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Zeng X, Liu T, Tang S, Dong X, Li Y, Liao L, Chen S, Chen L, Kong J, Dai Z, Feng K, Wong YH, Xie Q. Exosomal miR-7-25207 Increases Subgroup J Avian Leukosis Virus Titers by Targeting the Akt-CyclinQ1 and PRC1-YAF2 Dual Pathways. Microorganisms 2024; 12:1495. [PMID: 39065263 PMCID: PMC11279298 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms12071495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2024] [Revised: 07/05/2024] [Accepted: 07/17/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Subgroup J avian leukosis virus (ALV-J) is a major pathogen in poultry, causing substantial economic losses to the poultry industry worldwide. Exosomal small RNAs derived from virus-infected cells or biological fluids can serve as viral transmission vectors. However, the role and mechanism of exosomal miRNA in ALV-J infection are unclear. In this study, we demonstrated that exosomal microRNA-7-25207 (miR-7-25207) could increase the titers of ALV-J. Exosomes isolated from ALV-J-infected DF-1 cells (Exo-ALV-J) contained partial viral proteins from ALV-J and could transmit the infection to uninfected DF-1 cells, leading to productive infection. Additionally, the RNA expression profile of exosomes was altered following ALV-J infection. miRNA analysis revealed that the expression of exosomal miR-7-25207 increased. Overexpression of miR-7-25207 significantly increased the titers of ALV-J in transfected cells. Furthermore, miR-7-25207 directly suppressed the expression of Akt and PRC1. Akt, in turn, directly inhibited CyclinQ1 expression, while PRC1 directly interfered with YAF2 expression. In conclusion, ALV-J infection activates the expression of miR-7-25207, which is subsequently delivered via exosomes to uninfected cells, increasing ALV-J titers by targeting Akt-CyclinQ1 and PRC1-YAF2 dual pathways. These findings suggest that exosomal miR-7-25207 may serve as a potential biomarker for clinical parameters in ALV-J infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaona Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Swine and Poultry Breeding Industry & Heyuan Branch, Guangdong Provincial Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agricultural Science and Technology, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (X.Z.); (T.L.); (Y.L.); (L.L.); (S.C.); (L.C.); (J.K.); (Z.D.); (K.F.)
- Henry Fok School of Biology and Agriculture, Shaoguan University, Shaoguan 512005, China; (S.T.); (X.D.)
- Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Agro-Animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Guangdong Engineering Research Center for Vector Vaccine of Animal Virus, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Tongfei Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Swine and Poultry Breeding Industry & Heyuan Branch, Guangdong Provincial Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agricultural Science and Technology, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (X.Z.); (T.L.); (Y.L.); (L.L.); (S.C.); (L.C.); (J.K.); (Z.D.); (K.F.)
- Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Agro-Animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Guangdong Engineering Research Center for Vector Vaccine of Animal Virus, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Shengqiu Tang
- Henry Fok School of Biology and Agriculture, Shaoguan University, Shaoguan 512005, China; (S.T.); (X.D.)
| | - Xiaoying Dong
- Henry Fok School of Biology and Agriculture, Shaoguan University, Shaoguan 512005, China; (S.T.); (X.D.)
| | - Yajuan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Swine and Poultry Breeding Industry & Heyuan Branch, Guangdong Provincial Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agricultural Science and Technology, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (X.Z.); (T.L.); (Y.L.); (L.L.); (S.C.); (L.C.); (J.K.); (Z.D.); (K.F.)
- Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Agro-Animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Guangdong Engineering Research Center for Vector Vaccine of Animal Virus, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Liqin Liao
- State Key Laboratory of Swine and Poultry Breeding Industry & Heyuan Branch, Guangdong Provincial Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agricultural Science and Technology, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (X.Z.); (T.L.); (Y.L.); (L.L.); (S.C.); (L.C.); (J.K.); (Z.D.); (K.F.)
- Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Agro-Animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Guangdong Engineering Research Center for Vector Vaccine of Animal Virus, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Sheng Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Swine and Poultry Breeding Industry & Heyuan Branch, Guangdong Provincial Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agricultural Science and Technology, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (X.Z.); (T.L.); (Y.L.); (L.L.); (S.C.); (L.C.); (J.K.); (Z.D.); (K.F.)
- Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Agro-Animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Guangdong Engineering Research Center for Vector Vaccine of Animal Virus, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Liyi Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Swine and Poultry Breeding Industry & Heyuan Branch, Guangdong Provincial Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agricultural Science and Technology, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (X.Z.); (T.L.); (Y.L.); (L.L.); (S.C.); (L.C.); (J.K.); (Z.D.); (K.F.)
- Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Agro-Animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Guangdong Engineering Research Center for Vector Vaccine of Animal Virus, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Jie Kong
- State Key Laboratory of Swine and Poultry Breeding Industry & Heyuan Branch, Guangdong Provincial Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agricultural Science and Technology, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (X.Z.); (T.L.); (Y.L.); (L.L.); (S.C.); (L.C.); (J.K.); (Z.D.); (K.F.)
- Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Agro-Animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Guangdong Engineering Research Center for Vector Vaccine of Animal Virus, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Zhenkai Dai
- State Key Laboratory of Swine and Poultry Breeding Industry & Heyuan Branch, Guangdong Provincial Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agricultural Science and Technology, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (X.Z.); (T.L.); (Y.L.); (L.L.); (S.C.); (L.C.); (J.K.); (Z.D.); (K.F.)
- Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Agro-Animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Guangdong Engineering Research Center for Vector Vaccine of Animal Virus, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Keyu Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Swine and Poultry Breeding Industry & Heyuan Branch, Guangdong Provincial Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agricultural Science and Technology, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (X.Z.); (T.L.); (Y.L.); (L.L.); (S.C.); (L.C.); (J.K.); (Z.D.); (K.F.)
- Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Agro-Animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Guangdong Engineering Research Center for Vector Vaccine of Animal Virus, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Yung-Hou Wong
- Division of Life Sciences, Biotechnology Research Institute, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China;
| | - Qingmei Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Swine and Poultry Breeding Industry & Heyuan Branch, Guangdong Provincial Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agricultural Science and Technology, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (X.Z.); (T.L.); (Y.L.); (L.L.); (S.C.); (L.C.); (J.K.); (Z.D.); (K.F.)
- Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Agro-Animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Guangdong Engineering Research Center for Vector Vaccine of Animal Virus, Guangzhou 510642, China
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Iqbal Z, Rehman K, Mahmood A, Shabbir M, Liang Y, Duan L, Zeng H. Exosome for mRNA delivery: strategies and therapeutic applications. J Nanobiotechnology 2024; 22:395. [PMID: 38965553 PMCID: PMC11225225 DOI: 10.1186/s12951-024-02634-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2023] [Accepted: 06/13/2024] [Indexed: 07/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Messenger RNA (mRNA) has emerged as a promising therapeutic molecule with numerous clinical applications in treating central nervous system disorders, tumors, COVID-19, and other diseases. mRNA therapies must be encapsulated into safe, stable, and effective delivery vehicles to preserve the cargo from degradation and prevent immunogenicity. Exosomes have gained growing attention in mRNA delivery because of their good biocompatibility, low immunogenicity, small size, unique capacity to traverse physiological barriers, and cell-specific tropism. Moreover, these exosomes can be engineered to utilize the natural carriers to target specific cells or tissues. This targeted approach will enhance the efficacy and reduce the side effects of mRNAs. However, difficulties such as a lack of consistent and reliable methods for exosome purification and the efficient encapsulation of large mRNAs into exosomes must be addressed. This article outlines current breakthroughs in cell-derived vesicle-mediated mRNA delivery and its biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoya Iqbal
- Department of Orthopedics, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518035, China
| | - Khurrum Rehman
- Department of Allied Health Sciences, The University of Agriculture, D.I.Khan, Pakistan
| | - Ayesha Mahmood
- Department of Pharmacy, The University of Lahore, Lahore Campus, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Maryam Shabbir
- Department of Pharmacy, The University of Lahore, Lahore Campus, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Yujie Liang
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Shenzhen Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, Shenzhen Kangning Hospital, Shenzhen Mental Health Center, Shenzhen, 518020, China.
| | - Li Duan
- Department of Orthopedics, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518035, China.
| | - Hui Zeng
- Department of Orthopedics, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518035, China.
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Skryabin GO, Beliaeva AA, Enikeev AD, Tchevkina EM. Extracellular Vesicle miRNAs in Diagnostics of Gastric Cancer. BIOCHEMISTRY. BIOKHIMIIA 2024; 89:1211-1238. [PMID: 39218020 DOI: 10.1134/s0006297924070058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2024] [Revised: 05/24/2024] [Accepted: 05/30/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024]
Abstract
Gastric cancer (GC) poses a significant global health challenge because of its high mortality rate attributed to the late-stage diagnosis and lack of early symptoms. Early cancer diagnostics is crucial for improving the survival rates in GC patients, which emphasizes the importance of identifying GC markers for liquid biopsy. The review discusses a potential use of extracellular vesicle microRNAs (EV miRNAs) as biomarkers for the diagnostics and prognostics of GC. Methods. Original articles on the identification of EV miRNA as GC markers published in the Web of Science and Scopus indexed issues were selected from the PubMed and Google Scholar databases. We focused on the methodological aspects of EV analysis, including the choice of body fluid, methods for EV isolation and validation, and approaches for EV miRNA analysis. Conclusions. Out of 33 found articles, the majority of authors investigated blood-derived extracellular vesicles (EVs); only a few utilized EVs from other body fluids, including tissue-specific local biofluids (washing the tumor growth areas), which may be a promising source of EVs in the context of cancer diagnostics. GC-associated miRNAs identified in different studies using different methods of EV isolation and analysis varied considerably. However, three miRNAs (miR-10b, miR-21, and miR-92a) have been found in several independent studies and shown to be associated with GC in experimental models. Further studies are needed to determine the optimal miRNA marker panel. Another essential step necessary to improve the reliability and reproducibility of EV-based diagnostics is standardization of methodologies for EV handling and analysis of EV miRNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gleb O Skryabin
- Blokhin National Medical Research Center of Oncology, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Moscow, 115522, Russia.
| | - Anastasiya A Beliaeva
- Blokhin National Medical Research Center of Oncology, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Moscow, 115522, Russia
| | - Adel D Enikeev
- Blokhin National Medical Research Center of Oncology, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Moscow, 115522, Russia
| | - Elena M Tchevkina
- Blokhin National Medical Research Center of Oncology, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Moscow, 115522, Russia
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Ransom LS, Liu CS, Dunsmore E, Palmer CR, Nicodemus J, Ziomek D, Williams N, Chun J. Human brain small extracellular vesicles contain selectively packaged, full-length mRNA. Cell Rep 2024; 43:114061. [PMID: 38578831 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2024.114061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2023] [Revised: 02/12/2024] [Accepted: 03/20/2024] [Indexed: 04/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Brain cells release and take up small extracellular vesicles (sEVs) containing bioactive nucleic acids. sEV exchange is hypothesized to contribute to stereotyped spread of neuropathological changes in the diseased brain. We assess mRNA from sEVs of postmortem brain from non-diseased (ND) individuals and those with Alzheimer's disease (AD) using short- and long-read sequencing. sEV transcriptomes are distinct from those of bulk tissue, showing enrichment for genes including mRNAs encoding ribosomal proteins and transposable elements such as human-specific LINE-1 (L1Hs). AD versus ND sEVs show enrichment of inflammation-related mRNAs and depletion of synaptic signaling mRNAs. sEV mRNAs from cultured murine primary neurons, astrocytes, or microglia show similarities to human brain sEVs and reveal cell-type-specific packaging. Approximately 80% of neural sEV transcripts sequenced using long-read sequencing are full length. Motif analyses of sEV-enriched isoforms elucidate RNA-binding proteins that may be associated with sEV loading. Collectively, we show that mRNA in brain sEVs is intact, selectively packaged, and altered in disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linnea S Ransom
- Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA; Center for Genetic Disorders and Aging Research, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Christine S Liu
- Center for Genetic Disorders and Aging Research, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Emily Dunsmore
- Center for Genetic Disorders and Aging Research, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Carter R Palmer
- Center for Genetic Disorders and Aging Research, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Juliet Nicodemus
- Center for Genetic Disorders and Aging Research, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Derya Ziomek
- Center for Genetic Disorders and Aging Research, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Nyssa Williams
- Center for Genetic Disorders and Aging Research, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Jerold Chun
- Center for Genetic Disorders and Aging Research, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA.
