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Escandón M, Bigatton ED, Guerrero-Sánchez VM, Hernández-Lao T, Rey MD, Jorrín-Novo JV, Castillejo MA. Identification of Proteases and Protease Inhibitors in Seeds of the Recalcitrant Forest Tree Species Quercus ilex. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:907042. [PMID: 35832232 PMCID: PMC9271950 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.907042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Proteases and protease inhibitors have been identified in the recalcitrant species Quercus ilex using in silico and wet methods, with focus on those present in seeds during germination. In silico analyses showed that the Q. ilex transcriptome database contained 2,240 and 97 transcripts annotated as proteases and protease inhibitors, respectively. They belonged to the different families according to MEROPS, being the serine and metallo ones the most represented. The data were compared with those previously reported for other Quercus species, including Q. suber, Q. lobata, and Q. robur. Changes in proteases and protease inhibitors alongside seed germination in cotyledon and embryo axis tissues were assessed using proteomics and in vitro and in gel activity assays. Shotgun (LC-MSMS) analysis of embryo axes and cotyledons in nonviable (NV), mature (T1) and germinated (T3) seeds allowed the identification of 177 proteases and 12 protease inhibitors, mostly represented by serine and metallo types. Total protease activity, as determined by in vitro assays using azocasein as substrate, was higher in cotyledons than in embryo axes. There were not differences in activity among cotyledon samples, while embryo axis peaked at germinated T4 stage. Gel assays revealed the presence of protease activities in at least 10 resolved bands, in the Mr range of 60-260 kDa, being some of them common to cotyledons and embryo axes in either nonviable, mature, and germinated seeds. Bands showing quantitative or qualitative changes upon germination were observed in embryo axes but not in cotyledons at Mr values of 60-140 kDa. Proteomics shotgun analysis of the 10 bands with protease activity supported the results obtained in the overall proteome analysis, with 227 proteases and 3 protease inhibitors identified mostly represented by the serine, cysteine, and metallo families. The combined use of shotgun proteomics and protease activity measurements allowed the identification of tissue-specific (e.g., cysteine protease inhibitors in embryo axes of mature acorns) and stage-specific proteins (e.g., those associated with mobilization of storage proteins accumulated in T3 stage). Those proteins showing differences between nonviable and viable seeds could be related to viability, and those variables between mature and germinated could be associated with the germination process. These differences are observed mostly in embryo axes but not in cotyledons. Among them, those implicated in mobilization of reserve proteins, such as the cathepsin H cysteine protease and Clp proteases, and also the large number of subunits of the CNS and 26S proteasome complex differentially identified in embryos of the several stages suggests that protein degradation via CNS/26S plays a major role early in germination. Conversely, aspartic proteases such as nepenthesins were exclusively identified in NV seeds, so their presence could be used as indicator of nonviability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica Escandón
- Agroforestry and Plant Biochemistry, Proteomics and Systems Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Ezequiel D. Bigatton
- Agroforestry and Plant Biochemistry, Proteomics and Systems Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
- Agricultural Microbiology, Faculty of Agricultural Science, National University of Córdoba, CONICET, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Victor M. Guerrero-Sánchez
- Agroforestry and Plant Biochemistry, Proteomics and Systems Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Tamara Hernández-Lao
- Agroforestry and Plant Biochemistry, Proteomics and Systems Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Maria-Dolores Rey
- Agroforestry and Plant Biochemistry, Proteomics and Systems Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Jesus V. Jorrín-Novo
- Agroforestry and Plant Biochemistry, Proteomics and Systems Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
- Jesus V. Jorrín-Novo,
| | - Maria Angeles Castillejo
- Agroforestry and Plant Biochemistry, Proteomics and Systems Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
- *Correspondence: Maria Angeles Castillejo,
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Huo SM, Yan ZC, Zhang F, Chen L, Sun JT, Hoffmann AA, Hong XY. Comparative genome and transcriptome analyses reveal innate differences in response to host plants by two color forms of the two-spotted spider mite Tetranychus urticae. BMC Genomics 2021; 22:569. [PMID: 34301178 PMCID: PMC8306301 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-021-07894-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2021] [Accepted: 07/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The two-spotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae, is a major agricultural pest with a cosmopolitan distribution, and its polyphagous habits provide a model for investigating herbivore-plant interactions. There are two body color forms of T. urticae with a different host preference. Comparative genomics and transcriptomics are used here to investigate differences in responses of the forms to host plants at the molecular level. Biological responses of the two forms sourced from multiple populations are also presented. Results We carried out principal component analysis of transcription changes in three red and three green T. urticae populations feeding on their original host (common bean), and three hosts to which they were transferred: cotton, cucumber and eggplant. There were differences among the forms in gene expression regardless of their host plant. In addition, different changes in gene expression were evident in the two forms when responding to the same host transfer. We further compared biological performance among populations of the two forms after feeding on each of the four hosts. Fecundity of 2-day-old adult females showed a consistent difference between the forms after feeding on bean. We produced a 90.1-Mb genome of the red form of T. urticae with scaffold N50 of 12.78 Mb. Transcriptional profiles of genes associated with saliva, digestion and detoxification showed form-dependent responses to the same host and these genes also showed host-specific expression effects. Conclusions Our research revealed that forms of T. urticae differ in host-determined transcription responses and that there is form-dependent plasticity in the transcriptomic responses. These differences may facilitate the extreme polyphagy shown by spider mites, although fitness differences on hosts are also influenced by population differences unrelated to color form. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12864-021-07894-7.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shi-Mei Huo
- Department of Entomology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zhi-Chao Yan
- Department of Entomology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu, China
| | - Feng Zhang
- Department of Entomology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu, China
| | - Lei Chen
- Department of Entomology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jing-Tao Sun
- Department of Entomology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ary A Hoffmann
- School of BioSciences, Bio21 Institute, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, 3010, Australia
| | - Xiao-Yue Hong
- Department of Entomology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu, China.
