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Gnambani EJ, Bilgo E, Dabiré RK, Belem AMG, Diabaté A. Infection of the malaria vector Anopheles coluzzii with the entomopathogenic bacteria Chromobacterium anophelis sp. nov. IRSSSOUMB001 reduces larval survival and adult reproductive potential. Malar J 2023; 22:122. [PMID: 37055834 PMCID: PMC10103495 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-023-04551-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2022] [Accepted: 04/01/2023] [Indexed: 04/15/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Vector control tools are urgently needed to control malaria transmission in Africa. A native strain of Chromobacterium sp. from Burkina Faso was recently isolated and preliminarily named Chromobacterium anophelis sp. nov. IRSSSOUMB001. In bioassays, this bacterium showed a promising virulence against adult mosquitoes and reduces their blood feeding propensity and fecundity. The current study assessed the entomopathogenic effects of C. anophelis IRSSSOUMB001 on larval stages of mosquitoes, as well as its impacts on infected mosquitoes reproductive capacity and trans-generational effects. METHODS Virulence on larvae and interference with insemination were assayed by co-incubation with C. anophelis IRSSSOUMB001 at a range of 104 to 108 cfu/ml. Trans-generational effects were determined by measuring body size differences of progeny from infected vs. uninfected parent mosquitoes using wing size as a proxy. RESULTS Chromobacterium anophelis IRSSSOUMB001 killed larvae of the pyrethroid-resistant Anopheles coluzzii with LT80 of ~ 1.75 ± 0.14 days at 108 cfu/ml in larval breeding trays. Reproductive success was reduced as a measure of insemination rate from 95 ± 1.99% to 21 ± 3.76% for the infected females. There was a difference in wing sizes between control and infected mosquito offsprings from 2.55 ± 0.17 mm to 2.1 ± 0.21 mm in infected females, and from 2.43 ± 0.13 mm to 1.99 ± 0.15 mm in infected males. CONCLUSIONS This study showed that C. anophelis IRSSSOUMB001 was highly virulent against larvae of insecticide-resistant Anopheles coluzzii, and reduced both mosquito reproduction capacity and offspring fitness. Additional laboratory, field, safety and social acceptance studies are needed to draw firm conclusions about the practical utility of this bacterial strain for malaria vector control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edounou Jacques Gnambani
- Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé (IRSS) Direction Régionale de l'Ouest (DRO)/CNRST, Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
- Institut National de Santé Publique (INSP), Centre Muraz, Bobo Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
- Centre d'Excellence Africain en Innovations Biotechnologiques Pour l'Elimination des Maladies à Transmission Vectorielle (CEA-ITECH/MTV)/Université Nazi Boni (UNB), Bobo Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
| | - Etienne Bilgo
- Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé (IRSS) Direction Régionale de l'Ouest (DRO)/CNRST, Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso.
- Institut National de Santé Publique (INSP), Centre Muraz, Bobo Dioulasso, Burkina Faso.
- Centre d'Excellence Africain en Innovations Biotechnologiques Pour l'Elimination des Maladies à Transmission Vectorielle (CEA-ITECH/MTV)/Université Nazi Boni (UNB), Bobo Dioulasso, Burkina Faso.
| | - Roch K Dabiré
- Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé (IRSS) Direction Régionale de l'Ouest (DRO)/CNRST, Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
- Institut National de Santé Publique (INSP), Centre Muraz, Bobo Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
- Centre d'Excellence Africain en Innovations Biotechnologiques Pour l'Elimination des Maladies à Transmission Vectorielle (CEA-ITECH/MTV)/Université Nazi Boni (UNB), Bobo Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
| | | | - Abdoulaye Diabaté
- Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé (IRSS) Direction Régionale de l'Ouest (DRO)/CNRST, Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso.
- Institut National de Santé Publique (INSP), Centre Muraz, Bobo Dioulasso, Burkina Faso.
- Centre d'Excellence Africain en Innovations Biotechnologiques Pour l'Elimination des Maladies à Transmission Vectorielle (CEA-ITECH/MTV)/Université Nazi Boni (UNB), Bobo Dioulasso, Burkina Faso.
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Yao X, Duan Y, Deng Z, Zhao W, Wei J, Li X, An S. ATP Synthase Subunit α from Helicoverpa armigera Acts as a Receptor of Bacillus thuringiensis Cry1Ac and Synergizes Cry1Ac Toxicity. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2023. [PMID: 37036055 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c00259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Insect resistance to Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) toxins has led to an urgent need to explore the insecticidal mechanisms of Bt. Previous studies indicated that Helicoverpa armigera ATP synthase subunit α (HaATPs-α) is involved in Cry1Ac resistance. In this study, a real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) confirmed that HaATPs-α expression was significantly reduced in the Cry1Ac-resistant strain (BtR). Cry1Ac feeding induced the downregulated expression of HaATPs-α in the susceptible strain, but not in the BtR strain. Furthermore, the interaction between HaATPs-α and Cry1Ac was verified by ligand blotting and homologous competition experiments. The in vitro gain and loss of function analyses showed HaATPs-α involved in Cry1Ac toxicity by expressing endogenous HaATPs-α and HaATPs-α double-stranded RNAs in Sf9 and midgut cells, respectively. Importantly, purified HaATPs-α synergized Cry1Ac toxicity to H. armigera larvae. These findings provide the first evidence that HaATPs-α is a potential receptor of Cry1Ac, it shows downregulated participation in Cry1Ac resistance, and it exhibits higher enhancement of Cry1Ac toxicity to H. armigera larvae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science/College of Plant Protection, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China
| | - Yunpeng Duan
- State Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science/College of Plant Protection, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China
| | - Zhongyuan Deng
- College of Life Science, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan450000, China
| | - Wenli Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science/College of Plant Protection, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China
| | - Jizhen Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science/College of Plant Protection, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China
| | - Xianchun Li
- Department of Entomology and BIO5 Institute, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, United States
| | - Shiheng An
- State Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science/College of Plant Protection, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China
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Yang Y, Wu Z, He X, Xu H, Lu Z. Processing Properties and Potency of Bacillus thuringiensis Cry Toxins in the Rice Leaffolder Cnaphalocrocis medinalis (Guenée). Toxins (Basel) 2023; 15:toxins15040275. [PMID: 37104213 PMCID: PMC10143973 DOI: 10.3390/toxins15040275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Revised: 03/30/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 04/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Different Cry toxins derived from Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) possess different insecticidal spectra, whereas insects show variations in their susceptibilities to different Cry toxins. Degradation of Cry toxins by insect midgut extracts was involved in the action of toxins. In this study, we explored the processing patterns of different Cry toxins in Cnaphalocrocis medinalis (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) midgut extracts and evaluated the impact of Cry toxins degradation on their potency against C. medinalis to better understand the function of midgut extracts in the action of different Cry toxins. The results indicated that Cry1Ac, Cry1Aa, and Cry1C toxins could be degraded by C. medinalis midgut extracts, and degradation of Cry toxins by midgut extracts differed among time or concentration effects. Bioassays demonstrated that the toxicity of Cry1Ac, Cry1Aa, and Cry1C toxins decreased after digestion by midgut extracts of C. medinalis. Our findings in this study suggested that midgut extracts play an important role in the action of Cry toxins against C. medinalis, and the degradation of Cry toxins by C. medinalis midgut extracts could reduce their toxicities to C. medinalis. They will provide insights into the action of Cry toxins and the application of Cry toxins in C. medinalis management in paddy fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yajun Yang
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Institute of Plant Protection and Microbiology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China
| | - Zhihong Wu
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Institute of Plant Protection and Microbiology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China
| | - Xiaochan He
- Jinhua Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinhua 321000, China
| | - Hongxing Xu
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Institute of Plant Protection and Microbiology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China
| | - Zhongxian Lu
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Institute of Plant Protection and Microbiology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China
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Carvalho KS, Rezende TMT, Romão TP, Rezende AM, Chiñas M, Guedes DRD, Paiva-Cavalcanti M, Silva-Filha MHNL. Aedes aegypti Strain Subjected to Long-Term Exposure to Bacillus thuringiensis svar. israelensis Larvicides Displays an Altered Transcriptional Response to Zika Virus Infection. Viruses 2022; 15:72. [PMID: 36680112 PMCID: PMC9866606 DOI: 10.3390/v15010072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Revised: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacillus thuringiensis svar. israelensis (Bti) larvicides are effective in controlling Aedes aegypti; however, the effects of long-term exposure need to be properly evaluated. We established an Ae. aegypti strain that has been treated with Bti for 30 generations (RecBti) and is still susceptible to Bti, but females exhibited increased susceptibility to Zika virus (ZIKV). This study compared the RecBti strain to a reference strain regarding: first, the relative transcription of selected immune genes in ZIKV-challenged females (F30) with increased susceptibility detected in a previous study; then, the whole transcriptomic profile using unchallenged females (F35). Among the genes compared by RT-qPCR in the ZIKV-infected and uninfected females from RecBti (F30) and the reference strain, hop, domeless, relish 1, defensin A, cecropin D, and gambicin showed a trend of repression in RecBti infected females. The transcriptome of RecBti (F35) unchallenged females, compared with a reference strain by RNA-seq, showed a similar profile and only 59 differentially expressed genes were found among 9202 genes analyzed. Our dataset showed that the long-term Bti exposure of the RecBti strain was associated with an alteration of the expression of genes potentially involved in the response to ZIKV infection in challenged females, which is an important feature found under this condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karine S. Carvalho
- Aggeu Magalhães Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Recife 50670-420, Brazil
| | | | - Tatiany P. Romão
- Aggeu Magalhães Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Recife 50670-420, Brazil
| | - Antônio M. Rezende
- Aggeu Magalhães Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Recife 50670-420, Brazil
| | - Marcos Chiñas
- Center for Genomic Sciences, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Cuernavaca 62210, Mexico
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Meier CJ, Rouhier MF, Hillyer JF. Chemical Control of Mosquitoes and the Pesticide Treadmill: A Case for Photosensitive Insecticides as Larvicides. INSECTS 2022; 13:1093. [PMID: 36555003 PMCID: PMC9783766 DOI: 10.3390/insects13121093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2022] [Revised: 11/18/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Insecticides reduce the spread of mosquito-borne disease. Over the past century, mosquito control has mostly relied on neurotoxic chemicals-such as pyrethroids, neonicotinoids, chlorinated hydrocarbons, carbamates and organophosphates-that target adults. However, their persistent use has selected for insecticide resistance. This has led to the application of progressively higher amounts of insecticides-known as the pesticide treadmill-and negative consequences for ecosystems. Comparatively less attention has been paid to larvae, even though larval death eliminates a mosquito's potential to transmit disease and reproduce. Larvae have been targeted by source reduction, biological control, growth regulators and neurotoxins, but hurdles remain. Here, we review methods of mosquito control and argue that photoactive molecules that target larvae-called photosensitive insecticides or PSIs-are an environmentally friendly addition to our mosquitocidal arsenal. PSIs are ingested by larvae and produce reactive oxygen species (ROS) when activated by light. ROS then damage macromolecules resulting in larval death. PSIs are degraded by light, eliminating environmental accumulation. Moreover, PSIs only harm small translucent organisms, and their broad mechanism of action that relies on oxidative damage means that resistance is less likely to evolve. Therefore, PSIs are a promising alternative for controlling mosquitoes in an environmentally sustainable manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cole J. Meier
- Department of Biological Sciences, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235, USA
| | | | - Julián F. Hillyer
- Department of Biological Sciences, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235, USA
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Bacterial Toxins Active against Mosquitoes: Mode of Action and Resistance. Toxins (Basel) 2021; 13:toxins13080523. [PMID: 34437394 PMCID: PMC8402332 DOI: 10.3390/toxins13080523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Revised: 06/18/2021] [Accepted: 06/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Larvicides based on the bacteria Bacillus thuringiensis svar. israelensis (Bti) and Lysinibacillus sphaericus are effective and environmentally safe compounds for the control of dipteran insects of medical importance. They produce crystals that display specific and potent insecticidal activity against larvae. Bti crystals are composed of multiple protoxins: three from the three-domain Cry type family, which bind to different cell receptors in the midgut, and one cytolytic (Cyt1Aa) protoxin that can insert itself into the cell membrane and act as surrogate receptor of the Cry toxins. Together, those toxins display a complex mode of action that shows a low risk of resistance selection. L. sphaericus crystals contain one major binary toxin that display an outstanding persistence in field conditions, which is superior to Bti. However, the action of the Bin toxin based on its interaction with a single receptor is vulnerable for resistance selection in insects. In this review we present the most recent data on the mode of action and synergism of these toxins, resistance issues, and examples of their use worldwide. Data reported in recent years improved our understanding of the mechanism of action of these toxins, showed that their combined use can enhance their activity and counteract resistance, and reinforced their relevance for mosquito control programs in the future years.
