluorescence microscopy confirmed its phenotype revealing that the chitin and the new β-1,3-glucan profiles were elevated in the mother cells and in the emerging buds respectively in the fks1Δ cell walls. This combination of PCR with fluorescence microscopy is a quick and easy screening method to determine and verify morphological changes in the S. cerevisiae cell wall.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francine Perrine-Walker
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC, 3086, Australia. .,The University of Sydney Institute of Agriculture, 1 Central Avenue, Australian Technology Park, Eveleigh, NSW, 2015, Australia. .,School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Sydney, Life Earth and Environmental Sciences Building (F22), Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia.
| | - Jennifer Payne
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC, 3086, Australia.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, 3800, Australia.,EMBL Australia, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, 3800, Australia
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18
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Tagirdzhanova G, Saary P, Tingley JP, Díaz-Escandón D, Abbott DW, Finn RD, Spribille T. Predicted Input of Uncultured Fungal Symbionts to a Lichen Symbiosis from Metagenome-Assembled Genomes. Genome Biol Evol 2021; 13:6163286. [PMID: 33693712 PMCID: PMC8355462 DOI: 10.1093/gbe/evab047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Basidiomycete yeasts have recently been reported as stably associated secondary
fungal symbionts of many lichens, but their role in the symbiosis remains
unknown. Attempts to sequence their genomes have been hampered both by the
inability to culture them and their low abundance in the lichen thallus
alongside two dominant eukaryotes (an ascomycete fungus and chlorophyte alga).
Using the lichen Alectoria sarmentosa, we selectively dissolved
the cortex layer in which secondary fungal symbionts are embedded to enrich
yeast cell abundance and sequenced DNA from the resulting slurries as well as
bulk lichen thallus. In addition to yielding a near-complete genome of the
filamentous ascomycete using both methods, metagenomes from cortex slurries
yielded a 36- to 84-fold increase in coverage and near-complete genomes for two
basidiomycete species, members of the classes Cystobasidiomycetes and
Tremellomycetes. The ascomycete possesses the largest gene repertoire of the
three. It is enriched in proteases often associated with pathogenicity and
harbors the majority of predicted secondary metabolite clusters. The
basidiomycete genomes possess ∼35% fewer predicted genes than the
ascomycete and have reduced secretomes even compared with close relatives, while
exhibiting signs of nutrient limitation and scavenging. Furthermore, both
basidiomycetes are enriched in genes coding for enzymes producing secreted
acidic polysaccharides, representing a potential contribution to the shared
extracellular matrix. All three fungi retain genes involved in dimorphic
switching, despite the ascomycete not being known to possess a yeast stage. The
basidiomycete genomes are an important new resource for exploration of lifestyle
and function in fungal–fungal interactions in lichen symbioses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gulnara Tagirdzhanova
- Department of Biological Sciences CW405, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Paul Saary
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute (EMBL-EBI), Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Jeffrey P Tingley
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge Research and Development Centre, Lethbridge, Alberta, Canada
| | - David Díaz-Escandón
- Department of Biological Sciences CW405, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - D Wade Abbott
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge Research and Development Centre, Lethbridge, Alberta, Canada
| | - Robert D Finn
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute (EMBL-EBI), Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Toby Spribille
- Department of Biological Sciences CW405, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
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19
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Nerome S, Onishi M, Saito D, Mizobuchi A, Ando T, Daira Y, Matsumoto A, Ojima Y, Azuma M. Cell surface changes that advance the application of using yeast as a food emulsifier. Food Chem 2020; 315:126264. [PMID: 32006867 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2020.126264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2019] [Revised: 01/10/2020] [Accepted: 01/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
A previous study revealed that Saccharomyces cerevisiae mcd4Δ, a cell wall mutant with a defect in the synthesis of the glycosylphosphatidylinositol anchor, has a strong macrophage activation ability. In this study, remarkable emulsion formation after cell suspensions of mcd4Δ and anp1Δ (which exhibit an extreme reduction of mannan) were mixed with oil was found. Moreover, the relationship between cell wall mutation and emulsion formation was investigated, suggesting that och1Δ with a defect in the formation of N-linked glycans also had a strong emulsification ability and that high molecular weight materials released from the cells were involved in emulsion formation. Furthermore, two strains (asc1Δ and scp160Δ) with a strong emulsification ability without a large decrease in mannan content were also found from the wide screening of strains that exhibit an emulsifying activity using more than 5000 gene-deficient strains. These results provide valuable information for the development of a yeast-derived emulsifier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinsuke Nerome
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Bioengineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka City University, Sugimoto 3-3-138, Sumiyoshi-ku, Osaka 558-8585, Japan
| | - Masaya Onishi
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Bioengineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka City University, Sugimoto 3-3-138, Sumiyoshi-ku, Osaka 558-8585, Japan
| | - Daiki Saito
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Bioengineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka City University, Sugimoto 3-3-138, Sumiyoshi-ku, Osaka 558-8585, Japan
| | - Ayano Mizobuchi
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Bioengineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka City University, Sugimoto 3-3-138, Sumiyoshi-ku, Osaka 558-8585, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Ando
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Bioengineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka City University, Sugimoto 3-3-138, Sumiyoshi-ku, Osaka 558-8585, Japan
| | - Yui Daira
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Bioengineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka City University, Sugimoto 3-3-138, Sumiyoshi-ku, Osaka 558-8585, Japan
| | - Azusa Matsumoto
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Bioengineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka City University, Sugimoto 3-3-138, Sumiyoshi-ku, Osaka 558-8585, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Ojima
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Bioengineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka City University, Sugimoto 3-3-138, Sumiyoshi-ku, Osaka 558-8585, Japan
| | - Masayuki Azuma
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Bioengineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka City University, Sugimoto 3-3-138, Sumiyoshi-ku, Osaka 558-8585, Japan.
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Queiroz MG, Elsztein C, de Morais MA. The effects of the Ncw2 protein of Saccharomyces cerevisiae on the positioning of chitin in response to cell wall damage. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 2019; 113:265-277. [PMID: 31598818 DOI: 10.1007/s10482-019-01335-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2019] [Accepted: 09/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The recently described NCW2 gene encodes a protein that is assumed to be located in the cell wall (CW). This protein was proposed to participate in the repair of CW damages induced by polyhexamethylene biguanide (PHMB). However, much of the information on the biological function(s) of Ncw2p still remains unclear. In view of this, this study seeks to extend the analysis of this gene in light of the way its protein functions in the Cell Wall Integrity (CWI) mechanism. Deletion of the NCW2 gene led to constitutive overexpression of some key CWI genes and increased chitin deposition in the walls of cells exposed to PHMB. This means the lack of Ncw2p might activate a compensatory mechanism that upregulates glucan CWI genes for cell protection by stiffening the CW. This condition seems to alleviate the response through the HOG pathway and makes cells sensitive to osmotic stress. However, Ncw2p may not have been directly involved in tolerance to osmotic stress itself. The results obtained definitely place the NCW2 gene in the list of CWI genes of S. cerevisiae and indicate that its protein has an auxiliary function in the maintenance of the glucan/chitin balance and ensuring the correct structure of the yeast cell wall.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maíse Gomes Queiroz
- Department of Genetics, Federal University of Pernambuco, Av. Moraes Rego, 1235. Cidade Universitária, Recife, PE, 50.670-901, Brasil
| | - Carolina Elsztein
- Department of Genetics, Federal University of Pernambuco, Av. Moraes Rego, 1235. Cidade Universitária, Recife, PE, 50.670-901, Brasil
| | - Marcos Antonio de Morais
- Department of Genetics, Federal University of Pernambuco, Av. Moraes Rego, 1235. Cidade Universitária, Recife, PE, 50.670-901, Brasil.