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Bartošová-Sojková P, Kyslík J, Alama-Bermejo G, Hartigan A, Atkinson SD, Bartholomew JL, Picard-Sánchez A, Palenzuela O, Faber MN, Holland JW, Holzer AS. Evolutionary Analysis of Cystatins of Early-Emerging Metazoans Reveals a Novel Subtype in Parasitic Cnidarians. BIOLOGY 2021; 10:110. [PMID: 33546310 PMCID: PMC7913475 DOI: 10.3390/biology10020110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2020] [Revised: 01/26/2021] [Accepted: 01/31/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The evolutionary aspects of cystatins are greatly underexplored in early-emerging metazoans. Thus, we surveyed the gene organization, protein architecture, and phylogeny of cystatin homologues mined from 110 genomes and the transcriptomes of 58 basal metazoan species, encompassing free-living and parasite taxa of Porifera, Placozoa, Cnidaria (including Myxozoa), and Ctenophora. We found that the cystatin gene repertoire significantly differs among phyla, with stefins present in most of the investigated lineages but with type 2 cystatins missing in several basal metazoan groups. Similar to liver and intestinal flukes, myxozoan parasites possess atypical stefins with chimeric structure that combine motifs of classical stefins and type 2 cystatins. Other early metazoan taxa regardless of lifestyle have only the classical representation of cystatins and lack multi-domain ones. Our comprehensive phylogenetic analyses revealed that stefins and type 2 cystatins clustered into taxonomically defined clades with multiple independent paralogous groups, which probably arose due to gene duplications. The stefin clade split between the subclades of classical stefins and the atypical stefins of myxozoans and flukes. Atypical stefins represent key evolutionary innovations of the two parasite groups for which their origin might have been linked with ancestral gene chimerization, obligate parasitism, life cycle complexity, genome reduction, and host immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavla Bartošová-Sojková
- Biology Centre, Institute of Parasitology, Czech Academy of Sciences, 37005 České Budějovice, Czech Republic; (J.K.); (G.A.-B.); (A.P.-S.); (A.S.H.)
| | - Jiří Kyslík
- Biology Centre, Institute of Parasitology, Czech Academy of Sciences, 37005 České Budějovice, Czech Republic; (J.K.); (G.A.-B.); (A.P.-S.); (A.S.H.)
- Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, 37005 České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Gema Alama-Bermejo
- Biology Centre, Institute of Parasitology, Czech Academy of Sciences, 37005 České Budějovice, Czech Republic; (J.K.); (G.A.-B.); (A.P.-S.); (A.S.H.)
| | - Ashlie Hartigan
- Department of Life Sciences, Natural History Museum, London SW7 5BD, UK;
| | - Stephen D. Atkinson
- Department of Microbiology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA; (S.D.A.); (J.L.B.)
| | - Jerri L. Bartholomew
- Department of Microbiology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA; (S.D.A.); (J.L.B.)
| | - Amparo Picard-Sánchez
- Biology Centre, Institute of Parasitology, Czech Academy of Sciences, 37005 České Budějovice, Czech Republic; (J.K.); (G.A.-B.); (A.P.-S.); (A.S.H.)
- Fish Pathology Group, Instituto de Acuicultura Torre de la Sal (IATS-CSIC), 12595 Castellón, Spain;
| | - Oswaldo Palenzuela
- Fish Pathology Group, Instituto de Acuicultura Torre de la Sal (IATS-CSIC), 12595 Castellón, Spain;
| | - Marc Nicolas Faber
- Scottish Fish Immunology Research Centre, Institute of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB24 3UU, UK; (M.N.F.); (J.W.H.)
| | - Jason W. Holland
- Scottish Fish Immunology Research Centre, Institute of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB24 3UU, UK; (M.N.F.); (J.W.H.)
| | - Astrid S. Holzer
- Biology Centre, Institute of Parasitology, Czech Academy of Sciences, 37005 České Budějovice, Czech Republic; (J.K.); (G.A.-B.); (A.P.-S.); (A.S.H.)
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Guo L, Xie W, Yang Z, Xu J, Zhang Y. Genome-Wide Identification and Expression Analysis of Udp-Glucuronosyltransferases in the Whitefly Bemisia Tabaci (Gennadius) (HemipterA: Aleyrodidae). Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21228492. [PMID: 33187355 PMCID: PMC7697561 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21228492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2020] [Revised: 11/06/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) is an important agricultural pest worldwide. Uridine diphosphate (UDP)-glucuronosyltransferases (UGTs) are one of the largest and most ubiquitous groups of proteins. Because of their role in detoxification, insect UGTs are attracting increasing attention. In this study, we identified and analyzed UGT genes in B. tabaci MEAM1 to investigate their potential roles in host adaptation and reproductive capacity. Based on phylogenetic and structural analyses, we identified 76 UGT genes in the B. tabaci MEAM1 genome. RNA-seq and real-time quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) revealed differential expression patterns of these genes at different developmental stages and in association with four host plants (cabbage, cucumber, cotton and tomato). RNA interference results of selected UGTs showed that, when UGT352A1, UGT352B1, and UGT354A1 were respectively silenced by feeding on dsRNA, the fecundity of B. tabaci MEAM1 was reduced, suggesting that the expressions of these three UGT genes in this species may be associated with host-related fecundity. Together, our results provide detailed UGTs data in B.tabaci and help guide future studies on the mechanisms of host adaptation by B.tabaci.
