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Bertrand M, Simonin S, Bach B. Applications of chitosan in the agri-food sector: A review. Carbohydr Res 2024; 543:109219. [PMID: 39047500 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2024.109219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2024] [Revised: 07/12/2024] [Accepted: 07/18/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024]
Abstract
Chitosan is a natural and renewable polysaccharide that can form biopolymers. It is derived from the deacetylation of chitin mainly from crustaceans' shells, but also from fungi and insects. Thanks to unique characteristics such as antimicrobial effects, antioxidant properties or film forming capacities, it has triggered an important amount of research in the last decade about possible applications in industrial fields. The main application field of chitosan is the food industry where it can be used for preservation purposes and shelf-life improvement for fresh food products such as fruits or meat. For beverages, it is used for clarification and fining as well as elimination of spoilage flora in beverages like fruit juices or wine. And in agriculture, it can be used as a plant protection product through different mechanisms like the elicitation of plant defences. The mechanisms of action of chitosan on microorganisms are multiple and complex but revolve mostly around the disturbance of microorganisms' membranes and cell walls resulting in the leakage of cell material. The use of chitosan is still minor but is promising in finding environmentally friendly alternatives to synthetic chemicals and plastics. Therefore, its characterization is primordial for the future of sustainable production and preservation processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathilde Bertrand
- Changins, Viticulture and Enology, HES-SO University of Applied Sciences and Arts Western Switzerland, Route de Duillier 50, 1260, Nyon, Switzerland.
| | - Scott Simonin
- Changins, Viticulture and Enology, HES-SO University of Applied Sciences and Arts Western Switzerland, Route de Duillier 50, 1260, Nyon, Switzerland
| | - Benoit Bach
- Changins, Viticulture and Enology, HES-SO University of Applied Sciences and Arts Western Switzerland, Route de Duillier 50, 1260, Nyon, Switzerland
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Yang S, Cao J, Zhao C, Zhang X, Li C, Wang S, Yang X, Qiu Z, Li C, Wang J, Xue B, Shen Z. Cylindrospermopsin enhances the conjugative transfer of plasmid-mediated multi-antibiotic resistance genes through glutathione biosynthesis inhibition. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2024; 276:116288. [PMID: 38581909 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2024.116288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2024] [Revised: 03/29/2024] [Accepted: 03/31/2024] [Indexed: 04/08/2024]
Abstract
Cylindrospermopsin (CYN), a cyanobacterial toxin, has been detected in the global water environment. However, information concerning the potential environmental risk of CYN is limited, since the majority of previous studies have mainly focused on the adverse health effects of CYN through contaminated drinking water. The present study reported that CYN at environmentally relevant levels (0.1-100 μg/L) can significantly enhance the conjugative transfer of RP4 plasmid in Escherichia coli genera, wherein application of 10 μg/L of CYN led to maximum fold change of ∼6.5- fold at 16 h of exposure. Meanwhile, evaluation of underlying mechanisms revealed that environmental concentration of CYN exposure could increase oxidative stress in the bacterial cells, resulting in ROS overproduction. In turn, this led to an upregulation of antioxidant enzyme-related genes to avoid ROS attack. Further, inhibition of the synthesis of glutathione (GSH) was also detected, which led to the rapid depletion of GSH in cells and thus triggered the SOS response and promoted the conjugative transfer process. Increase in cell membrane permeability, upregulation of expression of genes related to pilus generation, ATP synthesis, and RP4 gene expression were also observed. These results highlight the potential impact on the spread of antimicrobial resistance in water environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuran Yang
- Tianjin Institute of Environmental and Operational Medicine, Tianjin 300050, China
| | - Jinrui Cao
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Risk Assessment and Control Technology for Environment and Food Safety, Tianjin 300050, China
| | - Chen Zhao
- Tianjin Institute of Environmental and Operational Medicine, Tianjin 300050, China; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Risk Assessment and Control Technology for Environment and Food Safety, Tianjin 300050, China
| | - Xi Zhang
- Tianjin Institute of Environmental and Operational Medicine, Tianjin 300050, China
| | - Chenyu Li
- Tianjin Institute of Environmental and Operational Medicine, Tianjin 300050, China
| | - Shang Wang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Risk Assessment and Control Technology for Environment and Food Safety, Tianjin 300050, China
| | - Xiaobo Yang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Risk Assessment and Control Technology for Environment and Food Safety, Tianjin 300050, China
| | - Zhigang Qiu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Risk Assessment and Control Technology for Environment and Food Safety, Tianjin 300050, China
| | - Chao Li
- Tianjin Institute of Environmental and Operational Medicine, Tianjin 300050, China; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Risk Assessment and Control Technology for Environment and Food Safety, Tianjin 300050, China
| | - Jingfeng Wang
- Tianjin Institute of Environmental and Operational Medicine, Tianjin 300050, China; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Risk Assessment and Control Technology for Environment and Food Safety, Tianjin 300050, China
| | - Bin Xue
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Risk Assessment and Control Technology for Environment and Food Safety, Tianjin 300050, China.
| | - Zhiqiang Shen
- Tianjin Institute of Environmental and Operational Medicine, Tianjin 300050, China.
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Krumova E, Benkova D, Stoyancheva G, Dishliyska V, Miteva-Staleva J, Kostadinova A, Ivanov K, El-Sayed K, Staneva G, Elshoky HA. Exploring the mechanism underlying the antifungal activity of chitosan-based ZnO, CuO, and SiO 2 nanocomposites as nanopesticides against Fusarium solani and Alternaria solani. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 268:131702. [PMID: 38643917 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.131702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2023] [Revised: 04/13/2024] [Accepted: 04/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/23/2024]
Abstract
Chitosan-based nanocomposites (CS NCs) are gaining considerable attention as multifaceted antifungal agents. This study investigated the antifungal activity of NCs against two phytopathogenic strains: Fusarium solani (F. solani) and Alternaria solani (A. solani). Moreover, it sheds light on their underlying mechanisms of action. The NCs, CS-ZnO, CS-CuO, and CS-SiO2, were characterized using advanced methods. Dynamic and electrophoretic light scattering techniques revealed their size range (60-170 nm) and cationic nature, as indicated by the positive zeta potential values (from +16 to +22 mV). Transmission electron microscopy revealed the morphology of the NCs as agglomerates formed between the chitosan and oxide components. X-ray diffraction patterns confirmed crystalline structures with specific peaks indicating their constituents. Antifungal assessments using the agar diffusion technique demonstrated significant inhibitory effects of the NCs on both fungal strains (1.5 to 4-fold), surpassing the performance of the positive control, nystatin. Notably, the NCs exhibited superior antifungal potency, with CS-ZnO NCs being the most effective. A. solani was the most sensitive strain to the studied agents. Furthermore, the tested NCs induced oxidative stress in fungal cells, which elevated stress biomarker levels, such as superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and protein carbonyl content (PCC), 2.5 and 6-fold for the most active CS-CuO in F. solani respectively. Additionally, they triggered membrane lipid peroxidation up to 3-fold higher compared to control, a process that potentially compromises membrane integrity. Laurdan fluorescence spectroscopy highlighted alterations in the molecular organization of fungal cell membranes induced by the NCs. CS-CuO NCs induced a membrane rigidifying effect, while CS-SiO2 and CS-ZnO could rigidify membranes in A. solani and fluidize them in F. solani. In summary, this study provides an in-depth understanding of the interactions of CS-based NCs with two fungal strains, showing their antifungal activity and offering insights into their mechanisms of action. These findings emphasize the potential of these NCs as effective and versatile antifungal agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ekaterina Krumova
- Institute of Microbiology, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia 1113, Bulgaria.
| | - Dayana Benkova
- Institute of Biophysics and Biomedical Engineering, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia 1113, Bulgaria
| | - Galina Stoyancheva
- Institute of Microbiology, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia 1113, Bulgaria
| | | | - Jeny Miteva-Staleva
- Institute of Microbiology, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia 1113, Bulgaria
| | - Aneliya Kostadinova
- Institute of Biophysics and Biomedical Engineering, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia 1113, Bulgaria.
| | - Kamen Ivanov
- Institute of Biophysics and Biomedical Engineering, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia 1113, Bulgaria; Institute of Electronics, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 1784 Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Kh El-Sayed
- Faculty of Engineering, Galala University, Attaka 51745, Suez, Egypt; Nanotechnology and Advanced Materials Central Lab, Agricultural Research Center, Giza 12619, Egypt; Regional Center for Food and Feed, Agricultural Research Center, Giza 12619, Egypt
| | - Galya Staneva
- Institute of Biophysics and Biomedical Engineering, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia 1113, Bulgaria.
| | - Hisham A Elshoky
- Nanotechnology and Advanced Materials Central Lab, Agricultural Research Center, Giza 12619, Egypt; Regional Center for Food and Feed, Agricultural Research Center, Giza 12619, Egypt; Tumor Biology Research Program, Department of Research, Children's Cancer Hospital, Cairo 11441, Egypt.
