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Ma X, Chen Q, Chen Z, Chen S, Zhou Q. Genome-wide DNA methylation mediates the resistance to vibriosis in Cynoglossus semilaevis. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2023; 142:109144. [PMID: 37805114 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2023.109144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2023] [Revised: 10/02/2023] [Accepted: 10/04/2023] [Indexed: 10/09/2023]
Abstract
Chinese tongue sole (Cynoglossus semilaevis) is an economically important marine fish in China. However, vibriosis has caused huge mortality and economic losses in its culturing industry. To reveal the effect of DNA methylation on the resistance to vibriosis in tongue sole, we conducted RNA sequencing and whole genome bisulfite sequencing (WGBS), and compared the gene expressions and DNA methylation patterns between the resistant and susceptible families. We identified a total of 741 significantly differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in kidney and 17460 differentially methylated genes (DMGs), which were both enriched in immune-related pathways, such as "cAMP signaling pathway" and "NOD-like receptor signaling pathway". Through the correlation analysis of DEGs and DMGs, we identified two important immune pathways, including "complement and coagulation cascades", and "cytokine-cytokine receptor interaction", which played important roles in regulating the inflammation level and immune homeostasis. For example, the expression of proinflammatory cytokine il17c was down-regulated under the regulation of DNA methylation; in addition, the expression of protease-activated receptor 3 (par3) was up-regulated, which could induce the up-expressionof il8. These results demonstrated that the regulation of DNA methylation on the genes involved in immune responses might contribute to the resistance to vibriosis in tongue sole, and provided a basis for the control of diseases in fish aquaculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinran Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Mariculture Biobreeding and Sustainable Goods, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao, Shandong, 266071, China; Shandong Key Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Biotechnology and Genetic Breeding, Qingdao, Shandong, 266071, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Biological Resources and Environment, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang, 222000, China
| | - Quanchao Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Mariculture Biobreeding and Sustainable Goods, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao, Shandong, 266071, China; Shandong Key Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Biotechnology and Genetic Breeding, Qingdao, Shandong, 266071, China
| | - Zhangfan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Mariculture Biobreeding and Sustainable Goods, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao, Shandong, 266071, China; Shandong Key Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Biotechnology and Genetic Breeding, Qingdao, Shandong, 266071, China
| | - Songlin Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Mariculture Biobreeding and Sustainable Goods, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao, Shandong, 266071, China; Shandong Key Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Biotechnology and Genetic Breeding, Qingdao, Shandong, 266071, China
| | - Qian Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Mariculture Biobreeding and Sustainable Goods, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao, Shandong, 266071, China; Shandong Key Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Biotechnology and Genetic Breeding, Qingdao, Shandong, 266071, China.
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2
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Salis P, Peyran C, Morage T, de Bernard S, Nourikyan J, Coupé S, Bunet R, Planes S. RNA-Seq comparative study reveals molecular effectors linked to the resistance of Pinna nobilis to Haplosporidium pinnae parasite. Sci Rep 2022; 12:21229. [PMID: 36482098 PMCID: PMC9731998 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-25555-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2022] [Accepted: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
With the intensification of maritime traffic, recently emerged infectious diseases have become major drivers in the decline and extinction of species. Since 2016, mass mortality events have decimated the endemic Mediterranean Sea bivalve Pinna nobilis, affecting ca. 100% of individuals. These events have largely been driven by Haplosporidium pinnae's infection, an invasive species which was likely introduced by shipping. While monitoring wild populations of P. nobilis, we observed individuals that survived such a mass mortality event during the summer of 2018 (France). We considered these individuals resistant, as they did not show any symptoms of the disease, while the rest of the population in the area was devastated. Furthermore, the parasite was not detected when we conducted a PCR amplification of a species-specific fragment of the small subunit ribosomal DNA. In parallel, the transcriptomic analysis showed evidence of some parasite RNA indicating that the resistant individuals had been exposed to the parasite without proliferating. To understand the underlying mechanisms of resistance in these individuals, we compared their gene expression with that of susceptible individuals. We performed de novo transcriptome assembly and annotated the expressed genes. A comparison of the transcriptomes in resistant and susceptible individuals highlighted a gene expression signature of the resistant phenotype. We found significant differential expressions of genes involved in immunity and cell architecture. This data provides the first insights into how individuals escape the pathogenicity associated with infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pauline Salis
- PSL Research University: EPHE-UPVD-CNRS, UAR 3278 CRIOBE, 66860 Perpignan, France
| | - Claire Peyran
- PSL Research University: EPHE-UPVD-CNRS, UAR 3278 CRIOBE, 66860 Perpignan, France
| | - Titouan Morage
- PSL Research University: EPHE-UPVD-CNRS, UAR 3278 CRIOBE, 66860 Perpignan, France
| | | | | | - Stéphane Coupé
- grid.12611.350000000088437055CNRS/INSU, IRD, MIO UM 110, Mediterranean Institute of Oceanography, University of Toulon, 83130 La Garde, France
| | - Robert Bunet
- Institut Océanographique Paul Ricard, Ile des Embiez, 83140 Six-Fours-Les-Plages, France
| | - Serge Planes
- PSL Research University: EPHE-UPVD-CNRS, UAR 3278 CRIOBE, 66860 Perpignan, France ,grid.452595.aLaboratoire d’Excellence “CORAIL”, Perpignan, France
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3
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Xie W, Zhou QJ, Xu YX, Zhang M, Zhong SP, Lu LL, Qiu HT. Transcriptome analysis reveals potential key immune genes of Hong Kong oyster (Crassostrea hongkongensis) against Vibrio parahaemolyticus infection. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2022; 122:316-324. [PMID: 35122949 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2022.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2021] [Revised: 01/23/2022] [Accepted: 02/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Hong Kong oyster (Crassostrea hongkongensis) is one of the main species of economic shellfish cultivated in the coastal areas of southern China. The cultivation of this shellfish may be adversely impacted by Vibrio parahaemolyticus, a harmful pathogenic bacterium for many mariculture species, as it usually exists on the surface of Hong Kong oysters. Although previous studies have discovered that oysters rely on non-specific immune system to fight pathogen invasion, the genes corresponding to the complex immune system against Vibrio is still not fully elucidated. Therefore, we conducted a transcriptome analysis on the gill from Hong Kong oysters at two time points (i.e., 12 h and 24 h after V. parahaemolyticus or PBS challenge) to identify potential immune genes against V. parahaemolyticus infection. A total of 61779 unigenes with the average length of 1221 bp were obtained, and the annotation information of 39917 unigenes were obtained from Nr, SwissProt, KEGG and COG/KOG. After a pairwise comparison between V. parahaemolyticus or PBS challenge at the two time points, three groups of differentially expressed genes induced by V. parahaemolyticus were captured and analyzed. GO and KEGG analyses showed that multiple immune-related genes played an important role in pathogen infection, including HSP70, PCDP3 and TLR4. Furthermore, genes annotation indicated that LITAF, TNFSF10, Duox2 and big defensin family are also involved in immune regulation. Our study provides a reference for further exploration the molecular mechanism that defenses the pathogen infection regarding the identified immune-related genes in Hong Kong oysters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Xie
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance Biology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Cell Biology in Universities of Shandong, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, 250014, China
| | - Qi-Jia Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Environment Change and Resources Use in Beibu Gulf (Nanning Normal University), Ministry of Education, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes and Intelligent Simulation (Nanning Normal University), Nanning, 530001, China.
| | - Yi-Xiao Xu
- Key Laboratory of Environment Change and Resources Use in Beibu Gulf (Nanning Normal University), Ministry of Education, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes and Intelligent Simulation (Nanning Normal University), Nanning, 530001, China
| | - Man Zhang
- School of Marine Sciences, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530001, China
| | - Sheng-Ping Zhong
- Institute of Marine Drugs, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning, 530200, China.
| | - Li-Li Lu
- Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region Institute of Product Quality Inspection, Nanning, 530001, China
| | - Heng-Tong Qiu
- Key Laboratory of Environment Change and Resources Use in Beibu Gulf (Nanning Normal University), Ministry of Education, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes and Intelligent Simulation (Nanning Normal University), Nanning, 530001, China
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4
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de la Ballina NR, Villalba A, Cao A. Shotgun analysis to identify differences in protein expression between granulocytes and hyalinocytes of the European flat oyster Ostrea edulis. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2021; 119:678-691. [PMID: 34748932 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2021.10.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2021] [Revised: 10/19/2021] [Accepted: 10/31/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Recovery of wild populations of the European flat oyster Ostrea edulis is important for ecosystem health and conservation of this species, because native oyster populations have dramatically declined or disappeared in most European waters. Diseases have contributed to oyster decline and are important constrains for oyster recovery. Understanding oyster immune system should contribute to design effective strategies to fight oyster diseases. Haemocytes play a pivotal role in mollusc immune responses protecting from infection. Two main types of haemocytes, granulocytes and hyalinocytes, are distinguished in O. edulis. A study aiming to explore differential functions between both haemocyte types and, thus, to enrich the knowledge of Ostrea edulis immune system, was performed by comparing the proteome of the two haemolymph cell types, using a shotgun approach through liquid chromatography (LC) coupled to mass spectrometry (MS). Cells from oyster haemolymph were differentially separated by Percoll density gradient centrifugation. Shotgun LC-MS/MS performance allowed the identification of 145 proteins in hyalinocytes and 138 in the proteome of granulocytes. After a comparative analysis, 55 proteins with main roles in defence were identified, from which 28 were representative of granulocytes and 27 of hyalinocytes, plus 11 proteins shared by both cell types. Different proteins involved in signal transduction, apoptosis, oxidative response, processes related with the cytoskeleton and structure, recognition and wound healing were identified as representatives of each haemocyte type. Important signalling pathways in the immune response such as MAPK, Ras and NF-κβ seemed to be more relevant for granulocytes, while the Wnt signalling pathway, particularly relevant for wound healing, more relevant in hyalinocytes. The differences in proteins involved in recognition and in cytoskeleton and structure suggest differential specialisation in processes of phagocytosis and internalisation of pathogens between haemocyte types. Apoptosis seemed more active in granulocytes. The differences in proteins involved in oxidative response also suggest different redox processes in each cell type.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nuria R de la Ballina
- Centro de Investigacións Mariñas (CIMA), Consellería do Mar, Xunta de Galicia, 36620, Vilanova de Arousa, Spain
| | - Antonio Villalba
- Centro de Investigacións Mariñas (CIMA), Consellería do Mar, Xunta de Galicia, 36620, Vilanova de Arousa, Spain; Departamento de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad de Alcalá, 28871, Alcalá de Henares, Spain; Research Centre for Experimental Marine Biology and Biotechnology (PIE), University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), 48620, Plentzia, Spain.