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Affiliation(s)
- Litao Guo
- Institute of Bast Fiber Crops, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changsha 410205, China;
- Department of Plant Protection, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China; (W.X.); (Z.Y.)
| | - Wen Xie
- Department of Plant Protection, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China; (W.X.); (Z.Y.)
| | - Zezhong Yang
- Department of Plant Protection, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China; (W.X.); (Z.Y.)
| | - Jianping Xu
- Institute of Bast Fiber Crops, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changsha 410205, China;
- Department of Biology, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1, Canada
- Correspondence: (J.X.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Youjun Zhang
- Department of Plant Protection, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China; (W.X.); (Z.Y.)
- Correspondence: (J.X.); (Y.Z.)
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5
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Dermauw W, Jonckheere W, Riga M, Livadaras I, Vontas J, Van Leeuwen T. Targeted mutagenesis using CRISPR-Cas9 in the chelicerate herbivore Tetranychus urticae. INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2020; 120:103347. [PMID: 32114158 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibmb.2020.103347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Revised: 02/04/2020] [Accepted: 02/25/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The use of CRISPR-Cas9 has revolutionized functional genetic work in many organisms, including more and more insect species. However, successful gene editing or genetic transformation has not yet been reported for chelicerates, the second largest group of terrestrial animals. Within this group, some mite and tick species are economically very important for agriculture and human health, and the availability of a gene-editing tool would be a significant advancement for the field. Here, we report on the use of CRISPR-Cas9 in the spider mite Tetranychus urticae. The ovary of virgin adult females was injected with a mix of Cas9 and sgRNAs targeting the phytoene desaturase gene. Natural mutants of this laterally transferred gene have previously shown an easy-to-score albino phenotype. Albino sons of injected virgin females were mated with wild-type females, and two independent transformed lines where created and further characterized. Albinism inherited as a recessive monogenic trait. Sequencing of the complete target-gene of both lines revealed two different lesions at expected locations near the PAM site in the target-gene. Both lines did not genetically complement each other in dedicated crosses, nor when crossed to a reference albino strain with a known genetic defect in the same gene. In conclusion, two independent mutagenesis events were induced in the spider mite T. urticae using CRISPR-Cas9, hereby providing proof-of-concept that CRISPR-Cas9 can be used to create gene knockouts in mites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wannes Dermauw
- Laboratory of Agrozoology, Department of Plants and Crops, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000, Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Wim Jonckheere
- Laboratory of Agrozoology, Department of Plants and Crops, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Maria Riga
- Molecular Entomology Lab, Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology (IMBB), Foundation for Research and Technology (FORTH), Nikolaou Plastira Street 100, 70013, Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - Ioannis Livadaras
- Molecular Entomology Lab, Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology (IMBB), Foundation for Research and Technology (FORTH), Nikolaou Plastira Street 100, 70013, Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - John Vontas
- Molecular Entomology Lab, Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology (IMBB), Foundation for Research and Technology (FORTH), Nikolaou Plastira Street 100, 70013, Heraklion, Crete, Greece; Pesticide Science Laboratory, Department of Crop Science, Agricultural University of Athens, Iera Odos 75, 11855, Athens, Greece
| | - Thomas Van Leeuwen
- Laboratory of Agrozoology, Department of Plants and Crops, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000, Ghent, Belgium.
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Santamaria ME, Arnaiz A, Rosa-Diaz I, González-Melendi P, Romero-Hernandez G, Ojeda-Martinez DA, Garcia A, Contreras E, Martinez M, Diaz I. Plant Defenses Against Tetranychus urticae: Mind the Gaps. PLANTS 2020; 9:plants9040464. [PMID: 32272602 PMCID: PMC7238223 DOI: 10.3390/plants9040464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2020] [Revised: 04/01/2020] [Accepted: 04/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
The molecular interactions between a pest and its host plant are the consequence of an evolutionary arms race based on the perception of the phytophagous arthropod by the plant and the different strategies adopted by the pest to overcome plant triggered defenses. The complexity and the different levels of these interactions make it difficult to get a wide knowledge of the whole process. Extensive research in model species is an accurate way to progressively move forward in this direction. The two-spotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae Koch has become a model species for phytophagous mites due to the development of a great number of genetic tools and a high-quality genome sequence. This review is an update of the current state of the art in the molecular interactions between the generalist pest T. urticae and its host plants. The knowledge of the physical and chemical constitutive defenses of the plant and the mechanisms involved in the induction of plant defenses are summarized. The molecular events produced from plant perception to the synthesis of defense compounds are detailed, with a special focus on the key steps that are little or totally uncovered by previous research.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Estrella Santamaria
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, UPM, 28223 Madrid, Spain; (M.E.S.); (A.A.); (I.R.-D.); (P.G.-M.); (G.R.-H.); (D.A.O.-M.); (A.G.); (E.C.); (M.M.)
| | - Ana Arnaiz
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, UPM, 28223 Madrid, Spain; (M.E.S.); (A.A.); (I.R.-D.); (P.G.-M.); (G.R.-H.); (D.A.O.-M.); (A.G.); (E.C.); (M.M.)
| | - Irene Rosa-Diaz
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, UPM, 28223 Madrid, Spain; (M.E.S.); (A.A.); (I.R.-D.); (P.G.-M.); (G.R.-H.); (D.A.O.-M.); (A.G.); (E.C.); (M.M.)
| | - Pablo González-Melendi
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, UPM, 28223 Madrid, Spain; (M.E.S.); (A.A.); (I.R.-D.); (P.G.-M.); (G.R.-H.); (D.A.O.-M.); (A.G.); (E.C.); (M.M.)