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Ibrahim MA, Alhalafi MH, Emam EAM, Ibrahim H, Mosaad RM. A Review of Chitosan and Chitosan Nanofiber: Preparation, Characterization, and Its Potential Applications. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:2820. [PMID: 37447465 DOI: 10.3390/polym15132820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2023] [Revised: 06/13/2023] [Accepted: 06/15/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Chitosan is produced by deacetylating the abundant natural chitin polymer. It has been employed in a variety of applications due to its unique solubility as well as its chemical and biological properties. In addition to being biodegradable and biocompatible, it also possesses a lot of reactive amino side groups that allow for chemical modification and the creation of a wide range of useful derivatives. The physical and chemical characteristics of chitosan, as well as how it is used in the food, environmental, and medical industries, have all been covered in a number of academic publications. Chitosan offers a wide range of possibilities in environmentally friendly textile processes because of its superior absorption and biological characteristics. Chitosan has the ability to give textile fibers and fabrics antibacterial, antiviral, anti-odor, and other biological functions. One of the most well-known and frequently used methods to create nanofibers is electrospinning. This technique is adaptable and effective for creating continuous nanofibers. In the field of biomaterials, new materials include nanofibers made of chitosan. Numerous medications, including antibiotics, chemotherapeutic agents, proteins, and analgesics for inflammatory pain, have been successfully loaded onto electro-spun nanofibers, according to recent investigations. Chitosan nanofibers have several exceptional qualities that make them ideal for use in important pharmaceutical applications, such as tissue engineering, drug delivery systems, wound dressing, and enzyme immobilization. The preparation of chitosan nanofibers, followed by a discussion of the biocompatibility and degradation of chitosan nanofibers, followed by a description of how to load the drug into the nanofibers, are the first issues highlighted by this review of chitosan nanofibers in drug delivery applications. The main uses of chitosan nanofibers in drug delivery systems will be discussed last.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marwan A Ibrahim
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Majmaah University, Al-Majmaah 11952, Saudi Arabia
- Faculty of Women for Arts, Science and Education, Ain Shams University, Cairo 11566, Egypt
| | - Mona H Alhalafi
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Majmaah University, Al-Majmaah 11952, Saudi Arabia
| | - El-Amir M Emam
- Faculty of Applied Arts, Textile Printing, Dyeing and Finishing Department, Helwan University, Cairo 11795, Egypt
| | - Hassan Ibrahim
- Pretreatment and Finishing of Cellulosic Fibers Department, Textile Research and Technology Institute, National Research Centre, Cairo 12622, Egypt
| | - Rehab M Mosaad
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Majmaah University, Al-Majmaah 11952, Saudi Arabia
- Faculty of Women for Arts, Science and Education, Ain Shams University, Cairo 11566, Egypt
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Zhang H, Song J, Zheng Z, Li T, Shi N, Han Y, Zhang L, Yu Y, Fang H. Fungicide exposure accelerated horizontal transfer of antibiotic resistance genes via plasmid-mediated conjugation. WATER RESEARCH 2023; 233:119789. [PMID: 36863279 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2023.119789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2022] [Revised: 02/20/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Co-pollution of soil with pesticide residues and antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) is increasing due to the substantial usage of pesticides and organic fertilizers in greenhouse-based agricultural production. Non-antibiotic stresses, including those from agricultural fungicides, are potential co-selectors for the horizontal transfer of ARGs, but the underlying mechanism remains unclear. Intragenus and intergenus conjugative transfer systems of the antibiotic resistant plasmid RP4 were established to examine conjugative transfer frequency under stress from four widely used fungicides: triadimefon, chlorothalonil, azoxystrobin, and carbendazim. The mechanisms were elucidated at the cellular and molecular levels using transmission electron microscopy, flow cytometry, RT-qPCR, and RNA-seq techniques. The conjugative transfer frequency of plasmid RP4 between Escherichia coli strains increased with the rising exposure concentrations of chlorothalonil, azoxystrobin, and carbendazim, but was suppressed between E. coli and Pseudomonas putida by a high fungicide concentration (10 µg/mL). Triadimefon did not significantly affect conjugative transfer frequency. Exploration of the underlying mechanisms revealed that: (i) chlorothalonil exposure mainly promoted generation of intracellular reactive oxygen species, stimulated the SOS response, and increased cell membrane permeability, while (ii) azoxystrobin and carbendazim primarily enhanced expression of conjugation-related genes on the plasmid. These findings reveal the fungicide-triggered mechanisms associated with plasmid conjugation and highlight the potential role of non-bactericidal pesticides on the dissemination of ARGs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Houpu Zhang
- Institute of Pesticide and Environmental Toxicology, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, PR. China; College of Resources and Environment, Anhui Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Agri-food Safety of Anhui Province, Hefei 230036, PR. China
| | - Jiajin Song
- Institute of Pesticide and Environmental Toxicology, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, PR. China
| | - Zhiruo Zheng
- Institute of Pesticide and Environmental Toxicology, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, PR. China
| | - Tongxin Li
- Institute of Pesticide and Environmental Toxicology, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, PR. China
| | - Nan Shi
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California, Irvine CA 92697, United States
| | - Yuling Han
- Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Luqing Zhang
- Institute of Pesticide and Environmental Toxicology, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, PR. China; Key Laboratory of Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects of Zhejiang Province, Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, PR. China
| | - Yunlong Yu
- Institute of Pesticide and Environmental Toxicology, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, PR. China; Key Laboratory of Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects of Zhejiang Province, Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, PR. China
| | - Hua Fang
- Institute of Pesticide and Environmental Toxicology, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, PR. China; Key Laboratory of Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects of Zhejiang Province, Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, PR. China.
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Mechanisms and technology of marine oligosaccharides to control postharvest disease of fruits. Food Chem 2023; 404:134664. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2022.134664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2022] [Revised: 09/18/2022] [Accepted: 10/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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A Genome-Wide Phenotypic Analysis of Saccharomyces cerevisiae’s Adaptive Response and Tolerance to Chitosan in Conditions Relevant for Winemaking. FERMENTATION-BASEL 2023. [DOI: 10.3390/fermentation9020172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
Abstract
In the wine industry, the use of chitosan, a non-toxic biodegradable polysaccharide with antimicrobial properties, has been gaining interest with respect to envisaging the reduction in the use of sulfur dioxide (SO2). Although the mechanisms of toxicity of chitosan against fungal cells have been addressed before, most of the studies undertaken used other sources of chitosan and/or used conditions to solubilize the polymer that were not compatible with winemaking. Herein, the effect of a commercial formulation of chitosan approved for use in winemaking over the growth of the spoilage yeast species Dekkera anomala, Saccharomycodes ludwigii, Zygosaccharomyces bailii, and Pichia anomala was assessed. At the legally allowed concentration of 0.1 g/L, chitosan inhibited the growth of all spoilage yeasts, except for the tested Pichia anomala strains. Interestingly, the highly SO2-tolerant yeasts S. ludwigii and Z. bailii were highly susceptible to chitosan. The growth of commercial Saccharomyces cerevisiae was also impacted by chitosan, in a strain-dependent manner, albeit at higher concentrations. To dissect this differential inhibitory potential and gain further insight into the interaction of chitosan over fungal cells, we explored a chemogenomic analysis to identify all of the S. cerevisiae genes conferring protection against or increasing susceptibility to the commercial formulation of chitosan. Among the genes found to confer protection against chitosan, a high proportion was found to encode proteins required for the assembly and structuring of the cell wall, enzymes involved in the synthesis of plasma membrane lipids, and components of signaling pathways that respond to damages in the plasma membrane (e.g., the Rim101 pathway). The data obtained also suggest that the fungal ribosome and the vacuolar V-ATPase could be directly targeted by chitosan, since the deletion of genes encoding proteins required for the structure and function of these organelles was found to increase tolerance to chitosan. We also demonstrated, for the first time, that the deletion of ITR1, AGP2 and FPS1, encoding plasma membrane transporters, prominently increased the tolerance of S. cerevisiae to chitosan, suggesting that they can serve as carriers for chitosan. Besides providing new insights into the mode of action of chitosan against wine yeasts, this study adds relevant information for its rational use as a substitute/complementary preservative to SO2.
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Elicitation of Fruit Fungi Infection and Its Protective Response to Improve the Postharvest Quality of Fruits. STRESSES 2023. [DOI: 10.3390/stresses3010018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Fruit diseases brought on by fungus infestation leads to postharvest losses of fresh fruit. Approximately 30% of harvested fruits do not reach consumers’ plates due to postharvest losses. Fungal pathogens play a substantial part in those losses, as they cause the majority of fruit rots and consumer complaints. Understanding fungal pathogenic processes and control measures is crucial for developing disease prevention and treatment strategies. In this review, we covered the presented pathogen entry, environmental conditions for pathogenesis, fruit’s response to pathogen attack, molecular mechanisms by which fungi infect fruits in the postharvest phase, production of mycotoxin, virulence factors, fungal genes involved in pathogenesis, and recent strategies for protecting fruit from fungal attack. Then, in order to investigate new avenues for ensuring fruit production, existing fungal management strategies were then assessed based on their mechanisms for altering the infection process. The goal of this review is to bridge the knowledge gap between the mechanisms of fungal disease progression and numerous disease control strategies being developed for fruit farming.