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Liu L, Li Z, Luo X, Zhang X, Chou SH, Wang J, He J. Which Is Stronger? A Continuing Battle Between Cry Toxins and Insects. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:665101. [PMID: 34140940 PMCID: PMC8203666 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.665101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2021] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In this article, we review the latest works on the insecticidal mechanisms of Bacillus thuringiensis Cry toxins and the resistance mechanisms of insects against Cry toxins. Currently, there are two models of insecticidal mechanisms for Cry toxins, namely, the sequential binding model and the signaling pathway model. In the sequential binding model, Cry toxins are activated to bind to their cognate receptors in the mid-intestinal epithelial cell membrane, such as the glycophosphatidylinositol (GPI)-anchored aminopeptidases-N (APNs), alkaline phosphatases (ALPs), cadherins, and ABC transporters, to form pores that elicit cell lysis, while in the signaling pathway model, the activated Cry toxins first bind to the cadherin receptor, triggering an extensive cell signaling cascade to induce cell apoptosis. However, these two models cannot seem to fully describe the complexity of the insecticidal process of Cry toxins, and new models are required. Regarding the resistance mechanism against Cry toxins, the main method insects employed is to reduce the effective binding of Cry toxins to their cognate cell membrane receptors by gene mutations, or to reduce the expression levels of the corresponding receptors by trans-regulation. Moreover, the epigenetic mechanisms, host intestinal microbiota, and detoxification enzymes also play significant roles in the insects' resistance against Cry toxins. Today, high-throughput sequencing technologies like transcriptomics, proteomics, and metagenomics are powerful weapons for studying the insecticidal mechanisms of Cry toxins and the resistance mechanisms of insects. We believe that this review shall shed some light on the interactions between Cry toxins and insects, which can further facilitate the development and utilization of Cry toxins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhou Li
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xing Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xia Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,Department of Molecular Biology, Qingdao Vland Biotech Inc., Qingdao, China
| | - Shan-Ho Chou
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Jieping Wang
- Agricultural Bioresources Institute, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou, China
| | - Jin He
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
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Tabosa PMS, Almeida Filho LCP, Franca RX, Rocha-Bezerra LCB, Vasconcelos IM, Carvalho AFU. Trypsin inhibitor from Enterolobium contortisiliquum seeds impairs Aedes aegypti development and enhances the activity of Bacillus thuringiensis toxins. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2020; 76:3693-3701. [PMID: 32453460 DOI: 10.1002/ps.5918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2019] [Revised: 05/06/2020] [Accepted: 05/26/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Disease vector insects are barriers for human development. The use of synthetic chemicals to control these vectors has caused damage to the environment and contributed to the arising of resistant insect populations. This has led to an increased search for plant-derived molecules with insecticidal activity or that show synergistic effects with known insecticidal substances, such as protease inhibitors. Thus, we aimed to evaluate the effect of Enterolobium contortisiliquum trypsin inhibitor (EcTI) on Aedes aegypti development as well as its effect on insecticidal activity of Bacillus thuringiensis toxins. RESULTS EcTI showed an apparent molecular mass about of 20 kDa in SDS-PAGE and was able to inhibit in vitro the activity of trypsin and proteases from midgut of Ae. aegypti larvae. EcTI was not able to cause acute toxicity on mosquito larvae even at 1000 μg mL-1 , however it promoted a delay in larval development after prolonged exposure. The zymogram results for EcTI-treated larvae (from 50 to 200 μg mL-1 ) showed an increase of midgut proteases activity as a larvae defense mechanism, however no changes in the enzyme profile was observed. These same concentrations were able to enhance up to three fold the insecticidal activity of B. thuringiensis toxins without causing toxicity to Artemia sp. nauplii, a non-target organism. CONCLUSIONS The results offer a novel approach by combining EcTI and B. thuringiensis toxins for combating Ae. aegypti larvae. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro M S Tabosa
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Department, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Brazil
| | | | - Rute X Franca
- Biology Department, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Brazil
| | | | - Ilka M Vasconcelos
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Department, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Brazil
| | - Ana F U Carvalho
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Department, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Brazil
- Biology Department, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Brazil
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Brühl CA, Després L, Frör O, Patil CD, Poulin B, Tetreau G, Allgeier S. Environmental and socioeconomic effects of mosquito control in Europe using the biocide Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. israelensis (Bti). THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 724:137800. [PMID: 32249002 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.137800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2020] [Revised: 03/06/2020] [Accepted: 03/06/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. israelensis (Bti) has been used in mosquito control programs to reduce nuisance in Europe for decades and is generally considered an environmentally-safe, effective and target-specific biocide. However, the use of Bti is not uncontroversial. Target mosquitoes and affected midges represent an important food source for many aquatic and terrestrial predators and reduction of their populations is likely to result in food-web effects at higher trophic levels. In the context of global biodiversity loss, this appears particularly critical since treated wetlands are often representing conservation areas. In this review, we address the current large-scale use of Bti for mosquito nuisance control in Europe, provide a description of its regulation followed by an overview of the available evidence on the parameters that are essential to evaluate Bti use in mosquito control. Bti accumulation and toxin persistence could result in a chronic expose of mosquito populations ultimately affecting their susceptibility, although observed increase in resistance to Bti in mosquito populations is low due to the four toxins involved. A careful independent monitoring of mosquito susceptibility, using sensitive bioassays, is mandatory to detect resistance development timely. Direct Bti effects were documented for non-target chironomids and other invertebrate groups and are discussed for amphibians. Field studies revealed contrasting results on possible impacts on chironomid abundances. Indirect, food-web effects were rarely studied in the environment. Depending on study design and duration, Bti effects on higher trophic levels were demonstrated or not. Further long-term field studies are needed, especially with observations of bird declines in Bti-treated wetland areas. Socio-economic relevance of mosquito control requires considering nuisance, vector-borne diseases and environmental effects jointly. Existing studies indicate that a majority of the population is concerned regarding potential environmental effects of Bti mosquito control and that they are willing to pay for alternative, more environment-friendly techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carsten A Brühl
- iES Landau, Institute for Environmental Sciences, University of Koblenz-Landau, D-76829 Landau, Germany.
| | - Laurence Després
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Laboratoire d'Ecologie Alpine, F-38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Oliver Frör
- iES Landau, Institute for Environmental Sciences, University of Koblenz-Landau, D-76829 Landau, Germany
| | - Chandrashekhar D Patil
- Centre of Island Research and Environmental Observatory, PSL Université Paris: EPHE-UPVD-CNRS, USR 3278 CRIOBE, Université de Perpignan, F-66860 Perpignan, France
| | - Brigitte Poulin
- Tour du Valat, Research Institute for the Conservation of Mediterranean Wetlands, Le Sambuc, F-13200 Arles, France
| | | | - Stefanie Allgeier
- iES Landau, Institute for Environmental Sciences, University of Koblenz-Landau, D-76829 Landau, Germany
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Pinos D, Chakroun M, Millán-Leiva A, Jurat-Fuentes JL, Wright DJ, Hernández-Martínez P, Ferré J. Reduced Membrane-Bound Alkaline Phosphatase Does Not Affect Binding of Vip3Aa in a Heliothis virescens Resistant Colony. Toxins (Basel) 2020; 12:toxins12060409. [PMID: 32575644 PMCID: PMC7354626 DOI: 10.3390/toxins12060409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2020] [Revised: 05/29/2020] [Accepted: 06/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The Vip3Aa insecticidal protein from Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) is produced by specific transgenic corn and cotton varieties for efficient control of target lepidopteran pests. The main threat to this technology is the evolution of resistance in targeted insect pests and understanding the mechanistic basis of resistance is crucial to deploy the most appropriate strategies for resistance management. In this work, we tested whether alteration of membrane receptors in the insect midgut might explain the >2000-fold Vip3Aa resistance phenotype in a laboratory-selected colony of Heliothis virescens (Vip-Sel). Binding of 125I-labeled Vip3Aa to brush border membrane vesicles (BBMV) from 3rd instar larvae from Vip-Sel was not significantly different from binding in the reference susceptible colony. Interestingly, BBMV from Vip-Sel larvae showed dramatically reduced levels of membrane-bound alkaline phosphatase (mALP) activity, which was further confirmed by a strong downregulation of the membrane-bound alkaline phosphatase 1 (HvmALP1) gene. However, the involvement of HvmALP1 as a receptor for the Vip3Aa protein was not supported by results from ligand blotting and viability assays with insect cells expressing HvmALP1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Pinos
- Department of Genetics, Instituto de Biotecnología y Biomedicina (BIOTECMED), Universitat de València, 46100 Burjassot, Spain; (D.P.); (M.C.); (A.M.-L.); (P.H.-M.)
| | - Maissa Chakroun
- Department of Genetics, Instituto de Biotecnología y Biomedicina (BIOTECMED), Universitat de València, 46100 Burjassot, Spain; (D.P.); (M.C.); (A.M.-L.); (P.H.-M.)
| | - Anabel Millán-Leiva
- Department of Genetics, Instituto de Biotecnología y Biomedicina (BIOTECMED), Universitat de València, 46100 Burjassot, Spain; (D.P.); (M.C.); (A.M.-L.); (P.H.-M.)
| | - Juan Luis Jurat-Fuentes
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA;
| | - Denis J. Wright
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, Silwood Park Campus, Ascot, Berks SL5 7PY, UK;
| | - Patricia Hernández-Martínez
- Department of Genetics, Instituto de Biotecnología y Biomedicina (BIOTECMED), Universitat de València, 46100 Burjassot, Spain; (D.P.); (M.C.); (A.M.-L.); (P.H.-M.)
| | - Juan Ferré
- Department of Genetics, Instituto de Biotecnología y Biomedicina (BIOTECMED), Universitat de València, 46100 Burjassot, Spain; (D.P.); (M.C.); (A.M.-L.); (P.H.-M.)