- Departamento de Biotecnología-Biología Vegetal, Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería Agronómica, Alimentaria y de Biosistemas, UPM, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Gara Romero-Hernandez
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, UPM, 28223 Madrid, Spain; (M.E.S.); (A.A.); (I.R.-D.); (P.G.-M.); (G.R.-H.); (D.A.O.-M.); (A.G.); (E.C.); (M.M.)
| | - Dairon A. Ojeda-Martinez
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, UPM, 28223 Madrid, Spain; (M.E.S.); (A.A.); (I.R.-D.); (P.G.-M.); (G.R.-H.); (D.A.O.-M.); (A.G.); (E.C.); (M.M.)
| | - Alejandro Garcia
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, UPM, 28223 Madrid, Spain; (M.E.S.); (A.A.); (I.R.-D.); (P.G.-M.); (G.R.-H.); (D.A.O.-M.); (A.G.); (E.C.); (M.M.)
| | - Estefania Contreras
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, UPM, 28223 Madrid, Spain; (M.E.S.); (A.A.); (I.R.-D.); (P.G.-M.); (G.R.-H.); (D.A.O.-M.); (A.G.); (E.C.); (M.M.)
| | - Manuel Martinez
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, UPM, 28223 Madrid, Spain; (M.E.S.); (A.A.); (I.R.-D.); (P.G.-M.); (G.R.-H.); (D.A.O.-M.); (A.G.); (E.C.); (M.M.)
- Departamento de Biotecnología-Biología Vegetal, Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería Agronómica, Alimentaria y de Biosistemas, UPM, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Isabel Diaz
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, UPM, 28223 Madrid, Spain; (M.E.S.); (A.A.); (I.R.-D.); (P.G.-M.); (G.R.-H.); (D.A.O.-M.); (A.G.); (E.C.); (M.M.)
- Departamento de Biotecnología-Biología Vegetal, Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería Agronómica, Alimentaria y de Biosistemas, UPM, 28040 Madrid, Spain
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-910679180
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Santamaría ME, Martínez M, Arnaiz A, Rioja C, Burow M, Grbic V, Díaz I. An Arabidopsis TIR-Lectin Two-Domain Protein Confers Defense Properties against Tetranychus urticae. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2019; 179:1298-1314. [PMID: 30765478 PMCID: PMC6446783 DOI: 10.1104/pp.18.00951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2018] [Accepted: 02/04/2019] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Plant immunity depends on fast and specific transcriptional reprogramming triggered by the perception of biotic stresses. Numerous studies have been conducted to better understand the response of plants to the generalist herbivore two-spotted spider mite (Tetranychus urticae). However, how plants perceive mites and how this perception is translated into changes in gene expression are largely unknown. In this work, we identified a gene induced in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) upon spider mite attack that encodes a two-domain protein containing predicted lectin and Toll/Interleukin-1 receptor domains. The gene, previously named PP2-A5, belongs to the Phloem Protein2 family. Biotic assays showed that PP2-A5 confers tolerance to T. urticae Overexpression or knockout of PP2-A5 leads to transcriptional reprogramming that alters the balance of hormone accumulation and corresponding signaling pathways. The nucleocytoplasmic location of this protein supports a direct interaction with regulators of gene transcription, suggesting that the combination of two putative signaling domains in a single protein may provide a novel mechanism for regulating gene expression. Together, our results suggest that PP2-A5 improves the ability to defend against T. urticae by participating in the tight regulation of hormonal cross talk upon mite feeding. Further research is needed to determine the mechanism by which this two-domain protein functions and to clarify its molecular role in signaling following a spider mite attack.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Estrella Santamaría
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid-Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria, Campus de Montegancedo, 28223 Madrid, Spain
- Departamento de Biotecnología y Biología Vegetal-Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería Agronómica, Alimentaria y de Biosistemas, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Manuel Martínez
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid-Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria, Campus de Montegancedo, 28223 Madrid, Spain
- Departamento de Biotecnología y Biología Vegetal-Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería Agronómica, Alimentaria y de Biosistemas, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana Arnaiz
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid-Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria, Campus de Montegancedo, 28223 Madrid, Spain
| | - Cristina Rioja
- DynaMo Center, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Meike Burow
- DynaMo Center, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Vojislava Grbic
- Department of Biology, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada N6A 5B7
| | - Isabel Díaz
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid-Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria, Campus de Montegancedo, 28223 Madrid, Spain
- Departamento de Biotecnología y Biología Vegetal-Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería Agronómica, Alimentaria y de Biosistemas, 28040 Madrid, Spain
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Proteomic analysis of adult Galeruca daurica (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) at different stages during summer diapause. COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY D-GENOMICS & PROTEOMICS 2019; 29:351-357. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbd.2019.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2018] [Revised: 01/06/2019] [Accepted: 01/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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9
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Dong X, Chaisiri K, Xia D, Armstrong SD, Fang Y, Donnelly MJ, Kadowaki T, McGarry JW, Darby AC, Makepeace BL. Genomes of trombidid mites reveal novel predicted allergens and laterally transferred genes associated with secondary metabolism. Gigascience 2018; 7:5160133. [PMID: 30445460 PMCID: PMC6275457 DOI: 10.1093/gigascience/giy127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2018] [Accepted: 10/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Trombidid mites have a unique life cycle in which only the larval stage is ectoparasitic. In the superfamily Trombiculoidea ("chiggers"), the larvae feed preferentially on vertebrates, including humans. Species in the genus Leptotrombidium are vectors of a potentially fatal bacterial infection, scrub typhus, that affects 1 million people annually. Moreover, chiggers can cause pruritic dermatitis (trombiculiasis) in humans and domesticated animals. In the Trombidioidea (velvet mites), the larvae feed on other arthropods and are potential biological control agents for agricultural pests. Here, we present the first trombidid mites