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Debnath D, Samal I, Mohapatra C, Routray S, Kesawat MS, Labanya R. Chitosan: An Autocidal Molecule of Plant Pathogenic Fungus. LIFE (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 12:life12111908. [PMID: 36431043 PMCID: PMC9694207 DOI: 10.3390/life12111908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2022] [Revised: 11/01/2022] [Accepted: 11/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The rise in the world's food demand with the increasing population threatens the existence of civilization with two equally valuable concerns: increase in global food production and sustainability in the ecosystem. Furthermore, biotic and abiotic stresses are adversely affecting agricultural production. Among them, losses caused by insect pests and pathogens have been shown to be more destructive to agricultural production. However, for winning the battle against the abundance of insect pests and pathogens and their nature of resistance development, the team of researchers is searching for an alternative way to minimize losses caused by them. Chitosan, a natural biopolymer, coupled with a proper application method and effective dose could be an integral part of sustainable alternatives in the safer agricultural sector. In this review, we have integrated the insight knowledge of chitin-chitosan interaction, successful and efficient use of chitosan, recommended and practical methods of use with well-defined doses, and last but not least the dual but contrast mode of action of the chitosan in hosts and as well as in pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debanjana Debnath
- Department of Plant Pathology, Faculty of Agriculture, Sri Sri University, Cuttack 754006, Odisha, India
| | - Ipsita Samal
- Department of Entomology, Faculty of Agriculture, Sri Sri University, Cuttack 754006, Odisha, India
| | - Chinmayee Mohapatra
- Department of Plant Pathology, Faculty of Agriculture, Sri Sri University, Cuttack 754006, Odisha, India
| | - Snehasish Routray
- Department of Entomology, Faculty of Agriculture, Sri Sri University, Cuttack 754006, Odisha, India
| | - Mahipal Singh Kesawat
- Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, Faculty of Agriculture, Sri Sri University, Cuttack 754006, Odisha, India
| | - Rini Labanya
- Department of Soil Science & Agricultural Chemistry, Faculty of Agriculture, Sri Sri University, Cuttack 754006, Odisha, India
- Correspondence:
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Mode of action of nanochitin whisker against Fusarium pseudograminearum. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 217:356-366. [PMID: 35839953 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.07.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2022] [Revised: 07/03/2022] [Accepted: 07/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Nanochitin whisker (NC) is an advanced nanobiomaterial with novel physicochemical and biological properties. Fusarium pseudograminearum (Fpg) is an important pathogenic fungus causing wheat crown rot disease. This study explored the mode of action of NC against Fpg as a target microorganism. The effects of different treatments and concentrations of NC on the fungal growth and conidial germination were investigated by in vitro bioassay. The impacts of NC on cell structure integrity, membrane permeability, pathogenesis related key enzymes activity, and the mycotoxin production were examined by electron microscopy, fluorescence spectroscopy, IR spectroscopy, conductometry, and spectrophotometry, respectively. The results showed that NC significantly reduced hyphal growth, and the spore germination rate of Fpg declined by 33.0 % and 23.2 % when Fpg was treated with 30 and 300 μg/mL of NC, respectively. NC vigorously influenced structural stability of cell wall by destroying dextran structure, and strongly stimulated ergosterol production altering membrane integrity of the fungus. It reduced the activities of enzymes related to energy-supply like nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide oxidase and succinate dehydrogenase remarkably. The production of fungal mycotoxin deoxynivalenol was also decreased by NC. These findings provide an important basis for fully understanding the mechanism of nanobiomaterial in plant fungal disease control.
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Lemke P, Jünemann L, Moerschbacher BM. Synergistic Antimicrobial Activities of Chitosan Mixtures and Chitosan–Copper Combinations. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23063345. [PMID: 35328766 PMCID: PMC8951000 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23063345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2022] [Revised: 03/16/2022] [Accepted: 03/18/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Several recent studies revealed the significant contribution of intensive agriculture to global climate change and biodiversity decline. However, synthetic pesticides and fertilizers, which are among the main reasons for these negative effects, are required to achieve the high performance of elite crops needed to feed the growing world population. Modern agro-biologics, such as biopesticides, biostimulants, and biofertilizers are intended to replace or reduce the current agro-chemicals, but the former are often difficult to combine with the latter. Chitosans, produced from the fisheries’ byproduct chitin, are among the most promising agro-biologics, and copper fungicides are among the most widely used plant protectants in organic farming. However, the two active ingredients tend to form precipitates, hindering product development. Here, we show that partial hydrolysis of a chitosan polymer can yield a mixture of smaller polymers and oligomers that act synergistically in their antifungal activity. The low molecular weight (Mw) of this hydrolysate allows its combination with copper acetate, again leading to a synergistic effect. Combined, these synergies allow a 50% reduction in copper concentration, while maintaining the antifungal activity. This is potentially a significant step towards a more sustainable agriculture.
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Olicón-Hernández DR, Araiza-Villanueva MG, Vázquez-Carrada M, Guerra-Sánchez G. Chitosan resistance by the deletion of the putative high affinity glucose transporter in the yeast Ustilago maydis. Carbohydr Res 2021; 505:108335. [PMID: 33989946 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2021.108335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2020] [Revised: 04/08/2021] [Accepted: 04/23/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Chitosan is a polycationic amino-sugar polymer soluble in acidic pH. As a potential antifungal, it has been tested against several fungi. Its main mode of action is the permeabilization of cell membrane by the interaction with specific membrane sites. Ustilago maydis, an attractive fungal model used in biochemical and biotechnology research, is highly sensitive to chitosan, with extensive membrane destruction that results in cell death. Using the Golden Gate system, several mutant strains with deletions in monosaccharide transporters were obtained and tested against chitosan in order to know the implications of these membrane proteins in the sensitivity of the fungus against chitosan. Δum11514/03895 strain, a mutant with a deletion in a hypothetical high affinity glucose transporter, showed resistance to chitosan. Morphological characterization of the mutant displayed an apparent increase in mitochondrial content, but oxygen consumption as well as growth rate were not affected by the gene deletion. Alteration in cell wall surface was observed in the mutant strain. In contrast to wild type, the Δum11514/03895 strain showed integrity of cell wall and cell membrane in the presence of chitosan. The resistance against chitosan is likely associated to the modification of cell wall architecture and is not related to energy-depend process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dario Rafael Olicón-Hernández
- Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Departamento de Microbiología, Prolongación de Carpio y Plan de Ayala S/N, Col. Sto. Tomas, Del. Miguel Hidalgo, CP 11340, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Minerva Georgina Araiza-Villanueva
- Institute for Microbiology, Center of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), Department of Biology, Heinrich-Heine University Düsseldorf, 40204, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Melissa Vázquez-Carrada
- Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Departamento de Microbiología, Prolongación de Carpio y Plan de Ayala S/N, Col. Sto. Tomas, Del. Miguel Hidalgo, CP 11340, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Guadalupe Guerra-Sánchez
- Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Departamento de Microbiología, Prolongación de Carpio y Plan de Ayala S/N, Col. Sto. Tomas, Del. Miguel Hidalgo, CP 11340, Ciudad de México, Mexico.