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Identification of New Antifungal Agents Targeting Chitin Synthesis by a Chemical-Genetic Method. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24173155. [PMID: 31470665 PMCID: PMC6749524 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24173155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2019] [Revised: 08/22/2019] [Accepted: 08/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Fungal infection is a leading cause of mortality in immunocompromised population; thus, it is urgent to develop new and safe antifungal agents. Different from human cells, fungi have a cell wall, which is composed mainly of polysaccharide glucan and chitin. The unique cell wall structure is an ideal target for antifungal drugs. In this research, a chemical-genetic method was used to isolate antifungal agents that target chitin synthesis in yeast cells. From a compound library, we isolated two benzothiazole compounds that showed greater toxicity to yeast mutants lacking glucan synthase Fks1 compared to wild-type yeast cells and mutants lacking chitin synthase Chs3. Both of them inhibited the activity of chitin synthase in vitro and reduced chitin level in yeast cells. Besides, these compounds showed clear synergistic antifungal effect with a glucan synthase inhibitors caspofungin. Furthermore, these compounds inhibited the growth of Saccharomyces cerevisiae and opportunistic pathogen Candida albicans. Surprisingly, the genome-wide mass-spectrometry analysis showed decreased protein level of chitin synthases in cells treated with one of these drugs, and this decrease was not a result of downregulation of gene transcription. Therefore, we successfully identified two new antifungal agents that inhibit chitin synthesis using a chemical-genetic method.
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Komath SS, Singh SL, Pratyusha VA, Sah SK. Generating anchors only to lose them: The unusual story of glycosylphosphatidylinositol anchor biosynthesis and remodeling in yeast and fungi. IUBMB Life 2019; 70:355-383. [PMID: 29679465 DOI: 10.1002/iub.1734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2018] [Revised: 02/16/2018] [Accepted: 02/22/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI)-anchored proteins (GPI-APs) are present ubiquitously at the cell surface in all eukaryotes. They play a crucial role in the interaction of the cell with its external environment, allowing the cell to receive signals, respond to challenges, and mediate adhesion. In yeast and fungi, they also participate in the structural integrity of the cell wall and are often essential for survival. Roughly four decades after the discovery of the first GPI-APs, this review provides an overview of the insights gained from studies of the GPI biosynthetic pathway and the future challenges in the field. In particular, we focus on the biosynthetic pathway in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, which has for long been studied as a model organism. Where available, we also provide information about the GPI biosynthetic steps in other yeast/ fungi. Although the core structure of the GPI anchor is conserved across organisms, several variations are built into the biosynthetic pathway. The present Review specifically highlights these variations and their implications. There is growing evidence to suggest that several phenotypes are common to GPI deficiency and should be expected in GPI biosynthetic mutants. However, it appears that several phenotypes are unique to a specific step in the pathway and may even be species-specific. These could suggest the points at which the GPI biosynthetic pathway intersects with other important cellular pathways and could be points of regulation. They could be of particular significance in the study of pathogenic fungi and in identification of new and specific antifungal drugs/ drug targets. © 2018 IUBMB Life, 70(5):355-383, 2018.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sneh Lata Singh
- School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
| | | | - Sudisht Kumar Sah
- School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
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23
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Orlean P, Funai D. Priming and elongation of chitin chains: Implications for chitin synthase mechanism. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018; 5:100017. [PMID: 32743134 PMCID: PMC7389259 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcsw.2018.100017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2018] [Revised: 12/16/2018] [Accepted: 12/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Most fungi have multiple chitin synthases (CSs) that may make chitin at different sites on the cell surface, at different times during growth, and in response to cell wall stress. The structure-based model for CS function is for transfer of GlcNAc from UDP-GlcNAc at the cytoplasmic face of the plasma membrane to the non-reducing end of a growing chitin chain, which is concomitantly translocated through a transmembrane channel formed by the synthase. Two aspects of CS mechanism are investigated: how chains might be initiated, and what governs how long they can get. First, it is shown that CSs incorporate free GlcNAc into di-N-acetylchitobiose and into insoluble chitin in a UDP-GlcNAc-dependent manner, and therefore that GlcNAc primes chitin synthesis. Second, average lengths of insoluble chitin chains were measured by determining the molar ratio of priming GlcNAc to chain-extending, UDP-GlcNAc-derived GlcNAc, and showed dependence on UDP-GlcNAc concentration, approaching a maximum at higher concentrations of substrate. These results, together with previous findings that 2-acylamido GlcN analogues prime formation of chitin oligosaccharides and stimulate chitin synthesis are discussed in the context of the structure-based model, and lead to the following proposals. 1) CSs may "self-prime" by hydrolyzing UDP-GlcNAc to yield GlcNAc. 2) A CS's active site is not continuously occupied by a nascent chitin chain, rather, CSs can release chitin chains, then re-initiate, and therefore synthesize chitin chains in bursts. 3) The length of chitin chains made by a given CS will impact that CS's contribution to construction of the fungal cell wall.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Orlean
- Corresponding author at: Department of Microbiology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, B-213 Chemical and Life Sciences Laboratory, 601 South Goodwin Avenue, Urbana, IL 61801, USA.
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24
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Yeast Cell Wall Chitin Reduces Wine Haze Formation. Appl Environ Microbiol 2018; 84:AEM.00668-18. [PMID: 29703738 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00668-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2018] [Accepted: 04/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein haze formation in bottled wines is a significant concern for the global wine industry, and wine clarification before bottling is therefore a common but expensive practice. Previous studies have shown that wine yeast strains can reduce haze formation through the secretion of certain mannoproteins, but it has been suggested that other yeast-dependent haze protective mechanisms exist. On the other hand, the addition of chitin has been shown to reduce haze formation, likely because grape chitinases have been shown to be the major contributors to haze. In this study, Chardonnay grape must fermented by various yeast strains resulted in wines with different protein haze levels, indicating differences in haze-protective capacities of the strains. The cell wall chitin levels of these strains were determined, and a strong correlation between cell wall chitin levels and haze protection capability was observed. To further evaluate the mechanism of haze protection, Escherichia coli-produced green fluorescent protein (GFP)-tagged grape chitinase was shown to bind efficiently to yeast cell walls in a cell wall chitin concentration-dependent manner, while commercial chitinase was removed from synthetic wine in quantities that also correlated with the cell wall chitin levels of the strains. Our findings suggest a new mechanism of reducing wine haze, and we propose a strategy for optimizing wine yeast strains to improve wine clarification.IMPORTANCE In this study, we establish a new mechanism by which wine yeast strains can impact the protein haze formation of wines, and we demonstrate that yeast cell wall chitin binds grape chitinase in a chitin concentration-dependent manner. We also show that yeast can remove this haze-forming protein from wine. Chitin has in the past been shown to efficiently reduce wine haze formation when added to the wine in high concentration as a clarifying agent. Our data suggest that the selection of yeast strains with high levels of cell wall chitin can reduce protein haze. We also investigate how yeast cell wall chitin levels are affected by environmental conditions.