| | - Asunción Cao
- Centro de Investigacións Mariñas (CIMA), Consellería do Mar, Xunta de Galicia, 36620, Vilanova de Arousa, Spain
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5
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Destoumieux-Garzón D, Canesi L, Oyanedel D, Travers MA, Charrière GM, Pruzzo C, Vezzulli L. Vibrio-bivalve interactions in health and disease. Environ Microbiol 2020; 22:4323-4341. [PMID: 32363732 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.15055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2020] [Revised: 04/28/2020] [Accepted: 04/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
In the marine environment, bivalve mollusks constitute habitats for bacteria of the Vibrionaceae family. Vibrios belong to the microbiota of healthy oysters and mussels, which have the ability to concentrate bacteria in their tissues and body fluids, including the hemolymph. Remarkably, these important aquaculture species respond differently to infectious diseases. While oysters are the subject of recurrent mass mortalities at different life stages, mussels appear rather resistant to infections. Thus, Vibrio species are associated with the main diseases affecting the worldwide oyster production. Here, we review the current knowledge on Vibrio-bivalve interaction in oysters (Crassostrea sp.) and mussels (Mytilus sp.). We discuss the transient versus stable associations of vibrios with their bivalve hosts as well as technical issues limiting the monitoring of these bacteria in bivalve health and disease. Based on the current knowledge of oyster/mussel immunity and their interactions with Vibrio species pathogenic for oyster, we discuss how differences in immune effectors could contribute to the higher resistance of mussels to infections. Finally, we review the multiple strategies evolved by pathogenic vibrios to circumvent the potent immune defences of bivalves and how key virulence mechanisms could have been positively or negatively selected in the marine environment through interactions with predators.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Laura Canesi
- DISTAV, Department of Earth, Environment and Life Sciences, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Daniel Oyanedel
- IHPE, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, Ifremer, Université de Perpignan Via Domitia, Montpellier, France
| | - Marie-Agnès Travers
- IHPE, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, Ifremer, Université de Perpignan Via Domitia, Montpellier, France
| | - Guillaume M Charrière
- IHPE, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, Ifremer, Université de Perpignan Via Domitia, Montpellier, France
| | - Carla Pruzzo
- DISTAV, Department of Earth, Environment and Life Sciences, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Luigi Vezzulli
- DISTAV, Department of Earth, Environment and Life Sciences, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
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6
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Green TJ, Siboni N, King WL, Labbate M, Seymour JR, Raftos D. Simulated Marine Heat Wave Alters Abundance and Structure of Vibrio Populations Associated with the Pacific Oyster Resulting in a Mass Mortality Event. MICROBIAL ECOLOGY 2019; 77:736-747. [PMID: 30097682 DOI: 10.1007/s00248-018-1242-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2018] [Accepted: 08/03/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Marine heat waves are predicted to become more frequent and intense due to anthropogenically induced climate change, which will impact global production of seafood. Links between rising seawater temperature and disease have been documented for many aquaculture species, including the Pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas. The oyster harbours a diverse microbial community that may act as a source of opportunistic pathogens during temperature stress. We rapidly raised the seawater temperature from 20 °C to 25 °C resulting in an oyster mortality rate of 77.4%. Under the same temperature conditions and with the addition of antibiotics, the mortality rate was only 4.3%, strongly indicating a role for bacteria in temperature-induced mortality. 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing revealed a change in the oyster microbiome when the temperature was increased to 25 °C, with a notable increase in the proportion of Vibrio sequences. This pattern was confirmed by qPCR, which revealed heat stress increased the abundance of Vibrio harveyi and Vibrio fortis by 324-fold and 10-fold, respectively. Our findings indicate that heat stress-induced mortality of C. gigas coincides with an increase in the abundance of putative bacterial pathogens in the oyster microbiome and highlights the negative consequences of marine heat waves on food production from aquaculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy J Green
- Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia.
- Centre for Shellfish Research, Vancouver Island University, Nanaimo, Canada.
| | - Nachshon Siboni
- Climate Change Cluster (C3) Ocean Microbes Group, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - William L King
- Climate Change Cluster (C3) Ocean Microbes Group, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, Australia
- The School of Life Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Maurizio Labbate
- The School of Life Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Justin R Seymour
- Climate Change Cluster (C3) Ocean Microbes Group, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - David Raftos
- Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia
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7
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Nguyen TV, Alfaro AC, Young T, Ravi S, Merien F. Metabolomics Study of Immune Responses of New Zealand Greenshell™ Mussels (Perna canaliculus) Infected with Pathogenic Vibrio sp. MARINE BIOTECHNOLOGY (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2018; 20:396-409. [PMID: 29611031 DOI: 10.1007/s10126-018-9804-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2017] [Accepted: 02/26/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Vibrio coralliilyticus is a bacterial pathogen which can affect a range of marine organisms, such as corals, fish and shellfish, with sometimes devastating consequences. However, little is known about the mechanisms involved in the host-pathogen interaction, especially within molluscan models. We applied gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS)-based metabolomics to characterize the physiological responses in haemolymph of New Zealand Greenshell™ mussels (Perna canaliculus) injected with Vibrio sp. DO1 (V. coralliilyticus/neptunius-like isolate). Univariate data analyses of metabolite profiles in Vibrio-exposed mussels revealed significant changes in 22 metabolites at 6 h post-infection, compared to non-exposed mussels. Among them, 10 metabolites were up-regulated, while 12 metabolites were down-regulated in infected mussels. Multivariate analyses showed a clear distinction between infected and non-infected mussels. In addition, secondary pathway analyses indicated perturbations of the host innate immune system following infection, including oxidative stress, inflammation and disruption of the TCA cycle, change in amino acid metabolism and protein synthesis. These findings provide new insights into the pathogenic mechanisms of Vibrio infection of mussels and demonstrate our ability to detect detailed and rapid host responses from haemolymph samples using a metabolomics approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thao V Nguyen
- Aquaculture Biotechnology Research Group, School of Science, Faculty of Health and Environmental Sciences, Auckland University of Technology, Private Bag 92006, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand
| | - Andrea C Alfaro
- Aquaculture Biotechnology Research Group, School of Science, Faculty of Health and Environmental Sciences, Auckland University of Technology, Private Bag 92006, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand.
| | - Tim Young
- Aquaculture Biotechnology Research Group, School of Science, Faculty of Health and Environmental Sciences, Auckland University of Technology, Private Bag 92006, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand
| | - Sridevi Ravi
- Aquaculture Biotechnology Research Group, School of Science, Faculty of Health and Environmental Sciences, Auckland University of Technology, Private Bag 92006, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand
| | - Fabrice Merien
- AUT-Roche Diagnostics Laboratory, School of Science, Faculty of Health and Environmental Sciences, Auckland University of Technology, Private Bag 92006, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand
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8
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de Lorgeril J, Escoubas JM, Loubiere V, Pernet F, Le Gall P, Vergnes A, Aujoulat F, Jeannot JL, Jumas-Bilak E, Got P, Gueguen Y, Destoumieux-Garzón D, Bachère E. Inefficient immune response is associated with microbial permissiveness in juvenile oysters affected by mass mortalities on field. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 77:156-163. [PMID: 29567138 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2018.03.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2017] [Revised: 03/09/2018] [Accepted: 03/17/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Since 2008, juvenile Crassostrea gigas oysters have suffered from massive mortalities in European farming areas. This disease of complex etiology is still incompletely understood. Triggered by an elevated seawater temperature, it has been associated to infections by a herpes virus named OsHV-1 as well as pathogenic vibrios of the Splendidus clade. Ruling out the complexity of the disease, most of our current knowledge has been acquired in controlled experiments. Among the many unsolved questions, it is still ignored what role immunity plays in the capacity oysters have to survive an infectious episode. Here we show that juvenile oysters susceptible to the disease mount an inefficient immune response associated with microbial permissiveness and death. We found that, in contrast to resistant adult oysters having survived an earlier episode of mortality, susceptible juvenile oysters never exposed to infectious episodes died by more than 90% in a field experiment. Susceptible oysters were heavily colonized by OsHV-1 herpes virus as well as bacteria including vibrios potentially pathogenic for oysters, which proliferated in oyster flesh and body fluids during the mortality event. Nonetheless, susceptible oysters were found to sense microbes as indicated by an overexpression of immune receptors and immune signaling pathways. However, they did not express important immune effectors involved in antimicrobial immunity and apoptosis and showed repressed expression of genes involved in ROS and metal homeostasis. This contrasted with resistant oysters, which expressed those important effectors, controlled bacterial and viral colonization and showed 100% survival to the mortality event. Altogether, our results demonstrate that the immune response mounted by susceptible oysters lacks some important immune functions and fails in controlling microbial proliferation. This study opens the way to more holistic studies on the "mass mortality syndrome", which are now required to decipher the sequence of events leading to oyster mortalities and determine the relative weight of pathogens, oyster genetics and oyster-associated microbiota in the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julien de Lorgeril
- IHPE, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, Ifremer, Université de Perpignan, Via Domitia, France.