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Lopez-Moya F, Martin-Urdiroz M, Oses-Ruiz M, Were VM, Fricker MD, Littlejohn G, Lopez-Llorca LV, Talbot NJ. Chitosan inhibits septin-mediated plant infection by the rice blast fungus Magnaporthe oryzae in a protein kinase C and Nox1 NADPH oxidase-dependent manner. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2021; 230:1578-1593. [PMID: 33570748 DOI: 10.1111/nph.17268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2020] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Chitosan is a partially deacetylated linear polysaccharide composed of β-1,4-linked units of d-glucosamine and N-acetyl glucosamine. As well as a structural component of fungal cell walls, chitosan is a potent antifungal agent. However, the mode of action of chitosan is poorly understood. Here, we report that chitosan is effective for control of rice blast disease. Chitosan application impairs growth of the blast fungus Magnaporthe oryzae and has a pronounced effect on appressorium-mediated plant infection. Chitosan inhibits septin-mediated F-actin remodelling at the appressorium pore, thereby preventing repolarization of the infection cell. Chitosan causes plasma membrane permeabilization of M. oryzae and affects NADPH oxidase-dependent synthesis of reactive oxygen species, essential for septin ring formation and fungal pathogenicity. We further show that toxicity of chitosan to M. oryzae requires the protein kinase C-dependent cell wall integrity pathway, the Mps1 mitogen-activated protein kinase and the Nox1 NADPH oxidase. A conditionally lethal, analogue (PP1)-sensitive mutant of Pkc1 is partially remediated for growth in the presence of chitosan, while ∆nox1 mutants increase their glucan : chitin cell wall ratio, rendering them resistant to chitosan. Taken together, our data show that chitosan is a potent fungicide which requires the cell integrity pathway, disrupts plasma membrane function and inhibits septin-mediated plant infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federico Lopez-Moya
- Laboratory of Plant Pathology, Department of Marine Sciences and Applied Biology, University of Alicante, Alicante, 03690, Spain
| | | | - Miriam Oses-Ruiz
- School of Biosciences, University of Exeter, Exeter,, EX4 4QD, UK
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich Research Park, Norwich,, NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Vincent M Were
- School of Biosciences, University of Exeter, Exeter,, EX4 4QD, UK
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich Research Park, Norwich,, NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Mark D Fricker
- Department of Plant Science, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3RB, UK
| | - George Littlejohn
- School of Biosciences, University of Exeter, Exeter,, EX4 4QD, UK
- School of Biological and Marine Sciences, Plymouth University, Portland Square Building Room A404, Drake Circus, Plymouth, PL4 8AA, UK
| | - Luis V Lopez-Llorca
- Laboratory of Plant Pathology, Department of Marine Sciences and Applied Biology, University of Alicante, Alicante, 03690, Spain
| | - Nicholas J Talbot
- School of Biosciences, University of Exeter, Exeter,, EX4 4QD, UK
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich Research Park, Norwich,, NR4 7UH, UK
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Ke CL, Deng FS, Chuang CY, Lin CH. Antimicrobial Actions and Applications of Chitosan. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:904. [PMID: 33804268 PMCID: PMC7998239 DOI: 10.3390/polym13060904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 205] [Impact Index Per Article: 68.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2021] [Revised: 03/08/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Chitosan is a naturally originating product that can be applied in many areas due to its biocompatibility, biodegradability, and nontoxic properties. The broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity of chitosan offers great commercial potential for this product. Nevertheless, the antimicrobial activity of chitosan varies, because this activity is associated with its physicochemical characteristics and depends on the type of microorganism. In this review article, the fundamental properties, modes of antimicrobial action, and antimicrobial effects-related factors of chitosan are discussed. We further summarize how microorganisms genetically respond to chitosan. Finally, applications of chitosan-based biomaterials, such as nanoparticles and films, in combination with current clinical antibiotics or antifungal drugs, are also addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Ching-Hsuan Lin
- Department of Biochemical Science and Technology, College of Life Science, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan; (C.-L.K.); (F.-S.D.); (C.-Y.C.)
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15
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Suarez-Fernandez M, Sambles C, Lopez-Moya F, Nueda MJ, Studholme DJ, Lopez-Llorca LV. Chitosan modulates Pochonia chlamydosporia gene expression during nematode egg parasitism. Environ Microbiol 2021; 23:4980-4997. [PMID: 33496078 PMCID: PMC8518118 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.15408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2020] [Accepted: 01/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Climate change makes plant‐parasitic nematodes (PPN) an increasing threat to commercial crops. PPN can be managed sustainably by the biocontrol fungus Pochonia chlamydosporia (Pc). Chitosan generated from chitin deacetylation enhances PPN parasitism by Pc. In this work, we investigate the molecular mechanisms of Pc for chitosan resistance and root‐knot nematode (RKN) parasitism, using transcriptomics. Chitosan and RKN modify the expression of Pc genes, mainly those involved in oxidation–reduction processes. Both agents significantly modify the expression of genes associated to 113 GO terms and 180 Pc genes. Genes encoding putative glycoproteins (Pc adhesives) to nematode eggshell, as well as genes involved in redox, carbohydrate and lipid metabolism trigger the response to chitosan. We identify genes expressed in both the parasitic and endophytic phases of the Pc lifecycle; these include proteases, chitosanases and transcription factors. Using the Pathogen—Host Interaction database (PHI‐base), our previous RNA‐seq data and RT‐PCR of Pc colonizing banana we have investigated genes expressed both in the parasitic and endophytic phases of Pc lifecycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Suarez-Fernandez
- Laboratory of Plant Pathology, Department of Marine Sciences and Applied Biology, University of Alicante, Alicante, 03080, Spain.,Multidisciplinary Institute for Environmental Studies (MIES) Ramon Margalef, University of Alicante, Alicante, 03080, Spain
| | | | - Federico Lopez-Moya
- Laboratory of Plant Pathology, Department of Marine Sciences and Applied Biology, University of Alicante, Alicante, 03080, Spain
| | - María J Nueda
- Mathematics Department, University of Alicante, Alicante, 03080, Spain
| | | | - Luis Vicente Lopez-Llorca
- Laboratory of Plant Pathology, Department of Marine Sciences and Applied Biology, University of Alicante, Alicante, 03080, Spain.,Multidisciplinary Institute for Environmental Studies (MIES) Ramon Margalef, University of Alicante, Alicante, 03080, Spain
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16
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Benchamas G, Huang G, Huang S, Huang H. Preparation and biological activities of chitosan oligosaccharides. Trends Food Sci Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2020.11.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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17
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Harmsen RAG, Aam BB, Madhuprakash J, Hamre AG, Goddard-Borger ED, Withers SG, Eijsink VGH, Sørlie M. Chemoenzymatic Synthesis of Chito-oligosaccharides with Alternating N-d-Acetylglucosamine and d-Glucosamine. Biochemistry 2020; 59:4581-4590. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.0c00839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rianne A. G. Harmsen
- Department of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, PO 5003, N-1432 Ås, Norway
| | - Berit Bjugan Aam
- Department of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, PO 5003, N-1432 Ås, Norway
| | - Jogi Madhuprakash
- Department of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, PO 5003, N-1432 Ås, Norway
- Department of Plant Sciences, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Gachibowli, Hyderabad, India
| | - Anne Grethe Hamre
- Department of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, PO 5003, N-1432 Ås, Norway
| | - Ethan D. Goddard-Borger
- Walter & Eliza Hall, Institute of Medical Research, 1G Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Colombia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - Stephen G. Withers
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Colombia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - Vincent G. H. Eijsink
- Department of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, PO 5003, N-1432 Ås, Norway
| | - Morten Sørlie
- Department of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, PO 5003, N-1432 Ås, Norway
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18
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Suarez-Fernandez M, Marhuenda-Egea FC, Lopez-Moya F, Arnao MB, Cabrera-Escribano F, Nueda MJ, Gunsé B, Lopez-Llorca LV. Chitosan Induces Plant Hormones and Defenses in Tomato Root Exudates. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:572087. [PMID: 33250907 PMCID: PMC7672008 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.572087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2020] [Accepted: 10/08/2020] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
In this work, we use electrophysiological and metabolomic tools to determine the role of chitosan as plant defense elicitor in soil for preventing or manage root pests and diseases sustainably. Root exudates include a wide variety of molecules that plants and root microbiota use to communicate in the rhizosphere. Tomato plants were treated with chitosan. Root exudates from tomato plants were analyzed at 3, 10, 20, and 30 days after planting (dap). We found, using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and excitation emission matrix (EEM) fluorescence, that chitosan induces plant hormones, lipid signaling and defense compounds in tomato root exudates, including phenolics. High doses of chitosan induce membrane depolarization and affect membrane integrity. 1H-NMR showed the dynamic of exudation, detecting the largest number of signals in 20 dap root exudates. Root exudates from plants irrigated with chitosan inhibit ca. twofold growth kinetics of the tomato root parasitic fungus Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. radicis-lycopersici. and reduced ca. 1.5-fold egg hatching of the root-knot nematode Meloidogyne javanica.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Suarez-Fernandez
- Laboratory of Plant Pathology, Multidisciplinary Institute for Environmental Studies Ramon Margalef, University of Alicante, Alicante, Spain
- Department of Marine Sciences and Applied Biology, Laboratory of Plant Pathology, University of Alicante, Alicante, Spain
| | - Frutos Carlos Marhuenda-Egea
- Department of Agrochemistry and Biochemistry, Multidisciplinary Institute for Environmental Studies Ramon Margalef, University of Alicante, Alicante, Spain
| | - Federico Lopez-Moya
- Department of Marine Sciences and Applied Biology, Laboratory of Plant Pathology, University of Alicante, Alicante, Spain
| | - Marino B. Arnao
- Department of Plant Biology (Plant Physiology), University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | | | - Maria Jose Nueda
- Department of Mathematics, University of Alicante, Alicante, Spain
| | - Benet Gunsé
- Plant Physiology Laboratory, Faculty of Biosciences, Universidad Autonoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Luis Vicente Lopez-Llorca
- Laboratory of Plant Pathology, Multidisciplinary Institute for Environmental Studies Ramon Margalef, University of Alicante, Alicante, Spain
- Department of Marine Sciences and Applied Biology, Laboratory of Plant Pathology, University of Alicante, Alicante, Spain