genomes, obtained both for a chigger, Leptotrombidium deliense, and for a velvet mite, Dinothrombium tinctorium. Results Sequencing was performed using Illumina technology. A 180 Mb draft assembly for D. tinctorium was generated from two paired-end and one mate-pair library using a single adult specimen. For L. deliense, a lower-coverage draft assembly (117 Mb) was obtained using pooled, engorged larvae with a single paired-end library. Remarkably, both genomes exhibited evidence of ancient lateral gene transfer from soil-derived bacteria or fungi. The transferred genes confer functions that are rare in animals, including terpene and carotenoid synthesis. Thirty-seven allergenic protein families were predicted in the L. deliense genome, of which nine were unique. Preliminary proteomic analyses identified several of these putative allergens in larvae. Conclusions Trombidid mite genomes appear to be more dynamic than those of other acariform mites. A priority for future research is to determine the biological function of terpene synthesis in this taxon and its potential for exploitation in disease control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofeng Dong
- Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZB, United Kingdom.,Department of Biological Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong-Liverpool University, Suzhou 215123, China.,School of Life Sciences, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou 221116, China.,Institute of Infection & Global Health, University of Liverpool, L3 5RF, United Kingdom
| | - Kittipong Chaisiri
- Institute of Infection & Global Health, University of Liverpool, L3 5RF, United Kingdom.,Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Ratchathewi Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | - Dong Xia
- Institute of Infection & Global Health, University of Liverpool, L3 5RF, United Kingdom.,The Royal Veterinary College, London NW1 0TU, United Kingdom
| | - Stuart D Armstrong
- Institute of Infection & Global Health, University of Liverpool, L3 5RF, United Kingdom
| | - Yongxiang Fang
- Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZB, United Kingdom
| | - Martin J Donnelly
- Department of Vector Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool L3 5QA, United Kingdom
| | - Tatsuhiko Kadowaki
- Department of Biological Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong-Liverpool University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - John W McGarry
- Institute of Veterinary Science, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L3 5RP, United Kingdom
| | - Alistair C Darby
- Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZB, United Kingdom
| | - Benjamin L Makepeace
- Institute of Infection & Global Health, University of Liverpool, L3 5RF, United Kingdom
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10
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Fernando DD, Reynolds SL, Zakrzewski M, Mofiz E, Papenfuss AT, Holt D, Fischer K. Phylogenetic relationships, stage-specific expression and localisation of a unique family of inactive cysteine proteases in Sarcoptes scabiei. Parasit Vectors 2018; 11:301. [PMID: 29769145 PMCID: PMC5956821 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-018-2862-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2017] [Accepted: 04/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Scabies is worldwide one of the most common, yet neglected, parasitic skin infections, affecting a wide range of mammals including humans. Limited treatment options and evidence of emerging mite resistance against the currently used drugs drive our research to explore new therapeutic candidates. Previously, we discovered a multicopy family of genes encoding cysteine proteases with their catalytic sites inactivated by mutation (SMIPP-Cs). This protein family is unique in parasitic scabies mites and is absent in related non-burrowing mites. We postulated that the SMIPP-Cs have evolved as an adaptation to the parasitic lifestyle of the scabies mite. To formulate testable hypotheses for their functions and to propose possible strategies for translational research we investigated whether the SMIPP-Cs are common to all scabies mite varieties and where within the mite body as well as when throughout the parasitic life-cycle they are expressed. Results SMIPP-C sequences from human, pig and dog mites were analysed bioinformatically and the phylogenetic relationships between the SMIPP-C multi-copy gene families of human, pig and dog mites were established. Results suggest that amplification of the SMIPP-C genes occurred in a common ancestor and individual genes evolved independently in the different mite varieties. Recombinant human mite SMIPP-C proteins were produced and used for murine polyclonal antibody production. Immunohistology on skin sections from human patients localised the SMIPP-Cs in the mite gut and in mite faeces within in the epidermal skin burrows. SMIPP-C transcription into mRNA in different life stages was assessed in human and pig mites by reverse transcription followed by droplet digital PCR (ddPCR). High transcription levels of SMIPP-C genes were detected in the adult female life stage in comparison to all other life stages. Conclusions The fact that the SMIPP-Cs are unique to three Sarcoptes varieties, present in all burrowing life stages and highly expressed in the digestive system of the infective adult female life stage may highlight an essential role in parasitism. As they are excreted from the gut in scybala they presumably are able to interact or interfere with host proteins present in the epidermis. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13071-018-2862-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepani D Fernando
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Infectious Diseases Program, 300 Herston Road, Herston, Brisbane, QLD, 4006, Australia.,School of Veterinary Sciences, University of Queensland, Gatton, QLD, 4343, Australia.,Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, Sri Lanka
| | - Simone L Reynolds
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Infectious Diseases Program, 300 Herston Road, Herston, Brisbane, QLD, 4006, Australia
| | - Martha Zakrzewski
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Infectious Diseases Program, 300 Herston Road, Herston, Brisbane, QLD, 4006, Australia
| | - Ehtesham Mofiz
- Bioinformatics Division, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, 3052, Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia
| | - Anthony T Papenfuss
- Bioinformatics Division, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, 3052, Australia.,Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Victorian Comprehensive Cancer Centre, Melbourne, 3000, Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia
| | - Deborah Holt
- Menzies School of Health Research, Charles Darwin University, Casuarina, Northern Territory, Australia
| | - Katja Fischer
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Infectious Diseases Program, 300 Herston Road, Herston, Brisbane, QLD, 4006, Australia.