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5
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Nelson H, Qu S, Franklin JL, Liu Q, Pua HH, Vickers KC, Weaver AM, Coffey RJ, Patton JG. Extracellular RNA in oncogenesis, metastasis and drug resistance. RNA Biol 2024; 21:17-31. [PMID: 39107918 DOI: 10.1080/15476286.2024.2385607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 07/09/2024] [Accepted: 07/24/2024] [Indexed: 08/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles and nanoparticles (EVPs) are now recognized as a novel form of cell-cell communication. All cells release a wide array of heterogeneous EVPs with distinct protein, lipid, and RNA content, dependent on the pathophysiological state of the donor cell. The overall cargo content in EVPs is not equivalent to cellular levels, implying a regulated pathway for selection and export. In cancer, release and uptake of EVPs within the tumour microenvironment can influence growth, proliferation, invasiveness, and immune evasion. Secreted EVPs can also have distant, systemic effects that can promote metastasis. Here, we review current knowledge of EVP biogenesis and cargo selection with a focus on the role that extracellular RNA plays in oncogenesis and metastasis. Almost all subtypes of RNA have been identified in EVPs, with miRNAs being the best characterized. We review the roles of specific miRNAs that have been detected in EVPs and that play a role in oncogenesis and metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah Nelson
- Department of Biological Sciences, Vanderbilt University and Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
- Center for Extracellular Vesicle Research, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Sherman Qu
- Department of Biological Sciences, Vanderbilt University and Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
- Center for Extracellular Vesicle Research, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Jeffrey L Franklin
- Center for Extracellular Vesicle Research, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Qi Liu
- Center for Extracellular Vesicle Research, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
- Department of Biostatistics, Vanderbilt University and Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Heather H Pua
- Center for Extracellular Vesicle Research, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University and Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Kasey C Vickers
- Center for Extracellular Vesicle Research, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University and Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Alissa M Weaver
- Center for Extracellular Vesicle Research, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Robert J Coffey
- Center for Extracellular Vesicle Research, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University and Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - James G Patton
- Department of Biological Sciences, Vanderbilt University and Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
- Center for Extracellular Vesicle Research, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
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Yang K, Xu C, Sun H, Xuan Z, Liu Y, Li J, Bai Y, Zheng Z, Zhao Y, Shi Z, Zheng J, Shao C. Branched-chain keto-acid dehydrogenase kinase regulates vascular permeability and angiogenesis to facilitate tumor metastasis in renal cell carcinoma. Cancer Sci 2023; 114:4270-4285. [PMID: 37715534 PMCID: PMC10637060 DOI: 10.1111/cas.15956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Revised: 08/17/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 09/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Branched-chain keto-acid dehydrogenase kinase (BCKDK) is the rate-limiting enzyme of branched-chain amino acid (BCAA) metabolism. In the last six years, BCKDK has been used as a kinase to promote tumor proliferation and metastasis. Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is a highly vascularized tumor. A high degree of vascularization promotes tumor metastasis. Our objective is to explore the relationship between BCKDK and RCC metastasis and its specific mechanism. In our study, BCKDK is highly expressed in renal clear cell carcinoma and promotes the migration of clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC). Exosomes from ccRCC cells can promote vascular permeability and angiogenesis, especially when BCKDK is overexpressed in ccRCC cells. BCKDK can also augment the miR-125a-5p expression in ccRCC cells and derived exosomes, thereby decreasing the downstream target protein VE-cadherin level, weakening adhesion junction expression, increasing vascular permeability, and promoting angiogenesis in HUVECs. The novel BCKDK/Exosome-miR-125a-5p/VE-cadherin axis regulates intercellular communication between ccRCC cells and HUVECs. BCKDK plays a critical role in renal cancer metastasis, may be used as a molecular marker of metastatic ccRCC, and even may become a potential target of clinical anti-vascular therapy for ccRCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kunao Yang
- Department of Urology, Xiang’an Hospital of Xiamen University, School of MedicineXiamen UniversityXiamenChina
| | - Chunlan Xu
- Department of Tumor, Xiang’an Hospital of Xiamen University, School of MedicineXiamen UniversityXiamenChina
| | - Huimin Sun
- Central Laboratory, Xiang’an Hospital of Xiamen University, School of MedicineXiamen UniversityXiamenChina
| | - Zuodong Xuan
- Department of Urology, Xiang’an Hospital of Xiamen University, School of MedicineXiamen UniversityXiamenChina
| | - Yankuo Liu
- Department of Urology, Xiang’an Hospital of Xiamen University, School of MedicineXiamen UniversityXiamenChina
| | - Jinxin Li
- Department of Urology, Xiang’an Hospital of Xiamen University, School of MedicineXiamen UniversityXiamenChina
| | - Yang Bai
- Department of Urology, Xiang’an Hospital of Xiamen University, School of MedicineXiamen UniversityXiamenChina
| | - Zeyuan Zheng
- Department of Urology, Xiang’an Hospital of Xiamen University, School of MedicineXiamen UniversityXiamenChina
| | - Yue Zhao
- Department of Urology, Xiang’an Hospital of Xiamen University, School of MedicineXiamen UniversityXiamenChina
| | - Zhiyuan Shi
- Department of Urology, Xiang’an Hospital of Xiamen University, School of MedicineXiamen UniversityXiamenChina
| | - Jianzhong Zheng
- Department of Urology, Xiang’an Hospital of Xiamen University, School of MedicineXiamen UniversityXiamenChina
| | - Chen Shao
- Department of Urology, Xiang’an Hospital of Xiamen University, School of MedicineXiamen UniversityXiamenChina
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Hu J, Liu Y, Du Y, Peng X, Liu Z. Cellular organelles as drug carriers for disease treatment. J Control Release 2023; 363:114-135. [PMID: 37742846 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2023.09.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2023] [Revised: 09/18/2023] [Accepted: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 09/26/2023]
Abstract
Organelles not only constitute the basic structure of the cell but also are important in maintaining the normal physiological activities of the cell. With the development of biomimetic nanoscience, researchers have developed technologies to use organelles as drug carriers for disease treatment. Compared with traditional drug carriers, organelle drug carriers have the advantages of good biocompatibility, high drug loading efficiency, and modifiability, and the surface biomarkers of organelles can also participate in intracellular signal transduction to enhance intracellular and intercellular communication, and assist in enhancing the therapeutic effect of drugs. Among different types of organelles, extracellular vesicles, lipid droplets, lysosomes, and mitochondria have been used as drug carriers. This review briefly reviews the biogenesis, isolation methods, and drug-loading methods of four types of organelles, and systematically summarizes the research progress in using organelles as drug-delivery systems for disease treatment. Finally, the challenges faced by organelle-based drug delivery systems are discussed. Although the organelle-based drug delivery systems still face challenges before they can achieve clinical translation, they offer a new direction and vision for the development of next-generation drug carriers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaxin Hu
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha 410013, Hunan Province, PR China
| | - Yanfei Liu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, Hunan Province, PR China
| | - Yimin Du
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha 410013, Hunan Province, PR China
| | - Xingxing Peng
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha 410013, Hunan Province, PR China
| | - Zhenbao Liu
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha 410013, Hunan Province, PR China; Molecular Imaging Research Center of Central South University, Changsha 410008, Hunan Province, PR China.
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8
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Sridharan B, Lim HG. Exosomes and ultrasound: The future of theranostic applications. Mater Today Bio 2023; 19:100556. [PMID: 36756211 PMCID: PMC9900624 DOI: 10.1016/j.mtbio.2023.100556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2022] [Revised: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Biomaterials and pertaining formulations have been very successful in various diagnostic and therapeutic applications because of its ability to overcome pharmacological limitations. Some of them have gained significant focus in the recent decade for their theranostic properties. Exosomes can be grouped as biomaterials, since they consist of various biological micro/macromolecules and possess all the properties of a stable biomaterial with size in nano range. Significant research has gone into isolation and exploitation of exosomes as potential theranostic agent. However, the limitations in terms of yield, efficacy, and target specificity are continuously being addressed. On the other hand, several nano/microformulations are responsive to physical or chemical alterations and were successfully stimulated by tweaking the physical characteristics of the surrounding environment they are in. Some of them are termed as photodynamic, sonodynamic or thermodynamic therapeutic systems. In this regard, ultrasound and acoustic systems were extensively studied for its ability towards altering the properties of the systems to which they were applied on. In this review, we have detailed about the diagnostic and therapeutic applications of exosomes and ultrasound separately, consisting of their conventional applications, drawbacks, and developments for addressing the challenges. The information were categorized into various sections that provide complete overview of the isolation strategies and theranostic applications of exosomes in various diseases. Then the ultrasound-based disease diagnosis and therapy were elaborated, with special interest towards the use of ultrasound in enhancing the efficacy of nanomedicines and nanodrug delivery systems, Finally, we discussed about the ability of ultrasound in enhancing the diagnostic and therapeutic properties of exosomes, which could be the future of theranostics.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hae Gyun Lim
- Corresponding author. Biomedical Ultrasound Lab, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Pukyong National University, Busan, 48513, Republic of Korea.
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Noori L, Filip K, Nazmara Z, Mahakizadeh S, Hassanzadeh G, Caruso Bavisotto C, Bucchieri F, Marino Gammazza A, Cappello F, Wnuk M, Scalia F. Contribution of Extracellular Vesicles and Molecular Chaperones in Age-Related Neurodegenerative Disorders of the CNS. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:927. [PMID: 36674442 PMCID: PMC9861359 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24020927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2022] [Revised: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 12/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Many neurodegenerative disorders are characterized by the abnormal aggregation of misfolded proteins that form amyloid deposits which possess prion-like behavior such as self-replication, intercellular transmission, and consequent induction of native forms of the same protein in surrounding cells. The distribution of the accumulated proteins and their correlated toxicity seem to be involved in the progression of nervous system degeneration. Molecular chaperones are known to maintain proteostasis, contribute to protein refolding to protect their function, and eliminate fatally misfolded proteins, prohibiting harmful effects. However, chaperone network efficiency declines during aging, prompting the onset and the development of neurological disorders. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are tiny membranous structures produced by a wide range of cells under physiological and pathological conditions, suggesting their significant role in fundamental processes particularly in cellular communication. They modulate the behavior of nearby and distant cells through their biological cargo. In the pathological context, EVs transport disease-causing entities, including prions, α-syn, and tau, helping to spread damage to non-affected areas and accelerating the progression of neurodegeneration. However, EVs are considered effective for delivering therapeutic factors to the nervous system, since they are capable of crossing the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and are involved in the transportation of a variety of cellular entities. Here, we review the neurodegeneration process caused mainly by the inefficiency of chaperone systems as well as EV performance in neuropathies, their potential as diagnostic biomarkers and a promising EV-based therapeutic approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leila Noori
- Department of Biomedicine, Neuroscience and Advanced Diagnostics (BIND), University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1417653761, Iran
| | - Kamila Filip
- Department of Biology, Institute of Biology and Biotechnology, College of Natural Sciences, University of Rzeszow, 35959 Rzeszow, Poland
| | - Zohreh Nazmara
- Department of Neuroscience and Addiction Studies, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1417653761, Iran
| | - Simin Mahakizadeh
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj 3149779453, Iran
| | - Gholamreza Hassanzadeh
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1417653761, Iran
- Department of Neuroscience and Addiction Studies, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1417653761, Iran
| | - Celeste Caruso Bavisotto
- Department of Biomedicine, Neuroscience and Advanced Diagnostics (BIND), University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy
- Euro-Mediterranean Institute of Science and Technology (IEMEST), 90139 Palermo, Italy
| | - Fabio Bucchieri
- Department of Biomedicine, Neuroscience and Advanced Diagnostics (BIND), University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy
| | - Antonella Marino Gammazza
- Department of Biomedicine, Neuroscience and Advanced Diagnostics (BIND), University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy
| | - Francesco Cappello
- Department of Biomedicine, Neuroscience and Advanced Diagnostics (BIND), University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy
- Euro-Mediterranean Institute of Science and Technology (IEMEST), 90139 Palermo, Italy
| | - Maciej Wnuk
- Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Biology and Biotechnology, College of Natural Sciences, University of Rzeszow, 35959 Rzeszow, Poland
| | - Federica Scalia
- Department of Biomedicine, Neuroscience and Advanced Diagnostics (BIND), University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy
- Euro-Mediterranean Institute of Science and Technology (IEMEST), 90139 Palermo, Italy
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10
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Chang W, Wang M, Zhang Y, Yu F, Hu B, Goljanek-Whysall K, Li P. Roles of long noncoding RNAs and small extracellular vesicle-long noncoding RNAs in type 2 diabetes. Traffic 2022; 23:526-537. [PMID: 36109347 PMCID: PMC9828071 DOI: 10.1111/tra.12868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2022] [Revised: 08/17/2022] [Accepted: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