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19
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Paulin M, Miot-Sertier C, Dutilh L, Brasselet C, Delattre C, Pierre G, Dubessay P, Michaud P, Doco T, Ballestra P, Albertin W, Masneuf-Pomarède I, Moine V, Coulon J, Vallet-Courbin A, Maupeu J, Dols-Lafargue M. + Brettanomyces bruxellensis Displays Variable Susceptibility to Chitosan Treatment in Wine. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:571067. [PMID: 33013803 PMCID: PMC7498638 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.571067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Brettanomyces bruxellensis is the main spoilage microbial agent in red wines. The use of fungal chitosan has been authorized since 2009 as a curative treatment to eliminate this yeast in conventional wines and in 2018 in organic wines. As this species is known to exhibit great genetic and phenotypic diversity, we examined whether all the strains responded the same way to chitosan treatment. A collection of 53 strains of B. bruxellensis was used. In the conditions of the reference test, all were at least temporarily affected by the addition of chitosan to wine, with significant decrease of cultivable population. Some (41%) were very sensitive and no cultivable yeast was detected in wine or lees after 3 days of treatment, while others (13%) were tolerant and, after a slight drop in cultivability, resumed growth between 3 and 10 days and remained able to produce spoilage compounds. There were also many strains with intermediate behavior. The strain behavior was only partially linked to the strain genetic group. This behavior was little modulated by the physiological state of the strain or the dose of chitosan used (within the limits of the authorized doses). On the other hand, for a given strain, the sensitivity to chitosan treatment was modulated by the chitosan used and by the properties of the wine in which the treatment was carried out.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margot Paulin
- EA 4577 OEnologie, INRA, USC 1366, ISVV, Bordeaux INP, Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Cécile Miot-Sertier
- EA 4577 OEnologie, INRA, USC 1366, ISVV, Bordeaux INP, Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Lucie Dutilh
- Microflora-ADERA, EA 4577 OEnologie, ISVV, Bordeaux, France
| | - Clément Brasselet
- CNRS, SIGMA Clermont, Institut Pascal, Université Clermont Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Cédric Delattre
- CNRS, SIGMA Clermont, Institut Pascal, Université Clermont Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand, France.,Institut Universitaire de France, Paris, France
| | - Guillaume Pierre
- CNRS, SIGMA Clermont, Institut Pascal, Université Clermont Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Pascal Dubessay
- CNRS, SIGMA Clermont, Institut Pascal, Université Clermont Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Philippe Michaud
- CNRS, SIGMA Clermont, Institut Pascal, Université Clermont Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Thierry Doco
- INRA, SupAgro, UM1, UMR 1083, UMR Sciences pour l'Oenologie, Montpellier, France
| | - Patricia Ballestra
- EA 4577 OEnologie, INRA, USC 1366, ISVV, Bordeaux INP, Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Warren Albertin
- EA 4577 OEnologie, INRA, USC 1366, ISVV, Bordeaux INP, Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | | | | | | | | | - Julie Maupeu
- Microflora-ADERA, EA 4577 OEnologie, ISVV, Bordeaux, France
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20
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The ADP-ribosylation factor-like small GTPase FgArl1 participates in growth, pathogenicity and DON production in Fusarium graminearum. Fungal Biol 2020; 124:969-980. [PMID: 33059848 DOI: 10.1016/j.funbio.2020.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2020] [Revised: 08/08/2020] [Accepted: 08/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Fusarium graminearum is the main pathogen of Fusarium head blight (FHB) in wheat and related species, which causes serious production decreases and economic losses and produces toxins such as deoxynivalenol (DON), which endangers the health of humans and livestock. Vesicle transport is a basic physiological process required for cell survival in eukaryotes. Many regulators of vesicle transport are reported to be involved in the pathogenicity of fungi. In yeast and mammalian cells, the ADP-ribosylation factor-like small GTPase Arl1 and its orthologs are involved in regulating vesicular trafficking, cytoskeletal reorganization and other significant biological processes. However, the role of Arl1 in F. graminearum is not well understood. In this study, we characterized the Arl1-homologous protein FgArl1 in F. graminearum and showed that FgArl1 is located in the trans-Golgi apparatus. The deletion of FgARL1 resulted in a significant decrease in vegetative growth and pathogenicity. Further analyses of the ΔFgarl1 mutant revealed defects in the production of DON. Taken together, these results indicate that FgArl1 is important in the development and pathogenicity of F. graminearum.
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21
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Xue A, Robbins N, Cowen LE. Advances in fungal chemical genomics for the discovery of new antifungal agents. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2020; 1496:5-22. [PMID: 32860238 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.14484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Revised: 08/09/2020] [Accepted: 08/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Invasive fungal infections have escalated from a rare curiosity to a major cause of human mortality around the globe. This is in part due to a scarcity in the number of antifungal drugs available to combat mycotic disease, making the discovery of novel bioactive compounds and determining their mode of action of utmost importance. The development and application of chemical genomic assays using the model yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae has provided powerful methods to identify the mechanism of action of diverse molecules in a living cell. Furthermore, complementary assays are continually being developed in fungal pathogens, most notably Candida albicans and Cryptococcus neoformans, to elucidate compound mechanism of action directly in the pathogen of interest. Collectively, the suite of chemical genetic assays that have been developed in multiple fungal species enables the identification of candidate drug target genes, as well as genes involved in buffering drug target pathways, and genes involved in general cellular responses to small molecules. In this review, we examine current yeast chemical genomic assays and highlight how such resources provide powerful tools that can be utilized to bolster the antifungal pipeline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice Xue
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Nicole Robbins
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Leah E Cowen
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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22
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LI M, CHEN C, XIA X, GARBA B, SHANG L, WANG Y. Proteomic analysis of the inhibitory effect of chitosan on Penicillium expansum. FOOD SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2020. [DOI: 10.1590/fst.40418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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23
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Antibiotic saving effect of combination therapy through synergistic interactions between well-characterized chito-oligosaccharides and commercial antifungals against medically relevant yeasts. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0227098. [PMID: 31891619 PMCID: PMC6938310 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0227098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2019] [Accepted: 12/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Combination therapies can be a help to overcome resistance to current antifungals in humans. The combined activity of commercial antifungals and soluble and well-defined low molecular weight chitosan with average degrees of polymerization (DPn) of 17–62 (abbreviated C17 –C62) and fraction of acetylation (FA) of 0.15 against medically relevant yeast strains was studied. The minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) of C32 varied greatly among strains, ranging from > 5000 μg mL-1 (Candida albicans and C. glabrata) to < 4.9 (C. tropicalis). A synergistic effect was observed between C32 and the different antifungals tested for most of the strains. Testing of several CHOS preparations indicated that the highest synergistic effects are obtained for fractions with a DPn in the 30–50 range. Pre-exposure to C32 enhanced the antifungal effect of fluconazole and amphotericin B. A concentration-dependent post-antifungal effect conserved even 24 h after C32 removal was observed. The combination of C32 and commercial antifungals together or as part of a sequential therapy opens new therapeutic perspectives for treating yeast infections in humans.
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Yuan X, Zheng J, Jiao S, Cheng G, Feng C, Du Y, Liu H. A review on the preparation of chitosan oligosaccharides and application to human health, animal husbandry and agricultural production. Carbohydr Polym 2019; 220:60-70. [PMID: 31196551 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2019.05.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2019] [Revised: 05/14/2019] [Accepted: 05/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Chitosan oligosaccharides (COS) are the degraded products of chitin or chitosan prepared by chemical or enzymatic hydrolysis. As compared to chitosan, COS not only exhibit some specific physicochemical properties such as excellent water solubility, biodegradability and biocompatibility, but also have a variety of functionally biological activities including anti-inflammation, anti-bacteria, immunomodulation, neuroprotection and so on. This review aims to summarize the preparation and structural characterization methods of COS, and will discuss the application of COS or their derivatives to human health, animal husbandry and agricultural production. COS have been demonstrated to prevent the occurrence of human health-related diseases, enhance the resistance to diseases of livestock and poultry, and improve the growth and quality of crops in plant cultivation. Overall, COS have presented a broad developmental potential and application prospect in the healthy field that deserves further exploration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xubing Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering and Key Laboratory of Biopharmaceutical Production & Formulation Engineering, PLA, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, PR China.
| | - Junping Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering and Key Laboratory of Biopharmaceutical Production & Formulation Engineering, PLA, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, PR China.
| | - Siming Jiao
- State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering and Key Laboratory of Biopharmaceutical Production & Formulation Engineering, PLA, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, PR China.
| | - Gong Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering and Key Laboratory of Biopharmaceutical Production & Formulation Engineering, PLA, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, PR China.
| | - Cui Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering and Key Laboratory of Biopharmaceutical Production & Formulation Engineering, PLA, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, PR China.
| | - Yuguang Du
- State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering and Key Laboratory of Biopharmaceutical Production & Formulation Engineering, PLA, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, PR China.
| | - Hongtao Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering and Key Laboratory of Biopharmaceutical Production & Formulation Engineering, PLA, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, PR China.