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11
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Jonckheere W, Dermauw W, Khalighi M, Pavlidi N, Reubens W, Baggerman G, Tirry L, Menschaert G, Kant MR, Vanholme B, Van Leeuwen T. A Gene Family Coding for Salivary Proteins (SHOT) of the Polyphagous Spider Mite Tetranychus urticae Exhibits Fast Host-Dependent Transcriptional Plasticity. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2018; 31:112-124. [PMID: 29094648 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-06-17-0139-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The salivary protein repertoire released by the herbivorous pest Tetranychus urticae is assumed to hold keys to its success on diverse crops. We report on a spider mite-specific protein family that is expanded in T. urticae. The encoding genes have an expression pattern restricted to the anterior podocephalic glands, while peptide fragments were found in the T. urticae secretome, supporting the salivary nature of these proteins. As peptide fragments were identified in a host-dependent manner, we designated this family as the SHOT (secreted host-responsive protein of Tetranychidae) family. The proteins were divided in three groups based on sequence similarity. Unlike TuSHOT3 genes, TuSHOT1 and TuSHOT2 genes were highly expressed when feeding on a subset of family Fabaceae, while expression was depleted on other hosts. TuSHOT1 and TuSHOT2 expression was induced within 24 h after certain host transfers, pointing toward transcriptional plasticity rather than selection as the cause. Transfer from an 'inducer' to a 'noninducer' plant was associated with slow yet strong downregulation of TuSHOT1 and TuSHOT2, occurring over generations rather than hours. This asymmetric on and off regulation points toward host-specific effects of SHOT proteins, which is further supported by the diversity of SHOT genes identified in Tetranychidae with a distinct host repertoire.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wim Jonckheere
- 1 Laboratory of Agrozoology, Department of Crop Protection, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure links 653, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
- 2 Department of Evolutionary Biology, Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Wannes Dermauw
- 1 Laboratory of Agrozoology, Department of Crop Protection, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure links 653, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Mousaalreza Khalighi
- 1 Laboratory of Agrozoology, Department of Crop Protection, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure links 653, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Nena Pavlidi
- 2 Department of Evolutionary Biology, Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Wim Reubens
- 1 Laboratory of Agrozoology, Department of Crop Protection, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure links 653, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Geert Baggerman
- 3 Center for Proteomics (CFP), University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020 Antwerp, Belgium
- 4 Flemish Institute for Technological Research (VITO), Boeretang 200, 2400 Mol, Belgium
| | - Luc Tirry
- 1 Laboratory of Agrozoology, Department of Crop Protection, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure links 653, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Gerben Menschaert
- 5 Department of Mathematical Modelling, Statistics and Bioinformatics, Ghent University
| | - Merijn R Kant
- 6 Department of Population Biology, Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam
| | - Bartel Vanholme
- 7 Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Technologiepark 927, 9052 Gent, Belgium; and
- 8 Centre for Plant Systems Biology, VIB, Technologiepark 927, 9052 Gent, Belgium
| | - Thomas Van Leeuwen
- 1 Laboratory of Agrozoology, Department of Crop Protection, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure links 653, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
- 2 Department of Evolutionary Biology, Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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12
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Alonso J, Martinez M. Insights into the molecular evolution of peptidase inhibitors in arthropods. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0187643. [PMID: 29108008 PMCID: PMC5673224 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0187643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2017] [Accepted: 10/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Peptidase inhibitors are key proteins involved in the control of peptidases. In arthropods, peptidase inhibitors modulate the activity of peptidases involved in endogenous physiological processes and peptidases of the organisms with which they interact. Exploring available arthropod genomic sequences is a powerful way to obtain the repertoire of peptidase inhibitors in every arthropod species and to understand the evolutionary mechanisms involved in the diversification of this kind of proteins. A genomic comparative analysis of peptidase inhibitors in species belonging to different arthropod taxonomic groups was performed. The results point out: i) species or clade-specific presence is shown for several families of peptidase inhibitors; ii) multidomain peptidase inhibitors are commonly found in many peptidase inhibitor families; iii) several families have a wide range of members in different arthropod species; iv) several peptidase inhibitor families show species-specific (or clade-specific) gene family expansions; v) functional divergence may be assumed for particular clades; vi) passive expansions may be used by natural selection to fix adaptations. In conclusion, conservation and divergence of duplicated genes and the potential recruitment as peptidase inhibitors of proteins from other families are the main mechanisms used by arthropods to fix diversity. This diversity would be associated to the control of target peptidases and, as consequence, to adapt to specific environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joaquin Alonso
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM)—Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Campus Montegancedo UPM, Pozuelo de Alarcón (Madrid), Spain
| | - Manuel Martinez
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM)—Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Campus Montegancedo UPM, Pozuelo de Alarcón (Madrid), Spain
- Departamento de Biotecnología-Biología Vegetal, Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería Agronómica, Alimentaria y de Biosistemas, UPM, Madrid, Spain
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13
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Santamaría ME, Martinez M, Arnaiz A, Ortego F, Grbic V, Diaz I. MATI, a Novel Protein Involved in the Regulation of Herbivore-Associated Signaling Pathways. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 8:975. [PMID: 28649257 PMCID: PMC5466143 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.00975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