- Correspondence:
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Fabrick JA, Mathew LG, LeRoy DM, Hull JJ, Unnithan GC, Yelich AJ, Carrière Y, Li X, Tabashnik BE. Reduced cadherin expression associated with resistance to Bt toxin Cry1Ac in pink bollworm. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2020; 76:67-74. [PMID: 31140680 DOI: 10.1002/ps.5496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2019] [Revised: 05/18/2019] [Accepted: 05/21/2019] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Better understanding of the molecular basis of resistance is needed to improve management of pest resistance to transgenic crops that produce insecticidal proteins from Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt). Here we analyzed resistance of the pink bollworm (Pectinophora gossypiella) to Bt toxin Cry1Ac, which is used widely in transgenic Bt cotton. Field-evolved practical resistance of pink bollworm to Cry1Ac is widespread in India, but not in China or the United States. Previous work with laboratory- and field-selected pink bollworm indicated that resistance to Cry1Ac is caused by changes in the amino acid sequence of a midgut cadherin protein (PgCad1) that binds Cry1Ac in susceptible larvae. RESULTS Relative to a susceptible strain, the laboratory-selected APHIS-R strain had 530-fold resistance to Cry1Ac with autosomal recessive inheritance. Unlike previous results, resistance in this strain was not consistently associated with insertions or deletions in the expected amino acid sequence of PgCad1. However, this resistance was associated with 79- to 190-fold reduced transcription of the PgCad1 gene and markedly lower abundance of PgCad1 protein. CONCLUSION The ability of pink bollworm and other major pests to evolve resistance to Bt toxins via both qualitative and quantitative changes in receptor proteins demonstrates their remarkable adaptability and presents challenges for monitoring and managing resistance to Bt crops. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey A Fabrick
- U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA), Agricultural Research Service (ARS), U.S. Arid Land Agricultural Research Center, Maricopa, AZ, USA
| | - Lolita G Mathew
- U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA), Agricultural Research Service (ARS), U.S. Arid Land Agricultural Research Center, Maricopa, AZ, USA
- Pairwise Plants, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Dannialle M LeRoy
- U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA), Agricultural Research Service (ARS), U.S. Arid Land Agricultural Research Center, Maricopa, AZ, USA
| | - J Joe Hull
- U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA), Agricultural Research Service (ARS), U.S. Arid Land Agricultural Research Center, Maricopa, AZ, USA
| | | | - Alex J Yelich
- Department of Entomology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Yves Carrière
- Department of Entomology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Xianchun Li
- Department of Entomology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
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Li Y, Li X, Han Z, Xu W, Li X, Chen Q. Comparative Tandem Mass Tag-Based Quantitative Proteomic Analysis of Tachaea chinensis Isopod During Parasitism. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2019; 9:350. [PMID: 31681627 PMCID: PMC6798089 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2019.00350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2019] [Accepted: 09/30/2019] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Parasitic isopods perforate and attach to the host integument via the mandibles and then feed on hemolymph and exudate from the wounds. Such isopods attack a variety of commercially important fish and crustacean hosts. Similar to other hematophagous parasites, isopods may also employ biomolecules that affect host blood conglutination and defense systems. In the present study, a tandem mass tag-based quantitative proteomic approach was used to identify differentially expressed proteins in Tachaea chinensis parasites of shrimp, by comparing parasitic (fed) and pre-parasitic (unfed) individuals. We identified 888 proteins from a total of 1,510 peptides, with a significant difference in 129 between the fed and unfed groups. Among these, 37 were upregulated and 92 were downregulated in unfed T. chinensis. This indicates that T. chinensis may require more energy before parasitism during its search for a host. In addition, as is the case for other blood-sucking parasites, it might secrete antihemostatic, anti-inflammatory, and immunomodulatory molecules to facilitate blood meal acquisition. To our knowledge, this study is the first to use a TMT-based proteomic approach to analyze the proteome of isopod parasites, and the results will facilitate our understanding of the molecular mechanisms of isopod parasitism on crustaceans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingdong Li
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - Xin Li
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - Zhibin Han
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - Weibin Xu
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - Xiaodong Li
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - Qijun Chen
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
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Amylose Inclusion Complexes as Emulsifiers for Garlic and Asafoetida Essential Oils for Mosquito Control. INSECTS 2019; 10:insects10100337. [PMID: 31614606 PMCID: PMC6835272 DOI: 10.3390/insects10100337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2019] [Revised: 09/20/2019] [Accepted: 10/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Although the insecticidal properties of some plant essential oils are well-documented, their use in integrated pest and vector management is complicated by their high volatility, low thermal stability, high sensitivity to oxidation, and low solubility in water. We investigated the use of bio-based N-1-hexadecylammonium chloride and sodium palmitate amylose inclusion complexes as emulsifiers for two essential oils, garlic and asafoetida, known to be highly toxic to mosquito larvae. Four emulsions of each essential oil based on amylose hexadecylammonium chloride and amylose sodium palmitate inclusion complexes were evaluated for their toxicity against Aedes aegypti L. larvae relative to bulk essential oils. All emulsions were significantly more toxic than the bulk essential oil with the lethal dosage ratios ranging from 1.09-1.30 relative to bulk essential oil. Droplet numbers ranged from 1.11 × 109 to 9.55 × 109 per mL and did not change significantly after a 6-month storage period. These findings demonstrated that amylose inclusion complexes enhanced the toxicity of essential oils and could be used to develop new essential oil based larvicides for use in integrated vector management.
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Shabbir MZ, Zhang T, Wang Z, He K. Transcriptome and Proteome Alternation With Resistance to Bacillus thuringiensis Cry1Ah Toxin in Ostrinia furnacalis. Front Physiol 2019; 10:27. [PMID: 30774599 PMCID: PMC6367224 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2019.00027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2018] [Accepted: 01/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Asian corn borer (ACB), Ostrinia furnacalis can develop resistance to transgenic Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) maize expressing Cry1Ah-toxin. However, the mechanisms that regulate the resistance of ACB to Cry1Ah-toxin are unknown. Objective: In order to understand the molecular basis of the Cry1Ah-toxin resistance in ACB, “omics” analyses were performed to examine the difference between Cry1Ah-resistant (ACB-AhR) and susceptible (ACB-BtS) strains of ACB at both transcriptional and translational levels. Results: A total of 7,007 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and 182 differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) were identified between ACB-AhR and ACB-BtS and 90 genes had simultaneous transcription and translation profiles. Down-regulated genes associated with Cry1Ah resistance included aminopeptidase N, ABCC3, DIMBOA-induced cytochrome P450, alkaline phosphatase, glutathione S-transferase, cadherin-like protein, and V-ATPase. Whereas, anti-stress genes, such as heat shock protein 70 and carboxylesterase were up-regulated in ACB-AhR, displaying that a higher proportion of genes/proteins related to resistance was down-regulated compared to up-regulated. The Kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes (KEGG) analysis mapped 578 and 29 DEGs and DEPs, to 27 and 10 pathways, respectively (P < 0.05). Furthermore, real-time quantitative (qRT-PCR) results based on relative expression levels of randomly selected genes confirmed the “omics” response. Conclusion: Despite the previous studies, this is the first combination of a study using RNA-Seq and iTRAQ approaches on Cry1Ah-toxin binding, which led to the identification of longer length of unigenes in ACB. The DEGs and DEPs results are valuable for further clarifying Cry1Ah-mediated resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Zeeshan Shabbir
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Tiantao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zhenying Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Kanglai He
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
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Carvalho KDS, Crespo MM, Araújo AP, da Silva RS, de Melo-Santos MAV, de Oliveira CMF, Silva-Filha MHNL. Long-term exposure of Aedes aegypti to Bacillus thuringiensis svar. israelensis did not involve altered susceptibility to this microbial larvicide or to other control agents. Parasit Vectors 2018; 11:673. [PMID: 30594214 PMCID: PMC6311009 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-018-3246-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2018] [Accepted: 11/29/2018] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Bacillus thuringiensis svar. israelensis (Bti) is an effective and safe biolarvicide to control Aedes aegypti. Its mode of action based on four protoxins disfavors resistance; however, control in endemic areas that display high mosquito infestation throughout the year requires continuous larvicide applications, which imposes a strong selection pressure. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the effects of an intensive Bti exposure on an Ae. aegypti strain (RecBti), regarding its susceptibility to Bti and two of its protoxins tested individually, to other control agents temephos and diflubenzuron, and its profile of detoxifying enzymes. Methods The RecBti strain was established using a large egg sample (10,000) from Recife city (Brazil) and more than 290,000 larvae were subjected to Bti throughout 30 generations. Larvae susceptibility to larvicides and the activity of detoxifying enzymes were determined by bioassays and catalytic assays, respectively. The Rockefeller strain was the reference used for these evaluations. Results Bti exposure yielded an average of 74% mortality at each generation. Larvae assessed in seven time points throughout the 30 generations were susceptible to Bti crystal (resistance ratio RR ≤ 2.8) and to its individual toxins Cry11Aa and Cry4Ba (RR ≤ 4.1). Early signs of altered susceptibility to Cry11Aa were detected in the last evaluations, suggesting that this toxin was a marker of the selection pressure imposed. RecBti larvae were also susceptible (RR ≤ 1.6) to the other control agents, temephos and diflubenzuron. The activity of the detoxifying enzymes α- and β-esterases, glutathione-S-transferases and mixed-function oxidases was classified as unaltered in larvae from two generations (F19 and F25), except for a β-esterases increase in F25. Conclusions Prolonged exposure of Ae. aegypti larvae to Bti did not evolve into resistance to the crystal, and no cross-resistance with temephos and diflubenzuron were recorded, which supports their sustainable use with Bti for integrated control practices. The unaltered activity of most detoxifying enzymes suggests that they might not play a major role in the metabolism of Bti toxins, therefore resistance by this mechanism is unlikely to occur. This study also highlights the need to establish suitable criteria to classify the status of larval susceptibility/resistance. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13071-018-3246-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mônica Maria Crespo