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25
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Modification of Chitosan for the Generation of Functional Derivatives. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/app9071321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Today, chitosan (CS) is probably considered as a biofunctional polysaccharide with the most notable growth and potential for applications in various fields. The progress in chitin chemistry and the need to replace additives and non-natural polymers with functional natural-based polymers have opened many new opportunities for CS and its derivatives. Thanks to the specific reactive groups of CS and easy chemical modifications, a wide range of physico-chemical and biological properties can be obtained from this ubiquitous polysaccharide that is composed of β-(1,4)-2-acetamido-2-deoxy-d-glucose repeating units. This review is presented to share insights into multiple native/modified CSs and chitooligosaccharides (COS) associated with their functional properties. An overview will be given on bioadhesive applications, antimicrobial activities, adsorption, and chelation in the wine industry, as well as developments in medical fields or biodegradability.
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26
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de Farias BS, Sant'Anna Cadaval Junior TR, de Almeida Pinto LA. Chitosan-functionalized nanofibers: A comprehensive review on challenges and prospects for food applications. Int J Biol Macromol 2019; 123:210-220. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2018.11.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2018] [Revised: 11/05/2018] [Accepted: 11/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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27
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Lopez-Moya F, Suarez-Fernandez M, Lopez-Llorca LV. Molecular Mechanisms of Chitosan Interactions with Fungi and Plants. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:E332. [PMID: 30650540 PMCID: PMC6359256 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20020332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2018] [Revised: 01/07/2019] [Accepted: 01/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Chitosan is a versatile compound with multiple biotechnological applications. This polymer inhibits clinically important human fungal pathogens under the same carbon and nitrogen status as in blood. Chitosan permeabilises their high-fluidity plasma membrane and increases production of intracellular oxygen species (ROS). Conversely, chitosan is compatible with mammalian cell lines as well as with biocontrol fungi (BCF). BCF resistant to chitosan have low-fluidity membranes and high glucan/chitin ratios in their cell walls. Recent studies illustrate molecular and physiological basis of chitosan-root interactions. Chitosan induces auxin accumulation in Arabidopsis roots. This polymer causes overexpression of tryptophan-dependent auxin biosynthesis pathway. It also blocks auxin translocation in roots. Chitosan is a plant defense modulator. Endophytes and fungal pathogens evade plant immunity converting chitin into chitosan. LysM effectors shield chitin and protect fungal cell walls from plant chitinases. These enzymes together with fungal chitin deacetylases, chitosanases and effectors play determinant roles during fungal colonization of plants. This review describes chitosan mode of action (cell and gene targets) in fungi and plants. This knowledge will help to develop chitosan for agrobiotechnological and medical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federico Lopez-Moya
- Department of Marine Sciences and Applied Biology, Laboratory of Plant Pathology, Multidisciplinary Institute for Environmental Studies (MIES) Ramon Margalef, University of Alicante, 03080 Alicante, Spain.
| | - Marta Suarez-Fernandez
- Department of Marine Sciences and Applied Biology, Laboratory of Plant Pathology, Multidisciplinary Institute for Environmental Studies (MIES) Ramon Margalef, University of Alicante, 03080 Alicante, Spain.
| | - Luis Vicente Lopez-Llorca
- Department of Marine Sciences and Applied Biology, Laboratory of Plant Pathology, Multidisciplinary Institute for Environmental Studies (MIES) Ramon Margalef, University of Alicante, 03080 Alicante, Spain.
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Aranda-Martinez A, Naranjo Ortiz MÁ, Abihssira García IS, Zavala-Gonzalez EA, Lopez-Llorca LV. Ethanol production from chitosan by the nematophagous fungus Pochonia chlamydosporia and the entomopathogenic fungi Metarhizium anisopliae and Beauveria bassiana. Microbiol Res 2017; 204:30-39. [PMID: 28870289 DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2017.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2017] [Revised: 06/14/2017] [Accepted: 07/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Chitin is the second most abundant biopolymer after cellulose and virtually unexplored as raw material for bioethanol production. In this paper, we investigate chitosan, the deacetylated form of chitin which is the main component of shellfish waste, as substrate for bioethanol production by fungi. Fungal parasites of invertebrates such as the nematophagous Pochonia chlamydosporia (Pc) or the entomopathogens Beauveria bassiana (Bb) and Metarhizium anisopliae (Ma) are biocontrol agents of plant parasitic nematodes (eg. Meloidogyne spp.) or insect pests such as the red palm weevil (Rhynchophorus ferrugineus). These fungi degrade chitin-rich barriers for host penetration. We have therefore tested the chitin/chitosanolytic capabilities of Pc, Bb and Ma for generating reducing sugars using chitosan as only nutrient. Among the microorganisms used in this study, Pc is the best chitosan degrader, even under anaerobic conditions. These fungi have alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) and pyruvate decarboxylase (PDC) encoding genes in their genomes. We have therefore analyzed their ethanol production under anaerobic conditions using chitosan as raw material. P. chlamydosporia is the largest ethanol producer from chitosan. Our studies are a starting point to develop chitin-chitosan based biofuels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Almudena Aranda-Martinez
- Laboratory of Plant Pathology, Department of Marine Sciences and Applied Biology, Multidisciplinary Institute for Environmental Studies Ramón Margalef, University of Alicante, Alicante, Spain.
| | | | - Isabel Sofía Abihssira García
- Laboratory of Plant Pathology, Department of Marine Sciences and Applied Biology, Multidisciplinary Institute for Environmental Studies Ramón Margalef, University of Alicante, Alicante, Spain.
| | - Ernesto A Zavala-Gonzalez
- Laboratory of Plant Pathology, Department of Marine Sciences and Applied Biology, Multidisciplinary Institute for Environmental Studies Ramón Margalef, University of Alicante, Alicante, Spain.
| | - Luis Vicente Lopez-Llorca
- Laboratory of Plant Pathology, Department of Marine Sciences and Applied Biology, Multidisciplinary Institute for Environmental Studies Ramón Margalef, University of Alicante, Alicante, Spain.
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Abstract
ADP-ribosylation factors (Arfs) and ADP-ribosylation factor-like proteins (Arls) are highly conserved small GTPases that function as main regulators of vesicular trafficking and cytoskeletal reorganization. Arl1, the first identified member of the large Arl family, is an important regulator of Golgi complex structure and function in organisms ranging from yeast to mammals. Together with its effectors, Arl1 has been shown to be involved in several cellular processes, including endosomal trans-Golgi network and secretory trafficking, lipid droplet and salivary granule formation, innate immunity and neuronal development, stress tolerance, as well as the response of the unfolded protein. In this Commentary, we provide a comprehensive summary of the Arl1-dependent cellular functions and a detailed characterization of several Arl1 effectors. We propose that involvement of Arl1 in these diverse cellular functions reflects the fact that Arl1 is activated at several late-Golgi sites, corresponding to specific molecular complexes that respond to and integrate multiple signals. We also provide insight into how the GTP-GDP cycle of Arl1 is regulated, and highlight a newly discovered mechanism that controls the sophisticated regulation of Arl1 activity at the Golgi complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chia-Jung Yu
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Linkou, Tao-Yuan 33302, Taiwan.,Department of Thoracic Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou, Tao-Yuan 33305, Taiwan
| | - Fang-Jen S Lee
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10002, Taiwan .,Department of Medical Research, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei 10002, Taiwan
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Kwon Y, Chiang J, Tran G, Giaever G, Nislow C, Hahn BS, Kwak YS, Koo JC. Signaling pathways coordinating the alkaline pH response confer resistance to the hevein-type plant antimicrobial peptide Pn-AMP1 in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. PLANTA 2016; 244:1229-1240. [PMID: 27510723 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-016-2579-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2016] [Accepted: 08/02/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Genome-wide screening of Saccharomyces cerevisiae revealed that signaling pathways related to the alkaline pH stress contribute to resistance to plant antimicrobial peptide, Pn-AMP1. Plant antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are considered to be promising candidates for controlling phytopathogens. Pn-AMP1 is a hevein-type plant AMP that shows potent and broad-spectrum antifungal activity. Genome-wide chemogenomic screening was performed using heterozygous and homozygous diploid deletion pools of Saccharomyces cerevisiae as a chemogenetic model system to identify genes whose deletion conferred enhanced sensitivity to Pn-AMP1. This assay identified 44 deletion strains with fitness defects in the presence of Pn-AMP1. Strong fitness defects were observed in strains with deletions of genes encoding components of several pathways and complex known to participate in the adaptive response to alkaline pH stress, including the cell wall integrity (CWI), calcineurin/Crz1, Rim101, SNF1 pathways and endosomal sorting complex required for transport (ESCRT complex). Gene ontology (GO) enrichment analysis of these genes revealed that the most highly overrepresented GO term was "cellular response to alkaline pH". We found that 32 of the 44 deletion strains tested (72 %) showed significant growth defects compared with their wild type at alkaline pH. Furthermore, 9 deletion strains (20 %) exhibited enhanced sensitivity to Pn-AMP1 at ambient pH compared to acidic pH. Although several hundred plant AMPs have been reported, their modes of action remain largely uncharacterized. This study demonstrates that the signaling pathways that coordinate the adaptive response to alkaline pH also confer resistance to a hevein-type plant AMP in S. cerevisiae. Our findings have broad implications for the design of novel and potent antifungal agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youngho Kwon
- Division of Applied Life Science and IALS, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, 660-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Jennifer Chiang
- University of British Columbia, Pharmaceutical Sciences, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Grant Tran
- University of British Columbia, Pharmaceutical Sciences, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Guri Giaever
- University of British Columbia, Pharmaceutical Sciences, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Corey Nislow
- University of British Columbia, Pharmaceutical Sciences, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Bum-Soo Hahn
- National Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Rural Development Administration, Jeonju, 560-500, Republic of Korea
| | - Youn-Sig Kwak
- Division of Applied Life Science and IALS, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, 660-701, Republic of Korea.