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25
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Zhang C, Luo Z, He D, Su L, Yin H, Wang G, Liu H, Rensing C, Wang Z. FgBud3, a Rho4-Interacting Guanine Nucleotide Exchange Factor, Is Involved in Polarity Growth, Cell Division and Pathogenicity of Fusarium graminearum. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:1209. [PMID: 29930543 PMCID: PMC5999796 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.01209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2017] [Accepted: 05/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Rho GTPases are signaling macromolecules that are associated with developmental progression and pathogenesis of Fusarium graminearum. Generally, enzymatic activities of Rho GTPases are regulated by Rho GTPase guanine nucleotide exchange factors (RhoGEFs). In this study, we identified a putative RhoGEF encoding gene (FgBUD3) in F. graminearum database and proceeded further by using a functional genetic approach to generate FgBUD3 targeted gene deletion mutant. Phenotypic analysis results showed that the deletion of FgBUD3 caused severe reduction in growth of FgBUD3 mutant generated during this study. We also observed that the deletion of FgBUD3 completely abolished sexual reproduction and triggered the production of abnormal asexual spores with nearly no septum in ΔFgbud3 strain. Further results obtained from infection assays conducted during this research revealed that the FgBUD3 defective mutant lost its pathogenicity on wheat and hence, suggests FgBud3 plays an essential role in the pathogenicity of F. graminearum. Additional, results derived from yeast two-hybrid assays revealed that FgBud3 strongly interacted with FgRho4 compared to the interaction with FgRho2, FgRho3, and FgCdc42. Moreover, we found that FgBud3 interacted with both GTP-bound and GDP-bound form of FgRho4. From these results, we subsequently concluded that, the Rho4-interacting GEF protein FgBud3 crucially promotes vegetative growth, asexual and sexual development, cell division and pathogenicity in F. graminearum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengkang Zhang
- Institute of Environmental Microbiology, College of Resources and Environment, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China.,College of Life Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Zenghong Luo
- College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Dongdong He
- Institute of Environmental Microbiology, College of Resources and Environment, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Li Su
- College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Hui Yin
- College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Guo Wang
- Institute of Environmental Microbiology, College of Resources and Environment, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Hong Liu
- Institute of Environmental Microbiology, College of Resources and Environment, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Christopher Rensing
- Institute of Environmental Microbiology, College of Resources and Environment, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China.,J. Craig Venter Institute, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Zonghua Wang
- College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
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26
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Disruption of the cell wall integrity gene ECM33 results in improved fermentation by wine yeast. Metab Eng 2018; 45:255-264. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ymben.2017.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2017] [Revised: 09/24/2017] [Accepted: 12/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Molon M, Woznicka O, Zebrowski J. Cell wall biosynthesis impairment affects the budding lifespan of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae yeast. Biogerontology 2017; 19:67-79. [PMID: 29189912 PMCID: PMC5765204 DOI: 10.1007/s10522-017-9740-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2017] [Accepted: 11/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The Saccharomyces cerevisiae yeast is one of the most widely used model in studies of cellular and organismal biology, including as aging and proliferation. Although several constraints of aging and budding lifespan have been identified, these processes have not yet been fully understood. Previous studies of aging in yeast have focused mostly on the molecular basics of the underlying mechanisms, while physical aspects, particularly those related to the cell wall, were rather neglected. In this paper, we examine for the first time, to our knowledge, the impact of cell wall biosynthesis disturbances on the lifespan in the budding yeast. We have used a set of cell wall mutants, including knr4Δ, cts1Δ, chs3Δ, fks1Δ and mnn9Δ, which affect biosynthesis of all major cell wall compounds. Our results indicated that impairment of chitin biosynthesis and cell wall protein mannosylation reduced the budding lifespan, while disruption in the 1,3-β-glucan synthase activity had no adverse effect on that parameter. The impact varied in the severity and the most notable effect was observed for the mnn9Δ mutant. What was interesting, in the case of the dysfunction of the Knr4 protein playing the role of the transcriptional regulator of cell wall chitin and glucan synthesis, the lifespan increased significantly. We also report the phenotypic characteristics of cell wall-associated mutants as revealed by imaging of the cell wall using transmission electron microscopy, scanning electron microscopy and atomic force microscopy. In addition, our findings support the conviction that achievement of the state of hypertrophy may not be the only factor that determines the budding lifespan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mateusz Molon
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, University of Rzeszow, Zelwerowicza 4, 35-601, Rzeszow, Poland.
| | - Olga Woznicka
- Department of Cell Biology and Imaging, Institute of Zoology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Jacek Zebrowski
- Department of Plant Physiology, Institute of Biotechnology, University of Rzeszow, Rzeszow, Poland
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28
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Oh Y, Schreiter JH, Okada H, Wloka C, Okada S, Yan D, Duan X, Bi E. Hof1 and Chs4 Interact via F-BAR Domain and Sel1-like Repeats to Control Extracellular Matrix Deposition during Cytokinesis. Curr Biol 2017; 27:2878-2886.e5. [PMID: 28918945 PMCID: PMC5658023 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2017.08.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2017] [Revised: 07/07/2017] [Accepted: 08/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Localized extracellular matrix (ECM) remodeling is thought to stabilize the cleavage furrow and maintain cell shape during cytokinesis [1-14]. This remodeling is spatiotemporally coordinated with a cytoskeletal structure pertaining to a kingdom of life, for example the FtsZ ring in bacteria [15], the phragmoplast in plants [16], and the actomyosin ring in fungi and animals [17, 18]. Although the cytoskeletal structures have been analyzed extensively, the mechanisms of ECM remodeling remain poorly understood. In the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, ECM remodeling refers to sequential formations of the primary and secondary septa that are catalyzed by chitin synthase-II (Chs2) and chitin synthase-III (the catalytic subunit Chs3 and its activator Chs4), respectively [18, 19]. Surprisingly, both Chs2 and Chs3 are delivered to the division site at the onset of cytokinesis [6, 20]. What keeps Chs3 inactive until secondary septum formation remains unknown. Here, we show that Hof1 binds to the Sel1-like repeats (SLRs) of Chs4 via its F-BAR domain and inhibits Chs3-mediated chitin synthesis during cytokinesis. In addition, Hof1 is required for rapid accumulation as well as efficient removal of Chs4 at the division site. This study uncovers a mechanism by which Hof1 controls timely activation of Chs3 during cytokinesis and defines a novel interaction and function for the conserved F-BAR domain and SLR that are otherwise known for their abilities to bind membrane lipids [21, 22] and scaffold protein complex formation [23].
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Affiliation(s)
- Younghoon Oh
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6058, USA
| | - Jennifer H Schreiter
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6058, USA
| | - Hiroki Okada
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6058, USA
| | - Carsten Wloka
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6058, USA; Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute, University of Groningen, 9747 AE Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Satoshi Okada
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6058, USA; Department of Medical Biochemistry, Kyushu University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Di Yan
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6058, USA; Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Xudong Duan
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6058, USA
| | - Erfei Bi
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6058, USA.