| | - Jean-Michel Escoubas
- IHPE, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, Ifremer, Université de Perpignan, Via Domitia, France
| | - Vincent Loubiere
- IHPE, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, Ifremer, Université de Perpignan, Via Domitia, France
| | - Fabrice Pernet
- Ifremer, LEMAR UMR6539, CNRS/UBO/IRD/Ifremer, F-29280, Plouzané, France
| | - Patrik Le Gall
- MARBEC UMR 9190 (CNRS-IRD-Ifremer-UM), F34203, Sète, France
| | - Agnès Vergnes
- IHPE, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, Ifremer, Université de Perpignan, Via Domitia, France
| | - Fabien Aujoulat
- UMR 5569 HydroSciences Montpellier, Equipe Pathogènes Hydriques Santé Environnements, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, IRD, Montpellier, France
| | - Jean-Luc Jeannot
- UMR 5569 HydroSciences Montpellier, Equipe Pathogènes Hydriques Santé Environnements, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, IRD, Montpellier, France
| | - Estelle Jumas-Bilak
- UMR 5569 HydroSciences Montpellier, Equipe Pathogènes Hydriques Santé Environnements, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, IRD, Montpellier, France
| | - Patrice Got
- MARBEC UMR 9190 (CNRS-IRD-Ifremer-UM), F34095 Montpellier, France
| | - Yannick Gueguen
- IHPE, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, Ifremer, Université de Perpignan, Via Domitia, France
| | | | - Evelyne Bachère
- IHPE, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, Ifremer, Université de Perpignan, Via Domitia, France
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9
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Bachère E, Barranger A, Bruno R, Rouxel J, Menard D, Piquemal D, Akcha F. Parental diuron-exposure alters offspring transcriptome and fitness in Pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2017; 142:51-58. [PMID: 28388477 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2017.03.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2017] [Revised: 03/20/2017] [Accepted: 03/21/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
One of the primary challenges in ecotoxicology is to contribute to the assessment of the ecological status of ecosystems. In this study, we used Pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas to explore the effects of a parental exposure to diuron, a herbicide frequently detected in marine coastal environments. The present toxicogenomic study provides evidence that exposure of oyster genitors to diuron during gametogenesis results in changes in offspring, namely, transcriptomic profile alterations, increased global DNA methylation levels and reduced growth and survival within the first year of life. Importantly, we highlighted the limitations to identify particular genes or gene expression signatures that could serve as biomarkers for parental herbicide-exposure and further for multigenerational and transgenerational effects of specific chemical stressors. By analyzing samples from two independent experiments, we demonstrated that, due to complex confounding effects with both tested solvent vehicles, diuron non-specifically affected the offspring transcriptome. These original results question the potential development of predictive genomic tools for detecting specific indirect impacts of contaminants in environmental risk assessments. However, our results indicate that chronic environmental exposure to diuron over several generations may have significant long term impacts on oyster populations with adverse health outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evelyne Bachère
- Ifremer, UMR 5244, IHPE Interactions-Hosts-Pathogens-Environments, UPVD, CNRS, Université de Montpellier, CC 80, F-34095 Montpellier, France.
| | - Audrey Barranger
- Ifremer, Laboratoire d'Ecotoxicologie, Rue de l'Ile d'Yeu, BP21105, 44311 Nantes cedex 03, France
| | - Roman Bruno
- Acobiom, 1682 rue de la Valsière, CS 77394 Cap Delta Biopole Euromédecine II, 34184 Montpellier Cedex 04, France
| | - Julien Rouxel
- Ifremer, Laboratoire d'Ecotoxicologie, Rue de l'Ile d'Yeu, BP21105, 44311 Nantes cedex 03, France
| | - Dominique Menard
- Ifremer, Laboratoire d'Ecotoxicologie, Rue de l'Ile d'Yeu, BP21105, 44311 Nantes cedex 03, France
| | - David Piquemal
- Acobiom, 1682 rue de la Valsière, CS 77394 Cap Delta Biopole Euromédecine II, 34184 Montpellier Cedex 04, France; Diag4Zoo, 1 rue des Loutres, 34170 Montpellier, France
| | - Farida Akcha
- Ifremer, Laboratoire d'Ecotoxicologie, Rue de l'Ile d'Yeu, BP21105, 44311 Nantes cedex 03, France
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10
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Burgos-Aceves MA, Faggio C. An approach to the study of the immunity functions of bivalve haemocytes: Physiology and molecular aspects. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 67:513-517. [PMID: 28625873 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2017.06.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2017] [Revised: 06/12/2017] [Accepted: 06/15/2017] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
The Mediterranean mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis is an ecologically and economically important species. It has been used in programs of monitoring of pollution, since it is sessile organism that is capable of accumulating pollutants in tissues through filter feeding. Due to an increase of pollutants in the environment, marine mussels present physiological alterations that compromise their innate immune system, which can latter lead to opportunistic diseases. The haemocytes are the cells in charge of the immune response in the Mediterranean mussel and in other mollusks. In this review, we summarize the physiological and genetic response capacity of these immune cells to the presence of xenobiotics, pathogens and the interplay. The identification of the basic mechanisms of immunity and their modulation in mussels can give important information for the possible utilization of this species as an invertebrate model for studies on innate immunity, future immunotoxicological studies, and predict changes in the community for the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Alberto Burgos-Aceves
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas de Noroeste, S.C., Mar Bermejo 195, Col. Playa Palo de Sta. Rita, La Paz, BCS 23090, Mexico
| | - Caterina Faggio
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical, and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale F. Stagno D'Alcontres, 31, 98166 Messina, Italy.
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11
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Shiel BP, Hall NE, Cooke IR, Robinson NA, Strugnell JM. Epipodial Tentacle Gene Expression and Predetermined Resilience to Summer Mortality in the Commercially Important Greenlip Abalone, Haliotis laevigata. MARINE BIOTECHNOLOGY (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2017; 19:191-205. [PMID: 28349286 PMCID: PMC5405107 DOI: 10.1007/s10126-017-9742-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2016] [Accepted: 02/06/2017] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
"Summer mortality" is a phenomenon that occurs during warm water temperature spikes that results in the mass mortality of many ecologically and economically important mollusks such as abalone. This study aimed to determine whether the baseline gene expression of abalone before a laboratory-induced summer mortality event was associated with resilience to summer mortality. Tentacle transcriptomes of 35 greenlip abalone (Haliotis laevigata) were sequenced prior to the animals being exposed to an increase in water temperature-simulating conditions which have previously resulted in summer mortality. Abalone derived from three source locations with different environmental conditions were categorized as susceptible or resistant to summer mortality depending on whether they died or survived after the water temperature was increased. We detected two genes showing significantly higher expression in resilient abalone relative to susceptible abalone prior to the laboratory-induced summer mortality event. One of these genes was annotated through the NCBI non-redundant protein database using BLASTX to an anemone (Exaiptasia pallida) Transposon Ty3-G Gag Pol polyprotein. Distinct gene expression signatures were also found between resilient and susceptible abalone depending on the population origin, which may suggest divergence in local adaptation mechanisms for resilience. Many of these genes have been suggested to be involved in antioxidant and immune-related functions. The identification of these genes and their functional roles have enhanced our understanding of processes that may contribute to summer mortality in abalone. Our study supports the hypothesis that prestress gene expression signatures are indicative of the likelihood of summer mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brett P Shiel
- Department of Ecology, Environment and Evolution, School of Life Sciences, La Trobe University, Kingsbury Drive, Melbourne, VIC, 3086, Australia.
| | - Nathan E Hall
- Department of Ecology, Environment and Evolution, School of Life Sciences, La Trobe University, Kingsbury Drive, Melbourne, VIC, 3086, Australia
- Life Sciences Computation Centre, VLSCI, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, James Cook University, Townsville, Australia
| | - Ira R Cooke
- Life Sciences Computation Centre, VLSCI, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, James Cook University, Townsville, Australia
- Department of Biochemistry, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Kingsbury Drive, Melbourne, VIC, 3086, Australia
| | - Nicholas A Robinson
- Nofima, P.O. Box 210, 1431, Ås, Norway
- Sustainable Aquaculture Laboratory-Temperate and Tropical (SALTT), School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Jan M Strugnell
- Department of Ecology, Environment and Evolution, School of Life Sciences, La Trobe University, Kingsbury Drive, Melbourne, VIC, 3086, Australia
- Centre for Sustainable Tropical Fisheries and Aquaculture, College of Science and Engineering, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD, 4811, Australia
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12
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Pauletto M, Segarra A, Montagnani C, Quillien V, Faury N, Le Grand J, Miner P, Petton B, Labreuche Y, Fleury E, Fabioux C, Bargelloni L, Renault T, Huvet A. Long dsRNAs promote an anti-viral response in Pacific oyster hampering ostreid herpesvirus 1 replication. J Exp Biol 2017; 220:3671-3685. [DOI: 10.1242/jeb.156299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2017] [Accepted: 08/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Double stranded RNA-mediated genetic interference (RNAi) is a widely used reverse genetic tool for determining the loss-of-function phenotype of a gene. Here, the possible induction of an immune response by long dsRNA was tested in a marine bivalve, i.e. Crassostrea gigas, as well as the specific role of the subunit 2 of the nuclear factor κB inhibitor (IκB2). This gene is a candidate of particular interest for functional investigations in the context of massive mortality oyster events as Cg-IκB2 mRNA levels exhibited significant variation depending on the amount of ostreid herpesvirus 1 (OsHV-1) DNA detected. In the present study, dsRNAs targeting Cg-IκB2 and Green Fluorescence Protein genes were injected in vivo into oysters before being challenged by OsHV-1. Survival appeared close to 100% in both dsRNA injected conditions associated with a low detection of viral DNA and a low expression of a panel of 39 OsHV-1 genes as compared to infected control. Long dsRNA molecules, both Cg-IκB2- and GFP-dsRNA, may have induced an anti-viral state controlling the OsHV-1 replication and precluding the understanding of the Cg-IκB2 specific role. Immune-related genes including Cg-IκB1, Cg-Rel1, Cg-IFI44, Cg-PKR, and Cg-IAP appeared activated in dsRNA-injected condition potentially hampering viral replication and thus conferring a better resistance to OsHV-1 infection. We revealed that long dsRNA-mediated genetic interference triggered an anti-viral state in the oyster, emphasizing the need of new reverse genetics tools for assessing immune gene function and avoiding off-target effects in bivalves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marianna Pauletto
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science. University of Padova, Viale dell'Università 16, 35020 Legnaro (PD), Italy
| | - Amélie Segarra
- Ifremer, Laboratoire de Génétique et Pathologie des Mollusques Marins, 17390 La Tremblade, France
| | - Caroline Montagnani
- Ifremer, IHPE UMR 5244, Univ. Perpignan Via Domitia, CNRS, Univ. Montpellier, F-34095, Montpellier, France
| | - Virgile Quillien
- Ifremer, UMR 6539 CNRS/UBO/IRD/Ifremer, LEMAR, 29280 Plouzané, France
| | - Nicole Faury
- Ifremer, Laboratoire de Génétique et Pathologie des Mollusques Marins, 17390 La Tremblade, France
| | | | - Philippe Miner
- Ifremer, UMR 6539 CNRS/UBO/IRD/Ifremer, LEMAR, 29280 Plouzané, France
| | - Bruno Petton
- Ifremer, UMR 6539 CNRS/UBO/IRD/Ifremer, LEMAR, 29280 Plouzané, France
| | - Yannick Labreuche
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Paris 06, CNRS, UMR 8227, Station Biologique de Roscoff, CS 90074, F-29688 Roscoff cedex, France