- Department of Entomology, Instituto Aggeu Magalhães-FIOCRUZ, Recife, PE, 50740-465, Brazil
| | - Ana Paula Araújo
- Department of Entomology, Instituto Aggeu Magalhães-FIOCRUZ, Recife, PE, 50740-465, Brazil
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Gillis A, Fayad N, Makart L, Bolotin A, Sorokin A, Kallassy M, Mahillon J. Role of plasmid plasticity and mobile genetic elements in the entomopathogen Bacillus thuringiensis serovar israelensis. FEMS Microbiol Rev 2018; 42:829-856. [PMID: 30203090 PMCID: PMC6199540 DOI: 10.1093/femsre/fuy034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2018] [Accepted: 09/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacillus thuringiensis is a well-known biopesticide that has been used for more than 80 years. This spore-forming bacterium belongs to the group of Bacillus cereus that also includes, among others, emetic and diarrheic pathotypes of B. cereus, the animal pathogen Bacillus anthracis and the psychrotolerant Bacillus weihenstephanensis. Bacillus thuringiensis is rather unique since it has adapted its lifestyle as an efficient pathogen of specific insect larvae. One of the peculiarities of B. thuringiensis strains is the extent of their extrachromosomal pool, with strains harbouring more than 10 distinct plasmid molecules. Among the numerous serovars of B. thuringiensis, 'israelensis' is certainly emblematic since its host spectrum is apparently restricted to dipteran insects like mosquitoes and black flies, vectors of human and animal diseases such as malaria, yellow fever, or river blindness. In this review, the putative role of the mobile gene pool of B. thuringiensis serovar israelensis in its pathogenicity and dedicated lifestyle is reviewed, with specific emphasis on the nature, diversity, and potential mobility of its constituents. Variations among the few related strains of B. thuringiensis serovar israelensis will also be reported and discussed in the scope of this specialised insect pathogen, whose lifestyle in the environment remains largely unknown.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annika Gillis
- Laboratory of Food and Environmental Microbiology, Université catholique de Louvain, B-1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Nancy Fayad
- Laboratory of Food and Environmental Microbiology, Université catholique de Louvain, B-1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
- Laboratory of Biodiversity and Functional Genomics (BGF), Faculty of Sciences, Université Saint-Joseph, 1107 2050 Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Lionel Makart
- Laboratory of Food and Environmental Microbiology, Université catholique de Louvain, B-1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Alexander Bolotin
- UMR1319 Micalis Institute, INRA, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, F-78350 Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Alexei Sorokin
- UMR1319 Micalis Institute, INRA, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, F-78350 Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Mireille Kallassy
- Laboratory of Biodiversity and Functional Genomics (BGF), Faculty of Sciences, Université Saint-Joseph, 1107 2050 Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Jacques Mahillon
- Laboratory of Food and Environmental Microbiology, Université catholique de Louvain, B-1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
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Zhang Q, Hua G, Adang MJ. Effects and mechanisms of Bacillus thuringiensis crystal toxins for mosquito larvae. INSECT SCIENCE 2017; 24:714-729. [PMID: 27628909 DOI: 10.1111/1744-7917.12401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2016] [Revised: 08/15/2016] [Accepted: 08/22/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Bacillus thuringiensis is a Gram-positive aerobic bacterium that produces insecticidal crystalline inclusions during sporulation phases of the mother cell. The virulence factor, known as parasporal crystals, is composed of Cry and Cyt toxins. Most Cry toxins display a common 3-domain topology. Cry toxins exert intoxication through toxin activation, receptor binding and pore formation in a suitable larval gut environment. The mosquitocidal toxins of Bt subsp. israelensis (Bti) were found to be highly active against mosquito larvae and are widely used for vector control. Bt subsp. jegathesan is another strain which possesses high potency against broad range of mosquito larvae. The present review summarizes characterized receptors for Cry toxins in mosquito larvae, and will also discuss the diversity and effects of 3-D mosquitocidal Cry toxin and the ongoing research for Cry toxin mechanisms generated from investigations of lepidopteran and dipteran larvae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Zhang
- College of Plant Protection, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
- Department of Entomology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Gang Hua
- Department of Entomology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Michael J Adang
- Department of Entomology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
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Kim IH, Ensign J, Kim DY, Jung HY, Kim NR, Choi BH, Park SM, Lan Q, Goodman WG. Specificity and putative mode of action of a mosquito larvicidal toxin from the bacterium Xenorhabdus innexi. J Invertebr Pathol 2017; 149:21-28. [PMID: 28712711 DOI: 10.1016/j.jip.2017.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2017] [Revised: 07/01/2017] [Accepted: 07/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Reduction of mosquito-borne diseases relies, in part, on the use of synthetic pesticides to control pest mosquitoes. This reliance has led to genetic resistance, environmental contamination and the nondiscriminatory elimination of both pest and non-pest species. To expand our options for control, we screened entomopathogenic bacteria for potential larvicidal activity. A lipopeptide from the bacterium, Xenorhabdus innexi, was discovered that displayed potent larvicidal activity. The LC50s of the lipopeptide towards Aedes aegypti, Culex pipiens and Anopheles gambiae larvae were 1.81, 1.25 and 1.86 parts-per-million, respectively. No mortality was observed in other insect species tested. The putative mode of action of the lipopeptide suggested that after orally ingestion, it bound to the apical membrane of anterior midgut cells and created pores in the cellular membranes. The rapid neutralization of midgut pH suggested the pores disabled the H+-V-ATPase on the basal membrane and led to epithelial cell death. Specificity and toxicity towards mosquito larvae and the unique mode of action makes this lipopeptide a potentially attractive bacterial insecticide for control of mosquitoes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Il-Hwan Kim
- Vector Biology Section, Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD 20852, USA; Department of Entomology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA.
| | - Jerald Ensign
- Department of Bacteriology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Do-Young Kim
- Advanced Bio Convergence Center, Pohang Technopark, Jigok-dong, Pohang, Republic of Korea
| | - Hoe-Yune Jung
- Advanced Bio Convergence Center, Pohang Technopark, Jigok-dong, Pohang, Republic of Korea; R&D Center, NovMetaPharma Co., Ltd., Jigok-dong, Pohang, Republic of Korea
| | - Na-Ri Kim
- Advanced Bio Convergence Center, Pohang Technopark, Jigok-dong, Pohang, Republic of Korea
| | - Bo-Hwa Choi
- Advanced Bio Convergence Center, Pohang Technopark, Jigok-dong, Pohang, Republic of Korea
| | - Sun-Min Park
- Advanced Bio Convergence Center, Pohang Technopark, Jigok-dong, Pohang, Republic of Korea
| | - Que Lan
- Department of Entomology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Walter G Goodman
- Department of Entomology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
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Rojas-Pinzón PA, Dussán J. Efficacy of the vegetative cells of Lysinibacillus sphaericus for biological control of insecticide-resistant Aedes aegypti. Parasit Vectors 2017; 10:231. [PMID: 28490350 PMCID: PMC5424284 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-017-2171-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2016] [Accepted: 05/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The control of Aedes aegypti is usually based on chemical insecticides, but the overuse of these compounds has led to increased resistance. The binary toxin produced by Lysinibacillus sphaericus in the final stages of sporulation is used for mosquito control due to its specificity against the culicid larvae; however, it has been proved that Ae. aegypti is refractory for this toxin. Currently, there is no evidence of the use of L. sphaericus vegetative cells for mosquito biocontrol. Therefore, in this study, the vegetative cells of three L. sphaericus strains were assessed against a field-collected Ae. aegypti, resistant to temephos, and the reference Rockefeller strain. Results Vegetative cells of L. sphaericus 2362, III(3)7 and OT4b.25 produced between 90% and 100% of larvae mortality in the reference Rockefeller strain. Effective concentrations of each L. sphaericus strain for the four larval stages ranged from 1.4 to 2 × 107 CFU/ml. Likewise, a consortium of L. sphaericus assessed against a field-collected Ae. aegypti resistant to temephos and the Rockefeller strain caused 90% of larvae mortality. Concentrations of L. sphaericus consortium that resulted in larvae mortality of field-collected and Rockefeller Ae. aegypti ranged from 1.7 to 2.5 × 107 CFU/ml. The vegetative cells of L. sphaericus have no effect on the Ae. aegypti eggs and pupae. Conclusions The vegetative cells of L. sphaericus are effective against Ae. aegypti larvae, meaning that it could be used in the biological control of these mosquito species. Since the L. sphaericus consortium was effective against temephos-resistant Ae. aegypti, vegetative cells could be an alternative to overcome insecticide-resistant populations. Further studies, should be conducted to reveal the mode of action and the toxic principle of L. sphaericus vegetative cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Andrea Rojas-Pinzón
- Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Centro de Investigaciones Microbiológicas (CIMIC), Universidad de los Andes, Carrera 1 No. 18 A - 10, J-206, Bogotá, Colombia.
| | - Jenny Dussán
- Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Centro de Investigaciones Microbiológicas (CIMIC), Universidad de los Andes, Carrera 1 No. 18 A - 10, J-206, Bogotá, Colombia.
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Muema JM, Bargul JL, Njeru SN, Onyango JO, Imbahale SS. Prospects for malaria control through manipulation of mosquito larval habitats and olfactory-mediated behavioural responses using plant-derived compounds. Parasit Vectors 2017; 10:184. [PMID: 28412962 PMCID: PMC5392979 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-017-2122-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2016] [Accepted: 03/29/2017] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Malaria presents an overwhelming public health challenge, particularly in sub-Saharan Africa where vector favourable conditions and poverty prevail, potentiating the disease burden. Behavioural variability of malaria vectors poses a great challenge to existing vector control programmes with insecticide resistance already acquired to nearly all available chemical compounds. Thus, approaches incorporating plant-derived compounds to manipulate semiochemical-mediated behaviours through disruption of mosquito olfactory sensory system have considerably gained interests to interrupt malaria transmission cycle. The combination of push-pull methods and larval control have the potential to reduce malaria vector populations, thus minimising the risk of contracting malaria especially in resource-constrained communities where access to synthetic insecticides is a challenge. In this review, we have compiled information regarding the current status of knowledge on manipulation of larval ecology and chemical-mediated behaviour of adult mosquitoes with plant-derived compounds for controlling mosquito populations. Further, an update on the current advancements in technologies to improve longevity and efficiency of these compounds for field applications has been provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jackson M Muema
- Department of Biochemistry, Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology, P.O. Box 62000-00200, Nairobi, Kenya.