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29
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Yang CD, Dang X, Zheng HW, Chen XF, Lin XL, Zhang DM, Abubakar YS, Chen X, Lu G, Wang Z, Li G, Zhou J. Two Rab5 Homologs Are Essential for the Development and Pathogenicity of the Rice Blast Fungus Magnaporthe oryzae. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 8:620. [PMID: 28529514 PMCID: PMC5418346 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.00620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2017] [Accepted: 04/06/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The rice blast fungus, Magnaporthe oryzae, infects many economically important cereal crops, particularly rice. It has emerged as an important model organism for studying the growth, development, and pathogenesis of filamentous fungi. RabGTPases are important molecular switches in regulation of intracellular membrane trafficking in all eukaryotes. MoRab5A and MoRab5B are Rab5 homologs in M. oryzae, but their functions in the fungal development and pathogenicity are unknown. In this study, we have employed a genetic approach and demonstrated that both MoRab5A and MoRab5B are crucial for vegetative growth and development, conidiogenesis, melanin synthesis, vacuole fusion, endocytosis, sexual reproduction, and plant pathogenesis in M. oryzae. Moreover, both MoRab5A and MoRab5B show similar localization in hyphae and conidia. To further investigate possible functional redundancy between MoRab5A and MoRab5B, we overexpressed MoRAB5A and MoRAB5B, respectively, in MoRab5B:RNAi and MoRab5A:RNAi strains, but neither could rescue each other's defects caused by the RNAi. Taken together, we conclude that both MoRab5A and MoRab5B are necessary for the development and pathogenesis of the rice blast fungus, while they may function independently.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng D. Yang
- Fujian Province Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Fungi and Mycotoxins and College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhou, China
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhou, China
| | - Xie Dang
- Fujian Province Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Fungi and Mycotoxins and College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhou, China
| | - Hua W. Zheng
- Fujian Province Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Fungi and Mycotoxins and College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhou, China
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhou, China
| | - Xiao F. Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhou, China
| | - Xiao L. Lin
- Fujian Province Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Fungi and Mycotoxins and College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhou, China
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhou, China
| | - Dong M. Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhou, China
| | - Yakubu S. Abubakar
- Fujian Province Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Fungi and Mycotoxins and College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhou, China
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhou, China
| | - Xin Chen
- Fujian Province Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Fungi and Mycotoxins and College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhou, China
| | - Guodong Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhou, China
| | - Zonghua Wang
- Fujian Province Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Fungi and Mycotoxins and College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhou, China
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhou, China
- College of Ocean Science, Minjiang UniversityFuzhou, China
| | - Guangpu Li
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma CityOK, USA
| | - Jie Zhou
- Fujian Province Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Fungi and Mycotoxins and College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhou, China
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhou, China
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30
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Lucas C, Ferreira C, Cazzanelli G, Franco-Duarte R, Tulha J, Roelink H, Conway SJ. Yeast Gup1(2) Proteins Are Homologues of the Hedgehog Morphogens Acyltransferases HHAT(L): Facts and Implications. J Dev Biol 2016; 4:E33. [PMID: 29615596 PMCID: PMC5831804 DOI: 10.3390/jdb4040033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2016] [Revised: 10/25/2016] [Accepted: 10/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In multiple tissues, the Hedgehog secreted morphogen activates in the receiving cells a pathway involved in cell fate, proliferation and differentiation in the receiving cells. This pathway is particularly important during embryogenesis. The protein HHAT (Hedgehog O-acyltransferase) modifies Hh morphogens prior to their secretion, while HHATL (Hh O-acyltransferase-like) negatively regulates the pathway. HHAT and HHATL are homologous to Saccharomyces cerevisiae Gup2 and Gup1, respectively. In yeast, Gup1 is associated with a high number and diversity of biological functions, namely polarity establishment, secretory/endocytic pathway functionality, vacuole morphology and wall and membrane composition, structure and maintenance. Phenotypes underlying death, morphogenesis and differentiation are also included. Paracrine signalling, like the one promoted by the Hh pathway, has not been shown to occur in microbial communities, despite the fact that large aggregates of cells like biofilms or colonies behave as proto-tissues. Instead, these have been suggested to sense the population density through the secretion of quorum-sensing chemicals. This review focuses on Gup1/HHATL and Gup2/HHAT proteins. We review the functions and physiology associated with these proteins in yeasts and higher eukaryotes. We suggest standardisation of the presently chaotic Gup-related nomenclature, which includes KIAA117, c3orf3, RASP, Skinny, Sightless and Central Missing, in order to avoid the disclosure of otherwise unnoticed information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cândida Lucas
- CBMA—Centre of Molecular and Environmental Biology, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-054 Braga, Portugal; (G.C.); (R.F.-D.); (J.T.)
| | - Célia Ferreira
- CBMA—Centre of Molecular and Environmental Biology, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-054 Braga, Portugal; (G.C.); (R.F.-D.); (J.T.)
- School of Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK;
| | - Giulia Cazzanelli
- CBMA—Centre of Molecular and Environmental Biology, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-054 Braga, Portugal; (G.C.); (R.F.-D.); (J.T.)
| | - Ricardo Franco-Duarte
- CBMA—Centre of Molecular and Environmental Biology, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-054 Braga, Portugal; (G.C.); (R.F.-D.); (J.T.)
| | - Joana Tulha
- CBMA—Centre of Molecular and Environmental Biology, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-054 Braga, Portugal; (G.C.); (R.F.-D.); (J.T.)
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Chin CF, Tan K, Onishi M, Chew Y, Augustine B, Lee WR, Yeong FM. Timely Endocytosis of Cytokinetic Enzymes Prevents Premature Spindle Breakage during Mitotic Exit. PLoS Genet 2016; 12:e1006195. [PMID: 27447488 PMCID: PMC4957831 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1006195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2016] [Accepted: 06/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytokinesis requires the spatio-temporal coordination of membrane deposition and primary septum (PS) formation at the division site to drive acto-myosin ring (AMR) constriction. It has been demonstrated that AMR constriction invariably occurs only after the mitotic spindle disassembly. It has also been established that Chitin Synthase II (Chs2p) neck localization precedes mitotic spindle disassembly during mitotic exit. As AMR constriction depends upon PS formation, the question arises as to how chitin deposition is regulated so as to prevent premature AMR constriction and mitotic spindle breakage. In this study, we propose that cells regulate the coordination between spindle disassembly and AMR constriction via timely endocytosis of cytokinetic enzymes, Chs2p, Chs3p, and Fks1p. Inhibition of endocytosis leads to over accumulation of cytokinetic enzymes during mitotic exit, which accelerates the constriction of the AMR, and causes spindle breakage that eventually could contribute to monopolar spindle formation in the subsequent round of cell division. Intriguingly, the mitotic spindle breakage observed in endocytosis mutants can be rescued either by deleting or inhibiting the activities of, CHS2, CHS3 and FKS1, which are involved in septum formation. The findings from our study highlight the importance of timely endocytosis of cytokinetic enzymes at the division site in safeguarding mitotic spindle integrity during mitotic exit. The cytokinesis machinery that is required for physical separation of mother-daughter cells during mitosis is highly conserved from yeast to humans. In budding yeast, cytokinesis is achieved via timely delivery of cytokinetic enzymes to the division site that eventually triggers the constriction of AMR. It has been previously demonstrated that cytokinesis invariably occurs after the disassembly of the mitotic spindle. Intriguingly, Chs2p that is responsible for laying down the primary septum has been shown to localize to the division site before mitotic spindle disassembly. In this study, we show that mitotic spindle integrity upon sister chromatid separation is dependent on the continuous endocytosis of cytokinetic enzymes. Failure in the internalization of cytokinetic proteins during mitotic exit causes premature AMR constriction that eventually contributes to the shearing of mitotic spindle. Consequently, cells fail to re-establish a bipolar spindle in the subsequent round of cell division cycle. Our findings provide insights into how the levels of secreted proteins at the division site impacts cytokinesis. We believe this regulation mechanism might be conserved in higher eukaryotic cells as a secreted protein, hemicentin, has been shown recently to be involved in regulating cytokinesis in both Caenorhabditis elegans and mouse embryos.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheen Fei Chin
- Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Kaiquan Tan
- Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Masayuki Onishi
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - YuanYuan Chew
- Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Beryl Augustine
- Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Wei Ren Lee
- Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Foong May Yeong
- Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
- * E-mail:
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Pérez J, Arcones I, Gómez A, Casquero V, Roncero C. Phosphorylation of Bni4 by MAP kinases contributes to septum assembly during yeast cytokinesis. FEMS Yeast Res 2016; 16:fow060. [DOI: 10.1093/femsyr/fow060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/03/2016] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
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Martin-Yken H, François JM, Zerbib D. Knr4: a disordered hub protein at the heart of fungal cell wall signalling. Cell Microbiol 2016; 18:1217-27. [PMID: 27199081 DOI: 10.1111/cmi.12618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2016] [Revised: 05/14/2016] [Accepted: 05/17/2016] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The most highly connected proteins in protein-protein interactions networks are called hubs; they generally connect signalling pathways. In Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Knr4 constitutes a connecting node between the two main signal transmission pathways involved in cell wall maintenance upon stress: the cell wall integrity and the calcium-calcineurin pathway. Knr4 is required to enable the cells to resist many cell wall-affecting stresses, and KNR4 gene deletion is synthetic lethal with the simultaneous deletion of numerous other genes involved in morphogenesis and cell wall biogenesis. Knr4 has been shown to engage in multiple physical interactions, an ability conferred by the intrinsic structural adaptability of major disordered regions present in the N-terminal and C-terminal parts of the protein. Taking all together, Knr4 is an intrinsically disordered hub protein. Available data from other fungi indicate the conservation of Knr4 homologs cellular function and localization at sites of polarized growth among fungal species, including pathogenic species. Because of their particular role in morphogenesis control and of their fungal specificity, these proteins could constitute interesting new pharmaceutical drug targets for antifungal combination therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hélène Martin-Yken
- LISBP, Université Fédérale de Toulouse, CNRS, INRA, INSA, 135 Avenue de Rangueil, F-31077, Toulouse, France
| | - Jean Marie François
- LISBP, Université Fédérale de Toulouse, CNRS, INRA, INSA, 135 Avenue de Rangueil, F-31077, Toulouse, France
| | - Didier Zerbib
- LISBP, Université Fédérale de Toulouse, CNRS, INRA, INSA, 135 Avenue de Rangueil, F-31077, Toulouse, France.,Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, F-31077, Toulouse, France
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Kellokumpu S, Hassinen A, Glumoff T. Glycosyltransferase complexes in eukaryotes: long-known, prevalent but still unrecognized. Cell Mol Life Sci 2016; 73:305-25. [PMID: 26474840 PMCID: PMC7079781 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-015-2066-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2015] [Revised: 09/28/2015] [Accepted: 10/08/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Glycosylation is the most common and complex cellular modification of proteins and lipids. It is critical for multicellular life and its abrogation often leads to a devastating disease. Yet, the underlying mechanistic details of glycosylation in both health and disease remain unclear. Partly, this is due to the complexity and dynamicity of glycan modifications, and the fact that not all the players are taken into account. Since late 1960s, a vast number of studies have demonstrated that glycosyltransferases typically form homomeric and heteromeric complexes with each other in yeast, plant and animal cells. To propagate their acceptance, we will summarize here accumulated data for their prevalence and potential functional importance for glycosylation focusing mainly on their mutual interactions, the protein domains mediating these interactions, and enzymatic activity changes that occur upon complex formation. Finally, we will highlight the few existing 3D structures of these enzyme complexes to pinpoint their individual nature and to emphasize that their lack is the main obstacle for more detailed understanding of how these enzyme complexes interact and function in a eukaryotic cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sakari Kellokumpu
- Faculty of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of Oulu, Aapistie 7, 90220, Oulu, Finland.
| | - Antti Hassinen
- Faculty of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of Oulu, Aapistie 7, 90220, Oulu, Finland
| | - Tuomo Glumoff
- Faculty of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of Oulu, Aapistie 7, 90220, Oulu, Finland
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Lei L, Singh A, Bashline L, Li S, Yingling YG, Gu Y. CELLULOSE SYNTHASE INTERACTIVE1 Is Required for Fast Recycling of Cellulose Synthase Complexes to the Plasma Membrane in Arabidopsis. THE PLANT CELL 2015; 27:2926-40. [PMID: 26443667 PMCID: PMC4682321 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.15.00442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2015] [Revised: 09/14/2015] [Accepted: 09/22/2015] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Plants are constantly subjected to various biotic and abiotic stresses and have evolved complex strategies to cope with these stresses. For example, plant cells endocytose plasma membrane material under stress and subsequently recycle it back when the stress conditions are relieved. Cellulose biosynthesis is a tightly regulated process that is performed by plasma membrane-localized cellulose synthase (CESA) complexes (CSCs). However, the regulatory mechanism of cellulose biosynthesis under abiotic stress has not been well explored. In this study, we show that small CESA compartments (SmaCCs) or microtubule-associated cellulose synthase compartments (MASCs) are critical for fast recovery of CSCs to the plasma membrane after stress is relieved in Arabidopsis thaliana. This SmaCC/MASC-mediated fast recovery of CSCs is dependent on CELLULOSE SYNTHASE INTERACTIVE1 (CSI1), a protein previously known to represent the link between CSCs and cortical microtubules. Independently, AP2M, a core component in clathrin-mediated endocytosis, plays a role in the formation of SmaCCs/MASCs. Together, our study establishes a model in which CSI1-dependent SmaCCs/MASCs are formed through a process that involves endocytosis, which represents an important mechanism for plants to quickly regulate cellulose synthesis under abiotic stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Lei
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802
| | - Abhishek Singh
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695
| | - Logan Bashline
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802
| | - Shundai Li
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802
| | - Yaroslava G Yingling
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695
| | - Ying Gu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802
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Chowdhury R, Chowdhury A, Maranas CD. Using Gene Essentiality and Synthetic Lethality Information to Correct Yeast and CHO Cell Genome-Scale Models. Metabolites 2015; 5:536-70. [PMID: 26426067 PMCID: PMC4693185 DOI: 10.3390/metabo5040536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2015] [Revised: 09/04/2015] [Accepted: 09/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Essentiality (ES) and Synthetic Lethality (SL) information identify combination of genes whose deletion inhibits cell growth. This information is important for both identifying drug targets for tumor and pathogenic bacteria suppression and for flagging and avoiding gene deletions that are non-viable in biotechnology. In this study, we performed a comprehensive ES and SL analysis of two important eukaryotic models (S. cerevisiae and CHO cells) using a bilevel optimization approach introduced earlier. Information gleaned from this study is used to propose specific model changes to remedy inconsistent with data model predictions. Even for the highly curated Yeast 7.11 model we identified 50 changes (metabolic and GPR) leading to the correct prediction of an additional 28% of essential genes and 36% of synthetic lethals along with a 53% reduction in the erroneous identification of essential genes. Due to the paucity of mutant growth phenotype data only 12 changes were made for the CHO 1.2 model leading to an additional correctly predicted 11 essential and eight non-essential genes. Overall, we find that CHO 1.2 was 76% less accurate than the Yeast 7.11 metabolic model in predicting essential genes. Based on this analysis, 14 (single and double deletion) maximally informative experiments are suggested to improve the CHO cell model by using information from a mouse metabolic model. This analysis demonstrates the importance of single and multiple knockout phenotypes in assessing and improving model reconstructions. The advent of techniques such as CRISPR opens the door for the global assessment of eukaryotic models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ratul Chowdhury
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, PA 16802, USA.
| | - Anupam Chowdhury
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, PA 16802, USA.
| | - Costas D Maranas
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, PA 16802, USA.