The defense response of the plants against herbivores relies on a complex network of interconnected signaling pathways. In this work, we characterized a new key player in the response of Arabidopsis against the two-spotted spider mite Tetranychus urticae, the MATI (Mite Attack Triggered Immunity) gene. This gene was differentially induced in resistant Bla-2 strain relative to susceptible Kon Arabidopsis accessions after mite attack, suggesting a potential role in the control of spider mites. To study the MATI gene function, it has been performed a deep molecular characterization of the gene combined with feeding bioassays using modified Arabidopsis lines and phytophagous arthropods. The MATI gene belongs to a new gene family that had not been previously characterized. Biotic assays showed that it confers a high tolerance not only to T. urticae, but also to the chewing lepidopteran Spodoptera exigua. Biochemical analyses suggest that MATI encodes a protein involved in the accumulation of reducing agents upon herbivore attack to control plant redox homeostasis avoiding oxidative damage and cell death. Besides, molecular analyses demonstrated that MATI is involved in the modulation of different hormonal signaling pathways, affecting the expression of genes involved in biosynthesis and signaling of the jasmonic acid and salicylic acid hormones. The fact that MATI is also involved in defense through the modulation of the levels of photosynthetic pigments highlights the potential of MATI proteins to be exploited as biotechnological tools for pest control.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Estrella Santamaría
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid – Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y AlimentariaMadrid, Spain
- Department of Biology, The University of Western Ontario, LondonON, Canada
| | - Manuel Martinez
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid – Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y AlimentariaMadrid, Spain
| | - Ana Arnaiz
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid – Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y AlimentariaMadrid, Spain
| | - Félix Ortego
- Departamento de Biología Medioambiental, Centro de Investigaciones Biologicas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones CientíficasMadrid, Spain
| | - Vojislava Grbic
- Department of Biology, The University of Western Ontario, LondonON, Canada
| | - Isabel Diaz
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid – Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y AlimentariaMadrid, Spain
- *Correspondence: Isabel Diaz,
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14
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Jonckheere W, Dermauw W, Zhurov V, Wybouw N, Van den Bulcke J, Villarroel CA, Greenhalgh R, Grbić M, Schuurink RC, Tirry L, Baggerman G, Clark RM, Kant MR, Vanholme B, Menschaert G, Van Leeuwen T. The Salivary Protein Repertoire of the Polyphagous Spider Mite Tetranychus urticae: A Quest for Effectors. Mol Cell Proteomics 2016; 15:3594-3613. [PMID: 27703040 PMCID: PMC5141274 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.m116.058081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2016] [Revised: 08/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The two-spotted spider mite Tetranychus urticae is an extremely polyphagous crop pest. Alongside an unparalleled detoxification potential for plant secondary metabolites, it has recently been shown that spider mites can attenuate or even suppress plant defenses. Salivary constituents, notably effectors, have been proposed to play an important role in manipulating plant defenses and might determine the outcome of plant-mite interactions. Here, the proteomic composition of saliva from T. urticae lines adapted to various host plants-bean, maize, soy, and tomato-was analyzed using a custom-developed feeding assay coupled with nano-LC tandem mass spectrometry. About 90 putative T. urticae salivary proteins were identified. Many are of unknown function, and in numerous cases belonging to multimembered gene families. RNAseq expression analysis revealed that many genes coding for these salivary proteins were highly expressed in the proterosoma, the mite body region that includes the salivary glands. A subset of genes encoding putative salivary proteins was selected for whole-mount in situ hybridization, and were found to be expressed in the anterior and dorsal podocephalic glands. Strikingly, host plant dependent expression was evident for putative salivary proteins, and was further studied in detail by micro-array based genome-wide expression profiling. This meta-analysis revealed for the first time the salivary protein repertoire of a phytophagous chelicerate. The availability of this salivary proteome will assist in unraveling the molecular interface between phytophagous mites and their host plants, and may ultimately facilitate the development of mite-resistant crops. Furthermore, the technique used in this study is a time- and resource-efficient method to examine the salivary protein composition of other small arthropods for which saliva or salivary glands cannot be isolated easily.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wim Jonckheere
- From the ‡Laboratory of Agrozoology, Department of Crop Protection, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure links 653, 9000 Gent, Belgium
- §Department of Evolutionary Biology, Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Wannes Dermauw
- From the ‡Laboratory of Agrozoology, Department of Crop Protection, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure links 653, 9000 Gent, Belgium;
| | - Vladimir Zhurov
- ¶Department of Biology, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada N6A5B7
| | - Nicky Wybouw
- §Department of Evolutionary Biology, Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Jan Van den Bulcke
- ‖UGCT - Woodlab-UGent, Department of Forest and Water Management, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure links 653, 9000 Gent, Belgium
| | - Carlos A Villarroel
- **Department of Plant Physiology, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- ‡‡Department of Population Biology, Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Robert Greenhalgh
- §§Department of Biology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City 257 South 1400 East Utah 84112
| | - Mike Grbić
- ¶Department of Biology, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada N6A5B7
- ¶¶Instituto de Ciencias de la Vid y el Vino, 26006 Logrono, Spain
| | - Rob C Schuurink
- **Department of Plant Physiology, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Luc Tirry
- From the ‡Laboratory of Agrozoology, Department of Crop Protection, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure links 653, 9000 Gent, Belgium
| | - Geert Baggerman