| | - Joel L Bargul
- Department of Biochemistry, Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology, P.O. Box 62000-00200, Nairobi, Kenya.,Molecular Biology and Bioinformatics Unit, International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology, P.O. Box 30772-00100, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Sospeter N Njeru
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Kisii University, P.O. Box 408-40200, Kisii, Kenya.,Present Address: Fritz Lipmann Institute (FLI) - Leibniz Institute of Aging Research, D-07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Joab O Onyango
- Department of Chemical Science and Technology, Technical University of Kenya, P.O. Box 52428-00200, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Susan S Imbahale
- Department of Applied and Technical Biology, Technical University of Kenya, P.O. Box 52428-00200, Nairobi, Kenya
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El-kersh TA, Ahmed AM, Al-sheikh YA, Tripet F, Ibrahim MS, Metwalli AAM. Isolation and characterization of native Bacillus thuringiensis strains from Saudi Arabia with enhanced larvicidal toxicity against the mosquito vector Anopheles gambiae (s.l.). Parasit Vectors 2016; 9:647. [PMID: 27993165 PMCID: PMC5168711 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-016-1922-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2016] [Accepted: 11/30/2016] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Worldwide, mosquito vectors are transmitting several etiological agents of important human diseases, including malaria, causing millions of deaths every year. In Saudi Arabia, as elsewhere, vector-control is based mostly on chemical insecticides which may be toxic and cause environmental deprivation. Here, to support the development of bio-pesticide alternatives, a study was conducted to identify native Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) isolates with improved toxicity against the malaria vector, Anopheles gambiae (s.l.). METHODS Sixty-eight Bt isolates were obtained from 300 soil and other samples collected from 16 sites across Saudi Arabia. Bt identification was based on morphological characteristics of colonies, shape of parasporal crystals and biochemical profiles. After characterization of their mosquitocidal activity, larvicidal strains were described through 16S ribosomal DNA gene sequencing, cry, cyt and chi genes PCR-amplification profiles, and SDS-PAGE protein analyses. RESULTS Spherical Bt crystals were predominant amongst the 68 isolates (34%), while irregular, bi-pyramidal and spore-attached crystals were found in 32, 13 and 21% of strains, respectively. LC50 and LC90 bioassays showed that 23/68 isolates were larvicidal, with distinct biochemical activity profiles compared to non-larvicidal Bt strains. Eight larvicidal strains showed larvicidal activity up to 3.4-fold higher (LC50 range: 3.90-7.40 μg/ml) than the reference Bti-H14 strain (LC50 = 13.33 μg/ml). Of these, 6 strains had cry and cyt gene profiles similar to Bti-H14 (cry4Aa, cry4Ba, cry10, cry11, cyt1Aa, cyt1Ab, cyt2Aa). The seventh strain (Bt63) displaying the highest larvicidal activity (LC50 = 3.90 μg/ml) missed the cry4Aa and cyt1Ab genes and had SDS-PAGE protein profiles and spore/crystal sizes distinct from Bti-H14. The eight strain (Bt55) with LC50 of 4.11μg/ml had cry and cyt gene profiles similar to Bti-H14 but gave a chi gene PCR product size of 2027bp. No strains harbouring cry2, cry17 + 27, cry24 + 40, cry25, cry29, cry30, or cyt2Ba were detected. CONCLUSION This study represents the first report of several Saudi indigenous Bt strains with significantly higher larvicidal efficacy against An. gambiae than the reference Bti-H14 strain. The very high toxicity of the Bt63 strain, combined with distinct cry and cyt genes and SDS-PAGE-protein profiles makes it a promising candidate for future applications in mosquito bio-control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Talaat A. El-kersh
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ashraf M. Ahmed
- Department of Zoology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Yazeed A. Al-sheikh
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Frédéric Tripet
- Centre for Applied Entomology and Parasitology, School of Life Sciences, Keele University, Staffordshire, ST5 5BG UK
| | - Mohamed S. Ibrahim
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ali A. M. Metwalli
- Department of Food Science & Nutrition, College of Food and Agricultural Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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Stalinski R, Laporte F, Tetreau G, Després L. Receptors are affected by selection with each Bacillus thuringiensis israelensis Cry toxin but not with the full Bti mixture in Aedes aegypti. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2016; 44:218-227. [DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2016.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2016] [Revised: 06/09/2016] [Accepted: 07/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Xia J, Guo Z, Yang Z, Zhu X, Kang S, Yang X, Yang F, Wu Q, Wang S, Xie W, Xu W, Zhang Y. Proteomics-based identification of midgut proteins correlated with Cry1Ac resistance in Plutella xylostella (L.). PESTICIDE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2016; 132:108-117. [PMID: 27521921 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2016.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2015] [Revised: 01/04/2016] [Accepted: 01/08/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella (L.), is a worldwide pest of cruciferous crops and can rapidly develop resistance to many chemical insecticides. Although insecticidal crystal proteins (i.e., Cry and Cyt toxins) derived from Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) have been useful alternatives to chemical insecticides for the control of P. xylostella, resistance to Bt in field populations of P. xylostella has already been reported. A better understanding of the resistance mechanisms to Bt should be valuable in delaying resistance development. In this study, the mechanisms underlying P. xylostella resistance to Bt Cry1Ac toxin were investigated using two-dimensional differential in-gel electrophoresis (2D-DIGE) and ligand blotting for the first time. Comparative analyses of the constitutive expression of midgut proteins in Cry1Ac-susceptible and -resistant P. xylostella larvae revealed 31 differentially expressed proteins, 21 of which were identified by mass spectrometry. Of these identified proteins, the following fell into diverse eukaryotic orthologous group (KOG) subcategories may be involved in Cry1Ac resistance in P. xylostella: ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporter subfamily G member 4 (ABCG4), trypsin, heat shock protein 70 (HSP70), vacuolar H(+)-ATPase, actin, glycosylphosphatidylinositol anchor attachment 1 protein (GAA1) and solute carrier family 30 member 1 (SLC30A1). Additionally, ligand blotting identified the following midgut proteins as Cry1Ac-binding proteins in Cry1Ac-susceptible P. xylostella larvae: ABC transporter subfamily C member 1 (ABCC1), solute carrier family 36 member 1 (SLC36A1), NADH dehydrogenase iron-sulfur protein 3 (NDUFS3), prohibitin and Rap1 GTPase-activating protein 1. Collectively, these proteomic results increase our understanding of the molecular resistance mechanisms to Bt Cry1Ac toxin in P. xylostella and also demonstrate that resistance to Bt Cry1Ac toxin is complex and multifaceted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jixing Xia
- Department of Plant Protection, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China; Department of Biocontrol, Institute of Plant Protection, Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, 150080, China.
| | - Zhaojiang Guo
- Department of Plant Protection, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China.
| | - Zezhong Yang
- Department of Plant Protection, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China.
| | - Xun Zhu
- Department of Plant Protection, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China.
| | - Shi Kang
- Department of Plant Protection, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China.
| | - Xin Yang
- Department of Plant Protection, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China.
| | - Fengshan Yang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Heilongjiang Province, College of Life Sciences, Heilongjiang University, Harbin 150080, China.
| | - Qingjun Wu
- Department of Plant Protection, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China.
| | - Shaoli Wang
- Department of Plant Protection, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China.
| | - Wen Xie
- Department of Plant Protection, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China.
| | - Weijun Xu
- Department of Biocontrol, Institute of Plant Protection, Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, 150080, China.
| | - Youjun Zhang
- Department of Plant Protection, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China.
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Meepagala KM, Estep AS, Becnel JJ. Larvicidal and Adulticidal Activity of Chroman and Chromene Analogues against Susceptible and Permethrin-Resistant Mosquito Strains. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2016; 64:4914-4920. [PMID: 27249182 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.6b01299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Mosquitoes play a major role as vectors that transmit parasitic and viral diseases worldwide, especially in tropical and subtropical countries. Mosquito borne diseases not only affect humans but they also affect livestock in many parts of the world. They carry diseases that are lethal to dogs and horses. Dog heartworm disease (Dirofilaria immitis) is a parasitic disease spread through mosquitoes. This disease is not limited to dogs, but it can affect other animals and humans as well. Eastern equine encephalitis (EEE) and West Nile virus (WNV) are also mosquito borne diseases that affect the central nervous system of horses and cause severe complications and death. Emergence of resistance among mosquitoes to current pesticides has increased the importance of the search for alternate compounds that are effective and environmentally benign with diverse modes of actions than those that are commercially available. Aedes aegypti mosquitoes are the primary vector for transmission of Zika viral fever, yellow fever, dengue fever, and chikungunya. Mosquito control is currently the best strategy to prevent mosquito borne diseases. There are numerous approaches for control of potentially dangerous mosquito populations. These approaches include the use of adulticides (insecticides), larvicides, and, to a limited extent, the use of repellents. Our previous studies have shown the mosquito repellent activity of chromenes. In the present study, we demonstrate larvicidal and adulticidal activity of chroman and chromene analogues against a permethrin susceptible laboratory strain as well as activity against a permethrin-resistant strain of Aedes aegypti.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kumudini M Meepagala
- NPURU, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture , P.O. Box 8048, University, Mississippi 38677, United States
| | - Alden S Estep
- CMAVE, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture , MFRU1600-1700 SW 23rd Drive, Gainesville, Florida 32608, United States
- Navy Entomology Center of Excellence (NECE), NASJAX , 937 Child Street, Jacksonville, Florida 32212, United States
| | - James J Becnel
- CMAVE, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture , MFRU1600-1700 SW 23rd Drive, Gainesville, Florida 32608, United States
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Mohiddin A, Lasim AM, Zuharah WF. Susceptibility of Aedes albopictus from dengue outbreak areas to temephos and Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. israelensis. Asian Pac J Trop Biomed 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.apjtb.2016.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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Transcriptional profiling analysis of Spodoptera litura larvae challenged with Vip3Aa toxin and possible involvement of trypsin in the toxin activation. Sci Rep 2016; 6:23861. [PMID: 27025647 PMCID: PMC4812304 DOI: 10.1038/srep23861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2015] [Accepted: 03/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Vip proteins, a new group of insecticidal toxins produced by Bacillus thuringiensis, are effective against specific pests including Spodoptera litura. Here, we report construction of a transcriptome database of S. litura by de novo assembly along with detection of the transcriptional response of S. litura larvae to Vip3Aa toxin. In total, 56,498 unigenes with an N50 value of 1,853 bp were obtained. Results of transcriptome abundance showed that Vip3Aa toxin provoked a wide transcriptional response of the S. litura midgut. The differentially expressed genes were enriched for immunity-related, metabolic-related and Bt-related genes. Twenty-nine immunity-related genes, 102 metabolic-related genes and 62 Bt-related genes with differential expression were found. On the basis of transcriptional profiling analysis, we focus on the functional validation of trypsin which potentially participated in the activation of Vip3Aa protoxin. Zymogram analysis indicated that the presence of many proteases, including trypsin, in S. litura larvae midgut. Results of enzymolysis in vitro of Vip3Aa by trypsin, and bioassay and histopathology of the trypsin-digested Vip3Aa toxin showed that trypsin was possibly involved in the Vip3Aa activation. This study provides a transcriptome foundation for the identification and functional validation of the differentially expressed genes in an agricultural important pest, S. litura.