| | - Elodie Fleury
- Ifremer, UMR 6539 CNRS/UBO/IRD/Ifremer, LEMAR, 29280 Plouzané, France
| | - Caroline Fabioux
- Institut Universitaire Européen de la Mer, Université de Bretagne Occidentale, UMR 6539 CNRS/UBO/IRD/Ifremer, LEMAR, 29280 Plouzané, France
| | - Luca Bargelloni
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science. University of Padova, Viale dell'Università 16, 35020 Legnaro (PD), Italy
| | - Tristan Renault
- Ifremer, Département Ressources Biologiques et Environnement, rue de l'Ile d'Yeu, 44000 Nantes, France
| | - Arnaud Huvet
- Ifremer, UMR 6539 CNRS/UBO/IRD/Ifremer, LEMAR, 29280 Plouzané, France
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13
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Rondon R, Grunau C, Fallet M, Charlemagne N, Sussarellu R, Chaparro C, Montagnani C, Mitta G, Bachère E, Akcha F, Cosseau C. Effects of a parental exposure to diuron on Pacific oyster spat methylome. ENVIRONMENTAL EPIGENETICS 2017; 3:dvx004. [PMID: 29492306 PMCID: PMC5804544 DOI: 10.1093/eep/dvx004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2016] [Revised: 02/14/2017] [Accepted: 03/07/2017] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Environmental epigenetic is an emerging field that studies the cause-effect relationship between environmental factors and heritable trait via an alteration in epigenetic marks. This field has received much attentions since the impact of environmental factors on different epigenetic marks have been shown to be associated with a broad range of phenotypic disorders in natural ecosystems. Chemical pollutants have been shown to affect immediate epigenetic information carriers of several aquatic species but the heritability of the chromatin marks and the consequences for long term adaptation remain open questions. In this work, we investigated the impact of the diuron herbicide on the DNA methylation pattern of spat from exposed Crassotrea gigas genitors. This oyster is one of the most important mollusk species produced worldwide and a key coastal economic resource in France. The whole genome bisulfite sequencing (WGBS, BS-Seq) was applied to obtain a methylome at single nucleotide resolution on DNA extracted from spat issued from diuron exposed genitors comparatively to control spat. We showed that the parental diuron exposure has an impact on the DNA methylation pattern of its progeny. Most of the differentially methylated regions occurred within coding sequences and we showed that this change in methylation level correlates with RNA level only in a very small group of genes. Although the DNA methylation profile is variable between individuals, we showed conserved DNA methylation patterns in response to parental diuron exposure. This relevant result opens perspectives for the setting of new markers based on epimutations as early indicators of marine pollutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodolfo Rondon
- Ifremer, IHPE UMR 5244, Univ. Perpignan Via Domitia, CNRS, Univ. Montpellier, F-34095 Montpellier, France
- Univ. Perpignan Via Domitia, IHPE UMR 5244, CNRS, IFREMER, Univ. Montpellier, F-66860 Perpignan, France
| | - Christoph Grunau
- Univ. Perpignan Via Domitia, IHPE UMR 5244, CNRS, IFREMER, Univ. Montpellier, F-66860 Perpignan, France
| | - Manon Fallet
- Univ. Perpignan Via Domitia, IHPE UMR 5244, CNRS, IFREMER, Univ. Montpellier, F-66860 Perpignan, France
| | - Nicolas Charlemagne
- Ifremer, Department of Biogeochemistry and Ecotoxicology, Laboratory of Ecotoxicology, Rue de l’ile d’Yeu, BP 21105, 44311 Nantes Cedex 03, France
| | - Rossana Sussarellu
- Ifremer, Department of Biogeochemistry and Ecotoxicology, Laboratory of Ecotoxicology, Rue de l’ile d’Yeu, BP 21105, 44311 Nantes Cedex 03, France
| | - Cristian Chaparro
- Univ. Perpignan Via Domitia, IHPE UMR 5244, CNRS, IFREMER, Univ. Montpellier, F-66860 Perpignan, France
| | - Caroline Montagnani
- Ifremer, IHPE UMR 5244, Univ. Perpignan Via Domitia, CNRS, Univ. Montpellier, F-34095 Montpellier, France
| | - Guillaume Mitta
- Univ. Perpignan Via Domitia, IHPE UMR 5244, CNRS, IFREMER, Univ. Montpellier, F-66860 Perpignan, France
| | - Evelyne Bachère
- Ifremer, IHPE UMR 5244, Univ. Perpignan Via Domitia, CNRS, Univ. Montpellier, F-34095 Montpellier, France
| | - Farida Akcha
- Ifremer, Department of Biogeochemistry and Ecotoxicology, Laboratory of Ecotoxicology, Rue de l’ile d’Yeu, BP 21105, 44311 Nantes Cedex 03, France
| | - Céline Cosseau
- Univ. Perpignan Via Domitia, IHPE UMR 5244, CNRS, IFREMER, Univ. Montpellier, F-66860 Perpignan, France
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14
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Lokmer A, Goedknegt MA, Thieltges DW, Fiorentino D, Kuenzel S, Baines JF, Wegner KM. Spatial and Temporal Dynamics of Pacific Oyster Hemolymph Microbiota across Multiple Scales. Front Microbiol 2016; 7:1367. [PMID: 27630625 PMCID: PMC5006416 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.01367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2016] [Accepted: 08/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Unveiling the factors and processes that shape the dynamics of host associated microbial communities (microbiota) under natural conditions is an important part of understanding and predicting an organism's response to a changing environment. The microbiota is shaped by host (i.e., genetic) factors as well as by the biotic and abiotic environment. Studying natural variation of microbial community composition in multiple host genetic backgrounds across spatial as well as temporal scales represents a means to untangle this complex interplay. Here, we combined a spatially-stratified with a longitudinal sampling scheme within differentiated host genetic backgrounds by reciprocally transplanting Pacific oysters between two sites in the Wadden Sea (Sylt and Texel). To further differentiate contingent site from host genetic effects, we repeatedly sampled the same individuals over a summer season to examine structure, diversity and dynamics of individual hemolymph microbiota following experimental removal of resident microbiota by antibiotic treatment. While a large proportion of microbiome variation could be attributed to immediate environmental conditions, we observed persistent effects of antibiotic treatment and translocation suggesting that hemolymph microbial community dynamics is subject to within-microbiome interactions and host population specific factors. In addition, the analysis of spatial variation revealed that the within-site microenvironmental heterogeneity resulted in high small-scale variability, as opposed to large-scale (between-site) stability. Similarly, considerable within-individual temporal variability was in contrast with the overall temporal stability at the site level. Overall, our longitudinal, spatially-stratified sampling design revealed that variation in hemolymph microbiota is strongly influenced by site and immediate environmental conditions, whereas internal microbiome dynamics and oyster-related factors add to their long-term stability. The combination of small and large scale resolution of spatial and temporal observations therefore represents a crucial but underused tool to study host-associated microbiome dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Lokmer
- Coastal Ecology, Wadden Sea Station Sylt, Alfred Wegener Institute - Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research List auf Sylt, Germany
| | - M Anouk Goedknegt
- Department of Coastal Systems, Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research, Utrecht University Texel, Netherlands
| | - David W Thieltges
- Department of Coastal Systems, Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research, Utrecht University Texel, Netherlands
| | - Dario Fiorentino
- Coastal Ecology, Wadden Sea Station Sylt, Alfred Wegener Institute - Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research List auf Sylt, Germany
| | - Sven Kuenzel
- Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Biology Plön, Germany
| | - John F Baines
- Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary BiologyPlön, Germany; Institute for Experimental Medicine, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu KielKiel, Germany
| | - K Mathias Wegner
- Coastal Ecology, Wadden Sea Station Sylt, Alfred Wegener Institute - Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research List auf Sylt, Germany
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15
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Green TJ, Vergnes A, Montagnani C, de Lorgeril J. Distinct immune responses of juvenile and adult oysters (Crassostrea gigas) to viral and bacterial infections. Vet Res 2016; 47:72. [PMID: 27439510 PMCID: PMC4955271 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-016-0356-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2016] [Accepted: 05/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Since 2008, massive mortality events of Pacific oysters (Crassostrea gigas) have been reported worldwide and these disease events are often associated with Ostreid herpesvirus type 1 (OsHV-1). Epidemiological field studies have also reported oyster age and other pathogens of the Vibrio genus are contributing factors to this syndrome. We undertook a controlled laboratory experiment to simultaneously investigate survival and immunological response of juvenile and adult C. gigas at different time-points post-infection with OsHV-1, Vibrio tasmaniensis LGP32 and V. aestuarianus. Our data corroborates epidemiological studies that juveniles are more susceptible to OsHV-1, whereas adults are more susceptible to Vibrio. We measured the expression of 102 immune-genes by high-throughput RT-qPCR, which revealed oysters have different transcriptional responses to OsHV-1 and Vibrio. The transcriptional response in the early stages of OsHV-1 infection involved genes related to apoptosis and the interferon-pathway. Transcriptional response to Vibrio infection involved antimicrobial peptides, heat shock proteins and galectins. Interestingly, oysters in the later stages of OsHV-1 infection had a transcriptional response that resembled an antibacterial response, which is suggestive of the oyster’s microbiome causing secondary infections (dysbiosis-driven pathology). This study provides molecular evidence that oysters can mount distinct immune response to viral and bacterial pathogens and these responses differ depending on the age of the host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy J Green
- IFREMER, IHPE, UMR 5244, Univ. Perpignan Via Domitia, CNRS, Univ. Montpellier, 34095, Montpellier, France.,Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, 2109, Australia
| | - Agnes Vergnes
- IFREMER, IHPE, UMR 5244, Univ. Perpignan Via Domitia, CNRS, Univ. Montpellier, 34095, Montpellier, France
| | - Caroline Montagnani
- IFREMER, IHPE, UMR 5244, Univ. Perpignan Via Domitia, CNRS, Univ. Montpellier, 34095, Montpellier, France.
| | - Julien de Lorgeril
- IFREMER, IHPE, UMR 5244, Univ. Perpignan Via Domitia, CNRS, Univ. Montpellier, 34095, Montpellier, France
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16
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McDowell IC, Modak TH, Lane CE, Gomez-Chiarri M. Multi-species protein similarity clustering reveals novel expanded immune gene families in the eastern oyster Crassostrea virginica. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 53:13-23. [PMID: 27033806 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2016.03.157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2016] [Revised: 03/24/2016] [Accepted: 03/24/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Comparative genomics research in non-model species has highlighted how invertebrate hosts possess complex diversified repertoires of immune molecules. The levels of diversification in particular immune gene families appear to differ between invertebrate lineages and even between species within lineages, reflecting differences not only in evolutionary histories, but also in life histories, environmental niches, and pathogen exposures. The goal of this research was to identify immune-related gene families experiencing high levels of diversification in eastern oysters, Crassostrea virginica. Families containing 1) transcripts differentially expressed in eastern oysters in response to bacterial challenge and 2) a larger number of transcripts compared to other species included those coding for the C1q and C-type lectin domain containing proteins (C1qDC and CTLDC), GTPase of the immune-associated proteins (GIMAP), scavenger receptors (SR), fibrinogen-C domain containing proteins (also known as FREPs), dopamine beta-hydrolase (DBH), interferon-inducible 44 (IFI44), serine protease inhibitors, apextrin, and dermatopontin. Phylogenetic analysis of two of the families significantly expanded in bivalves, IFI44 and GIMAP, showed a patchy distribution within both protostomes and deuterostomes, suggesting multiple independent losses and lineage-specific expansions. Increased availability of genomic information for a broader range of non-model species broadly distributed through vertebrate and invertebrate phyla will likely lead to improved knowledge on mechanisms of immune-gene diversification.