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37
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Li HD, Menon R, Govindarajoo B, Panwar B, Zhang Y, Omenn GS, Guan Y. Functional Networks of Highest-Connected Splice Isoforms: From The Chromosome 17 Human Proteome Project. J Proteome Res 2015. [PMID: 26216192 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.5b00494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Alternative splicing allows a single gene to produce multiple transcript-level splice isoforms from which the translated proteins may show differences in their expression and function. Identifying the major functional or canonical isoform is important for understanding gene and protein functions. Identification and characterization of splice isoforms is a stated goal of the HUPO Human Proteome Project and of neXtProt. Multiple efforts have catalogued splice isoforms as "dominant", "principal", or "major" isoforms based on expression or evolutionary traits. In contrast, we recently proposed highest connected isoforms (HCIs) as a new class of canonical isoforms that have the strongest interactions in a functional network and revealed their significantly higher (differential) transcript-level expression compared to nonhighest connected isoforms (NCIs) regardless of tissues/cell lines in the mouse. HCIs and their expression behavior in the human remain unexplored. Here we identified HCIs for 6157 multi-isoform genes using a human isoform network that we constructed by integrating a large compendium of heterogeneous genomic data. We present examples for pairs of transcript isoforms of ABCC3, RBM34, ERBB2, and ANXA7. We found that functional networks of isoforms of the same gene can show large differences. Interestingly, differential expression between HCIs and NCIs was also observed in the human on an independent set of 940 RNA-seq samples across multiple tissues, including heart, kidney, and liver. Using proteomic data from normal human retina and placenta, we showed that HCIs are a promising indicator of expressed protein isoforms exemplified by NUDFB6 and M6PR. Furthermore, we found that a significant percentage (20%, p = 0.0003) of human and mouse HCIs are homologues, suggesting their conservation between species. Our identified HCIs expand the repertoire of canonical isoforms and are expected to facilitate studying main protein products, understanding gene regulation, and possibly evolution. The network is available through our web server as a rich resource for investigating isoform functional relationships (http://guanlab.ccmb.med.umich.edu/hisonet). All MS/MS data were available at ProteomeXchange Web site (http://www.proteomexchange.org) through their identifiers (retina: PXD001242, placenta: PXD000754).
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Dong Li
- Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, ‡Department of Internal Medicine, §Department of Human Genetics and School of Public Health, ∥Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science University of Michigan , Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Rajasree Menon
- Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, ‡Department of Internal Medicine, §Department of Human Genetics and School of Public Health, ∥Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science University of Michigan , Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Brandon Govindarajoo
- Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, ‡Department of Internal Medicine, §Department of Human Genetics and School of Public Health, ∥Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science University of Michigan , Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Bharat Panwar
- Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, ‡Department of Internal Medicine, §Department of Human Genetics and School of Public Health, ∥Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science University of Michigan , Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Yang Zhang
- Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, ‡Department of Internal Medicine, §Department of Human Genetics and School of Public Health, ∥Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science University of Michigan , Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Gilbert S Omenn
- Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, ‡Department of Internal Medicine, §Department of Human Genetics and School of Public Health, ∥Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science University of Michigan , Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Yuanfang Guan
- Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, ‡Department of Internal Medicine, §Department of Human Genetics and School of Public Health, ∥Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science University of Michigan , Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
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Esher SK, Granek JA, Alspaugh JA. Rapid mapping of insertional mutations to probe cell wall regulation in Cryptococcus neoformans. Fungal Genet Biol 2015; 82:9-21. [PMID: 26112692 DOI: 10.1016/j.fgb.2015.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2015] [Revised: 06/13/2015] [Accepted: 06/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Random insertional mutagenesis screens are important tools in microbial genetics studies. Investigators in fungal systems have used the plant pathogen Agrobacterium tumefaciens to create tagged, random mutations for genetic screens in their fungal species of interest through a unique process of trans-kingdom cellular transconjugation. However, identifying the locations of insertion has traditionally required tedious PCR-based methods, limiting the effective throughput of this system. We have developed an efficient genomic sequencing and analysis method (AIM-Seq) to facilitate identification of randomly generated genomic insertions in microorganisms. AIM-Seq combines batch sampling, whole genome sequencing, and a novel bioinformatics pipeline, AIM-HII, to rapidly identify sites of genomic insertion. We have specifically applied this technique to Agrobacterium-mediated transconjugation in the human fungal pathogen Cryptococcus neoformans. With this approach, we have screened a library of C. neoformans cell wall mutants, selecting twenty-seven mutants of interest for analysis by AIM-Seq. We identified thirty-five putative genomic insertions in known and previously unknown regulators of cell wall processes in this pathogenic fungus. We confirmed the relevance of a subset of these by creating independent mutant strains and analyzing resulting cell wall phenotypes. Through our sequence-based analysis of these mutations, we observed "typical" insertions of the Agrobacterium transfer DNA as well as atypical insertion events, including large deletions and chromosomal rearrangements. Initially applied to C. neoformans, this mutant analysis tool can be applied to a wide range of experimental systems and methods of mutagenesis, facilitating future microbial genetic screens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shannon K Esher
- Department of Molecular Genetics & Microbiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA.
| | - Joshua A Granek
- Department of Molecular Genetics & Microbiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA; Department of Bioinformatics and Biostatistics, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA; Duke Center for the Genomics of Microbial Systems, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA.
| | - J Andrew Alspaugh
- Department of Molecular Genetics & Microbiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA; Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA.