The prevalence of a high-energy diet and a sedentary lifestyle has increased the incidence of type 2 diabetes (T2D). T2D is a chronic disease characterized by high blood glucose levels and insulin resistance in peripheral tissues. The pathological mechanism of this disease is not fully clear. Accumulated evidence has shown that noncoding RNAs have an essential regulatory role in the progression of diabetes and its complications. The roles of small noncoding RNAs, such as miRNAs, in T2D, have been extensively investigated, while the function of long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) in T2D has been unstudied. It has been reported that lncRNAs in T2D play roles in the regulation of pancreatic function, peripheral glucose homeostasis and vascular inflammation. In addition, lncRNAs carried by small extracellular vesicles (sEV) were shown to mediate communication between organs and participate in diabetes progression. Some sEV lncRNAs derived from stem cells are being developed as potential therapeutic agents for diabetic complications. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge relating to lncRNA biogenesis, the mechanisms of lncRNA sorting into sEV and the regulatory roles of lncRNAs and sEV lncRNAs in diabetes. Knowledge of lncRNAs and sEV lncRNAs in diabetes will aid in the development of new therapeutic drugs for T2D in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenguang Chang
- Institute for Translational Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Man Wang
- Institute for Translational Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Yuan Zhang
- Institute for Translational Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Fei Yu
- Institute for Translational Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Bin Hu
- The Institute of Medical Sciences (IMS), School of Medicine, Medical Sciences & Nutrition, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
| | - Katarzyna Goljanek-Whysall
- Department of Physiology, Nursing and Health Sciences, College of Medicine, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland
| | - Peifeng Li
- Institute for Translational Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
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11
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Karlinsey K, Matz A, Qu L, Zhou B. Extracellular RNAs from immune cells under obesity-a narrative review. EXRNA 2022; 4:18. [PMID: 36866026 PMCID: PMC9977143 DOI: 10.21037/exrna-22-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Background and Objective Obesity affects hundreds of millions of people worldwide and is characterized by chronic inflammation and insulin resistance, leading to Type II diabetes and atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. Extracellular RNAs (exRNAs) are among the components which effect immune actions under obese conditions, and technological advances in recent years have rapidly increased our understanding of their roles and functions. Here we review essential background information on exRNAs and vesicles as well as the impact of immune-derived exRNAs in obesity-related disease. We also offer perspectives on clinical applications of exRNAs and future research directions. Methods We searched PubMed for articles relevant to immune-derived exRNAs in obesity. Articles written in English and published prior to May 25, 2022 were included. Key Content and Findings We report findings on the roles of immune-derived exRNAs which are important in obesity-related disease. We also highlight several exRNAs derived from other cell lineages which act on immune cells in metabolic disease. Conclusions ExRNAs produced by immune cells have profound local and systemic effects under obese conditions and can impact metabolic disease phenotypes. Immune-derived exRNAs represent an important target for future research and therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keaton Karlinsey
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Connecticut, Farmington, CT, USA
| | - Alyssa Matz
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Connecticut, Farmington, CT, USA
| | - Lili Qu
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Connecticut, Farmington, CT, USA
| | - Beiyan Zhou
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Connecticut, Farmington, CT, USA.,Institute for Systems Genomics, University of Connecticut, Farmington, CT, USA
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12
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Kossinova OA, Gopanenko AV, Babaylova ES, Tupikin AE, Kabilov MR, Malygin AA, Karpova GG. Reorganization of the Landscape of Translated mRNAs in NSUN2-Deficient Cells and Specific Features of NSUN2 Target mRNAs. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23179740. [PMID: 36077143 PMCID: PMC9456143 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23179740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2022] [Revised: 08/22/2022] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The RNA cytosine C5 methyltransferase NSUN2 has a variety of RNA substrates and plays an important role in mRNA metabolism. NSUN2 binds to specific sequences enriched in exosomal mRNAs, suggesting its possible involvement in the sorting of mRNAs into exosomes. We applied the photoactivatable.4-thiouridine-enhanced cross-linking and immunoprecipitation assay involving high-throughput RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) to HEK293T cells to determine NSUN2 mRNA targets. NSUN2 cross-linking sites were found in more than one hundred relatively abundant mRNAs with a high GC content and a pronounced secondary structure. Then, utilizing RNA-seq for the total and polysome-associated mRNA from HEK293T cells with and without the knockdown of NSUN2, we identified differentially expressed genes, as well as genes with altered translational efficiency (GATEs). It turned out that the up-regulated GATE mRNAs were much shorter on average than the down-regulated ones, and their GC content was higher; moreover, they contained motifs with C residues located in GC-rich environments. Our findings reveal the specific features of mRNAs that make them potential targets for NSUN2 and expand our understanding of the role of NSUN2 in controlling translation and, possibly, in mRNA sorting into exosomes implemented through the methylation of cytosine residues.
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13
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Dosil SG, Lopez-Cobo S, Rodriguez-Galan A, Fernandez-Delgado I, Ramirez-Huesca M, Milan-Rois P, Castellanos M, Somoza A, Gómez MJ, Reyburn HT, Vales-Gomez M, Sánchez Madrid F, Fernandez-Messina L. Natural killer (NK) cell-derived extracellular-vesicle shuttled microRNAs control T cell responses. eLife 2022; 11:76319. [PMID: 35904241 PMCID: PMC9366747 DOI: 10.7554/elife.76319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 07/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells recognise and kill target cells undergoing different types of stress. NK cells are also capable of modulating immune responses. In particular, they regulate T cell functions. Small RNA next-generation sequencing of resting and activated human NK cells and their secreted EVs led to the identification of a specific repertoire of NK-EV-associated microRNAs and their post-transcriptional modifications signature. Several microRNAs of NK-EVs, namely miR-10b-5p, miR-92a-3p and miR-155-5p, specifically target molecules involved in Th1 responses. NK-EVs promote the downregulation of GATA3 mRNA in CD4+ T cells and subsequent TBX21 de-repression that leads to Th1 polarization and IFN-γ and IL-2 production. NK-EVs also have an effect on monocyte and moDCs function, driving their activation and increased presentation and co-stimulatory functions. Nanoparticle-delivered NK-EV microRNAs partially recapitulate NK-EV effects in mice. Our results provide new insights on the immunomodulatory roles of NK-EVs that may help to improve their use as immunotherapeutic tools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara G Dosil
- Servicio de Inmunología, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | | | | | | | - Marta Ramirez-Huesca
- Vascular Pathophysiology Area, National Center for Cardiovascular Research, Madrid, Spain
| | - Paula Milan-Rois
- Instituto Madrileño de Estudios Avanzados en Nanociencia (IMDEA Nanociencia) & Nanobiotecnología (IMDEA-Nanociencia), Unidad Asociada al Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, Madrid, Spain
| | - Milagros Castellanos
- Instituto Madrileño de Estudios Avanzados en Nanociencia (IMDEA Nanociencia) & Nanobiotecnología (IMDEA-Nanociencia), Unidad Asociada al Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, Madrid, Spain
| | - Alvaro Somoza
- Instituto Madrileño de Estudios Avanzados en Nanociencia (IMDEA Nanociencia) & Nanobiotecnología (IMDEA-Nanociencia), Unidad Asociada al Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, Madrid, Spain
| | - Manuel J Gómez
- Vascular Pathophysiology Area, National Center for Cardiovascular Research, Madrid, Spain
| | - Hugh T Reyburn
- Department of Immunology and Oncology, Spanish National Research Council, Madrid, Spain
| | - Mar Vales-Gomez
- Department of Immunology and Oncology, Spanish National Research Council, Madrid, Spain
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14
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Zhang Y, Liu Q, Zhang X, Huang H, Tang S, Chai Y, Xu Z, Li M, Chen X, Liu J, Yang C. Recent advances in exosome-mediated nucleic acid delivery for cancer therapy. J Nanobiotechnology 2022; 20:279. [PMID: 35701788 PMCID: PMC9194774 DOI: 10.1186/s12951-022-01472-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 54.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 05/19/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer is a leading public health problem worldwide. Its treatment remains a daunting challenge, although significant progress has been made in existing treatments in recent years. A large concern is the poor therapeutic effect due to lack of specificity and low bioavailability. Gene therapy has recently emerged as a powerful tool for cancer therapy. However, delivery methods limit its therapeutic effects. Exosomes, a subset of extracellular vesicles secreted by most cells, have the characteristics of good biocompatibility, low toxicity and immunogenicity, and great designability. In the past decades, as therapeutic carriers and diagnostic markers, they have caught extensive attention. This review introduced the characteristics of exosomes, and focused on their applications as delivery carriers in DNA, messenger RNA (mRNA), microRNA (miRNA), small interfering RNA (siRNA), circular RNA (circRNA) and other nucleic acids. Meanwhile, their application in cancer therapy and exosome-based clinical trials were presented and discussed. Through systematic summarization and analysis, the recent advances and current challenges of exosome-mediated nucleic acid delivery for cancer therapy are introduced, which will provide a theoretical basis for the development of nucleic acid drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Zhang
- Central Laboratory of Longgang District People's Hospital of Shenzhen & The Second Affiliated Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, 518172, China
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Biomedical Measurements and Ultrasound Imaging, School of Biomedical Engineering, Health Science Center, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, China
| | - Qiqi Liu
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Biomedical Measurements and Ultrasound Imaging, School of Biomedical Engineering, Health Science Center, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, China
| | - Xinmeng Zhang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Biomedical Measurements and Ultrasound Imaging, School of Biomedical Engineering, Health Science Center, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, China
| | - Haoqiang Huang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Biomedical Measurements and Ultrasound Imaging, School of Biomedical Engineering, Health Science Center, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, China
| | - Shiqi Tang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Biomedical Measurements and Ultrasound Imaging, School of Biomedical Engineering, Health Science Center, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, China
| | - Yujuan Chai
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Biomedical Measurements and Ultrasound Imaging, School of Biomedical Engineering, Health Science Center, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, China
| | - Zhourui Xu
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Biomedical Measurements and Ultrasound Imaging, School of Biomedical Engineering, Health Science Center, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, China
| | - Meirong Li
- Central Laboratory of Longgang District People's Hospital of Shenzhen & The Second Affiliated Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, 518172, China
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Biomedical Measurements and Ultrasound Imaging, School of Biomedical Engineering, Health Science Center, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, China
| | - Xin Chen
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Biomedical Measurements and Ultrasound Imaging, School of Biomedical Engineering, Health Science Center, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, China
| | - Jia Liu
- Central Laboratory of Longgang District People's Hospital of Shenzhen & The Second Affiliated Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, 518172, China.
| | - Chengbin Yang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Biomedical Measurements and Ultrasound Imaging, School of Biomedical Engineering, Health Science Center, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, China.
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15
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Extracellular vesicles in mammalian reproduction: a review. ZYGOTE 2022; 30:440-463. [PMID: 35652626 DOI: 10.1017/s0967199422000090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Over the last decades, extracellular vesicles (EVs) have been found to be implicated in a complex universal mechanism of communication between different cell types. EVs are nanostructures of lipid nature that have an exosomal or ectosomal biogenesis, responsible for the intercellular transport of proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, nucleic acids, ions, among other molecules. The content of EVs can vary due to various factors such as hormonal stimuli, non-physiological conditions, metabolic state, etc. Once EVs reach their target cell, they can modulate processes such as gene expression, metabolism, response to external factors, and can even be associated with the delivery of molecules involved in epigenetic inheritance processes in germ cells. In mammalian reproduction, EVs have been shown to play an important role, either in vivo or in vitro, modulating a variety of processes in sperm, oocytes and embryos, and in their respective environments. Moreover, EVs represent a biodegradable, harmless and specific vehicle, which makes them attractive allies to consider when improving assisted reproductive technologies (ARTs). Therefore, the present review aims to describe the content of the main EVs involved in mammalian reproduction and how they can vary due to different factors, as well as to detail how EVs modulate, directly or indirectly, different molecular processes in gametes and embryos. In addition, we will highlight the mechanisms that remain to be elucidated. We will also propose new perspectives according to the characteristics of each particular EV to improve the different ARTs.
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16
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Enhanced Extracellular Transfer of HLA-DQ Activates CD3+ Lymphocytes towards Compromised Treg Induction in Celiac Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23116102. [PMID: 35682780 PMCID: PMC9181181 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23116102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2022] [Revised: 05/20/2022] [Accepted: 05/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Celiac disease (CeD) manifests with autoimmune intestinal inflammation from gluten and genetic predisposition linked to human leukocyte antigen class-II (HLA-II) gene variants. Antigen-presenting cells facilitate gluten exposition through the interaction of their surface major histocompatibility complex (MHC) with the T cell receptor (TCR) on T lymphocytes. This fundamental mechanism of adaptive immunity has broadened upon recognition of extracellular exosomal MHC, raising awareness of an alternative means for antigen presentation. This study demonstrates that conditioned growth media (CGM) previously exposed to monocyte-derived dendritic cells from CeD significantly downregulates the CD3+ lineage marker of control T cells. Such increased activation was reflected in their elevated IL-2 secretion. Exosome localization motif identification and quantification within HLA-DQA1 and HLA-DQB1 transcripts highlighted their significant prevalence within HLA-DQB1 alleles associated with CeD susceptibility. Flow cytometry revealed the strong correlation between HLA-DQ and the CD63 exosomal marker in T cells exposed to CGM from MoDCs sourced from CeD patients. This resulted in lower concentrations of CD25+ CD127− T cells, suggestive of their compromised induction to T-regulatory cells associated with CeD homeostasis. This foremost comparative study deciphered the genomic basis and extracellular exosomal effects of HLA transfer on T lymphocytes in the context of CeD, offering greater insight into this auto-immune disease.