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17
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Rondon R, Akcha F, Alonso P, Menard D, Rouxel J, Montagnani C, Mitta G, Cosseau C, Grunau C. Transcriptional changes in Crassostrea gigas oyster spat following a parental exposure to the herbicide diuron. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2016; 175:47-55. [PMID: 26994368 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2016.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2015] [Revised: 03/01/2016] [Accepted: 03/06/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The Pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas is the main oyster species produced in the world, and a key coastal economic resource in France. High mortalities affect Pacific oysters since 2008 in France and Europe. Their origins have been attributed to a combination of biotic and abiotic factors, underlining the importance of environment quality. The impact of water pollution has been pointed out and one of the pollutants, the genotoxic herbicide diuron, occurs at high concentrations all along the French coasts. Previous work has revealed that a parental exposure to diuron had a strong impact on hatching rates and offspring development even if spats were not exposed to diuron themselves. In this study, we explored for the first time the transcriptional changes occurring in oyster spats (non exposed) originating from genitors exposed to an environmentally relevant concentration of diuron during gametogenesis using the RNAseq methodology. We identified a transcriptomic remodeling revealing an effect of the herbicide. Different molecular pathways involved in energy production, translation and cell proliferation are particularly disturbed. This analysis revealed modulated candidate genes putatively involved in response to oxidative stress and mitochondrial damage in offspring of genitors exposed to diuron. Complementary measures of the activity of enzymes involved in these latter processes corroborate the results obtained at the transcriptomic level. In addition, our results suggested an increase in energy production and mitotic activity in 5-month-spats from diuron-exposed genitors. These results could correspond to a "catch-up growth" phenomenon allowing the spats from diuron-exposed genitors, which displayed a growth delay at 3 months, to gain a normal size when they reach the age of 6 months. These results indicate that exposure to a concentration of diuron that is frequently encountered in the field during the oyster's gametogenesis stage can impact the next generation and may result in fitness disturbance.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Rondon
- Ifremer, IHPE UMR 5244, Univ. Perpignan Via Domitia, CNRS, Univ. Montpellier, F-34095 Montpellier, France; Univ. Perpignan Via Domitia, IHPE UMR 5244, CNRS, IFREMER, Univ. Montpellier, F-66860 Perpignan, France
| | - F Akcha
- Ifremer, Department of Biogeochemistry and Ecotoxicology, Laboratory of Ecotoxicology, Rue de l'ile d'Yeu, BP 21105, 44311 Nantes Cedex 03, France
| | - P Alonso
- CNRS, IHPE UMR 5244, Univ. Perpignan Via Domitia, IFREMER, Univ. Montpellier, F-34095 Montpellier, France
| | - D Menard
- Ifremer, Department of Biogeochemistry and Ecotoxicology, Laboratory of Ecotoxicology, Rue de l'ile d'Yeu, BP 21105, 44311 Nantes Cedex 03, France
| | - J Rouxel
- Ifremer, Department of Biogeochemistry and Ecotoxicology, Laboratory of Ecotoxicology, Rue de l'ile d'Yeu, BP 21105, 44311 Nantes Cedex 03, France
| | - C Montagnani
- Ifremer, IHPE UMR 5244, Univ. Perpignan Via Domitia, CNRS, Univ. Montpellier, F-34095 Montpellier, France.
| | - G Mitta
- Univ. Perpignan Via Domitia, IHPE UMR 5244, CNRS, IFREMER, Univ. Montpellier, F-66860 Perpignan, France
| | - C Cosseau
- Univ. Perpignan Via Domitia, IHPE UMR 5244, CNRS, IFREMER, Univ. Montpellier, F-66860 Perpignan, France
| | - C Grunau
- Univ. Perpignan Via Domitia, IHPE UMR 5244, CNRS, IFREMER, Univ. Montpellier, F-66860 Perpignan, France
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18
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Akcha F, Barranger A, Bachère E, Berthelin CH, Piquemal D, Alonso P, Sallan RR, Dimastrogiovanni G, Porte C, Menard D, Szczybelski A, Benabdelmouna A, Auffret M, Rouxel J, Burgeot T. Effects of an environmentally relevant concentration of diuron on oyster genitors during gametogenesis: responses of early molecular and cellular markers and physiological impacts. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2016; 23:8008-8020. [PMID: 26780042 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-015-5969-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2015] [Accepted: 12/10/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Genitors of the Pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas were submitted during gametogenesis to a short pulse exposure to the herbicide diuron at a realistic environmental concentration. Histological analysis showed no effect of diuron on gametogenesis course, sex ratio and reproductive effort. A non-significant increase in testosterone and progesterone levels was observed in genitors exposed to the herbicide. At cell level, diuron exposure was shown to modulate the phagocytic activity of circulating hemocytes. The results of a transcriptional analysis showed that diuron affected the expression of genes belonging to functions known to play a major role during oyster gametogenesis such as gene transcription regulation, DNA replication and repair, DNA methylation and cytokinesis. Taking into account the results we previously obtained on the same genitors, this study showed a negative effect of diuron on oyster reproduction by inducing both structural and functional modifications of the DNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Akcha
- Laboratoire d'Ecotoxicologie, Ifremer, Rue de l'Ile d'Yeu, BP21105, 44311, Nantes cedex 03, France.
| | - A Barranger
- Laboratoire d'Ecotoxicologie, Ifremer, Rue de l'Ile d'Yeu, BP21105, 44311, Nantes cedex 03, France
| | - E Bachère
- Ifremer, UMR 5244, IHPE Interaction Host Pathogen Environment, UPVD, CNRS, Université de Montpellier, CC 80, F-34095, Montpellier, France
| | - C Heude Berthelin
- Unité Biologie des organismes et écosystèmes aquatiques (BOREA, UMR 7208), Université de Caen Normandie, Sorbonne Universités, Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, CNRS, IRD, 57 rue Cuvier, 75005, Paris, France
| | - D Piquemal
- Acobiom, 1682 rue de la Valsière, CS 77394 Cap Delta Biopole Euromédecine II, 34184, Montpellier Cedex 04, France
| | - P Alonso
- Ifremer, UMR 5244, IHPE Interaction Host Pathogen Environment, UPVD, CNRS, Université de Montpellier, CC 80, F-34095, Montpellier, France
| | - R Rondon Sallan
- Ifremer, UMR 5244, IHPE Interaction Host Pathogen Environment, UPVD, CNRS, Université de Montpellier, CC 80, F-34095, Montpellier, France
| | - G Dimastrogiovanni
- IDAEA-CSIC, Environmental Chemistry Department, C/ Jordi Girona, 1808034, Barcelona, Spain
| | - C Porte
- IDAEA-CSIC, Environmental Chemistry Department, C/ Jordi Girona, 1808034, Barcelona, Spain
| | - D Menard
- Laboratoire d'Ecotoxicologie, Ifremer, Rue de l'Ile d'Yeu, BP21105, 44311, Nantes cedex 03, France
| | - A Szczybelski
- Laboratoire d'Ecotoxicologie, Ifremer, Rue de l'Ile d'Yeu, BP21105, 44311, Nantes cedex 03, France
| | - A Benabdelmouna
- Ifremer, Laboratoire de Génétique et Pathologies, Rue de Mus de Loup, La Tremblade, 17390, France
| | - M Auffret
- Laboratoire des Sciences de l'Environnement Marin (LEMAR), Institut Universitaire Européen de la Mer (IUEM), UBO/CNRS/IRD/IFREMER, rue Dumont d'Urville, technopôle, Brest-Iroise, 29280, Plouzané, France
| | - J Rouxel
- Laboratoire d'Ecotoxicologie, Ifremer, Rue de l'Ile d'Yeu, BP21105, 44311, Nantes cedex 03, France
| | - T Burgeot
- Laboratoire d'Ecotoxicologie, Ifremer, Rue de l'Ile d'Yeu, BP21105, 44311, Nantes cedex 03, France
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Azéma P, Travers MA, De Lorgeril J, Tourbiez D, Dégremont L. Can selection for resistance to OsHV-1 infection modify susceptibility to Vibrio aestuarianus infection in Crassostrea gigas? First insights from experimental challenges using primary and successive exposures. Vet Res 2015; 46:139. [PMID: 26646058 PMCID: PMC4673786 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-015-0282-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2015] [Accepted: 11/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Since 2008, the emergent virus OsHV-1µvar has provoked massive mortality events in Crassostrea gigas spat and juveniles in France. Since 2012, mortality driven by the pathogenic bacteria Vibrio aestuarianus has stricken market-sized adults. A hypothesis to explain the sudden increase in mortality observed in France since 2012 is that selective pressure due to recurrent viral infections could have led to a higher susceptibility of adults to Vibrio infection. In our study, two OsHV-1-resistant lines (AS and BS) and their respective controls (AC and BC) were experimentally challenged in the laboratory to determine their level of susceptibility to V. aestuarianus infection. At the juvenile stage, the selected lines exhibited lower mortality (14 and 33%) than the control lines (71 and 80%), suggesting dual-resistance to OsHV-1 and V. aestuarianus in C. gigas. Interestingly, this pattern was not observed at the adult stage, where higher mortality was detected for AS (68%) and BC (62%) than AC (39%) and BS (49%). These results were confirmed by the analysis of the expression of 31 immune-related genes in unchallenged oysters. Differential gene expression discriminated oysters according to their susceptibility to infection at both the juvenile and adult stages, suggesting that resistance to V. aestuarianus infection resulted in complex interactions between the genotype, stage of development and immunity status. Finally, survivors of the V. aestuarianus challenge at the juvenile stage still exhibited significant mortality at the adult stage during a second and third V. aestuarianus challenge, indicating that these survivors were not genetically resistant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Azéma
- Ifremer, Laboratoire de Génétique et Pathologie des Mollusques Marins, Avenue Mus de Loup, 17390, La Tremblade, France.
| | - Marie-Agnès Travers
- Ifremer, Laboratoire de Génétique et Pathologie des Mollusques Marins, Avenue Mus de Loup, 17390, La Tremblade, France.
| | - Julien De Lorgeril
- Ifremer, IHPE, UMR 5244, Univ. Perpignan Via Domitia, CNRS, Univ. Montpellier, 34095, Montpellier, France.
| | - Delphine Tourbiez
- Ifremer, Laboratoire de Génétique et Pathologie des Mollusques Marins, Avenue Mus de Loup, 17390, La Tremblade, France.
| | - Lionel Dégremont
- Ifremer, Laboratoire de Génétique et Pathologie des Mollusques Marins, Avenue Mus de Loup, 17390, La Tremblade, France.