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Quo vadis? The challenges of recombinant protein folding and secretion in Pichia pastoris. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2015; 99:2925-38. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-015-6470-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2014] [Revised: 02/05/2015] [Accepted: 02/08/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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40
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Morimoto Y, Tani M. Synthesis of mannosylinositol phosphorylceramides is involved in maintenance of cell integrity of yeastSaccharomyces cerevisiae. Mol Microbiol 2015; 95:706-22. [DOI: 10.1111/mmi.12896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuji Morimoto
- Department of Chemistry; Faculty of Sciences; Kyushu University; 6-10-1, Hakozaki, Higashi-ku Fukuoka 812-8581 Japan
| | - Motohiro Tani
- Department of Chemistry; Faculty of Sciences; Kyushu University; 6-10-1, Hakozaki, Higashi-ku Fukuoka 812-8581 Japan
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Kozak BU, van Rossum HM, Benjamin KR, Wu L, Daran JMG, Pronk JT, van Maris AJA. Replacement of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae acetyl-CoA synthetases by alternative pathways for cytosolic acetyl-CoA synthesis. Metab Eng 2013; 21:46-59. [PMID: 24269999 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymben.2013.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2013] [Revised: 10/03/2013] [Accepted: 11/11/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Cytosolic acetyl-coenzyme A is a precursor for many biotechnologically relevant compounds produced by Saccharomyces cerevisiae. In this yeast, cytosolic acetyl-CoA synthesis and growth strictly depend on expression of either the Acs1 or Acs2 isoenzyme of acetyl-CoA synthetase (ACS). Since hydrolysis of ATP to AMP and pyrophosphate in the ACS reaction constrains maximum yields of acetyl-CoA-derived products, this study explores replacement of ACS by two ATP-independent pathways for acetyl-CoA synthesis. After evaluating expression of different bacterial genes encoding acetylating acetaldehyde dehydrogenase (A-ALD) and pyruvate-formate lyase (PFL), acs1Δ acs2Δ S. cerevisiae strains were constructed in which A-ALD or PFL successfully replaced ACS. In A-ALD-dependent strains, aerobic growth rates of up to 0.27 h(-1) were observed, while anaerobic growth rates of PFL-dependent S. cerevisiae (0.20 h(-1)) were stoichiometrically coupled to formate production. In glucose-limited chemostat cultures, intracellular metabolite analysis did not reveal major differences between A-ALD-dependent and reference strains. However, biomass yields on glucose of A-ALD- and PFL-dependent strains were lower than those of the reference strain. Transcriptome analysis suggested that reduced biomass yields were caused by acetaldehyde and formate in A-ALD- and PFL-dependent strains, respectively. Transcript profiles also indicated that a previously proposed role of Acs2 in histone acetylation is probably linked to cytosolic acetyl-CoA levels rather than to direct involvement of Acs2 in histone acetylation. While demonstrating that yeast ACS can be fully replaced, this study demonstrates that further modifications are needed to achieve optimal in vivo performance of the alternative reactions for supply of cytosolic acetyl-CoA as a product precursor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara U Kozak
- Department of Biotechnology, Delft University of Technology, Kluyver Centre for Genomics of Industrial Fermentation, Julianalaan 67, 2628 BC Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Harmen M van Rossum
- Department of Biotechnology, Delft University of Technology, Kluyver Centre for Genomics of Industrial Fermentation, Julianalaan 67, 2628 BC Delft, The Netherlands
| | | | - Liang Wu
- DSM Biotechnology Center, Alexander Fleminglaan 1, 2613 AX Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Jean-Marc G Daran
- Department of Biotechnology, Delft University of Technology, Kluyver Centre for Genomics of Industrial Fermentation, Julianalaan 67, 2628 BC Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Jack T Pronk
- Department of Biotechnology, Delft University of Technology, Kluyver Centre for Genomics of Industrial Fermentation, Julianalaan 67, 2628 BC Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Antonius J A van Maris
- Department of Biotechnology, Delft University of Technology, Kluyver Centre for Genomics of Industrial Fermentation, Julianalaan 67, 2628 BC Delft, The Netherlands.
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Cassani C, Raspelli E, Santo N, Chiroli E, Lucchini G, Fraschini R. Saccharomyces cerevisiae Dma proteins participate in cytokinesis by controlling two different pathways. Cell Cycle 2013; 12:2794-808. [PMID: 23966170 PMCID: PMC3899193 DOI: 10.4161/cc.25869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytokinesis completion in the budding yeast S. cerevisiae is driven by tightly regulated pathways, leading to actomyosin ring contraction coupled to plasma membrane constriction and to centripetal growth of the primary septum, respectively. These pathways can partially substitute for each other, but their concomitant inactivation leads to cytokinesis block and cell death. Here we show that both the lack of the functionally redundant FHA-RING ubiquitin ligases Dma1 and Dma2 and moderate Dma2 overproduction affect actomyosin ring contraction as well as primary septum deposition, although they do not apparently alter cell cycle progression of otherwise wild-type cells. In addition, overproduction of Dma2 impairs the interaction between Tem1 and Iqg1, which is thought to be required for AMR contraction, and causes asymmetric primary septum deposition as well as mislocalization of the Cyk3-positive regulator of this process. In agreement with these multiple inhibitory effects, a Dma2 excess that does not cause any apparent defect in wild-type cells leads to lethal cytokinesis block in cells lacking the Hof1 protein, which is essential for primary septum formation in the absence of Cyk3. Altogether, these findings suggest that the Dma proteins act as negative regulators of cytokinesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corinne Cassani
- Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca; Dipartimento di Biotecnologie e Bioscienze; Milano, Italy
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Abstract
Productive cell proliferation involves efficient and accurate splitting of the dividing cell into two separate entities. This orderly process reflects coordination of diverse cytological events by regulatory systems that drive the cell from mitosis into G1. In the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, separation of mother and daughter cells involves coordinated actomyosin ring contraction and septum synthesis, followed by septum destruction. These events occur in precise and rapid sequence once chromosomes are segregated and are linked with spindle organization and mitotic progress by intricate cell cycle control machinery. Additionally, critical paarts of the mother/daughter separation process are asymmetric, reflecting a form of fate specification that occurs in every cell division. This chapter describes central events of budding yeast cell separation, as well as the control pathways that integrate them and link them with the cell cycle.
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Bonnet C, Rigaud C, Chanteclaire E, Blandais C, Tassy-Freches E, Arico C, Javaud C. PCR on yeast colonies: an improved method for glyco-engineered Saccharomyces cerevisiae. BMC Res Notes 2013; 6:201. [PMID: 23688076 PMCID: PMC3664073 DOI: 10.1186/1756-0500-6-201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2013] [Accepted: 05/08/2013] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Saccharomyces cerevisiae is extensively used in bio-industries. However, its genetic engineering to introduce new metabolism pathways can cause unexpected phenotypic alterations. For example, humanisation of the glycosylation pathways is a high priority pharmaceutical industry goal for production of therapeutic glycoproteins in yeast. Genomic modifications can lead to several described physiological changes: biomass yields decrease, temperature sensitivity or cell wall structure modifications. We have observed that deletion of several N-mannosyltransferases in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, results in strains that can no longer be analyzed by classical PCR on yeast colonies. Findings In order to validate our glyco-engineered Saccharomyces cerevisiae strains, we developed a new protocol to carry out PCR directly on genetically modified yeast colonies. A liquid culture phase, combined with the use of a Hot Start DNA polymerase, allows a 3-fold improvement of PCR efficiency. The results obtained are repeatable and independent of the targeted sequence; as such the protocol is well adapted for intensive screening applications. Conclusions The developed protocol enables by-passing of many of the difficulties associated with PCR caused by phenotypic modifications brought about by humanisation of the glycosylation in yeast and allows rapid validation of glyco-engineered Saccharomyces cerevisiae cells. It has the potential to be extended to other yeast strains presenting cell wall structure modifications.