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17
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Dellar ER, Hill C, Melling GE, Carter DR, Baena‐Lopez LA. Unpacking extracellular vesicles: RNA cargo loading and function. JOURNAL OF EXTRACELLULAR BIOLOGY 2022; 1:e40. [PMID: 38939528 PMCID: PMC11080855 DOI: 10.1002/jex2.40] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Revised: 03/30/2022] [Accepted: 04/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/29/2024]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are a heterogeneous group of membrane-enclosed structures produced by prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. EVs carry a range of biological cargoes, including RNA, protein, and lipids, which may have both metabolic significance and signalling potential. EV release has been suggested to play a critical role in maintaining intracellular homeostasis by eliminating unnecessary biological material from EV producing cells, and as a delivery system to enable cellular communication between both neighbouring and distant cells without physical contact. In this review, we give an overview of what is known about the relative enrichment of the different types of RNA that have been associated with EVs in the most recent research efforts. We then examine the selective and non-selective incorporation of these different RNA biotypes into EVs, the molecular systems of RNA sorting into EVs that have been elucidated so far, and the role of this process in EV-producing cells. Finally, we also discuss the model systems providing evidence for EV-mediated delivery of RNA to recipient cells, and the implications of this evidence for the relevance of this RNA delivery process in both physiological and pathological scenarios.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth R. Dellar
- Department of Biological and Medical SciencesOxford Brookes UniversityGipsy LaneOxfordUK
- Sir William Dunn School of PathologyUniversity of OxfordSouth Parks RoadOxfordUK
- Nuffield Department of Clinical NeurosciencesJohn Radcliffe HospitalUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
| | - Claire Hill
- Sir William Dunn School of PathologyUniversity of OxfordSouth Parks RoadOxfordUK
| | - Genevieve E. Melling
- Department of Biological and Medical SciencesOxford Brookes UniversityGipsy LaneOxfordUK
- Institute of Clinical SciencesSchool of Biomedical SciencesCollege of Medical and Dental SciencesUniversity of BirminghamEdgbastonBirminghamUK
| | - David R.F Carter
- Department of Biological and Medical SciencesOxford Brookes UniversityGipsy LaneOxfordUK
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18
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Tian Y, Wang TS, Bu H, Shao G, Zhang W, Zhang L. Role of Exosomal miR-223 in Chronic Skeletal Muscle Inflammation. Orthop Surg 2022; 14:644-651. [PMID: 35293669 PMCID: PMC9002075 DOI: 10.1111/os.13232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2021] [Revised: 12/30/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
As skeletal muscle is one of the largest organs in the body, its damage can directly reflect a decline in somatic function, thus, further affecting daily life and health. Inflammation is a prerequisite for the repair of injured skeletal muscles. Chronic inflammation induced by inadequate repair in skeletal muscle aggravates tissue injury. Exosomes regulate inflammatory responses to facilitate the repair of skeletal muscle injury. Moreover, exosomal miR‐223 with high specificity is the most abundant miRNA in peripheral blood and regarded as biomarkers for inflammation post skeletal muscle injury, which warrants further investigation. Available studies have demonstrated that exosomal miR‐223 negatively correlates with TNF‐α levels in serum and regulates the canonical inflammatory NF‐κB signaling pathway. miR‐223 is a negative feedback regulator with great potential for adjusting inflammatory imbalance and promoting skeletal muscle repair. The research on the regulation of negative feedback factors in the inflammatory signaling pathway is essential in biology and medicine. Therefore, this review mainly elaborates the formation, heterogeneity and markers of exosomes and points out exosomal miR‐223 as a beneficial role in chronic skeletal muscle inflammation and can be expected to be a potential therapeutic target for skeletal muscle damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Tian
- Department of Acupuncture-Moxibustion and Tuina, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China.,Department of Acupuncture-Moxibustion and Tuina, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Baotou Medical College, Baotou, China
| | - Tie-Shan Wang
- Beijing Research Institute of Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - He Bu
- Department of Acupuncture-Moxibustion and Tuina, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Baotou Medical College, Baotou, China
| | - Guo Shao
- Center for Translational Medicine and Department of Laboratory Medicine, the Third People's Hospital of Longgang District, Shenzhen, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department of Pathology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Baotou Medical College, Baotou, Inner Mongolia, China
| | - Li Zhang
- Department of Acupuncture-Moxibustion and Tuina, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
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19
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Extracellular Vesicles in Type 1 Diabetes: A Versatile Tool. Bioengineering (Basel) 2022; 9:bioengineering9030105. [PMID: 35324794 PMCID: PMC8945706 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering9030105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2022] [Revised: 03/01/2022] [Accepted: 03/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes is a chronic autoimmune disease affecting nearly 35 million people. This disease develops as T-cells continually attack the β-cells of the islets of Langerhans in the pancreas, which leads to β-cell death, and steadily decreasing secretion of insulin. Lowered levels of insulin minimize the uptake of glucose into cells, thus putting the body in a hyperglycemic state. Despite significant progress in the understanding of the pathophysiology of this disease, there is a need for novel developments in the diagnostics and management of type 1 diabetes. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are lipid-bound nanoparticles that contain diverse content from their cell of origin and can be used as a biomarker for both the onset of diabetes and transplantation rejection. Furthermore, vesicles can be loaded with therapeutic cargo and delivered in conjunction with a transplant to increase cell survival and long-term outcomes. Crucially, several studies have linked EVs and their cargos to the progression of type 1 diabetes. As a result, gaining a better understanding of EVs would help researchers better comprehend the utility of EVs in regulating and understanding type 1 diabetes. EVs are a composition of biologically active components such as nucleic acids, proteins, metabolites, and lipids that can be transported to particular cells/tissues through the blood system. Through their varied content, EVs can serve as a flexible aid in the diagnosis and management of type 1 diabetes. In this review, we provide an overview of existing knowledge about EVs. We also cover the role of EVs in the pathogenesis, detection, and treatment of type 1 diabetes and the function of EVs in pancreas and islet β-cell transplantation.
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20
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Morelli AE, Sadovsky Y. Extracellular vesicles and immune response during pregnancy: A balancing act. Immunol Rev 2022; 308:105-122. [PMID: 35199366 DOI: 10.1111/imr.13074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 02/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The mechanisms underlying maternal tolerance of the semi- or fully-allogeneic fetus are intensely investigated. Across gestation, feto-placental antigens interact with the maternal immune system locally within the trophoblast-decidual interface and distantly through shed cells and soluble molecules that interact with maternal secondary lymphoid tissues. The discovery of extracellular vesicles (EVs) as local or systemic carriers of antigens and immune-regulatory molecules has added a new dimension to our understanding of immune modulation prior to implantation, during trophoblast invasion, and throughout the course of pregnancy. New data on immune-regulatory molecules, located on EVs or within their cargo, suggest a role for EVs in negotiating immune tolerance during gestation. Lessons from the field of transplant immunology also shed light on possible interactions between feto-placentally derived EVs and maternal lymphoid tissues. These insights illuminate a potential role for EVs in major obstetrical disorders. This review provides updated information on intensely studied, pregnancy-related EVs, their cargo molecules, and patterns of fetal-placental-maternal trafficking, highlighting potential immune pathways that might underlie immune suppression or activation in gestational health and disease. Our summary also underscores the likely need to broaden the definition of the maternal-fetal interface to systemic maternal immune tissues that might interact with circulating EVs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian E Morelli
- Department of Surgery, Thomas E. Starzl Transplantation Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.,Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Yoel Sadovsky
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, Magee-Womens Research Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.,Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
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21
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Xu Y, Hu Y, Xu S, Liu F, Gao Y. Exosomal microRNAs as Potential Biomarkers and Therapeutic Agents for Acute Ischemic Stroke: New Expectations. Front Neurol 2022; 12:747380. [PMID: 35173663 PMCID: PMC8842672 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2021.747380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2021] [Accepted: 12/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The morbidity and mortality rates of ischemic stroke (IS) are very high, and IS constitutes one of the main causes of disability and death worldwide. The pathogenesis of ischemic stroke includes excitotoxicity, calcium overload, oxygen radical injury, inflammatory reactions, necrosis/apoptosis, destruction of the blood-brain barrier (BBB), and other pathologic processes. Recent studies have shown that exosomes are critical to the pathogenesis, diagnosis, and treatment of cerebral infarctions resulting from ischemic stroke; and there is growing interest in the role of exosomes and exosomal miRNAs in the diagnosis and treatment of IS. Exosomes from central nervous system cells can be found in cerebrospinal fluid and peripheral bodily fluids, and exosomal contents have been reported to change with disease occurrence. Exosomes are small membranous extracellular vesicles (EVs), 30–150 nm in diameter, that are released from the cell membrane into the depressions that arise from the membranes of multivesicular bodies. Exosomes carry lipids, proteins, mRNAs, and microRNAs (miRNAs) and transport information to target cells. This exosomal transfer of functional mRNAs/miRNAs and proteins ultimately affects transcription and translation within recipient cells. Exosomes are EVs with a double-membrane structure that protects them from ribonucleases in the blood, allowing exosomal miRNAs to be more stable and to avoid degradation. New evidence shows that exosomes derived from neural cells, endothelial cells, and various stem cells create a fertile environment that supports the proliferation and growth of neural cells and endothelial cells, inhibits apoptosis and inflammatory responses, and promotes angiogenesis. In the present review, we discuss how circulating exosomes—and exosomal miRNAs in particular—may provide novel strategies for the early diagnosis and treatment of ischemic stroke via their potential as non-invasive biomarkers and drug carriers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingzhi Xu
- Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
- Department of Neurology, Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Chinese Internal Medicine of Ministry of Education and Beijing, Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Yue Hu
- School of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Shixin Xu
- Medical Experiment Center, First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Translational Research of TCM Prescription and Syndrome, Tianjin, China
| | - Fengzhi Liu
- Key Laboratory of Chinese Internal Medicine of Ministry of Education and Beijing, Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Ying Gao
- Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
- Department of Neurology, Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Ying Gao
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22
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Abner JJ, Franklin JL, Clement MA, Hinger SA, Allen RM, Liu X, Kellner S, Wu J, Karijolich J, Liu Q, Vickers KC, Dedon P, Weaver AM, Coffey RJ, Patton JG. Depletion of METTL3 alters cellular and extracellular levels of miRNAs containing m 6A consensus sequences. Heliyon 2021; 7:e08519. [PMID: 34934837 PMCID: PMC8654799 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e08519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2021] [Revised: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are capable of transferring cargo from donor to recipient cells, but precisely how cargo content is regulated for export is mostly unknown. For miRNA cargo, we previously showed that when compared to isogenic colorectal cancer (CRC) cells expressing wild-type KRAS, a distinct subset of miRNAs are differentially enriched in EVs from KRAS mutant active CRC cells, with miR-100 being one of the most enriched. The mechanisms that could explain how miR-100 and other miRNAs are differentially exported into EVs have not been fully elucidated. Here, we tested the effect of N6-methyladenosine (m6A) modification on miRNA export into EVs by depletion of METTL3 and ALKBH5, a writer and eraser of m6A modification, respectively. While the effects of ALKBH5 knockdown were quite modest, decreased levels of METTL3 led to reduced cellular and extracellular levels of a subset of miRNAs that contain consensus sequences for m6A modification. Functional testing of EVs prepared from cells expressing shRNAs against METTL3 showed that they were less capable of conferring colony growth in 3D to wild-type KRAS cells and were also largely incapable of conferring the spread of cetuximab resistance. Our data support a role for METTL3 modification on cellular miRNA levels and export of specific miRNAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica J. Abner
- Department of Biological Sciences, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37235, USA
| | - Jeffrey L. Franklin
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, 37235, USA
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, 37235, USA
| | - Margaret A. Clement
- Department of Biological Sciences, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37235, USA
| | - Scott A. Hinger
- Department of Biological Sciences, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37235, USA
| | - Ryan M. Allen
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, 37235, USA
| | - Xiao Liu
- Department of Biostatistics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, 37235, USA
| | - Stefanie Kellner
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Junzhou Wu
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - John Karijolich
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, 37235, USA
| | - Qi Liu
- Department of Biostatistics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, 37235, USA
| | - Kasey C. Vickers
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, 37235, USA
| | - Peter Dedon
- Singapore-MIT Alliance for Research and Technology, Singapore
| | - Alissa M. Weaver
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, 37235, USA
| | - Robert J. Coffey
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, 37235, USA
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, 37235, USA
| | - James G. Patton
- Department of Biological Sciences, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37235, USA
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23
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Villasante A, Godier-Furnemont A, Hernandez-Barranco A, Coq JL, Boskovic J, Peinado H, Mora J, Samitier J, Vunjak-Novakovic G. Horizontal transfer of the stemness-related markers EZH2 and GLI1 by neuroblastoma-derived extracellular vesicles in stromal cells. Transl Res 2021; 237:82-97. [PMID: 34217898 PMCID: PMC9204390 DOI: 10.1016/j.trsl.2021.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Revised: 06/24/2021] [Accepted: 06/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Neuroblastoma (NB) is the most common extracranial pediatric solid cancer originating from undifferentiated neural crest cells. NB cells express EZH2 and GLI1 genes that are known to maintain the undifferentiated phenotype of cancer stem cells (CSC) in NB. Recent studies suggest that tumor-derived extracellular vesicles (EVs) can regulate the transformation of surrounding cells into CSC by transferring tumor-specific molecules they contain. However, the horizontal transfer of EVs molecules in NB remains largely unknown. We report the analysis of NB-derived EVs in bioengineered models of NB that are based on a collagen 1/hyaluronic acid scaffold designed to mimic the native tumor niche. Using these models, we observed an enrichment of GLI1 and EZH2 mRNAs in NB-derived EVs. As a consequence of the uptake of NB-derived EVs, the host cells increased the expression levels of GLI1 and EZH2. These results suggest the alteration of the expression profile of stromal cells through an EV-based mechanism, and point the GLI1 and EZH2 mRNAs in the EV cargo as diagnostic biomarkers in NB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aranzazu Villasante
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, New York,USA; Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Barcelona, Spain; Department of Electronics and Biomedical Engineering, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
| | | | - Alberto Hernandez-Barranco
- Microenvironment and Metastasis Laboratory, Molecular Oncology Programme, Spanish National Cancer Research Center (CNIO), Madrid, Spain
| | - Johanne Le Coq
- Electron Microscopy Unit, Structural Biology Programme, Spanish National Cancer Research Center (CNIO), Madrid, Spain
| | - Jasminka Boskovic
- Electron Microscopy Unit, Structural Biology Programme, Spanish National Cancer Research Center (CNIO), Madrid, Spain
| | - Hector Peinado
- Microenvironment and Metastasis Laboratory, Molecular Oncology Programme, Spanish National Cancer Research Center (CNIO), Madrid, Spain
| | - Jaume Mora
- Oncology Department, Pediatric Cancer Center Barcelona, Hospital Sant Joan de Deu, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Josep Samitier
- Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Barcelona, Spain; Department of Electronics and Biomedical Engineering, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Biomedical Research Networking Center in Bioengineering, Biomaterials, and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), Madrid, Spain
| | - Gordana Vunjak-Novakovic
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, New York,USA; Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA.