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Wang Z, Wang B, Chen G, Jian J, Lu Y, Xu Y, Wu Z. Transcriptome analysis of the pearl oyster (Pinctada fucata) hemocytes in response to Vibrio alginolyticus infection. Gene 2015; 575:421-428. [PMID: 26363408 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2015.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2014] [Revised: 07/16/2015] [Accepted: 09/07/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The pearl oyster Pinctada fucata is cultured widely for production of marine pearls in China, while mass mortalities, likely related to pathogenic infections, have occurred frequently in juvenile, mother and operated oysters. To address this issue, understanding host defense mechanisms of P. fucata against pathogenic challenge is extremely important. In the present study, a comparative analysis of hemocyte transcriptomes of P. fucata before and after Vibrio alginolyticus infection was conducted using the Illumina/Hiseq-2000 RNA-Seq technology. A total of 56,345,139 clean reads were generated and then assembled into 74,007 unigenes with an average length of 680 bp and an N50 of 1197 bp. Unigenes were annotated by comparing against non-redundant protein sequence (nr), non-redundant nucleotide (nt), Swiss-Prot, Pfam, Gene Ontology database (GO), Clusters of Orthologous Groups (COG) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) databases, and 29,615 unigenes (40.01%) were annotated in at least one database. There were 636 genes (518 up-regulated and 118 down-regulated) that were significantly differentially expressed after bacterial challenge, and among which 369 were associated with 122 pathways, including classical immune-related pathways, such as 'MAPK signaling pathway', 'Chemokine signaling pathway', 'Apoptosis' and 'Wnt signaling pathway'. These findings provide information on the pearl oyster innate immunity and may contribute to developing strategies for management of diseases and long-term sustainability of P. fucata culture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongliang Wang
- College of Fisheries, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524025, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Aquaculture in South China Sea for Aquatic Economic Animals, Zhanjiang 524025, China
| | - Bei Wang
- College of Fisheries, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524025, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Biology and Epidemiology for Aquatic Economic Animals, Zhanjiang 524025, China
| | - Gang Chen
- College of Fisheries, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524025, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Aquaculture in South China Sea for Aquatic Economic Animals, Zhanjiang 524025, China
| | - Jichang Jian
- College of Fisheries, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524025, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Biology and Epidemiology for Aquatic Economic Animals, Zhanjiang 524025, China
| | - Yishan Lu
- College of Fisheries, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524025, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Biology and Epidemiology for Aquatic Economic Animals, Zhanjiang 524025, China
| | - Youhou Xu
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Beibu Gulf Marine Biodiversity Conservation, Qinzhou 535099, China
| | - Zaohe Wu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Biology and Epidemiology for Aquatic Economic Animals, Zhanjiang 524025, China; Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou 510225, China
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21
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Guo X, He Y, Zhang L, Lelong C, Jouaux A. Immune and stress responses in oysters with insights on adaptation. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 46:107-119. [PMID: 25989624 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2015.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2015] [Revised: 05/08/2015] [Accepted: 05/09/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Oysters are representative bivalve molluscs that are widely distributed in world oceans. As successful colonizers of estuaries and intertidal zones, oysters are remarkably resilient against harsh environmental conditions including wide fluctuations in temperature and salinity as well as prolonged air exposure. Oysters have no adaptive immunity but can thrive in microbe-rich estuaries as filter-feeders. These unique adaptations make oysters interesting models to study the evolution of host-defense systems. Recent advances in genomic studies including sequencing of the oyster genome have provided insights into oyster's immune and stress responses underlying their amazing resilience. Studies show that the oyster genomes are highly polymorphic and complex, which may be key to their resilience. The oyster genome has a large gene repertoire that is enriched for immune and stress response genes. Thousands of genes are involved in oyster's immune and stress responses, through complex interactions, with many gene families expanded showing high sequence, structural and functional diversity. The high diversity of immune receptors and effectors may provide oysters with enhanced specificity in immune recognition and response to cope with diverse pathogens in the absence of adaptive immunity. Some members of expanded immune gene families have diverged to function at different temperatures and salinities or assumed new roles in abiotic stress response. Most canonical innate immunity pathways are conserved in oysters and supported by a large number of diverse and often novel genes. The great diversity in immune and stress response genes exhibited by expanded gene families as well as high sequence and structural polymorphisms may be central to oyster's adaptation to highly stressful and widely changing environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ximing Guo
- Haskin Shellfish Research Laboratory, Department of Marine and Coastal Sciences, Rutgers University, Port Norris, NJ 08345, USA.
| | - Yan He
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, Shandong 266003, China
| | - Linlin Zhang
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Christophe Lelong
- UMR BOREA, "Biologie des Organismes et Ecosystèmes Aquatiques", MNHN, UPMC, UCBN, CNRS-7208, IRD, Université de Caen Basse-Normandie, Esplanade de la Paix, 14032 Caen, France; Centre de Référence sur l'Huître (CRH), Université de Caen Basse Normandie, Esplanade de la Paix, 14032 Caen, France
| | - Aude Jouaux
- UMR BOREA, "Biologie des Organismes et Ecosystèmes Aquatiques", MNHN, UPMC, UCBN, CNRS-7208, IRD, Université de Caen Basse-Normandie, Esplanade de la Paix, 14032 Caen, France; Centre de Référence sur l'Huître (CRH), Université de Caen Basse Normandie, Esplanade de la Paix, 14032 Caen, France
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22
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Bachère E, Rosa RD, Schmitt P, Poirier AC, Merou N, Charrière GM, Destoumieux-Garzón D. The new insights into the oyster antimicrobial defense: Cellular, molecular and genetic view. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 46:50-64. [PMID: 25753917 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2015.02.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2014] [Revised: 02/24/2015] [Accepted: 02/26/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Oysters are sessile filter feeders that live in close association with abundant and diverse communities of microorganisms that form the oyster microbiota. In such an association, cellular and molecular mechanisms have evolved to maintain oyster homeostasis upon stressful conditions including infection and changing environments. We give here cellular and molecular insights into the Crassostrea gigas antimicrobial defense system with focus on antimicrobial peptides and proteins (AMPs). This review highlights the central role of the hemocytes in the modulation and control of oyster antimicrobial response. As vehicles for AMPs and other antimicrobial effectors, including reactive oxygen species (ROS), and together with epithelia, hemocytes provide the oyster with local defense reactions instead of systemic humoral ones. These reactions are largely based on phagocytosis but also, as recently described, on the extracellular release of antimicrobial histones (ETosis) which is triggered by ROS. Thus, ROS can signal danger and activate cellular responses in the oyster. From the current literature, AMP production/release could serve similar functions. We provide also new lights on the oyster genetic background that underlies a great diversity of AMP sequences but also an extraordinary individual polymorphism of AMP gene expression. We discuss here how this polymorphism could generate new immune functions, new pathogen resistances or support individual adaptation to environmental stresses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evelyne Bachère
- Ifremer, UMR 5244, IHPE Interaction Host Pathogen Environment, UPVD, CNRS, Université de Montpellier, CC 80, F-34095 Montpellier, France.
| | - Rafael Diego Rosa
- Ifremer, UMR 5244, IHPE Interaction Host Pathogen Environment, UPVD, CNRS, Université de Montpellier, CC 80, F-34095 Montpellier, France; Laboratory of Immunology Applied to Aquaculture, Department of Cell Biology, Embryology and Genetics, Federal University of Santa Catarina, 88040-900 Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
| | - Paulina Schmitt
- Ifremer, UMR 5244, IHPE Interaction Host Pathogen Environment, UPVD, CNRS, Université de Montpellier, CC 80, F-34095 Montpellier, France; Laboratorio de Genética e Inmunología Molecular, Instituto de Biología, Pontificia Universidad, Católica de Valparaíso, Avenida Universidad 330, 2373223 Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Aurore C Poirier
- Ifremer, UMR 5244, IHPE Interaction Host Pathogen Environment, UPVD, CNRS, Université de Montpellier, CC 80, F-34095 Montpellier, France
| | - Nicolas Merou
- Ifremer, UMR 5244, IHPE Interaction Host Pathogen Environment, UPVD, CNRS, Université de Montpellier, CC 80, F-34095 Montpellier, France
| | - Guillaume M Charrière
- Ifremer, UMR 5244, IHPE Interaction Host Pathogen Environment, UPVD, CNRS, Université de Montpellier, CC 80, F-34095 Montpellier, France
| | - Delphine Destoumieux-Garzón
- Ifremer, UMR 5244, IHPE Interaction Host Pathogen Environment, UPVD, CNRS, Université de Montpellier, CC 80, F-34095 Montpellier, France
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23
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The use of -omic tools in the study of disease processes in marine bivalve mollusks. J Invertebr Pathol 2015; 131:137-54. [PMID: 26021714 DOI: 10.1016/j.jip.2015.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2015] [Revised: 04/09/2015] [Accepted: 05/05/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Our understanding of disease processes and host-pathogen interactions in model species has benefited greatly from the application of medium and high-throughput genomic, metagenomic, epigenomic, transcriptomic, and proteomic analyses. The rate at which new, low-cost, high-throughput -omic technologies are being developed has also led to an expansion in the number of studies aimed at gaining a better understanding of disease processes in bivalves. This review provides a catalogue of the genetic and -omic tools available for bivalve species and examples of how -omics has contributed to the advancement of marine bivalve disease research, with a special focus in the areas of immunity, bivalve-pathogen interactions, mechanisms of disease resistance and pathogen virulence, and disease diagnosis. The analysis of bivalve genomes and transcriptomes has revealed that many immune and stress-related gene families are expanded in the bivalve taxa examined thus far. In addition, the analysis of proteomes confirms that responses to infection are influenced by epigenetic, post-transcriptional, and post-translational modifications. The few studies performed in bivalves show that epigenetic modifications are non-random, suggesting a role for epigenetics in regulating the interactions between bivalves and their environments. Despite the progress -omic tools have enabled in the field of marine bivalve disease processes, there is much more work to be done. To date, only three bivalve genomes have been sequenced completely, with assembly status at different levels of completion. Transcriptome datasets are relatively easy and inexpensive to generate, but their interpretation will benefit greatly from high quality genome assemblies and improved data analysis pipelines. Finally, metagenomic, epigenomic, proteomic, and metabolomic studies focused on bivalve disease processes are currently limited but their expansion should be facilitated as more transcriptome datasets and complete genome sequences become available for marine bivalve species.