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Stalinski R, Laporte F, Després L, Tetreau G. Alkaline phosphatases are involved in the response ofAedes aegyptilarvae to intoxication withBacillus thuringiensissubsp.israelensis Cry toxins. Environ Microbiol 2016; 18:1022-36. [DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.13186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2015] [Accepted: 12/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Renaud Stalinski
- Laboratoire d'Ecologie Alpine LECA UMR5553; Université Grenoble Alpes; F-38000 Grenoble France
- Laboratoire d'Ecologie Alpine LECA UMR5553; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique; F-38000 Grenoble France
| | - Frédéric Laporte
- Laboratoire d'Ecologie Alpine LECA UMR5553; Université Grenoble Alpes; F-38000 Grenoble France
- Laboratoire d'Ecologie Alpine LECA UMR5553; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique; F-38000 Grenoble France
| | - Laurence Després
- Laboratoire d'Ecologie Alpine LECA UMR5553; Université Grenoble Alpes; F-38000 Grenoble France
- Laboratoire d'Ecologie Alpine LECA UMR5553; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique; F-38000 Grenoble France
| | - Guillaume Tetreau
- Laboratoire d'Ecologie Alpine LECA UMR5553; Université Grenoble Alpes; F-38000 Grenoble France
- Laboratoire d'Ecologie Alpine LECA UMR5553; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique; F-38000 Grenoble France
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Rašić G, Schama R, Powell R, Maciel-de Freitas R, Endersby-Harshman NM, Filipović I, Sylvestre G, Máspero RC, Hoffmann AA. Contrasting genetic structure between mitochondrial and nuclear markers in the dengue fever mosquito from Rio de Janeiro: implications for vector control. Evol Appl 2015; 8:901-15. [PMID: 26495042 PMCID: PMC4610386 DOI: 10.1111/eva.12301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2015] [Accepted: 07/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Dengue is the most prevalent global arboviral disease that affects over 300 million people every year. Brazil has the highest number of dengue cases in the world, with the most severe epidemics in the city of Rio de Janeiro (Rio). The effective control of dengue is critically dependent on the knowledge of population genetic structuring in the primary dengue vector, the mosquito Aedes aegypti. We analyzed mitochondrial and nuclear genomewide single nucleotide polymorphism markers generated via Restriction-site Associated DNA sequencing, as well as traditional microsatellite markers in Ae. aegypti from Rio. We found four divergent mitochondrial lineages and a strong spatial structuring of mitochondrial variation, in contrast to the overall nuclear homogeneity across Rio. Despite a low overall differentiation in the nuclear genome, we detected strong spatial structure for variation in over 20 genes that have a significantly altered expression in response to insecticides, xenobiotics, and pathogens, including the novel biocontrol agent Wolbachia. Our results indicate that high genetic diversity, spatially unconstrained admixing likely mediated by male dispersal, along with locally heterogeneous genetic variation that could affect insecticide resistance and mosquito vectorial capacity, set limits to the effectiveness of measures to control dengue fever in Rio.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gordana Rašić
- Pest and Environmental Adaptation Research Group, School of Biosciences, Bio21 Institute, The University of MelbourneParkville, Vic., Australia
| | - Renata Schama
- Laboratório de Fisiologia e Controle de Artrópodes Vetores, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, FiocruzRio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Laboratório de Biologia Computacional e Sistemas, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, FiocruzRio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Rosanna Powell
- Pest and Environmental Adaptation Research Group, School of Biosciences, Bio21 Institute, The University of MelbourneParkville, Vic., Australia
| | - Rafael Maciel-de Freitas
- Laboratório de Transmissores de Hematozoários, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, FiocruzRio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Nancy M Endersby-Harshman
- Pest and Environmental Adaptation Research Group, School of Biosciences, Bio21 Institute, The University of MelbourneParkville, Vic., Australia
| | - Igor Filipović
- Pest and Environmental Adaptation Research Group, School of Biosciences, Bio21 Institute, The University of MelbourneParkville, Vic., Australia
| | - Gabriel Sylvestre
- Laboratório de Transmissores de Hematozoários, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, FiocruzRio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Renato C Máspero
- Gerencia de Risco Biológico da Coordenação de Vigilância Ambiental em Saude, Superintendência de Vigilânciaem Saude – SMSRio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Ary A Hoffmann
- Pest and Environmental Adaptation Research Group, School of Biosciences, Bio21 Institute, The University of MelbourneParkville, Vic., Australia
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Bonin A, Paris M, Frérot H, Bianco E, Tetreau G, Després L. The genetic architecture of a complex trait: Resistance to multiple toxins produced by Bacillus thuringiensis israelensis in the dengue and yellow fever vector, the mosquito Aedes aegypti. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2015; 35:204-13. [PMID: 26238211 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2015.07.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2015] [Revised: 07/24/2015] [Accepted: 07/31/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The bacterial insecticide Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. israelensis (Bti) is an increasingly popular alternative to chemical insecticides for controlling mosquito populations. Because Bti toxicity relies on the action of four main toxins, resistance to Bti is very likely a complex phenotype involving several genes simultaneously. Dissecting the underlying genetic basis thus requires associating a quantitative measure of resistance to genetic variation at many loci in a segregating population. Here, we undertake this task using the dengue and yellow fever vector, the mosquito Aedes aegypti, as a study model. We conducted QTL (Quantitative Trait Locus) and admixture mapping analyses on two controlled crosses and on an artificial admixed population, respectively, all obtained from resistant and susceptible lab strains. We detected 16 QTL regions, among which four QTLs were revealed by different analysis methods. These four robust QTLs explained altogether 29.2% and 62.2% of the total phenotypic variance in the two QTL crosses, respectively. They also all showed a dominant mode of action. In addition, we found six loci showing statistical association with Bti resistance in the admixed population. Five of the supercontigs highlighted in this study contained candidate genes as suggested by their function, or by prior evidence from expression and/or outlier analyses. These genomic regions are thus good starting points for fine mapping of resistance to Bti or functional analyses aiming at identifying the underlying genes and mutations. Moreover, for the purpose of this work, we built the first Ae. aegypti genetic map based on markers associated with genes expressed in larvae. This genetic map harbors 229 SNP markers mapped across the three chromosomes for a total length of 311.9cM. It brought to light several assembly discrepancies with the reference genome, suggesting a high level of genome plasticity in Ae. aegypti.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurélie Bonin
- Laboratoire d'Ecologie Alpine, UMR-CNRS 5553, Université Joseph Fourier, BP53, 38041 Grenoble, France.
| | - Margot Paris
- Laboratoire d'Ecologie Alpine, UMR-CNRS 5553, Université Joseph Fourier, BP53, 38041 Grenoble, France
| | - Hélène Frérot
- Unité Evolution, Ecologie et Paléontologie, UMR-CNRS 8198, Université de Lille 1-Sciences et Technologies, 59655 Villeneuve d'Ascq, France
| | - Erica Bianco
- Laboratoire d'Ecologie Alpine, UMR-CNRS 5553, Université Joseph Fourier, BP53, 38041 Grenoble, France
| | - Guillaume Tetreau
- Laboratoire d'Ecologie Alpine, UMR-CNRS 5553, Université Joseph Fourier, BP53, 38041 Grenoble, France
| | - Laurence Després
- Laboratoire d'Ecologie Alpine, UMR-CNRS 5553, Université Joseph Fourier, BP53, 38041 Grenoble, France
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Nanoth Vellichirammal N, Wang H, Eyun SI, Moriyama EN, Coates BS, Miller NJ, Siegfried BD. Transcriptional analysis of susceptible and resistant European corn borer strains and their response to Cry1F protoxin. BMC Genomics 2015. [PMID: 26220297 PMCID: PMC4518661 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-015-1751-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Despite a number of recent reports of insect resistance to transgenic crops expressing insecticidal toxins from Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt), little is known about the mechanism of resistance to these toxins. The purpose of this study is to identify genes associated with the mechanism of Cry1F toxin resistance in European corn borer (Ostrinia nubilalis Hübner). For this, we compared the global transcriptomic response of laboratory selected resistant and susceptible O. nubilalis strain to Cry1F toxin. We further identified constitutive transcriptional differences between the two strains. Results An O. nubilalis midgut transcriptome of 36,125 transcripts was assembled de novo from 106 million Illumina HiSeq and Roche 454 reads and used as a reference for estimation of differential gene expression analysis. Evaluation of gene expression profiles of midgut tissues from the Cry1F susceptible and resistant strains after toxin exposure identified a suite of genes that responded to the toxin in the susceptible strain (n = 1,654), but almost 20-fold fewer in the resistant strain (n = 84). A total of 5,455 midgut transcripts showed significant constitutive expression differences between Cry1F susceptible and resistant strains. Transcripts coding for previously identified Cry toxin receptors, cadherin and alkaline phosphatase and proteases were also differentially expressed in the midgut of the susceptible and resistant strains. Conclusions Our current study provides a valuable resource for further molecular characterization of Bt resistance and insect response to Cry1F toxin in O. nubilalis and other pest species. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12864-015-1751-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Haichuan Wang
- Department of Entomology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, USA.
| | - Seong-Il Eyun
- Center for Biotechnology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, USA.
| | - Etsuko N Moriyama
- School of Biological Sciences and Center for Plant Science Innovation, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, USA.
| | - Brad S Coates
- USDA-ARS, Corn Insects and Crop Genetics Research Unit, Ames, IA, USA.
| | - Nicholas J Miller
- Department of Entomology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, USA.
| | - Blair D Siegfried
- Department of Entomology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, USA.
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Lu L, Qi Z, Zhang J, Wu W. Separation of Binding Protein of Celangulin V from the Midgut of Mythimna separata Walker by Affinity Chromatography. Toxins (Basel) 2015; 7:1738-48. [PMID: 25996604 PMCID: PMC4448171 DOI: 10.3390/toxins7051738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2015] [Revised: 04/23/2015] [Accepted: 04/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Celangulin V, an insecticidal compound isolated from the root bark of Chinese bittersweet, can affect the digestive system of insects. However, the mechanism of how Celangulin V induces a series of symptoms is still unknown. In this study, affinity chromatography was conducted through coupling of Celangulin V-6-aminoacetic acid ester to the CNBr-activated Sepharose 4B. SDS-PAGE was used to analyze the collected fraction eluted by Celangulin V. Eight binding proteins (Zinc finger protein, Thioredoxin peroxidase (TPx), Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH), SUMO E3 ligase RanBP2, Transmembrane protein 1, Actin, APN and V-ATPase) were obtained and identified by LC/Q-TOF-MS from the midgut of Mythimna separata larvae. The potential of these proteins to serve as target proteins involved in the insecticidal activity of Celangulin V is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lina Lu
- Institute of Pesticide Science, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A & F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China.
| | - Zhijun Qi
- Institute of Pesticide Science, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A & F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China.
| | - Jiwen Zhang
- College of Science, Northwest A & F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China.
| | - Wenjun Wu
- Institute of Pesticide Science, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A & F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China.
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Gong L, Wang H, Qi J, Han L, Hu M, Jurat-Fuentes JL. Homologs to Cry toxin receptor genes in a de novo transcriptome and their altered expression in resistant Spodoptera litura larvae. J Invertebr Pathol 2015; 129:1-6. [PMID: 25981133 DOI: 10.1016/j.jip.2015.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2014] [Revised: 05/04/2015] [Accepted: 05/08/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Insect resistance threatens sustainability of insecticides based on Cry proteins from the bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt). Since high levels of resistance to Cry proteins involve alterations in Cry-binding midgut receptors, their identification is needed to develop resistance management strategies. Through Illumina sequencing we generated a transcriptome containing 16,161 annotated unigenes for the Oriental leafworm (Spodoptera litura). Transcriptome mining identified 6 contigs with identity to reported lepidopteran Cry toxin receptors. Using PCR we confirmed their expression during the larval stage and compared their quantitative expression in larvae from susceptible and a field-derived Cry1Ca resistant strain of S. litura. Among reduced transcript levels detected for most tested contigs in the Cry1Ca-resistant S. litura larvae, the most dramatic reduction (up to 99%) was detected for alkaline phosphatase contigs. This study significantly expands S. litura transcriptomic resources and provides preliminary identification of putative receptor genes with altered expression in S. litura resistant to Cry1Ca toxin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Gong
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resource Conservation and Sustainable Utilization, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, Guangdong Province, China; Key Laboratory of Pesticide and Chemical Biology, College of Natural Resources and Environment, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Huidong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide and Chemical Biology, College of Natural Resources and Environment, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Jiangwei Qi
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide and Chemical Biology, College of Natural Resources and Environment, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Lanzhi Han
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Meiying Hu
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide and Chemical Biology, College of Natural Resources and Environment, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, Guangdong Province, China.
| | - Juan Luis Jurat-Fuentes
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA.