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24
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Barrios MH, Garnham AL, Foers AD, Cheng-Sim L, Masters SL, Pang KC. Small Extracellular Vesicle Enrichment of a Retrotransposon-Derived Double-Stranded RNA: A Means to Avoid Autoinflammation? Biomedicines 2021; 9:biomedicines9091136. [PMID: 34572323 PMCID: PMC8472637 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9091136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2021] [Revised: 08/24/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Small extracellular vesicles (SEVs) such as exosomes are released by multiple cell types. Originally believed to be a mechanism for selectively removing unwanted cellular components, SEVs have received increased attention in recent years for their ability to mediate intercellular communication. Apart from proteins and lipids, SEVs contain RNAs, but how RNAs are selectively loaded into SEVs remains poorly understood. To address this question, we profiled SEV RNAs from mouse dendritic cells using RNA-Seq and identified a long noncoding RNA of retroviral origin, VL30, which is highly enriched (>200-fold) in SEVs compared to parental cells. Bioinformatic analysis revealed that exosome-enriched isoforms of VL30 RNA contain a repetitive 26-nucleotide motif. This repeated motif is itself efficiently incorporated into SEVs, suggesting the likelihood that it directly promotes SEV loading. RNA folding analyses indicate that the motif is likely to form a long double-stranded RNA hairpin and, consistent with this, its overexpression was associated with induction of a potent type I interferon response. Taken together, we propose that preferential loading into SEVs of the VL30 RNA containing this immunostimulatory motif enables cells to remove a potentially toxic RNA and avoid autoinflammation. In this way, the original notion of SEVs as a cellular garbage bin should not be entirely discounted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marilou H. Barrios
- Advanced Technology and Biology Division, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia; (M.H.B.); (A.L.G.)
- Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia;
| | - Alexandra L. Garnham
- Advanced Technology and Biology Division, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia; (M.H.B.); (A.L.G.)
- Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia;
| | - Andrew D. Foers
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7FY, UK;
| | - Lesley Cheng-Sim
- La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC 3083, Australia;
| | - Seth L. Masters
- Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia;
- Inflammation Division, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Ken C. Pang
- Inflammation Division, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
- Genetics Theme, Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
- Department of Adolescent Medicine, The Royal Children’s Hospital, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
- Department of Paediatrics, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
- Correspondence:
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25
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Beatriz M, Vilaça R, Lopes C. Exosomes: Innocent Bystanders or Critical Culprits in Neurodegenerative Diseases. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:635104. [PMID: 34055771 PMCID: PMC8155522 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.635104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2020] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are nano-sized membrane-enclosed particles released by cells that participate in intercellular communication through the transfer of biologic material. EVs include exosomes that are small vesicles that were initially associated with the disposal of cellular garbage; however, recent findings point toward a function as natural carriers of a wide variety of genetic material and proteins. Indeed, exosomes are vesicle mediators of intercellular communication and maintenance of cellular homeostasis. The role of exosomes in health and age-associated diseases is far from being understood, but recent evidence implicates exosomes as causative players in the spread of neurodegenerative diseases. Cells from the central nervous system (CNS) use exosomes as a strategy not only to eliminate membranes, toxic proteins, and RNA species but also to mediate short and long cell-to-cell communication as carriers of important messengers and signals. The accumulation of protein aggregates is a common pathological hallmark in many neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, Huntington’s disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, and prion diseases. Protein aggregates can be removed and delivered to degradation by the endo-lysosomal pathway or can be incorporated in multivesicular bodies (MVBs) that are further released to the extracellular space as exosomes. Because exosome transport damaged cellular material, this eventually contributes to the spread of pathological misfolded proteins within the brain, thus promoting the neurodegeneration process. In this review, we focus on the role of exosomes in CNS homeostasis, their possible contribution to the development of neurodegenerative diseases, the usefulness of exosome cargo as biomarkers of disease, and the potential benefits of plasma circulating CNS-derived exosomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margarida Beatriz
- CNC-Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,IIIUC-Institute for Interdisciplinary Research, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Rita Vilaça
- CNC-Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,IIIUC-Institute for Interdisciplinary Research, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Carla Lopes
- CNC-Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,IIIUC-Institute for Interdisciplinary Research, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
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26
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Wang D, Zhang Z, Jiang Y, Mao Z, Wang D, Lin H, Xu D. DM3Loc: multi-label mRNA subcellular localization prediction and analysis based on multi-head self-attention mechanism. Nucleic Acids Res 2021; 49:e46. [PMID: 33503258 PMCID: PMC8096227 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkab016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2020] [Revised: 12/09/2020] [Accepted: 01/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Subcellular localization of messenger RNAs (mRNAs), as a prevalent mechanism, gives precise and efficient control for the translation process. There is mounting evidence for the important roles of this process in a variety of cellular events. Computational methods for mRNA subcellular localization prediction provide a useful approach for studying mRNA functions. However, few computational methods were designed for mRNA subcellular localization prediction and their performance have room for improvement. Especially, there is still no available tool to predict for mRNAs that have multiple localization annotations. In this paper, we propose a multi-head self-attention method, DM3Loc, for multi-label mRNA subcellular localization prediction. Evaluation results show that DM3Loc outperforms existing methods and tools in general. Furthermore, DM3Loc has the interpretation ability to analyze RNA-binding protein motifs and key signals on mRNAs for subcellular localization. Our analyses found hundreds of instances of mRNA isoform-specific subcellular localizations and many significantly enriched gene functions for mRNAs in different subcellular localizations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duolin Wang
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65203, USA
| | - Zhaoyue Zhang
- Center for Information Biology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, China
| | - Yuexu Jiang
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65203, USA
| | - Ziting Mao
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65203, USA
| | - Dong Wang
- Department of Bioinformatics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Hao Lin
- Center for Information Biology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, China
| | - Dong Xu
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65203, USA
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27
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lncRNA PVT1 in the Pathogenesis and Clinical Management of Renal Cell Carcinoma. Biomolecules 2021; 11:biom11050664. [PMID: 33947142 PMCID: PMC8145429 DOI: 10.3390/biom11050664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Revised: 04/22/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
LncRNA PVT1 (plasmacytoma variant translocation 1) has become a staple of the lncRNA profile in patients with renal cell carcinoma (RCC). Common dysregulation in renal tumors outlines the essential role of PVT1 in the development of RCC. There is already a plethora of publications trying to uncover the cellular mechanisms of PVT1-mediated regulation and its potential exploitation in management of RCC. In this review, we summarize the literature focused on PVT1 in RCC and aim to synthesize the current knowledge on its role in the cells of the kidney. Further, we provide an overview of the lncRNA profiling studies that have identified a more or less significant association of PVT1 with the clinical behavior of RCC. Based on our search, we analyzed the 17 scientific papers discussed in this review that provide robust support for the indispensable role of PVT1 in RCC development and future personalized therapy.