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Systems-level antimicrobial drug and drug synergy discovery. Nat Chem Biol 2013; 9:222-31. [PMID: 23508188 DOI: 10.1038/nchembio.1205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2012] [Accepted: 02/07/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Here, we review the 'target-centric' genomic strategy to antimicrobial discovery and share our perspective on identification, validation and prioritization of potential antimicrobial drug targets in the context of emerging chemical biology, genomics and phenotypic screening strategies. We propose that coupling the dual processes of antimicrobial small-molecule screening and target identification in a whole-cell context is essential to empirically annotate 'druggable' targets and advance early stage antimicrobial discovery. We also advocate a systems-level approach to annotating synthetic-lethal genetic interactions comprehensively within yeast and bacteria models. The resulting genetic interaction networks provide a landscape to rationally predict and exploit drug synergy between cognate inhibitors. We posit that synergistic combination agents provide an important and largely unexploited strategy to 'repurpose' existing chemical space and simultaneously address issues of potency, spectrum, toxicity and drug resistance in early stages of antimicrobial drug discovery.
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Orlean P. Architecture and biosynthesis of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae cell wall. Genetics 2012; 192:775-818. [PMID: 23135325 PMCID: PMC3522159 DOI: 10.1534/genetics.112.144485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 303] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2012] [Accepted: 08/06/2012] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The wall gives a Saccharomyces cerevisiae cell its osmotic integrity; defines cell shape during budding growth, mating, sporulation, and pseudohypha formation; and presents adhesive glycoproteins to other yeast cells. The wall consists of β1,3- and β1,6-glucans, a small amount of chitin, and many different proteins that may bear N- and O-linked glycans and a glycolipid anchor. These components become cross-linked in various ways to form higher-order complexes. Wall composition and degree of cross-linking vary during growth and development and change in response to cell wall stress. This article reviews wall biogenesis in vegetative cells, covering the structure of wall components and how they are cross-linked; the biosynthesis of N- and O-linked glycans, glycosylphosphatidylinositol membrane anchors, β1,3- and β1,6-linked glucans, and chitin; the reactions that cross-link wall components; and the possible functions of enzymatic and nonenzymatic cell wall proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Orlean
- Department of Microbiology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA.
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Ueno K, Okawara A, Yamagoe S, Naka T, Umeyama T, Utena-Abe Y, Tarumoto N, Niimi M, Ohno H, Doe M, Fujiwara N, Kinjo Y, Miyazaki Y. The mannan of Candida albicans lacking β-1,2-linked oligomannosides increases the production of inflammatory cytokines by dendritic cells. Med Mycol 2012; 51:385-95. [PMID: 23101887 DOI: 10.3109/13693786.2012.733892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Mannans are mannose polymers attached to cell wall proteins in all Candida species, including the pathogenic fungus Candida albicans. Mannans are sensed by pattern recognition receptors expressed on innate immune cells. However, the detailed structural patterns affecting immune sensing are not fully understood because mannans have a complex structure that includes α- and β-mannosyl linkages. In this study, we focused on the β-1,2-mannosides of N-linked mannan in C. albicans because this moiety is not present in the non-pathogenic yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. To investigate the impact of β-1,2-mannosides on immune sensing, we constructed a C. albicans ∆mnn4/∆bmt1 double deletant. Thin-layer chromatography and nuclear magnetic resonance analyses revealed that the deletant lacked β-1,2-mannosides in N-linked mannan. Mannans lacking the β-1,2-mannosides induced the production of higher levels of inflammatory cytokines, including IL-6, IL-12p40 and TNF-α, in mice dendritic cells compared to wild-type mannan. Our data show that β-1,2-mannosides in N-linked mannan reduce the production of inflammatory cytokines by dendritic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keigo Ueno
- Department of Chemotherapy and Mycoses, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan
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Abstract
Abstract
The size, morphology and species-specific texture of mollusc shell biominerals is one of the unresolved questions in nature. In search of molecular control principles, chitin has been identified by Weiner and Traub (FEBS Lett. 1980, 111:311–316) as one of the organic compounds with a defined co-organization with mineral phases. Chitin fibers can be aligned with certain mineralogical axes of crystalline calcium carbonate in a species-specific manner. These original observations motivated the functional characterization of chitin forming enzymes in molluscs. The full-length cDNA cloning of mollusc chitin synthases identified unique myosin domains as part of the biological control system. The potential impact of molecular motors and other conserved domains of these complex transmembrane enzymes on the evolution of shell biomineralization is investigated and discussed in this article.
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Mahfouz H, Ragnini-Wilson A, Venditti R, De Matteis MA, Wilson C. Mutational analysis of the yeast TRAPP subunit Trs20p identifies roles in endocytic recycling and sporulation. PLoS One 2012; 7:e41408. [PMID: 23049729 PMCID: PMC3458868 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0041408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2012] [Accepted: 06/22/2012] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Trs20p is a subunit of the evolutionarily conserved TRAPP (TRAnsport Protein Particle) complex that mediates various aspects of membrane trafficking. Three TRAPP complexes have been identified in yeast with roles in ER-to-Golgi trafficking, post-Golgi and endosomal-to-Golgi transport and in autophagy. The role of Trs20p, which is essential for viability and a component of all three complexes, and how it might function within each TRAPP complex, has not been clarified to date. To begin to address the role of Trs20p we generated different mutants by random mutagenesis but, surprisingly, no defects were observed in diverse anterograde transport pathways or general secretion in Trs20 temperature-sensitive mutants. Instead, mutation of Trs20 led to defects in endocytic recycling and a block in sporulation/meiosis. The phenotypes of different mutants appear to be separable suggesting that the mutations affect the function of Trs20 in different TRAPP complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hichem Mahfouz
- Consorzio Mario Negri Sud, Santa Maria Imbaro, Chieti, Italy
| | - Antonella Ragnini-Wilson
- Department of Biology, University of Rome “Tor Vergata”, Rome, Italy
- Consorzio Mario Negri Sud, Santa Maria Imbaro, Chieti, Italy
| | | | | | - Cathal Wilson
- Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine, Naples, Italy
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Guan B, Lei J, Su S, Chen F, Duan Z, Chen Y, Gong X, Li H, Jin J. Absence of Yps7p, a putative glycosylphosphatidylinositol-linked aspartyl protease in Pichia pastoris, results in aberrant cell wall composition and increased osmotic stress resistance. FEMS Yeast Res 2012; 12:969-79. [PMID: 22943416 DOI: 10.1111/1567-1364.12002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2012] [Revised: 08/12/2012] [Accepted: 08/24/2012] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently, studies performed on Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Candida albicans have confirmed the importance of fungal glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI)-anchored aspartyl proteases (yapsins) for cell-wall integrity. Genome sequence annotation of Pichia pastoris also revealed seven putative GPI-anchored aspartyl protease genes. The five yapsin genes assigned as YPS1, YPS2, YPS3, YPS7 and MKC7 in P. pastoris were disrupted. Among these putative GPI-linked aspartyl proteases, disruption of PpYPS7 gene confers the Ppyps7Δ mutant cell increased resistance to cell wall perturbing reagents congo red, calcofluor white (CW) and sodium dodecyl sulfate. Quantitative analysis of cell wall components shows lower content of chitin and increased amounts of β-1,3-glucan. Further staining of the cell with CW demonstrates that disruption of PpYPS7 gene causes a reduction of the chitin content in lateral cell wall. Consistently, transmission electron micrographs show that the inner layer of mutant cell wall, mainly composed of chitin and β-1, 3-glucan, is much thicker than that in parental strain GS115. Additionally, Ppyps7Δ mutant also exhibits increased osmotic resistance compared with parental strain GS115. This could be due to the dramatically elevated intracellular glycerol level in Ppyps7Δ mutant. These results suggest that PpYPS7 is involved in cell wall integrity and response to osmotic stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Guan
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
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