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Rosa RD, Alonso P, Santini A, Vergnes A, Bachère E. High polymorphism in big defensin gene expression reveals presence-absence gene variability (PAV) in the oyster Crassostrea gigas. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 49:231-238. [PMID: 25482648 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2014.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2014] [Revised: 11/28/2014] [Accepted: 12/01/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
We report here the first evidence in an invertebrate, the oyster Crassostrea gigas, of a phenomenon of Presence-Absence Variation (PAV) affecting immune-related genes. We previously evidenced an extraordinary interindividual variability in the basal mRNA abundances of oyster immune genes including those coding for a family of antimicrobial peptides, the big defensins (Cg-BigDef). Cg-BigDef is a diverse family composed of three members: Cg-BigDef1 to -3. Here, we show that besides a high polymorphism in Cg-BigDef mRNA expression, not all individual oysters express simultaneously the three Cg-BigDefs. Moreover, in numerous individuals, no expression of Cg-BigDefs could be detected. Further investigation at the genomic level revealed that in individuals in which the transcription of one or all Cg-BigDefs was absent the corresponding Cg-bigdef gene was missing. In our experiments, no correlation was found between Cg-bigdef PAV and oyster capacity to survive Vibrio infections. The discovery of P-A immune genes in oysters leads to reconsider the role that the immune system plays in the individual adaptation to survive environmental, biotic and abiotic stresses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael D Rosa
- Ifremer, CNRS, Université Montpellier 2, IRD, Université Montpellier 1, UMR5119 - Ecology of Coastal Marine Systems, Place Eugène Bataillon, CC80, 34095 Montpellier, France.
| | - Pascal Alonso
- Ifremer, CNRS, Université Montpellier 2, IRD, Université Montpellier 1, UMR5119 - Ecology of Coastal Marine Systems, Place Eugène Bataillon, CC80, 34095 Montpellier, France
| | - Adrien Santini
- Ifremer, CNRS, Université Montpellier 2, IRD, Université Montpellier 1, UMR5119 - Ecology of Coastal Marine Systems, Place Eugène Bataillon, CC80, 34095 Montpellier, France
| | - Agnès Vergnes
- Ifremer, CNRS, Université Montpellier 2, IRD, Université Montpellier 1, UMR5119 - Ecology of Coastal Marine Systems, Place Eugène Bataillon, CC80, 34095 Montpellier, France
| | - Evelyne Bachère
- Ifremer, CNRS, Université Montpellier 2, IRD, Université Montpellier 1, UMR5119 - Ecology of Coastal Marine Systems, Place Eugène Bataillon, CC80, 34095 Montpellier, France
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Teaniniuraitemoana V, Huvet A, Levy P, Gaertner-Mazouni N, Gueguen Y, Le Moullac G. Molecular signatures discriminating the male and the female sexual pathways in the pearl oyster Pinctada margaritifera. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0122819. [PMID: 25815473 PMCID: PMC4376701 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0122819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2014] [Accepted: 02/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The genomics of economically important marine bivalves is studied to provide better understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying their different reproductive strategies. The recently available gonad transcriptome of the black-lip pearl oyster Pinctada margaritifera is a novel and powerful resource to study these mechanisms in marine mollusks displaying hermaphroditic features. In this study, RNAseq quantification data of the P. margaritifera gonad transcriptome were analyzed to identify candidate genes in histologically-characterized gonad samples to provide molecular signatures of the female and male sexual pathway in this pearl oyster. Based on the RNAseq data set, stringent expression analysis identified 1,937 contigs that were differentially expressed between the gonad histological categories. From the hierarchical clustering analysis, a new reproduction model is proposed, based on a dual histo-molecular analytical approach. Nine candidate genes were identified as markers of the sexual pathway: 7 for the female pathway and 2 for the male one. Their mRNA levels were assayed by real-time PCR on a new set of gonadic samples. A clustering method revealed four principal expression patterns based on the relative gene expression ratio. A multivariate regression tree realized on these new samples and validated on the previously analyzed RNAseq samples showed that the sexual pathway of P. margaritifera can be predicted by a 3-gene-pair expression ratio model of 4 different genes: pmarg-43476, pmarg-foxl2, pmarg-54338 and pmarg-fem1-like. This 3-gene-pair expression ratio model strongly suggests only the implication of pmarg-foxl2 and pmarg-fem1-like in the sex inversion of P. margaritifera. This work provides the first histo-molecular model of P. margaritifera reproduction and a gene expression signature of its sexual pathway discriminating the male and female pathways. These represent useful tools for understanding and studying sex inversion, sex differentiation and sex determinism in this species and other related species for aquaculture purposes such as genetic selection programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vaihiti Teaniniuraitemoana
- Ifremer, UMR 241 Ecosystèmes Insulaires Océaniens (EIO), Labex Corail, Centre du Pacifique, BP 7004, 98719 Taravao, Tahiti, French Polynesia
| | - Arnaud Huvet
- Ifremer, UMR 6539 Laboratoire des sciences de l’Environnement Marin (LEMAR), ZI de la Pointe du Diable, CS 10070, F-29280 Plouzané, France
| | - Peva Levy
- Ifremer, UMR 241 Ecosystèmes Insulaires Océaniens (EIO), Labex Corail, Centre du Pacifique, BP 7004, 98719 Taravao, Tahiti, French Polynesia
| | - Nabila Gaertner-Mazouni
- Université de la Polynésie Française, UMR 241 Ecosystèmes Insulaires Océaniens (EIO), Labex Corail, BP 6570, 98702 Faa'a, Tahiti, French Polynesia
| | - Yannick Gueguen
- Ifremer, UMR 241 Ecosystèmes Insulaires Océaniens (EIO), Labex Corail, Centre du Pacifique, BP 7004, 98719 Taravao, Tahiti, French Polynesia
- Ifremer, UMR 5119 Ecologie des Systèmes Marins Côtiers (ECOSYM), Labex Corail, Université de Montpellier, Place Eugène Bataillon, CC 80, F-34095 Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | - Gilles Le Moullac
- Ifremer, UMR 241 Ecosystèmes Insulaires Océaniens (EIO), Labex Corail, Centre du Pacifique, BP 7004, 98719 Taravao, Tahiti, French Polynesia
- * E-mail:
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Dishaw LJ, Cannon JP, Litman GW, Parker W. Immune-directed support of rich microbial communities in the gut has ancient roots. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 47:36-51. [PMID: 24984114 PMCID: PMC4146740 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2014.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2014] [Revised: 05/30/2014] [Accepted: 06/21/2014] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
The animal gut serves as a primary location for the complex host-microbe interplay that is essential for homeostasis and may also reflect the types of ancient selective pressures that spawned the emergence of immunity in metazoans. In this review, we present a phylogenetic survey of gut host-microbe interactions and suggest that host defense systems arose not only to protect tissue directly from pathogenic attack but also to actively support growth of specific communities of mutualists. This functional dichotomy resulted in the evolution of immune systems much more tuned for harmonious existence with microbes than previously thought, existing as dynamic but primarily cooperative entities in the present day. We further present the protochordate Ciona intestinalis as a promising model for studying gut host-bacterial dialogue. The taxonomic position, gut physiology and experimental tractability of Ciona offer unique advantages in dissecting host-microbe interplay and can complement studies in other model systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Larry J Dishaw
- Department of Pediatrics, University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine, USF/ACH Children's Research Institute, 140 7th Avenue South, St. Petersburg, FL 33701, USA.
| | - John P Cannon
- Department of Pediatrics, University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine, USF/ACH Children's Research Institute, 140 7th Avenue South, St. Petersburg, FL 33701, USA
| | - Gary W Litman
- Department of Pediatrics, University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine, USF/ACH Children's Research Institute, 140 7th Avenue South, St. Petersburg, FL 33701, USA; Department of Molecular Genetics, All Children's Hospital-Johns Hopkins Medicine, 501 6th Avenue South, St. Petersburg, FL 33701, USA
| | - William Parker
- Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Box 2605, Durham, NC 27710, USA
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Meng J, Zhang L, Huang B, Li L, Zhang G. Comparative analysis of oyster (Crassostrea gigas) immune responses under challenge by differentVibriostrains and conditions. MOLLUSCAN RESEARCH 2014. [DOI: 10.1080/13235818.2014.919696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Green TJ, Benkendorff K, Robinson N, Raftos D, Speck P. Anti-viral gene induction is absent upon secondary challenge with double-stranded RNA in the Pacific oyster, Crassostrea gigas. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 39:492-497. [PMID: 24945571 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2014.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2014] [Revised: 06/04/2014] [Accepted: 06/09/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Oyster farming is one of the most important aquaculture industries in the world. However, its productivity is increasingly limited by viral disease and we do not yet have management practices, such as protective vaccination, that can control these disease outbreaks. Hence, in the current study we investigated the expression of known anti-viral genes in oysters (Crassostrea gigas) in response to primary and secondary encounter with a virus associated molecular pattern (dsRNA), and tested whether a common form of epigenetic gene regulation (DNA methylation) was associated with the expression of these anti-viral genes. Injection of dsRNA into the adductor muscle resulted in the rapid and transient expression of virus recognition receptors (TLR & MDA5), whereas several anti-viral signalling (IRF & SOC-1) and effector (PKR & viperin) genes were still up-regulated at one week post primary challenge (p < 0.05). This primary encounter with dsRNA appeared to deplete the immune system because anti-viral gene induction was absent in the gills when oysters were given a second injection of dsRNA at 1-week post-primary injection. The expression of DNA methylation genes (DNMT1, DNMT3b, TDG, TET2) and DNA methylation profiles up-stream of specific anti-viral genes (STING, SOC-1 & Viperin) did not change in response to dsRNA injection (p > 0.05). These results collectively suggest that C. gigas does not have an enhanced anti-viral gene response (immune-priming) to secondary dsRNA challenge and that the sustained up-regulation of anti-viral signalling and effector genes following primary challenge is unlikely to be associated with upstream DNA methylation levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy J Green
- School of Biological Sciences and Australian Seafood Cooperative Research Centre, Flinders University, GPO Box 2100, Adelaide, SA 5001, Australia.