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28
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Schellinger IN, Dannert AR, Mattern K, Raaz U, Tsao PS. Unresolved Issues in RNA Therapeutics in Vascular Diseases With a Focus on Aneurysm Disease. Front Cardiovasc Med 2021; 8:571076. [PMID: 33937351 PMCID: PMC8081859 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2021.571076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2020] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
New technologies have greatly shaped the scientific and medical landscape within the last years. The unprecedented expansion of data and information on RNA biology has led to the discovery of new RNA classes with unique functions and unexpected modifications. Today, the biggest challenge is to transfer the large number of findings in basic RNA biology into corresponding clinical RNA-based therapeutics. Lately, this research begins to yield positive outcomes. RNA drugs advance to the final phases of clinical trials or even receive FDA approval. Furthermore, the introduction of the RNA-guided gene-editing technology CRISPR and advances in the delivery of messenger RNAs have triggered a major progression in the field of RNA-therapeutics. Especially short interfering RNAs and antisense oligonucleotides are promising examples for novel categories of therapeutics. However, several issues need to be addressed including intracellular delivery, toxicity, and immune responses before utilizing RNAs in a clinical setting. In this review, we provide an overview on opportunities and challenges for clinical translation of RNA-based therapeutics, with an emphasis on advances in novel delivery technologies and abdominal aortic aneurysm disease where non-coding RNAs have been shown to play a crucial regulatory role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel N Schellinger
- Department of Cardiology and Pneumology, Heart Center at the University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany.,German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK) e.V., Partner Site Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany.,Department for Endocrinology, Nephrology and Rheumatology, University Medical Center Leipzig, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany.,Department for Angiology, University Medical Center Leipzig, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Angelika R Dannert
- Department of Cardiology and Pneumology, Heart Center at the University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Karin Mattern
- Department of Cardiology and Pneumology, Heart Center at the University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany.,German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK) e.V., Partner Site Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Uwe Raaz
- Department of Cardiology and Pneumology, Heart Center at the University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany.,German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK) e.V., Partner Site Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Philip S Tsao
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States.,Veteran Affairs (VA) Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA, United States
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29
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Guo Y, Wang H, Huang L, Ou L, Zhu J, Liu S, Xu X. Small extracellular vesicles-based cell-free strategies for therapy. MedComm (Beijing) 2021; 2:17-26. [PMID: 34766134 PMCID: PMC8491241 DOI: 10.1002/mco2.57] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2020] [Revised: 01/10/2021] [Accepted: 01/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Small extracellular vesicles (sEVs) are extracellular nanovesicles that contain bioactive proteins, lipids, RNA, and DNA. A variety of biological process is regulated with sEVs. sEVs are an intercellular messenger regulating recipient cell function and play a role in disease initiation and progression. sEVs derived from certain cells, such as mesenchymal stem cells and immune cells, have the potential for clinical therapy as they possess the characteristics of their parental cells. With better understanding of sEVs biogenesis, their transportation properties, extended circulatory capability, and exceptional biocompatibility, sEVs emerge as a potential therapeutic tool in the clinic. Here, we summarize applications of sEVs-based therapies in different diseases and current knowledge about the strategies in bioengineered sEVs, as well as the challenges for their use in clinical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeye Guo
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of MedicineUniversity of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaPennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Huaishan Wang
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of MedicineUniversity of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaPennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Lili Huang
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of MedicineUniversity of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaPennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Lingling Ou
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of MedicineUniversity of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaPennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Jinjin Zhu
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of MedicineUniversity of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaPennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Shujing Liu
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of MedicineUniversity of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaPennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Xiaowei Xu
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of MedicineUniversity of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaPennsylvaniaUSA
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30
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Gurunathan S, Kang MH, Kim JH. A Comprehensive Review on Factors Influences Biogenesis, Functions, Therapeutic and Clinical Implications of Exosomes. Int J Nanomedicine 2021; 16:1281-1312. [PMID: 33628021 PMCID: PMC7898217 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s291956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 166] [Impact Index Per Article: 55.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2020] [Accepted: 01/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Exosomes are nanoscale-sized membrane vesicles secreted by almost all cell types into the extracellular environment upon fusion of multivesicular bodies and plasma membrane. Biogenesis of exosomes is a protein quality control mechanism, and once released, exosomes transmit signals to other cells. The applications of exosomes have increased immensely in biomedical fields owing to their cell-specific cargos that facilitate intercellular communications with neighboring cells through the transfer of biologically active compounds. The diverse constituents of exosomes reflect their cell of origin and their detection in biological fluids represents a diagnostic marker for various diseases. Exosome research is expanding rapidly due to the potential for clinical application to therapeutics and diagnosis. However, several aspects of exosome biology remain elusive. To discover the use of exosomes in the biomedical applications, we must better understand the basic molecular mechanisms underlying their biogenesis and function. In this comprehensive review, we describe factors involved in exosomes biogenesis and the role of exosomes in intercellular signaling and cell-cell communications, immune responses, cellular homeostasis, autophagy, and infectious diseases. In addition, we discuss the role of exosomes as diagnostic markers, and their therapeutic and clinical implications. Furthermore, we addressed the challenges and outstanding developments in exosome research, and discuss future perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sangiliyandi Gurunathan
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul, 05029, Korea
| | - Min-Hee Kang
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul, 05029, Korea
| | - Jin-Hoi Kim
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul, 05029, Korea
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31
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Shrivastava S, Morris KV. The Multifunctionality of Exosomes; from the Garbage Bin of the Cell to a Next Generation Gene and Cellular Therapy. Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:genes12020173. [PMID: 33513776 PMCID: PMC7912150 DOI: 10.3390/genes12020173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2020] [Revised: 01/23/2021] [Accepted: 01/24/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Exosomes are packaged with a variety of cellular cargo including RNA, DNA, lipids and proteins. For several decades now there has been ongoing debate as to what extent exosomes are the garbage bin of the cell or if these entities function as a distributer of cellular cargo which acts in a meaningful mechanistic way on target cells. Are the contents of exosomes unwanted excess cellular produce or are they selective nucleic acid packaged nanoparticles used to communicate in a paracrine fashion? Overexpressed RNAs and fragments of DNA have been shown to collect into exosomes which are jettisoned from cells in response to particular stimuli to maintain homeostasis suggesting exosomes are functional trash bins of the cell. Other studies however have deciphered selective packaging of particular nucleic acids into exosomes. Nucleic acids packaged into exosomes are increasingly reported to exert transcriptional control on recipient cells, supporting the notion that exosomes may provide a role in signaling and intracellular communication. We survey the literature and conclude that exosomes are multifunctional entities, with a plethora of roles that can each be taken advantage to functionally modulate cells. We also note that the potential utility of developing exosomes as a next generation genetic therapy may in future transform cellular therapies. We also depict three models of methodologies which can be adopted by researchers intending to package nucleic acid in exosomes for developing gene and cell therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Surya Shrivastava
- Center for Gene Therapy, City of Hope-Beckman Research Institute, Duarte, CA 91010, USA;
- Hematological Malignancy and Stem Cell Transplantation Institute at the City of Hope, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
| | - Kevin V. Morris
- Center for Gene Therapy, City of Hope-Beckman Research Institute, Duarte, CA 91010, USA;
- Hematological Malignancy and Stem Cell Transplantation Institute at the City of Hope, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
- School of Medical Science, Gold Coast Campus, Griffith University, Southport 4222, Australia
- Correspondence:
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32
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Wei H, Chen Q, Lin L, Sha C, Li T, Liu Y, Yin X, Xu Y, Chen L, Gao W, Li Y, Zhu X. Regulation of exosome production and cargo sorting. Int J Biol Sci 2021; 17:163-177. [PMID: 33390841 PMCID: PMC7757038 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.53671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 183] [Impact Index Per Article: 61.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2020] [Accepted: 11/01/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cellular communication can be mediated by the exchange of biological information, mainly in the form of proteins and RNAs. This can occur when extracellular vesicles, such as exosomes, secreted by a donor cell are internalized by an acceptor cell. Exosomes bear specific repertoires of proteins and RNAs, indicating the existence of mechanisms that control the sorting of molecules into them. Knowledge about loadings and processes and mechanisms of cargo sorting of exosomes is essential to shed light on the physiological and pathological functions of these vesicles as well as on clinical applications involving their use and/or analysis. In this review, we will discuss the molecular mechanisms associated with exosome secretion and their specific cargo sorting, with special attention to the sorting of RNAs and proteins, and thus the outcome and the emerging therapeutic opportunities of the communication between the exosome-producer and recipient cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Wei
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated ZhongDa Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjiang, Jiangsu, 210009, China.,Central Laboratory of the Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, 212001, China
| | - Qi Chen
- Reproductive Center, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, 212001, China.,Central Laboratory of the Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, 212001, China
| | - Li Lin
- Reproductive Center, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, 212001, China.,Central Laboratory of the Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, 212001, China
| | - Chunli Sha
- Reproductive Center, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, 212001, China.,Central Laboratory of the Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, 212001, China
| | - Taoqiong Li
- Reproductive Center, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, 212001, China.,Central Laboratory of the Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, 212001, China
| | - Yueqin Liu
- Reproductive Center, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, 212001, China.,Central Laboratory of the Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, 212001, China
| | - Xinming Yin
- Reproductive Center, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, 212001, China.,Central Laboratory of the Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, 212001, China
| | - Yuhao Xu
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, 212001, China
| | - Lu Chen
- Reproductive Center, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, 212001, China.,Central Laboratory of the Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, 212001, China
| | - Wujiang Gao
- Reproductive Center, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, 212001, China.,Central Laboratory of the Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, 212001, China
| | - Yuefeng Li
- Department of Radiology, The Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, 212001, China
| | - Xiaolan Zhu
- Reproductive Center, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, 212001, China.,Central Laboratory of the Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, 212001, China
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33
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Exosomal long non-coding RNAs in the diagnosis and oncogenesis of pancreatic cancer. Cancer Lett 2020; 501:55-65. [PMID: 33359452 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2020.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2020] [Revised: 11/24/2020] [Accepted: 12/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles, specifically exosomes, play a significant role as an extracellular messenger through their transporting cargo. Of particular interest are the potential roles they play in pancreatic cancer, one of the leading causes of cancer-related mortality worldwide. Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma displays high chemo-resistance and metastatic ability, which may be influenced by cancer-derived exosomes carrying proteins, lipids and RNA. To date, among the most extensively examined exosomal molecular cargo there are long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) that, despite the increasing interest in their role and functions, are relatively poorly understood compared to other RNA transcripts. Nevertheless, we have witnessed an increasing interest for lncRNAs roles and functions in the past decade. For example, lncRNAs have been investigated as potential biomarkers for diagnosing pancreatic cancer and may have a role as therapeutics targets for precision medicine, but may also directly intervene in tumour progression features such as metastasis, epithelial to mesenchymal transition and resistance of cancer cells towards chemotherapy agents. The function of lncRNAs within various cancer exosomes is still undefined. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge on pancreatic cancer-derived exosome specific lncRNAs having prominent roles in genome integrity, pancreatic cancer progression and in other oncogenic hallmarks.
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34
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Exosomes: Cell-Derived Nanoplatforms for the Delivery of Cancer Therapeutics. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 22:ijms22010014. [PMID: 33374978 PMCID: PMC7792591 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22010014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2020] [Revised: 12/17/2020] [Accepted: 12/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Exosomes are cell-secreted nanovesicles that naturally contain biomolecular cargoes such as lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids. Exosomes mediate intercellular communication, enabling the transfer biological signals from the donor cells to the recipient cells. Recently, exosomes are emerging as promising drug delivery vehicles due to their strong stability in blood circulation, high biocompatibility, low immunogenicity, and natural targeting ability. In particular, exosomes derived from specific types of cells can carry endogenous signaling molecules with therapeutic potential for cancer treatment, thus presenting a significant impact on targeted drug delivery and therapy. Furthermore, exosomes can be engineered to display targeting moieties on their surface or to load additional therapeutic agents. Therefore, a comprehensive understanding of exosome biogenesis and the development of efficient exosome engineering techniques will provide new avenues to establish convincing clinical therapeutic strategies based on exosomes. This review focuses on the therapeutic applications of exosomes derived from various cells and the exosome engineering technologies that enable the accurate delivery of various types of cargoes to target cells for cancer therapy.
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35
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Xu Y, Kong S, Qin S, Shen X, Ju S. Exosomal circRNAs: Sorting Mechanisms, Roles and Clinical Applications in Tumors. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:581558. [PMID: 33324638 PMCID: PMC7723975 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.581558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2020] [Accepted: 10/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Exosomes are a group of nano-sized membrane vesicles and are important mediators of intercellular communication, particularly in tumor microenvironment. Recently, researchers have found that circular RNAs (circRNAs), with the great research significance, are enriched and stable in exosomes. In this review, we summarize the research significance of exosomal circRNAs, sorting mechanisms and their functioning mechanisms in tumor progression. Their clinical applications as clinical tumor biomarkers and as therapeutic targets in inhibiting tumor metastasis, anti-cancer immunity response and drug resistance have been widely discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanhua Xu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, China.,Research Center of Clinical Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, China.,School of Medicine, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Shan Kong
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, China.,Research Center of Clinical Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, China.,School of Medicine, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Shiyi Qin
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, China.,Research Center of Clinical Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, China.,School of Medicine, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Xianjuan Shen
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Shaoqing Ju
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, China
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36
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Xu M, Yang Q, Sun X, Wang Y. Recent Advancements in the Loading and Modification of Therapeutic Exosomes. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2020; 8:586130. [PMID: 33262977 PMCID: PMC7686035 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2020.586130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2020] [Accepted: 09/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Exosomes have a rapid development of bio-nanoparticles for drug delivery and confluent advances in next-generation diagnostics, monitoring the progression of several diseases, and accurate guidance for therapy. Based on their prominent stability, cargo-carriage properties, stable circulating capability, and favorable safety profile, exosomes have great potential to regulate cellular communication by carrying variable cargoes into specific site. However, the specific loading strategies and modification methods for engineered exosomes to enhance the targeting ability are unclear. The clinical application of exosomes is still limited. In this review, we discuss both original and modified exosomes for loading specific therapeutic molecules (proteins, nucleic acids, and small molecules) and the design strategies used to target specific cells. This review can be used as a reference for further loading and modification strategies as well as for the therapeutic applications of exosomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengqiao Xu
- Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Eye Diseases, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Ocular Fundus Diseases, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Engineering Center for Visual Science and Photomedicine, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Engineering Center for Precise Diagnosis and Treatment of Eye Diseases, Shanghai, China
| | - Qianhao Yang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaodong Sun
- Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Eye Diseases, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Ocular Fundus Diseases, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Engineering Center for Visual Science and Photomedicine, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Engineering Center for Precise Diagnosis and Treatment of Eye Diseases, Shanghai, China
| | - Yue Wang
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Lab of Cell Engineering, Shanghai, China
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37
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Choi JU, Park IK, Lee YK, Hwang SR. The Biological Function and Therapeutic Potential of Exosomes in Cancer: Exosomes as Efficient Nanocommunicators for Cancer Therapy. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21197363. [PMID: 33028046 PMCID: PMC7582692 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21197363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2020] [Revised: 09/30/2020] [Accepted: 10/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer therapeutics must be delivered to their targets for improving efficacy and reducing toxicity, though they encounter physiological barriers in the tumor microenvironment. They also face limitations associated with genetic instability and dynamic changes of surface proteins in cancer cells. Nanosized exosomes generated from the endosomal compartment, however, transfer their cargo to the recipient cells and mediate the intercellular communication, which affects malignancy progression, tumor immunity, and chemoresistance. In this review, we give an overview of exosomes' biological aspects and therapeutic potential as diagnostic biomarkers and drug delivery vehicles for oncotherapy. Furthermore, we discuss whether exosomes could contribute to personalized cancer immunotherapy drug design as efficient nanocommunicators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeong Uk Choi
- College of Pharmacy, Chonnam National University, 77 Yongbong-ro, Buk-gu, Gwangju 61186, Korea;
| | - In-Kyu Park
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Chonnam National University Medical School, 322 Seoyang-ro, Hwasun 58128, Korea;
| | - Yong-Kyu Lee
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Korea National University of Transportation, 50 Daehak-ro, Chungju, Chungbuk 27469, Korea;
| | - Seung Rim Hwang
- College of Pharmacy, Chosun University, 309 Pilmun-daero, Dong-gu, Gwangju 61452, Korea
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Graduate School, Chosun University, 309 Pilmun-daero, Dong-gu, Gwangju 61452, Korea
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-62-230-6365
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38
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Extracellular vesicle long non-coding RNAs and circular RNAs: Biology, functions and applications in cancer. Cancer Lett 2020; 489:111-120. [DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2020.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2020] [Revised: 05/22/2020] [Accepted: 06/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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39
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Martellucci S, Orefice NS, Angelucci A, Luce A, Caraglia M, Zappavigna S. Extracellular Vesicles: New Endogenous Shuttles for miRNAs in Cancer Diagnosis and Therapy? Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21186486. [PMID: 32899898 PMCID: PMC7555972 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21186486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2020] [Revised: 09/01/2020] [Accepted: 09/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular Vesicles (EVs) represent a heterogeneous population of membranous cell-derived structures, including cargo-oriented exosomes and microvesicles. EVs are functionally associated with intercellular communication and play an essential role in multiple physiopathological conditions. Shedding of EVs is frequently increased in malignancies and their content, including proteins and nucleic acids, altered during carcinogenesis and cancer progression. EVs-mediated intercellular communication between tumor cells and between tumor and stromal cells can modulate, through cargo miRNA, the survival, progression, and drug resistance in cancer conditions. These consolidated suggestions and EVs’ stability in bodily fluids have led to extensive investigations on the potential employment of circulating EVs-derived miRNAs as tumor biomarkers and potential therapeutic vehicles. In this review, we highlight the current knowledge about circulating EVs-miRNAs in human cancer and the application limits of these tools, discussing their clinical utility and challenges in functions such as in biomarkers and instruments for diagnosis, prognosis, and therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Martellucci
- Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, University of L’Aquila, 67100 L’Aquila, Italy; (S.M.); (A.A.)