| | - Ja-Choon Koo
- Division of Science Education and Institute of Science Education, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, 761-756, Republic of Korea.
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Kwon Y, Cha J, Chiang J, Tran G, Giaever G, Nislow C, Hur JS, Kwak YS. A chemogenomic approach to understand the antifungal action of Lichen-derived vulpinic acid. J Appl Microbiol 2016; 121:1580-1591. [DOI: 10.1111/jam.13300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2016] [Revised: 07/15/2016] [Accepted: 09/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Y. Kwon
- Division of Applied Life Science; Gyeongsang National University; Jinju Korea
| | - J. Cha
- Department of Plant Medicine and Institute of Agriculture & Life Science; Gyeongsang National University; Jinju Korea
| | - J. Chiang
- Pharmaceutical Sciences; University of British Columbia; Vancouver BC Canada
| | - G. Tran
- Pharmaceutical Sciences; University of British Columbia; Vancouver BC Canada
| | - G. Giaever
- Pharmaceutical Sciences; University of British Columbia; Vancouver BC Canada
| | - C. Nislow
- Pharmaceutical Sciences; University of British Columbia; Vancouver BC Canada
| | - J.-S. Hur
- Korean Lichen Research Institute; Suncheon National University; Suncheon Korea
| | - Y.-S. Kwak
- Department of Plant Medicine and Institute of Agriculture & Life Science; Gyeongsang National University; Jinju Korea
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Aranda-Martinez A, Lopez-Moya F, Lopez-Llorca LV. Cell wall composition plays a key role on sensitivity of filamentous fungi to chitosan. J Basic Microbiol 2016; 56:1059-1070. [DOI: 10.1002/jobm.201500775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2015] [Accepted: 04/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Almudena Aranda-Martinez
- Laboratory of Plant Pathology, Department of Marine Sciences, Applied Biology, Multidisciplinary Institute for Environmental Studies Ramón Margalef; University of Alicante; Alicante Spain
| | - Federico Lopez-Moya
- Laboratory of Plant Pathology, Department of Marine Sciences, Applied Biology, Multidisciplinary Institute for Environmental Studies Ramón Margalef; University of Alicante; Alicante Spain
| | - Luis Vicente Lopez-Llorca
- Laboratory of Plant Pathology, Department of Marine Sciences, Applied Biology, Multidisciplinary Institute for Environmental Studies Ramón Margalef; University of Alicante; Alicante Spain
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Zavala-González EA, Lopez-Moya F, Aranda-Martinez A, Cruz-Valerio M, Lopez-Llorca LV, Ramírez-Lepe M. Tolerance to chitosan by Trichoderma species is associated with low membrane fluidity. J Basic Microbiol 2016; 56:792-800. [PMID: 27213758 DOI: 10.1002/jobm.201500758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2015] [Accepted: 03/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The effect of chitosan on growth of Trichoderma spp., a cosmopolitan genus widely exploited for their biocontrol properties was evaluated. Based on genotypic (ITS of 18S rDNA) characters, four isolates of Trichoderma were identified as T. pseudokoningii FLM16, T. citrinoviride FLM17, T. harzianum EZG47, and T. koningiopsis VSL185. Chitosan reduces radial growth of Trichoderma isolates in concentration-wise manner. T. koningiopsis VSL185 was the most chitosan tolerant isolate in all culture media amended with chitosan (0.5-2.0 mg ml(-1) ). Minimal Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) and Minimal Fungicidal Concentration (MFC) were determined showing that T. koningiopsis VSL185 displays higher chitosan tolerance with MIC value >2000 μg ml(-1) while for other Trichoderma isolates MIC values were around 10 μg ml(-1) . Finally, free fatty acid composition reveals that T. koningiopsis VSL185, chitosan tolerant isolate, displays lower linolenic acid (C18:3) content than chitosan sensitive Trichoderma isolates. Our findings suggest that low membrane fluidity is associated with chitosan tolerance in Trichoderma spp.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ernesto A Zavala-González
- Food Research and Development Unit (UNIDA), Laboratory of Genetics, Technological Institute of Veracruz, Veracruz, México.,Department of Marine Sciences and Applied Biology, Multidisciplinary Institute for Environmental Studies (MIES) "Ramon Margalef", University of Alicante, Alicante, Spain
| | - Federico Lopez-Moya
- Department of Marine Sciences and Applied Biology, Multidisciplinary Institute for Environmental Studies (MIES) "Ramon Margalef", University of Alicante, Alicante, Spain
| | - Almudena Aranda-Martinez
- Department of Marine Sciences and Applied Biology, Multidisciplinary Institute for Environmental Studies (MIES) "Ramon Margalef", University of Alicante, Alicante, Spain
| | - Mayra Cruz-Valerio
- Food Research and Development Unit (UNIDA), Laboratory of Genetics, Technological Institute of Veracruz, Veracruz, México
| | - Luis Vicente Lopez-Llorca
- Department of Marine Sciences and Applied Biology, Multidisciplinary Institute for Environmental Studies (MIES) "Ramon Margalef", University of Alicante, Alicante, Spain
| | - Mario Ramírez-Lepe
- Food Research and Development Unit (UNIDA), Laboratory of Genetics, Technological Institute of Veracruz, Veracruz, México
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Kwon Y, Cha J, Chiang J, Tran G, Nislow C, Hur JS, Kwak YS. Lichen-forming fungus Caloplaca flavoruscens inhibits transcription factors and chromatin remodeling system in fungi. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2016; 363:fnw113. [PMID: 27190156 DOI: 10.1093/femsle/fnw113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Lichen-forming fungi and extracts derived from them have been used as alternative medicine sources for millennia and recently there has been a renewed interest in their known bioactive properties for anticancer agents, cosmetics and antibiotics. Although lichen-forming fungus-derived compounds are biologically and commercially valuable, few studies have been performed to determine their modes of action. This study used chemical-genetic and chemogenomic high-throughput analyses to gain insight into the modes of action of Caloplaca flavoruscens extracts. High-throughput screening of 575 lichen extracts was performed and 39 extracts were identified which inhibited yeast growth. A C. flavoruscens extract was selected as a promising antifungal and was subjected to genome-wide haploinsufficiency profiling and homozygous profiling assays. These screens revealed that yeast deletion strains lacking Rsc8, Pro1 and Toa2 were sensitive to three concentrations (IC25.5, IC25 and IC50, respectively) of C. flavoruscens extract. Gene-enrichment analysis of the data showed that C. flavoruscens extracts appear to perturb transcription and chromatin remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youngho Kwon
- Division of Applied Life Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaeyul Cha
- Department of Plant Medicine and Institute of Agriculture and Life Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Republic of Korea
| | - Jennifer Chiang
- Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Grant Tran
- Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Corey Nislow
- Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Jae-Seoun Hur
- Korean Lichen Research Institute, Suncheon National University, Suncheon 57922, Republic of Korea
| | - Youn-Sig Kwak
- Division of Applied Life Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Republic of Korea Department of Plant Medicine and Institute of Agriculture and Life Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Republic of Korea
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Lopez-Moya F, Lopez-Llorca LV. Omics for Investigating Chitosan as an Antifungal and Gene Modulator. J Fungi (Basel) 2016; 2:jof2010011. [PMID: 29376928 PMCID: PMC5753092 DOI: 10.3390/jof2010011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2016] [Revised: 02/23/2016] [Accepted: 02/24/2016] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Chitosan is a biopolymer with a wide range of applications. The use of chitosan in clinical medicine to control infections by fungal pathogens such as Candida spp. is one of its most promising applications in view of the reduced number of antifungals available. Chitosan increases intracellular oxidative stress, then permeabilizes the plasma membrane of sensitive filamentous fungus Neurospora crassa and yeast. Transcriptomics reveals plasma membrane homeostasis and oxidative metabolism genes as key players in the response of fungi to chitosan. A lipase and a monosaccharide transporter, both inner plasma membrane proteins, and a glutathione transferase are main chitosan targets in N. crassa. Biocontrol fungi such as Pochonia chlamydosporia have a low content of polyunsaturated free fatty acids in their plasma membranes and are resistant to chitosan. Genome sequencing of P. chlamydosporia reveals a wide gene machinery to degrade and assimilate chitosan. Chitosan increases P. chlamydosporia sporulation and enhances parasitism of plant parasitic nematodes by the fungus. Omics studies allow understanding the mode of action of chitosan and help its development as an antifungal and gene modulator.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federico Lopez-Moya
- Laboratory of Plant Pathology, Multidisciplinary Institute for Environmental Studies (MIES) Ramon Margalef, Department of Marine Sciences and Applied Biology, University of Alicante, E-03080 Alicante, Spain.
| | - Luis V Lopez-Llorca
- Laboratory of Plant Pathology, Multidisciplinary Institute for Environmental Studies (MIES) Ramon Margalef, Department of Marine Sciences and Applied Biology, University of Alicante, E-03080 Alicante, Spain.