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Tetreau G, Stalinski R, David JP, Després L. Monitoring resistance to Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. israelensis in the field by performing bioassays with each Cry toxin separately. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2015; 108:894-900. [PMID: 24037105 PMCID: PMC3970644 DOI: 10.1590/0074-0276130155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2013] [Accepted: 04/10/2013] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. israelensis (Bti) is increasingly used worldwide for mosquito control and is the only larvicide used in the French Rhône-Alpes region since decades. The artificial selection of mosquitoes with field-persistent Bti collected in breeding sites from this region led to a moderate level of resistance to Bti, but to relatively high levels of resistance to individual Bti Cry toxins. Based on this observation, we developed a bioassay procedure using each Bti Cry toxin separately to detect cryptic Bti-resistance evolving in field mosquito populations. Although no resistance to Bti was detected in none of the three mosquito species tested (Aedes rusticus, Aedes sticticus and Aedes vexans), an increased tolerance to Cry4Aa (3.5-fold) and Cry11Aa toxins (8-fold) was found in one Ae. sticticus population compared to other populations of the same species, suggesting that resistance to Bti may be arising in this population. This study confirms previous works showing a lack of Bti resistance in field mosquito populations treated for decades with this bioinsecticide. It also provides a first panorama of their susceptibility status to individual Bti Cry toxins. In combination with bioassays with Bti, bioassays with separate Cry toxins allow a more sensitive monitoring of Bti-resistance in the field.
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Lee SB, Aimanova KG, Gill SS. Alkaline phosphatases and aminopeptidases are altered in a Cry11Aa resistant strain of Aedes aegypti. INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2014; 54:112-121. [PMID: 25242559 PMCID: PMC4254116 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibmb.2014.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2014] [Revised: 09/10/2014] [Accepted: 09/13/2014] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. israelensis (Bti) is widely used for the biological control of mosquito populations. However, the mechanism of Bti toxins is still not fully understood. To further elucidate the mechanism of Bti toxins, we developed an Aedes aegypti resistant strain that shows high-level resistance to Cry11Aa toxin. After 27 selections with Cry11Aa toxin, the larvae showed a 124-fold resistance ratio for Cry11Aa (strain G30). G30 larvae showed cross-resistance to Cry4Aa (66-fold resistance), less to Cry4Ba (13-fold), but not to Cry11Ba (2-fold). Midguts from these resistant larvae did not show detectable difference in the processing of the Cry11Aa toxin compared to that in susceptible larvae (WT). Brush border membrane vesicles (BBMV) from resistant larvae bound slightly less Cry11Aa compared to WT BBMV. To identify potential proteins associated with Cry11A resistance, not only transcript changes in the larval midgut were analyzed using Illumina sequencing and qPCR, but alterations of previously identified receptor proteins were investigated using immunoblots. The transcripts of 375 genes were significantly increased and those of 208 genes were down regulated in the resistant larvae midgut compared to the WT. None of the transcripts for previously identified receptors of Cry11Aa (Aedes cadherin, ALP1, APN1, and APN2) were altered in these analyses. The genes for the identified functional receptors in resistant larvae midgut did not contain any mutation in their sequences nor was there any change in their transcript expression levels compared to WT. However, ALP proteins were expressed at reduced levels (∼ 40%) in the resistant strain BBMV. APN proteins and their activity were also slightly reduced in resistance strain. The transcript levels of ALPs (AAEL013330 and AAEL015070) and APNs (AAEL008158, AAEL008162) were significantly reduced. These results strongly suggest that ALPs and APNs could be associated with Cry11Aa resistance in Ae. aegypti.
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Affiliation(s)
- Su-Bum Lee
- Environmental Toxicology Graduate Program, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA; Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - Karlygash G Aimanova
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - Sarjeet S Gill
- Environmental Toxicology Graduate Program, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA; Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA.
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Després L, Stalinski R, Tetreau G, Paris M, Bonin A, Navratil V, Reynaud S, David JP. Gene expression patterns and sequence polymorphisms associated with mosquito resistance to Bacillus thuringiensis israelensis toxins. BMC Genomics 2014; 15:926. [PMID: 25341495 PMCID: PMC4223840 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-15-926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2014] [Accepted: 10/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite the intensive use of Bacillus thuringiensis israelensis (Bti) toxins for mosquito control, little is known about the long term effect of exposure to this cocktail of toxins on target mosquito populations. In contrast to the many cases of resistance to Bacillus thuringiensis Cry toxins observed in other insects, there is no evidence so far for Bti resistance evolution in field mosquito populations. High fitness costs measured in a Bti selected mosquito laboratory strain suggest that evolving resistance to Bti is costly. The aim of the present study was to identify transcription level and polymorphism variations associated with resistance to Bti toxins in the dengue vector Aedes aegypti. We used RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) for comparing a laboratory-selected strain showing elevated resistance to Bti toxins and its parental non-selected susceptible strain. As the resistant strain displayed two marked larval development phenotypes (slow and normal), each phenotype was analyzed separately in order to evidence potential links between resistance mechanisms and mosquito life-history traits. RESULTS A total of 12,458 genes were detected of which 844 were differentially transcribed between the resistant and susceptible strains. Polymorphism analysis revealed a total of 68,541 SNPs of which 12,571 SNPs exhibited more than 40% frequency difference between the resistant and susceptible strains, affecting 2,953 genes. Bti resistance is associated with changes in the transcription level of enzymes involved in detoxification and chitin metabolism. Among previously described Bti-toxin receptors, four alkaline phosphatases (ALPs) were differentially transcribed between resistant and susceptible larvae, and non-synonymous changes affected the protein sequence of one cadherin, six aminopeptidases (APNs) and four α-amylases. Other putative Cry receptors located in lipid rafts, such as flotillin and glycoside hydrolases, were under-transcribed and/or contained non-synonymous substitutions. Finally, immunity-related genes showed contrasted transcription and polymorphisms patterns between the two developmental resistant phenotypes, suggesting the existence of trade-offs between Bti-resistance, life-history traits and immunity. CONCLUSIONS The present study is the first to analyze the whole transcriptome of Bti-resistant mosquitoes by RNA-seq, shedding light on the importance of studying both transcription levels and sequence polymorphism variations to get a comprehensive view of insecticide resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurence Després
- Université Grenoble Alpes, Laboratoire d'Ecologie Alpine UMR5553, Grenoble, France.
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Melo ALDA, Soccol VT, Soccol CR. Bacillus thuringiensis: mechanism of action, resistance, and new applications: a review. Crit Rev Biotechnol 2014; 36:317-26. [DOI: 10.3109/07388551.2014.960793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Stalinski R, Tetreau G, Gaude T, Després L. Pre-selecting resistance against individual Bti Cry toxins facilitates the development of resistance to the Bti toxins cocktail. J Invertebr Pathol 2014; 119:50-3. [PMID: 24768915 DOI: 10.1016/j.jip.2014.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2014] [Revised: 03/10/2014] [Accepted: 04/03/2014] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
The bioinsecticide Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. israelensis is a larvicide used worldwide for mosquito control, which contains three Cry toxins and one Cyt toxin. We investigated for the first time in Aedes aegypti (1) the evolution of resistance and cross-resistance of strains selected with each Cry toxin, and (2) the effect of pre-selection with Cry toxin on the evolution of resistance to a mix of Bti toxins. Cross resistance was higher between Cry4Ba and Cry11Aa than between Cry4Aa and either Cry4Ba or Cry11Aa, suggesting both common and specific mechanisms of resistance. Pre-selecting resistance to each Cry toxins facilitated the development of resistance to the full Bti toxins cocktail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renaud Stalinski
- Laboratoire d'Ecologie Alpine, CNRS-UMR 5553, Université Joseph Fourier, BP 53, 38041 Grenoble cedex 09, France.
| | - Guillaume Tetreau
- Laboratoire d'Ecologie Alpine, CNRS-UMR 5553, Université Joseph Fourier, BP 53, 38041 Grenoble cedex 09, France; Department of Entomology, Cornell University, New York State Agricultural Experiment Station, Geneva, NY 14456, USA.
| | - Thierry Gaude
- Laboratoire d'Ecologie Alpine, CNRS-UMR 5553, Université Joseph Fourier, BP 53, 38041 Grenoble cedex 09, France.
| | - Laurence Després
- Laboratoire d'Ecologie Alpine, CNRS-UMR 5553, Université Joseph Fourier, BP 53, 38041 Grenoble cedex 09, France.