| | - Nicola Salvatore Orefice
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA
- Waisman Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA
- Correspondence: or ; Tel.: +1-608-262-21-89
| | - Adriano Angelucci
- Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, University of L’Aquila, 67100 L’Aquila, Italy; (S.M.); (A.A.)
| | - Amalia Luce
- Department of Precision Medicine, University of Campania “L. Vanvitelli”, 80138 Naples, Italy; (A.L.); (M.C.); (S.Z.)
| | - Michele Caraglia
- Department of Precision Medicine, University of Campania “L. Vanvitelli”, 80138 Naples, Italy; (A.L.); (M.C.); (S.Z.)
- Biogem Scarl, Institute of Genetic Research, Laboratory of Precision and Molecular Oncology, Ariano Irpino, 83031 Avellino, Italy
| | - Silvia Zappavigna
- Department of Precision Medicine, University of Campania “L. Vanvitelli”, 80138 Naples, Italy; (A.L.); (M.C.); (S.Z.)
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40
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Huyan T, Li H, Peng H, Chen J, Yang R, Zhang W, Li Q. Extracellular Vesicles - Advanced Nanocarriers in Cancer Therapy: Progress and Achievements. Int J Nanomedicine 2020; 15:6485-6502. [PMID: 32922012 PMCID: PMC7457829 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s238099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2019] [Accepted: 07/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are a class of cell-derived, lipid bilayer membrane composed vesicles, and some of them such as exosomes and ectosomes have been proven, playing remarkable roles in transmitting intercellular information, and being involved in each property of cell physiological activities. Nowadays, EVs are considered as potential nanocarriers which could partially resolve the problems of current chemotherapy because of their distinctive advantages. As endogenous membrane encompassed vesicles with nanosize, EVs are able to pass through the natural barriers with prolonged circulation time in vivo and have intrinsic cell targeting properties, they are less toxic, and less immunogenic. Recently, studies focusing on EV-based drug delivery system for cancer therapy have exploded dramatically. This review aims to outline the current applications of EVs as potential nanosized drug carriers in cancer therapy. Firstly, the characteristics and biofunctions of each EV subtype are described. Then the variety of therapeutic cargoes, the loading methods, and the targeting strategy of engineered EVs are emphatically introduced. Thereafter the pros and cons of EVs applied as therapeutic carriers, as well as the future prospects in this field, are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Huyan
- Key Laboratory for Space Biosciences and Biotechnology, Institute of Special Environment Biophysics, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, People's Republic of China.,Institute of Flexible Electronics (IFE), Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongduo Li
- Xi'an Institute for Food and Drug Control, Xi'an 710054, People's Republic of China
| | - Hourong Peng
- Key Laboratory for Space Biosciences and Biotechnology, Institute of Special Environment Biophysics, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, People's Republic of China
| | - Jinzhao Chen
- Shanxi Weiqidaguangming Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, Datong, Shanxi Province 037301, People's Republic of China
| | - Ruixin Yang
- Xi'an Institute for Food and Drug Control, Xi'an 710054, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Henan Provincial People's Hospital (People's Hospital of Zhengzhou University), Zhengzhou 450003, People's Republic of China
| | - Qi Li
- Key Laboratory for Space Biosciences and Biotechnology, Institute of Special Environment Biophysics, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, People's Republic of China
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41
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Ahmadi Badi S, Bruno SP, Moshiri A, Tarashi S, Siadat SD, Masotti A. Small RNAs in Outer Membrane Vesicles and Their Function in Host-Microbe Interactions. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:1209. [PMID: 32670219 PMCID: PMC7327240 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.01209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2019] [Accepted: 05/12/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Sara Ahmadi Badi
- Microbiology Research Center, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Arfa Moshiri
- Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases Research Center, Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Samira Tarashi
- Microbiology Research Center, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Andrea Masotti
- Research Laboratories, Children's Hospital Bambino Gesù-IRCCS, Rome, Italy
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42
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Ahmadi M, Rezaie J. Tumor cells derived-exosomes as angiogenenic agents: possible therapeutic implications. J Transl Med 2020; 18:249. [PMID: 32571337 PMCID: PMC7310379 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-020-02426-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2020] [Accepted: 06/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Angiogenesis is a multistep process and various molecules are involved in regulating it. Extracellular vesicles are cell-derived particles, secreted from several types of cells and are known to mediate cell-to-cell communication. These vesicles contain different bio-molecules including nucleic acids, proteins, and lipids, which are transported between cells and regulate physiological and pathological conditions in the recipient cell. Exosomes, 30–150 nm extracellular vesicles, and their key roles in tumorigenesis via promoting angiogenesis are of great recent interest. In solid tumors, the suitable blood supply is the hallmark of their progression, growth, and metastasis, so it can be supported by angiogenesis. Tumor cells abundantly release exosomes containing different kinds of biomolecules such as angiogenic molecules that contribute to inducing angiogenesis. These exosomes can be trafficked between tumor cells or between tumor cells and endothelial cells. The protein and nucleic acid cargo of tumor derived-exosomes can deliver to endothelial cells mostly by endocytosis, and then induce angiogenesis. Tumor derived-exosomes can be used as biomarker for cancer diagnosis. Targeting exosome-induced angiogenesis may serve as a promising tool for cancer therapy. Taken together, tumor derived-exosomes are the major contributors in tumor angiogenesis and a supposed target for antiangiogenic therapies. However, further scrutiny is essential to investigate the function of exosomes in tumor angiogenesis and clinical relevance of targeting exosomes for suppressing angiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahdi Ahmadi
- Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Jafar Rezaie
- Solid Tumor Research Center, Cellular and Molecular Medicine Research Institute, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Shafa St, Ershad Blvd, 1138, Urmia, 57147, Iran.
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43
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Hu W, Liu C, Bi ZY, Zhou Q, Zhang H, Li LL, Zhang J, Zhu W, Song YYY, Zhang F, Yang HM, Bi YY, He QQ, Tan GJ, Sun CC, Li DJ. Comprehensive landscape of extracellular vesicle-derived RNAs in cancer initiation, progression, metastasis and cancer immunology. Mol Cancer 2020; 19:102. [PMID: 32503543 PMCID: PMC7273667 DOI: 10.1186/s12943-020-01199-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2019] [Accepted: 04/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs), a class of heterogeneous membrane vesicles, are generally divided into exosomes and microvesicles on basis of their origination from the endosomal membrane or the plasma membrane, respectively. EV-mediated bidirectional communication among various cell types supports cancer cell growth and metastasis. EVs derived from different cell types and status have been shown to have distinct RNA profiles, comprising messenger RNAs and non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs). Recently, ncRNAs have attracted great interests in the field of EV-RNA research, and growing numbers of ncRNAs ranging from microRNAs to long ncRNAs have been investigated to reveal their specific functions and underlying mechanisms in the tumor microenvironment and premetastatic niches. Emerging evidence has indicated that EV-RNAs are essential functional cargoes in modulating hallmarks of cancers and in reciprocal crosstalk within tumor cells and between tumor and stromal cells over short and long distance, thereby regulating the initiation, development and progression of cancers. In this review, we discuss current findings regarding EV biogenesis, release and interaction with target cells as well as EV-RNA sorting, and highlight biological roles and molecular mechanisms of EV-ncRNAs in cancer biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Hu
- Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Health Science, Wuhan University, No.115 Donghu Road, Wuhan, Hubei, 430071, People's Republic of China
| | - Cong Liu
- Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Health Science, Wuhan University, No.115 Donghu Road, Wuhan, Hubei, 430071, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhuo-Yue Bi
- Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory for Applied Toxicology (Hubei Provincial Academy for Preventive Medicine), Wuhan, Hubei, 430079, People's Republic of China
| | - Qun Zhou
- Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Health Science, Wuhan University, No.115 Donghu Road, Wuhan, Hubei, 430071, People's Republic of China
| | - Han Zhang
- Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Health Science, Wuhan University, No.115 Donghu Road, Wuhan, Hubei, 430071, People's Republic of China
| | - Lin-Lin Li
- Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Health Science, Wuhan University, No.115 Donghu Road, Wuhan, Hubei, 430071, People's Republic of China
| | - Jian Zhang
- Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Health Science, Wuhan University, No.115 Donghu Road, Wuhan, Hubei, 430071, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Zhu
- Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Health Science, Wuhan University, No.115 Donghu Road, Wuhan, Hubei, 430071, People's Republic of China
| | - Yang-Yi-Yan Song
- Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Health Science, Wuhan University, No.115 Donghu Road, Wuhan, Hubei, 430071, People's Republic of China
| | - Feng Zhang
- Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Health Science, Wuhan University, No.115 Donghu Road, Wuhan, Hubei, 430071, People's Republic of China
| | - Hui-Min Yang
- Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Health Science, Wuhan University, No.115 Donghu Road, Wuhan, Hubei, 430071, People's Republic of China
| | - Yong-Yi Bi
- Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Health Science, Wuhan University, No.115 Donghu Road, Wuhan, Hubei, 430071, People's Republic of China
| | - Qi-Qiang He
- Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Health Science, Wuhan University, No.115 Donghu Road, Wuhan, Hubei, 430071, People's Republic of China
| | - Gong-Jun Tan
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Zhuhai Hospital, Jinan University, 79 Kangning Road, Zhuhai, Guangdong, 519000, People's Republic of China. .,Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, TX, 77204, USA.
| | - Cheng-Cao Sun
- Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Health Science, Wuhan University, No.115 Donghu Road, Wuhan, Hubei, 430071, People's Republic of China. .,Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.
| | - De-Jia Li
- Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Health Science, Wuhan University, No.115 Donghu Road, Wuhan, Hubei, 430071, People's Republic of China. .,Population and Health Research Center, School of Health Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430071, People's Republic of China.
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44
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Wang Y, Xu F, Zhong JY, Lin X, Shan SK, Guo B, Zheng MH, Yuan LQ. Exosomes as Mediators of Cell-to-Cell Communication in Thyroid Disease. Int J Endocrinol 2020; 2020:4378345. [PMID: 32411222 PMCID: PMC7204309 DOI: 10.1155/2020/4378345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2019] [Revised: 02/21/2020] [Accepted: 02/28/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Exosomes are a type of extracellular vehicle, formed by budding cell membranes, containing proteins, DNA, and RNA. Concentrated cargoes from parent cells are enveloped in exosomes, which are cell specific and may have functions in the recipient cell, reflecting a novel physiological and pathological mechanism in disease development. As a transmitter, exosomes shuttle to different cells or tissues and mediate communications among these organelles. To date, several studies have demonstrated that exosomes play crucial roles in disease pathogenesis and development, such as breast and prostate cancer. However, studies investigating connections between exosomes and thyroid disease are limited. In this review, recent research advances on exosomes in thyroid cancer and Graves' disease are reviewed. These studies suggest that exosomes are involved in thyroid disease and appear as impressive potentials in thyroid therapeutic areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Wang
- Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Metabolic Bone Diseases, The Second Xiang-Ya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Feng Xu
- Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Metabolic Bone Diseases, The Second Xiang-Ya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Jia-Yu Zhong
- Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Metabolic Bone Diseases, The Second Xiang-Ya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Xiao Lin
- Department of Radiology, The Second Xiang-Ya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Su-Kang Shan
- Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Metabolic Bone Diseases, The Second Xiang-Ya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Bei Guo
- Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Metabolic Bone Diseases, The Second Xiang-Ya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Ming-Hui Zheng
- Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Metabolic Bone Diseases, The Second Xiang-Ya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Ling-Qing Yuan
- Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Metabolic Bone Diseases, The Second Xiang-Ya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
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45
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Y-Box Binding Proteins in mRNP Assembly, Translation, and Stability Control. Biomolecules 2020; 10:biom10040591. [PMID: 32290447 PMCID: PMC7226217 DOI: 10.3390/biom10040591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2020] [Revised: 04/06/2020] [Accepted: 04/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Y-box binding proteins (YB proteins) are DNA/RNA-binding proteins belonging to a large family of proteins with the cold shock domain. Functionally, these proteins are known to be the most diverse, although the literature hardly offers any molecular mechanisms governing their activities in the cell, tissue, or the whole organism. This review describes the involvement of YB proteins in RNA-dependent processes, such as mRNA packaging into mRNPs, mRNA translation, and mRNA stabilization. In addition, recent data on the structural peculiarities of YB proteins underlying their interactions with nucleic acids are discussed.