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Abstract
There has been a global upsurge in fungal infections due to rise in immunodeficiencies, debilitation and situations of violated anatomical barriers. The available antifungal repertoire has limited activity and is fraught with toxicity concerns. Drug resistance has also shown a rapid upward trend. This has resulted in increased treatment failures, mortality and health care costs. Novel effective and safe antimycotics are needed. Analogues of existing antifungal compounds and new molecules are being developed. New targets are being explored for their putative role in curtailing fungal infections. Newer antigens as vaccine candidates are being researched into. Focused efforts in this direction have yielded encouraging results. This review illuminates the various antifungal strategies which hold promise for the future.
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Lopez-Moya F, Kowbel D, Nueda MJ, Palma-Guerrero J, Glass NL, Lopez-Llorca LV. Neurospora crassa transcriptomics reveals oxidative stress and plasma membrane homeostasis biology genes as key targets in response to chitosan. MOLECULAR BIOSYSTEMS 2016; 12:391-403. [PMID: 26694141 PMCID: PMC4729629 DOI: 10.1039/c5mb00649j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Chitosan is a natural polymer with antimicrobial activity. Chitosan causes plasma membrane permeabilization and induction of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) in Neurospora crassa. We have determined the transcriptional profile of N. crassa to chitosan and identified the main gene targets involved in the cellular response to this compound. Global network analyses showed membrane, transport and oxidoreductase activity as key nodes affected by chitosan. Activation of oxidative metabolism indicates the importance of ROS and cell energy together with plasma membrane homeostasis in N. crassa response to chitosan. Deletion strain analysis of chitosan susceptibility pointed NCU03639 encoding a class 3 lipase, involved in plasma membrane repair by lipid replacement, and NCU04537 a MFS monosaccharide transporter related to assimilation of simple sugars, as main gene targets of chitosan. NCU10521, a glutathione S-transferase-4 involved in the generation of reducing power for scavenging intracellular ROS is also a determinant chitosan gene target. Ca(2+) increased tolerance to chitosan in N. crassa. Growth of NCU10610 (fig 1 domain) and SYT1 (a synaptotagmin) deletion strains was significantly increased by Ca(2+) in the presence of chitosan. Both genes play a determinant role in N. crassa membrane homeostasis. Our results are of paramount importance for developing chitosan as an antifungal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federico Lopez-Moya
- Laboratory of Plant Pathology, Multidisciplinary Institute for Environmental Studies (MIES) Ramon Margalef, Department of Marine Sciences and Applied Biology, University of Alicante, E-03080 Alicante, Spain.
| | - David Kowbel
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley CA, 94720-3120 USA.
| | - Maria José Nueda
- Statistics and Operation Research Department, University of Alicante, E-03080 Alicante, Spain.
| | - Javier Palma-Guerrero
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley CA, 94720-3120 USA.
| | - N Louise Glass
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley CA, 94720-3120 USA.
| | - Luis Vicente Lopez-Llorca
- Laboratory of Plant Pathology, Multidisciplinary Institute for Environmental Studies (MIES) Ramon Margalef, Department of Marine Sciences and Applied Biology, University of Alicante, E-03080 Alicante, Spain.
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Kim SW, Park JK, Lee CH, Hahn BS, Koo JC. Comparison of the Antimicrobial Properties of Chitosan Oligosaccharides (COS) and EDTA against Fusarium fujikuroi Causing Rice Bakanae Disease. Curr Microbiol 2016; 72:496-502. [PMID: 26729353 DOI: 10.1007/s00284-015-0973-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2015] [Accepted: 11/22/2015] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Bakanae disease is a destructive rice disease in South Korea caused by Fusarium fujikuroi infection. Chemical fungicides have been used to manage the disease, but the emergence of fungicide-resistant strains has gradually increased. Two chelating agents, chitosan oligosaccharides (COS) and ethylenediaminetetraacetatic acid (EDTA), are well known as biosafe and biocompatible antimicrobial agents. In this study, we compared the actions of COS and EDTA to gain a better understanding of the underlying antimicrobial activities and to evaluate them as eco-friendly fungicides against F. fujikuroi. While COS exhibited a rapid fungicidal effect on hyphal growing cells within 5 min, EDTA had a fungistatic effect on reversible growth inhibition. Scanning electron microscopy revealed that COS treatment resulted in pore-formation and cellular leakage along the growing hyphae, whereas EDTA caused no significant morphological changes. COS activity was greatly suppressed by the addition of Ca(2+) to the medium, and EDTA action was largely suppressed by Mn(2+) and slightly by Ca(2+), respectively. Taken together, these results indicated that two chelating agents, COS and EDTA, have different modes of antimicrobial action on F. fujikuroi. Thus, the combination of chelating agents having different modes of action might be an effective disease management strategy to prevent or delay the development of fungicide-resistant strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seung Won Kim
- Division of Science Education and Institute of Fusion Science, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, 561-756, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Kweon Park
- Department of Life Science, College of Bio-nano, Gachon University, Seongnam, 461-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Cho Heun Lee
- Division of Science Education and Institute of Fusion Science, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, 561-756, Republic of Korea
| | - Bum-Soo Hahn
- National Academy of Agricultural Science, Rural Development Administration, Jeonju, 560-500, Republic of Korea
| | - Ja Choon Koo
- Division of Science Education and Institute of Fusion Science, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, 561-756, Republic of Korea.
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Lopez-Moya F, Colom-Valiente MF, Martinez-Peinado P, Martinez-Lopez JE, Puelles E, Sempere-Ortells JM, Lopez-Llorca LV. Carbon and nitrogen limitation increase chitosan antifungal activity in Neurospora crassa and fungal human pathogens. Fungal Biol 2015; 119:154-69. [DOI: 10.1016/j.funbio.2014.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2014] [Revised: 12/04/2014] [Accepted: 12/08/2014] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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Gossani C, Bellieny-Rabelo D, Venancio TM. Evolutionary analysis of multidrug resistance genes in fungi - impact of gene duplication and family conservation. FEBS J 2014; 281:4967-77. [PMID: 25220072 DOI: 10.1111/febs.13046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2014] [Revised: 08/18/2014] [Accepted: 09/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Although the emergence of bacterial drug resistance is of great concern to the scientific community, few studies have evaluated this phenomenon systematically in fungi by using genome-wide datasets. In the present study, we assembled a large compendium of Saccharomyces cerevisiae chemical genetic data to study the evolution of multidrug resistance genes (MDRs) in the fungal lineage. We found that MDRs typically emerge in widely conserved families, most of which containing homologs from pathogenic fungi, such as Candida albicans and Coccidioides immitis, which could favor the evolution of drug resistance in those species. By integrating data from chemical genetics with protein family conservation, genetic and protein interactions, we found that gene families rarely have more than one MDR, indicating that paralogs evolve asymmetrically with regard to multidrug resistance roles. Furthermore, MDRs have more genetic and protein interaction partners than non-MDRs, supporting their participation in complex biochemical systems underlying the tolerance to multiple bioactive molecules. MDRs share more chemical genetic interactions with other MDRs than with non-MDRs, regardless of their evolutionary affinity. These results suggest the existence of an intricate system involved in the global drug tolerance phenotypes. Finally, MDRs are more likely to be hit repeatedly by mutations in laboratory evolution experiments, indicating that they have great adaptive potential. The results presented here not only reveal the main genomic features underlying the evolution of MDRs, but also shed light on the gene families from which drug resistance is more likely to emerge in fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristiani Gossani
- Laboratório de Química e Função de Proteínas e Peptídeos, Centro de Biociências e Biotecnologia, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro, Campos dos Goytacazes, Brazil
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