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Bel Y, Jakubowska AK, Costa J, Herrero S, Escriche B. Comprehensive analysis of gene expression profiles of the beet armyworm Spodoptera exigua larvae challenged with Bacillus thuringiensis Vip3Aa toxin. PLoS One 2013; 8:e81927. [PMID: 24312604 PMCID: PMC3846680 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0081927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2013] [Accepted: 10/17/2013] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Host-pathogen interactions result in complex relationship, many aspects of which are not completely understood. Vip proteins, which are Bacillus thuringensis (Bt) insecticidal toxins produced during the vegetative stage, are selectively effective against specific insect pests. This new group of Bt proteins represents an interesting alternative to the classical Bt Cry toxins because current data suggests that they do not share the same mode of action. We have designed and developed a genome-wide microarray for the beet armyworm Spodoptera exigua, a serious lepidopteran pest of many agricultural crops, and used it to better understand how lepidopteran larvae respond to the treatment with the insecticidal protein Vip3Aa. With this approach, the goal of our study was to evaluate the changes in gene expression levels caused by treatment with sublethal doses of Vip3Aa (causing 99% growth inhibition) at 8 and 24 h after feeding. Results indicated that the toxin provoked a wide transcriptional response, with 19% of the microarray unigenes responding significantly to treatment. The number of up- and down-regulated unigenes was very similar. The number of genes whose expression was regulated at 8 h was similar to the number of genes whose expression was regulated after 24 h of treatment. The up-regulated sequences were enriched for genes involved in innate immune response and in pathogen response such as antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) and repat genes. The down-regulated sequences were mainly unigenes with homology to genes involved in metabolism. Genes related to the mode of action of Bt Cry proteins were found, in general, to be slightly overexpressed. The present study is the first genome-wide analysis of the response of lepidopteran insects to Vip3Aa intoxication. An insight into the molecular mechanisms and components related to Vip intoxication will allow designing of more effective management strategies for pest control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yolanda Bel
- Department of Genetics, University of Valencia, Burjassot, Valencia, Spain
| | | | - Juliana Costa
- Department of Applied Biology, UNESP, Jaboticabal, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Salvador Herrero
- Department of Genetics, University of Valencia, Burjassot, Valencia, Spain
| | - Baltasar Escriche
- Department of Genetics, University of Valencia, Burjassot, Valencia, Spain
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Ochoa-Campuzano C, Martínez-Ramírez AC, Contreras E, Rausell C, Real MD. Prohibitin, an essential protein for Colorado potato beetle larval viability, is relevant to Bacillus thuringiensis Cry3Aa toxicity. PESTICIDE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2013; 107:299-308. [PMID: 24267691 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2013.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2013] [Revised: 09/02/2013] [Accepted: 09/03/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Bacillus thuringienesis (Bt) Cry toxins constitute the most extensively used environmentally safe biopesticide and their mode of action relies on the interaction of the toxins with membrane proteins in the midgut of susceptible insects that mediate toxicity and insect specificity. Therefore, identification of Bt Cry toxin interacting proteins in the midgut of target insects and understanding their role in toxicity is of great interest to exploit their insecticidal action. Using ligand blot, we demonstrated that Bt Cry3Aa toxin bound to a 30kDa protein in Colorado potato beetle (CPB) larval midgut membrane, identified by sequence homology as prohibitin-1 protein. Prohibitins comprise a highly conserved family of proteins implicated in important cellular processes. We obtained the complete CPB prohibitin-1 DNA coding sequence of 828pb, in silico translated into a 276-amino acid protein. The analysis at the amino acid level showed that the protein contains a prohibitin-homology domain (Band7_prohibitin, cd03401) conserved among prohibitin proteins. A striking feature of the CPB identified prohibitin-1 is the predicted presence of cadherin elements, potential binding sites for Cry toxins described in other Bt susceptible insects. We also showed that CPB prohibitin-1 protein partitioned into both, detergent soluble and insoluble membrane fractions, as well as a prohibitin-2 homologous protein, previously reported to form functional complexes with prohibitin-1 in other organisms. Prohibitin complexes act as membrane scaffolds ensuring the recruitment of membrane proteases to facilitate substrate processing. Accordingly, sequestration of prohibitin-1 by an anti-prohibitin-1 antibody impaired the Cry3Aa toxin inhibition of the proteolytic cleavage of a fluorogenic synthetic substrate of an ADAM-like metalloprotease previously reported to proteolize this toxin. In this work, we also demonstrated that prohibitin-1 RNAi silencing in CPB larvae produced deleterious effects and together with a LD50 Cry3Aa toxin treatment resulted in a highly efficient short term response since 100% larval mortality was achieved just 5days after toxin challenge. Therefore, the combination of prohibitin RNAi and Cry toxin reveals as an effective strategy to improve crop protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camila Ochoa-Campuzano
- Departamento de Genética, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Valencia, Dr. Moliner 50, Burjassot, 46100 Valencia, Spain
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Tetreau G, Chandor-Proust A, Faucon F, Stalinski R, Akhouayri I, Prud'homme SM, Raveton M, Reynaud S. Contrasting patterns of tolerance between chemical and biological insecticides in mosquitoes exposed to UV-A. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2013; 140-141:389-397. [PMID: 23911355 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2013.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2013] [Revised: 06/27/2013] [Accepted: 07/08/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Mosquitoes are vectors of major human diseases, such as malaria, dengue or yellow fever. Because no efficient treatments or vaccines are available for most of these diseases, control measures rely mainly on reducing mosquito populations by the use of insecticides. Numerous biotic and abiotic factors are known to modulate the efficacy of insecticides used in mosquito control. Mosquito breeding sites vary from opened to high vegetation covered areas leading to a large ultraviolet gradient exposure. This ecological feature may affect the general physiology of the insect, including the resistance status against insecticides. In the context of their contrasted breeding sites, we assessed the impact of low-energetic ultraviolet exposure on mosquito sensitivity to biological and chemical insecticides. We show that several mosquito detoxification enzyme activities (cytochrome P450, glutathione S-transferases, esterases) were increased upon low-energy UV-A exposure. Additionally, five specific genes encoding detoxification enzymes (CYP6BB2, CYP6Z7, CYP6Z8, GSTD4, and GSTE2) previously shown to be involved in resistance to chemical insecticides were found over-transcribed in UV-A exposed mosquitoes, revealed by RT-qPCR experiments. More importantly, toxicological bioassays revealed that UV-exposed mosquitoes were more tolerant to four main chemical insecticide classes (DDT, imidacloprid, permethrin, temephos), whereas the bioinsecticide Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. israelensis (Bti) appeared more toxic. The present article provides the first experimental evidence of the capacity of low-energy UV-A to increase mosquito tolerance to major chemical insecticides. This is also the first time that a metabolic resistance to chemical insecticides is linked to a higher susceptibility to a bioinsecticide. These results support the use of Bti as an efficient alternative to chemical insecticides when a metabolic resistance to chemicals has been developed by mosquitoes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillaume Tetreau
- Laboratoire d'Ecologie Alpine, LECA-UMR 5553, Université de Grenoble 1, BP 53, 38041 Grenoble cedex 09, France.
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41
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Shen GM, Dou W, Huang Y, Jiang XZ, Smagghe G, Wang JJ. In silico cloning and annotation of genes involved in the digestion, detoxification and RNA interference mechanism in the midgut of Bactrocera dorsalis [Hendel (Diptera: Tephritidae)]. INSECT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2013; 22:354-365. [PMID: 23577657 DOI: 10.1111/imb.12026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
As the second largest organ in insects, the insect midgut is the major tissue involved in the digestion of food and detoxification of xenobiotics, such as insecticides, and the first barrier and target for oral RNA interference (RNAi). In this study, we performed a midgut-specific transcriptome analysis in the oriental fruit fly, Bactrocera dorsalis, an economically important worldwide pest, with many populations showing high levels of insecticide resistance. Using high-throughput sequencing, 52 838 060 short reads were generated and assembled to 25 236 unigenes with a mean length of 758 bp. Interestingly, 34 unique sequences encoding digestion enzymes were newly described and these included aminopeptidase and trypsin, genes associated with Bacillus thuringiensis resistance and fitness cost. Second, 41 transcripts were annotated to particular detoxification genes such as glutathione S-transferases, carboxylesterases and cytochrome P450s, and the subsequent phylogenetic analysis indicated homology with tissue-specific and insecticide resistance-related genes of Drosophila melanogaster. Third, we identified the genes involved in the mechanism of RNAi and the uptake of double-stranded RNA. The sequences encoding Dicer-2, R2D2, AGO2, and Eater were confirmed, but SID and SR-CI were absent in the midgut transcriptome. In conclusion, the results provide basic molecular information to better understand the mechanisms of food digestion, insecticide resistance and oral RNAi in this important pest insect in agriculture. Specific genes in these systems can be used in the future as potential targets for pest control, for instance, with RNAi technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- G-M Shen
- Key Laboratory of Entomology and Pest Control Engineering, College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
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Tetreau G, Patil C, Chandor-Proust A, Salunke B, Patil S, Després L. Production of the bioinsecticide Bacillus thuringiensis
subsp. israelensis
with deltamethrin increases toxicity towards mosquito larvae. Lett Appl Microbiol 2013; 57:151-6. [DOI: 10.1111/lam.12089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2013] [Revised: 04/10/2013] [Accepted: 04/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- G. Tetreau
- Laboratoire d'Ecologie Alpine; LECA-UMR 5553; Université de Grenoble 1; Grenoble Cedex 09 France
| | - C.D. Patil
- School of Life Sciences; North Maharashtra University; Jalgaon Maharashtra India
| | - A. Chandor-Proust
- Laboratoire d'Ecologie Alpine; LECA-UMR 5553; Université de Grenoble 1; Grenoble Cedex 09 France
| | - B.K. Salunke
- School of Life Sciences; North Maharashtra University; Jalgaon Maharashtra India
| | - S.V. Patil
- School of Life Sciences; North Maharashtra University; Jalgaon Maharashtra India
| | - L. Després
- Laboratoire d'Ecologie Alpine; LECA-UMR 5553; Université de Grenoble 1; Grenoble Cedex 09 France
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Bayyareddy K, Zhu X, Orlando R, Adang MJ. Proteome analysis of Cry4Ba toxin-interacting Aedes aegypti lipid rafts using geLC-MS/MS. J Proteome Res 2012; 11:5843-55. [PMID: 23153095 DOI: 10.1021/pr3006167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Lipid rafts are microdomains in the plasma membrane of eukaryotic cells. Among their many functions, lipid rafts are involved in cell toxicity caused by pore forming bacterial toxins including Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) Cry toxins. We isolated lipid rafts from brush border membrane vesicles (BBMV) of Aedes aegypti larvae as a detergent resistant membrane (DRM) fraction on density gradients. Cholesterol, aminopeptidase (APN), alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and the raft marker flotillin were preferentially partitioned into the lipid raft fraction. When mosquitocidal Cry4Ba toxin was preincubated with BBMV, Cry4Ba localized to lipid rafts. A proteomic approach based on one-dimensional gel electrophoresis, in-gel trypsin digestion, followed by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (geLC-MS/MS) identified a total of 386 proteins. Of which many are typical lipid raft marker proteins including flotillins and glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI)-anchored proteins. Identified raft proteins were annotated in silico for functional and physicochemical characteristics. Parameters such as distribution of isoelectric point, molecular mass, and predicted post-translational modifications relevant to lipid raft proteins (GPI anchorage and myristoylation or palmitoylation) were analyzed for identified proteins in the DRM fraction. From a functional point of view, this study identified proteins implicated in Cry toxin interactions as well as membrane-associated proteins expressed in the mosquito midgut that have potential relevance to mosquito biology and vector management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krishnareddy Bayyareddy
- Department of Entomology, Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
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Fate of Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. israelensis in the field: evidence for spore recycling and differential persistence of toxins in leaf litter. Appl Environ Microbiol 2012; 78:8362-7. [PMID: 23001669 DOI: 10.1128/aem.02088-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. israelensis is a bioinsecticide increasingly used worldwide for mosquito control. Despite its apparent low level of persistence in the field due to the rapid loss of its insecticidal activity, an increasing number of studies suggested that the recycling of B. thuringiensis subsp. israelensis can occur under specific, unknown conditions. Decaying leaf litters sampled in mosquito breeding sites in the French Rhône-Alpes region several months after a treatment were shown to exhibit a high level of larval toxicity and contained large amounts of spores. In the present article, we show that the high concentration of toxins found in these litters is consistent with spore recycling in the field, which gave rise to the production of new crystal toxins. Furthermore, in these toxic leaf litter samples, Cry4Aa and Cry4Ba toxins became the major toxins instead of Cyt1Aa in the commercial mixture. In a microcosm experiment performed in the laboratory, we also demonstrated that the toxins, when added in their crystal form to nontoxic leaf litter, exhibited patterns of differential persistence consistent with the proportions of toxins observed in the field-collected toxic leaf litter samples (Cry4 > Cry11 > Cyt). These results give strong evidence that B. thuringiensis subsp. israelensis recycled in specific breeding sites containing leaf litters, and one would be justified in asking whether mosquitoes can become resistant when exposed to field-persistent B. thuringiensis subsp. israelensis for several generations.
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