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Zhou Q, Cai Y, Jiang Y, Lin X. Exosomes in osteoarthritis and cartilage injury: advanced development and potential therapeutic strategies. Int J Biol Sci 2020; 16:1811-1820. [PMID: 32398951 PMCID: PMC7211167 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.41637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2019] [Accepted: 03/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Articular cartilage injury is a common clinical problem, which can lead to joint dysfunction, significant pain, and secondary osteoarthritis (OA) in which major surgical procedures are mandatory for treatment. Exosomes, as endosome-derived membrane-bound vesicles, participating in intercellular communications in both physiological and pathophysiological conditions, have been attached great importance in many fields. Recently, the significance of exosomes in the development of OA has been gradually concerned, while the therapeutic value of exosomes in cartilage repair and OA treatment has also been gradually revealed. The functional difference of different types and derivations of exosomes are determined by their specific contents. Herein, we provide comprehensive understanding on exosome and OA, including how exosomes participating in OA, the therapeutic value of exosomes for cartilage injury/OA, and related bioengineering strategies for future therapeutic design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quanfa Zhou
- Department of Orthopaedic and Center for Sports Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Zhejiang, Hangzhou, China
| | - Youzhi Cai
- Department of Orthopaedic and Center for Sports Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Zhejiang, Hangzhou, China.,Dr. Li Dak Sum & Yip Yio Chin Center for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yangzi Jiang
- Institute for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong S.A.R., China
| | - Xiangjin Lin
- Department of Orthopaedic and Center for Sports Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Zhejiang, Hangzhou, China
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47
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The dual character of exosomes in osteoarthritis: Antagonists and therapeutic agents. Acta Biomater 2020; 105:15-25. [PMID: 32006653 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2020.01.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2019] [Revised: 01/19/2020] [Accepted: 01/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Exosomes have gained increasing attention as they participate in cell cross-talk in pathological environments and are functional paracrine factors of therapeutic stem cells. Osteoarthritis (OA) is a common age-related degenerative joint disease, leading to a debilitating lifestyle for sufferers. However, currently no drugs on the market promote cartilage repair, and the patients usually have to undergo arthroplasty in the late stage of OA. Although significant progress has been made in the development of stem cells for the treatment of OA and cartilage injury, problems like immune rejection remain. Recently, increasing evidence has demonstrated that exosomes from the joint microenvironment ("negative" exosomes) could play vital and complicated roles in the progression of OA. Moreover, exosomes from therapeutic cells ("therapeutic" exosomes) have also shown enormous potential for OA therapy/cartilage repair. Here, we first discuss the definition and biological background of exosomes. Then, we critically examine the roles of the "negative" exosomes in OA-affected joint. Then, we will cover the potential of the "therapeutic" exosomes for OA therapy/cartilage repair. Next, the recent progress of tissue engineering with exosomes, especially for OA therapy/cartilage repair, will also be discussed. Finally, the limitations and opportunities of exosome-based OA therapy will be outlined. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: As natural extracellular vesicles, exosomes participate in the intercellular communication. On the basis of biological characteristics of exosomes, exosomes have their two sides for osteoarthritis (OA). On the one hand, exosomes in the OA microenvironment are involved in pathology of OA. On the other hand, exosomes from therapeutic cells have the potential as advanced strategies for OA therapy. In addition, the development of tissue engineering technology is beneficial to the exosome-based OA therapy. According to the latest research status, exosomes are of great significance and interest for the personalized and precision treatment of OA in the future, despite the limitations and challenges.
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48
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Nahand JS, Mahjoubin-Tehran M, Moghoofei M, Pourhanifeh MH, Mirzaei HR, Asemi Z, Khatami A, Bokharaei-Salim F, Mirzaei H, Hamblin MR. Exosomal miRNAs: novel players in viral infection. Epigenomics 2020; 12:353-370. [PMID: 32093516 PMCID: PMC7713899 DOI: 10.2217/epi-2019-0192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2019] [Accepted: 01/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Exosomes are secreted nanovesicles that are able to transfer their cargo (such as miRNAs) between cells. To determine to what extent exosomes and exosomal miRNAs are involved in the pathogenesis, progression and diagnosis of viral infections. The scientific literature (PubMed and Google Scholar) was searched from 1970 to 2019. The complex biogenesis of exosomes and miRNAs was reviewed. Exosomes contain both viral and host miRNAs that can be used as diagnostic biomarkers for viral diseases. Viral proteins can alter miRNAs, and conversely miRNAs can alter the host response to viral infections in a positive or negative manner. It is expected that exosomal miRNAs will be increasingly used for diagnosis, monitoring and even treatment of viral infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javid Sadri Nahand
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Student Research Committee, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Maryam Mahjoubin-Tehran
- Student Research Committee, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mohsen Moghoofei
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | | | - Hamid Reza Mirzaei
- Department of Medical Immunology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zatollah Asemi
- Research Center for Biochemistry & Nutrition in Metabolic Diseases, Institute for Basic Sciences, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
| | - Alireza Khatami
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Farah Bokharaei-Salim
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hamed Mirzaei
- Research Center for Biochemistry & Nutrition in Metabolic Diseases, Institute for Basic Sciences, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
| | - Michael R Hamblin
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 40 Blossom Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA
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Condrat CE, Thompson DC, Barbu MG, Bugnar OL, Boboc A, Cretoiu D, Suciu N, Cretoiu SM, Voinea SC. miRNAs as Biomarkers in Disease: Latest Findings Regarding Their Role in Diagnosis and Prognosis. Cells 2020; 9:E276. [PMID: 31979244 PMCID: PMC7072450 DOI: 10.3390/cells9020276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 671] [Impact Index Per Article: 167.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2019] [Revised: 01/14/2020] [Accepted: 01/21/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) represent a class of small, non-coding RNAs with the main roles of regulating mRNA through its degradation and adjusting protein levels. In recent years, extraordinary progress has been made in terms of identifying the origin and exact functions of miRNA, focusing on their potential use in both the research and the clinical field. This review aims at improving the current understanding of these molecules and their applicability in the medical field. A thorough analysis of the literature consulting resources available in online databases such as NCBI, PubMed, Medline, ScienceDirect, and UpToDate was performed. There is promising evidence that in spite of the lack of standardized protocols regarding the use of miRNAs in current clinical practice, they constitute a reliable tool for future use. These molecules meet most of the required criteria for being an ideal biomarker, such as accessibility, high specificity, and sensitivity. Despite present limitations, miRNAs as biomarkers for various conditions remain an impressive research field. As current techniques evolve, we anticipate that miRNAs will become a routine approach in the development of personalized patient profiles, thus permitting more specific therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Elena Condrat
- Alessandrescu-Rusescu National Institute for Mother and Child Health, Fetal Medicine Excellence Research Center, 020395 Bucharest, Romania; (C.E.C.); (D.C.T.); (M.G.B.); (O.L.B.); (A.B.); (D.C.); (N.S.)
| | - Dana Claudia Thompson
- Alessandrescu-Rusescu National Institute for Mother and Child Health, Fetal Medicine Excellence Research Center, 020395 Bucharest, Romania; (C.E.C.); (D.C.T.); (M.G.B.); (O.L.B.); (A.B.); (D.C.); (N.S.)
| | - Madalina Gabriela Barbu
- Alessandrescu-Rusescu National Institute for Mother and Child Health, Fetal Medicine Excellence Research Center, 020395 Bucharest, Romania; (C.E.C.); (D.C.T.); (M.G.B.); (O.L.B.); (A.B.); (D.C.); (N.S.)
| | - Oana Larisa Bugnar
- Alessandrescu-Rusescu National Institute for Mother and Child Health, Fetal Medicine Excellence Research Center, 020395 Bucharest, Romania; (C.E.C.); (D.C.T.); (M.G.B.); (O.L.B.); (A.B.); (D.C.); (N.S.)
| | - Andreea Boboc
- Alessandrescu-Rusescu National Institute for Mother and Child Health, Fetal Medicine Excellence Research Center, 020395 Bucharest, Romania; (C.E.C.); (D.C.T.); (M.G.B.); (O.L.B.); (A.B.); (D.C.); (N.S.)
| | - Dragos Cretoiu
- Alessandrescu-Rusescu National Institute for Mother and Child Health, Fetal Medicine Excellence Research Center, 020395 Bucharest, Romania; (C.E.C.); (D.C.T.); (M.G.B.); (O.L.B.); (A.B.); (D.C.); (N.S.)
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology and Histology, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 8 Eroii Sanitari Blvd., 050474 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Nicolae Suciu
- Alessandrescu-Rusescu National Institute for Mother and Child Health, Fetal Medicine Excellence Research Center, 020395 Bucharest, Romania; (C.E.C.); (D.C.T.); (M.G.B.); (O.L.B.); (A.B.); (D.C.); (N.S.)
- Division of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Neonatology, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 8 Eroii Sanitari Blvd., 050474 Bucharest, Romania
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Polizu Clinical Hospital, Alessandrescu-Rusescu National Institute for Mother and Child Health, 020395 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Sanda Maria Cretoiu
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology and Histology, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 8 Eroii Sanitari Blvd., 050474 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Silviu Cristian Voinea
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Prof. Dr. Alexandru Trestioreanu Oncology Institute, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 252 Fundeni Rd., 022328 Bucharest, Romania;
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50
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Gopanenko AV, Malygin AA, Kossinova OA, Tupikin AE, Kabilov MR, Karpova GG. Degenerate consensus sequences in the 3'-untranslated regions of cellular mRNAs as specific motifs potentially involved in the YB-1-mediated packaging of these mRNAs. Biochimie 2020; 170:152-162. [PMID: 31935443 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2020.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2019] [Accepted: 01/09/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The multifunctional protein YB-1 has previously been shown to be the only protein of the cytoplasmic extract of HEK293 cells, which is able to specifically interact with imperfect RNA hairpins containing motifs that are often found in exosomal (e) RNAs. In addition, it has been revealed that similar hairpins formed by degenerate consensus sequences corresponding to three eRNA-specific motifs are responsible for the cooperative binding of YB-1 to RNA in vitro. Here, using the photoactivatable ribonucleoside-enhanced cross-linking and immunoprecipitation method applied to HEK293 cells producing FLAG-labeled YB-1, we identified mRNAs cross-linked to YB-1 in vivo and then carried out a search for the aforementioned sequences in the regions of the YB-1 cross-linking sites. It turned out that many of the mRNAs found cross-linked to YB-1 encode proteins associated with various regulatory processes, including responses to stress. More than half of all cross-linked mRNAs contained degenerate consensus sequences, which were preferably located in 3'-untranslated regions (UTRs), where most of the YB-1 cross-linking sites appeared, although not close to these sequences. Furthermore, YB-1 was mainly cross-linked to those mRNAs with degenerate consensus sequences, which could be classified as packaged because their translation levels were low compared to cellular levels. This suggests that the cooperative binding of YB-1 to mRNAs through the above sequences probably triggers the well-known multimerization of YB-l, leading to the packaging of these mRNAs. Thus, our findings indicate a previously unknown link between the degenerate consensus sequences present in the 3'-UTRs of many cytoplasmic mRNAs and YB-1-mediated translational silencing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander V Gopanenko
- Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Prospekt Lavrentieva 8, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia
| | - Alexey A Malygin
- Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Prospekt Lavrentieva 8, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia; Department of Molecular Biology, Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia
| | - Olga A Kossinova
- Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Prospekt Lavrentieva 8, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia
| | - Alexey E Tupikin
- Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Prospekt Lavrentieva 8, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia
| | - Marsel R Kabilov
- Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Prospekt Lavrentieva 8, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia
| | - Galina G Karpova
- Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Prospekt Lavrentieva 8, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia; Department of Molecular Biology, Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia.
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