| | - Kirsten Benkendorff
- Marine Ecology Research Centre, Southern Cross University, P.O. Box 157, Lismore, NSW 2480, Australia
| | - Nick Robinson
- School of Biological Sciences and Australian Seafood Cooperative Research Centre, Flinders University, GPO Box 2100, Adelaide, SA 5001, Australia; Nofima, P.O. Box 210, N-1431 Ås, Norway
| | - David Raftos
- Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, NSW 2109, Australia
| | - Peter Speck
- School of Biological Sciences and Australian Seafood Cooperative Research Centre, Flinders University, GPO Box 2100, Adelaide, SA 5001, Australia
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Pauletto M, Milan M, Moreira R, Novoa B, Figueras A, Babbucci M, Patarnello T, Bargelloni L. Deep transcriptome sequencing of Pecten maximus hemocytes: a genomic resource for bivalve immunology. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 37:154-165. [PMID: 24486903 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2014.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2013] [Revised: 01/17/2014] [Accepted: 01/21/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Pecten maximus, the king scallop, is a bivalve species with important commercial value for both fisheries and aquaculture, traditionally consumed in several European countries. Major problems in larval rearing, however, still limit hatchery-based seed production. High mortalities during early larval stages, likely related to bacterial pathogens, represent the most relevant bottleneck. To address this issue, understanding host defense mechanisms against microbes is extremely important. In this study next-generation RNA-sequencing was carried on scallop hemocytes. To enrich for immune-related transcripts, cDNA libraries from hemocytes challenged in vivo with inactivated-Vibrio anguillarum and in vitro with pathogen-associated molecular patterns, as well as unchallenged controls, were sequenced yielding 216,444,674 sequence reads. De novo assembly of the scallop hemocyte transcriptome consisted of 73,732 contigs (31% annotated). A total of 934 contigs encoded proteins with a known immune function, grouped into several functional categories. Particular attention was reserved to Toll-like receptors (TLRs), a family of pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) involved in non-self recognition. Through mining the scallop hemocyte transcriptome, at least four TLRs could be identified. The organization of canonical TLR domains demonstrated that single cysteine cluster and multiple cysteine cluster TLRs co-exist in this species. In addition, preliminary data concerning their mRNA level following bacterial challenge suggested that different members of this family could exhibit opposite responses to pathogenic stimuli. Finally, a global analysis of differential expression comparing gene-expression levels in in vitro and in vivo stimulated hemocytes against controls provided evidence on a large set of transcripts involved in the great scallop immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marianna Pauletto
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padova, Viale dell'Università 16, 35020 Legnaro, PD, Italy.
| | - Massimo Milan
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padova, Viale dell'Università 16, 35020 Legnaro, PD, Italy.
| | - Rebeca Moreira
- Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas (IIM), CSIC, C/Eduardo Cabello 6, 36208 Vigo, Pontevedra, Spain.
| | - Beatriz Novoa
- Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas (IIM), CSIC, C/Eduardo Cabello 6, 36208 Vigo, Pontevedra, Spain.
| | - Antonio Figueras
- Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas (IIM), CSIC, C/Eduardo Cabello 6, 36208 Vigo, Pontevedra, Spain.
| | - Massimiliano Babbucci
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padova, Viale dell'Università 16, 35020 Legnaro, PD, Italy.
| | - Tomaso Patarnello
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padova, Viale dell'Università 16, 35020 Legnaro, PD, Italy.
| | - Luca Bargelloni
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padova, Viale dell'Università 16, 35020 Legnaro, PD, Italy.
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Goncalves P, Guertler C, Bachère E, de Souza CRB, Rosa RD, Perazzolo LM. Molecular signatures at imminent death: hemocyte gene expression profiling of shrimp succumbing to viral and fungal infections. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 42:294-301. [PMID: 24120975 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2013.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2013] [Revised: 09/27/2013] [Accepted: 09/30/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Infectious diseases represent the most serious threat to shrimp farming worldwide. Understanding the molecular mechanisms driving shrimp-pathogen interactions is necessary for developing strategies to control disease outbreaks in shrimp production systems. In the current study, we experimentally reproduced mortality events using standardized infections to characterize the hemocyte transcriptome response of the shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei succumbing to infectious diseases. By using a high-throughput microfluidic RT-qPCR approach, we identified molecular signatures in shrimp during lethal infections caused by the White Spot Syndrome Virus (WSSV) or the filamentous fungus Fusarium solani. We successfully identified gene expression signatures shared by both infections but also pathogen-specific gene responses. Interestingly, whereas lethal WSSV infection induced the expression of antiviral-related genes, the transcript abundance of many antimicrobial effectors was reduced by lethal F. solani infection. To our knowledge, this is the first report of the immune-gene repertoire of infected shrimp at the brink of death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priscila Goncalves
- Laboratory of Immunology Applied to Aquaculture, Department of Cell Biology, Embryology and Genetics, Federal University of Santa Catarina, 88040-900 Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
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Schmitt P, Santini A, Vergnes A, Degremont L, de Lorgeril J. Sequence polymorphism and expression variability of Crassostrea gigas immune related genes discriminate two oyster lines contrasted in term of resistance to summer mortalities. PLoS One 2013; 8:e75900. [PMID: 24086661 PMCID: PMC3784401 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0075900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2013] [Accepted: 08/18/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Summer mortalities of Crassostreagigas are a major concern in oyster aquaculture. They are the result of a complex interaction between the host, pathogens and environmental factors. Oyster genetics have been identified as an essential determinant of oyster susceptibility to summer mortalities. As the capability of oysters to circumvent diseases depends in part on their immune defenses, we aimed to analyze the gene expression and sequence polymorphism of 42 immune related genes in two oyster lines selected for their “High” (H) and “Low” (L) survival to summer mortalities. Results showed that the variability of gene expression and the sequence polymorphism acting on particular genes could enable the discrimination between H and L oyster lines. Besides, a higher sequence polymorphism was observed on the L line affecting 11 of the 42 analyzed genes. By analyzing gene expression, sequence polymorphism and gene copy number of two antimicrobial peptide families (Cg-Defs and Cg-Prp), and an antimicrobial protein (Cg-BPI) on individual oysters, we showed that gene expression and/or sequence polymorphism could also discriminate H and L oyster lines. Finally, we observed a positive correlation between the gene expression and the gene copy number of antimicrobials and that sequence polymorphism could be encoded in the genome. Overall, this study gives new insights in the relationship between oyster immunity and divergent phenotypes, and discusses the potential implication of antimicrobial diversity in oyster survival to summer mortalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulina Schmitt
- Institut Français de Recherche pour l’Exploitation de la Mer, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université de Montpellier 2, Université de Montpellier 1, Institut de la Recherche pour le Développement, UMR 5119 "Ecologie des Systèmes Marins Côtiers", Montpellier, France
- * E-mail:
| | - Adrien Santini
- Institut Français de Recherche pour l’Exploitation de la Mer, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université de Montpellier 2, Université de Montpellier 1, Institut de la Recherche pour le Développement, UMR 5119 "Ecologie des Systèmes Marins Côtiers", Montpellier, France
| | - Agnès Vergnes
- Institut Français de Recherche pour l’Exploitation de la Mer, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université de Montpellier 2, Université de Montpellier 1, Institut de la Recherche pour le Développement, UMR 5119 "Ecologie des Systèmes Marins Côtiers", Montpellier, France
| | - Lionel Degremont
- Institut Français de Recherche pour l’Exploitation de la Mer, Laboratoire de Génétique et de Pathologie des Mollusques Marins, La Tremblade, France
| | - Julien de Lorgeril
- Institut Français de Recherche pour l’Exploitation de la Mer, Laboratoire de Génétique et de Pathologie des Mollusques Marins, La Tremblade, France
- * E-mail:
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Green TJ, Montagnani C. Poly I:C induces a protective antiviral immune response in the Pacific oyster (Crassostrea gigas) against subsequent challenge with Ostreid herpesvirus (OsHV-1 μvar). FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2013; 35:382-388. [PMID: 23685009 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2013.04.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2013] [Revised: 04/19/2013] [Accepted: 04/29/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
In-vivo studies were carried out to investigate the protective effect of a synthetic viral analogue (poly I:C) against Ostreid herpes virus (OsHV-1 μvar). Pacific oysters (Crassostrea gigas) were immune-primed by intramuscular injection of 240 μg of poly I:C or sterile seawater at 1 day prior to infection with OsHV-1 μvar. Poly I:C injection induced an antiviral state in C. gigas as the percentage of viral-infected oysters at 48 h post infection was significantly lower in the poly I:C treatment (11%) compared to seawater controls (100%). In an additional experiment, we demonstrated that the protective role of poly I:C is reproducible and elicits a specific antiviral response as immune-priming with heat-killed Vibrio splendidus provided no protection against subsequent viral infection. In both experiments, genes homologous to a toll-like receptor (TLR), MyD88, interferon regulatory factor (IRF) and protein kinase R (PKR) were up-regulated in oysters immune-primed with poly I:C compared to seawater controls (p < 0.05). The MyD88, IRF and PKR genes were also significantly up-regulated in response to OsHV-1 μvar infection (p < 0.05), which is suggestive that they are implicated in the antiviral response of C. gigas. Our results demonstrate that C. gigas can recognise double-strand RNA to initiate an innate immune response that inhibits viral infection. The observed response has striking similarities to the hallmarks of the type-1 interferon response of vertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy J Green
- Ifremer, UMR 5119 "Ecology of Coastal Marine Systems", Université Montpellier 2, Place Eugène Bataillon, CC80, 30495 Montpellier Cedex 05, France.
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