- ‖‖Center for Proteomics (CFP), University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020 Antwerp, Belgium
- Flemish Institute for Technological Research (VITO), Boeretang 200, 2400 Mol, Belgium
| | - Richard M Clark
- §§Department of Biology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City 257 South 1400 East Utah 84112
- Center for Cell and Genome Science, University of Utah, Salt Lake City 257 South 1400 East Utah 84122
| | - Merijn R Kant
- ‡‡Department of Population Biology, Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Bartel Vanholme
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, B-9052 Gent, Belgium
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, B-9052 Gent, Belgium
| | - Gerben Menschaert
- Department of Mathematical Modelling, Statistics and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Coupure links 653, 9000 Gent, Belgium
| | - Thomas Van Leeuwen
- From the ‡Laboratory of Agrozoology, Department of Crop Protection, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure links 653, 9000 Gent, Belgium;
- §Department of Evolutionary Biology, Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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15
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Srp J, Nussbaumerová M, Horn M, Mareš M. Digestive proteolysis in the Colorado potato beetle, Leptinotarsa decemlineata: Activity-based profiling and imaging of a multipeptidase network. INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2016; 78:1-11. [PMID: 27539253 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibmb.2016.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2016] [Revised: 08/11/2016] [Accepted: 08/12/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The Colorado potato beetle (CPB), Leptinotarsa decemlineata, is a major pest of potato plants, and its digestive system is a promising target for development of pest control strategies. This work focuses on functional proteomic analysis of the digestive proteolytic enzymes expressed in the CPB gut. We identified a set of peptidases using imaging with specific activity-based probes and activity profiling with selective substrates and inhibitors. The secreted luminal peptidases were classified as: (i) endopeptidases of cathepsin D, cathepsin L, and trypsin types and (ii) exopeptidases with aminopeptidase (cathepsin H), carboxypeptidase (serine carboxypeptidase, prolyl carboxypeptidase), and carboxydipeptidase (cathepsin B) activities. The proteolytic arsenal also includes non-luminal peptidases with prolyl oligopeptidase and metalloaminopeptidase activities. Our results indicate that the CPB gut employs a multienzyme network of peptidases with complementary specificities to efficiently degrade ingested proteins. This proteolytic system functions in both CPB larvae and adults and is controlled mainly by cysteine and aspartic peptidases and supported by serine and metallopeptidases. The component enzymes identified here are potential targets for inhibitors with tailored specificities that could be engineered into potato plants to confer resistance to CPB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaroslav Srp
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Flemingovo nam. 2, Prague 166 10, Czech Republic; Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Hlavova 8, Prague 128 40, Czech Republic
| | - Martina Nussbaumerová
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Flemingovo nam. 2, Prague 166 10, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Horn
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Flemingovo nam. 2, Prague 166 10, Czech Republic
| | - Michael Mareš
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Flemingovo nam. 2, Prague 166 10, Czech Republic.
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16
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Martinez M, Santamaria ME, Diaz-Mendoza M, Arnaiz A, Carrillo L, Ortego F, Diaz I. Phytocystatins: Defense Proteins against Phytophagous Insects and Acari. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:E1747. [PMID: 27775606 PMCID: PMC5085774 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17101747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2016] [Revised: 10/11/2016] [Accepted: 10/12/2016] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
This review deals with phytocystatins, focussing on their potential role as defence proteins against phytophagous arthropods. Information about the evolutionary, molecular and biochemical features and inhibitory properties of phytocystatins are presented. Cystatin ability to inhibit heterologous cysteine protease activities is commented on as well as some approaches of tailoring cystatin specificity to enhance their defence function towards pests. A general landscape on the digestive proteases of phytophagous insects and acari and the remarkable plasticity of their digestive physiology after feeding on cystatins are highlighted. Biotechnological approaches to produce recombinant cystatins to be added to artificial diets or to be sprayed as insecticide-acaricide compounds and the of use cystatins as transgenes are discussed. Multiple examples and applications are included to end with some conclusions and future perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Martinez
- Centro de Biotecnologia y Genomica de Plantas, Universidad Politecnica de Madrid (UPM), Instituto Nacional de Investigacion y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Campus Montegancedo, Pozuelo de Alarcon, Madrid 28223, Spain.
| | - Maria Estrella Santamaria
- Centro de Biotecnologia y Genomica de Plantas, Universidad Politecnica de Madrid (UPM), Instituto Nacional de Investigacion y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Campus Montegancedo, Pozuelo de Alarcon, Madrid 28223, Spain.
| | - Mercedes Diaz-Mendoza
- Centro de Biotecnologia y Genomica de Plantas, Universidad Politecnica de Madrid (UPM), Instituto Nacional de Investigacion y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Campus Montegancedo, Pozuelo de Alarcon, Madrid 28223, Spain.
| | - Ana Arnaiz
- Centro de Biotecnologia y Genomica de Plantas, Universidad Politecnica de Madrid (UPM), Instituto Nacional de Investigacion y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Campus Montegancedo, Pozuelo de Alarcon, Madrid 28223, Spain.
| | - Laura Carrillo
- Centro de Biotecnologia y Genomica de Plantas, Universidad Politecnica de Madrid (UPM), Instituto Nacional de Investigacion y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Campus Montegancedo, Pozuelo de Alarcon, Madrid 28223, Spain.
| | - Felix Ortego
- Departamento de Biologia Medioambiental, Centro de Investigaciones Biologicas, CSIC, Ramiro de Maeztu, 9, Madrid 28040, Spain.
| | - Isabel Diaz
- Centro de Biotecnologia y Genomica de Plantas, Universidad Politecnica de Madrid (UPM), Instituto Nacional de Investigacion y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Campus Montegancedo, Pozuelo de Alarcon, Madrid 28223, Spain.
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Gholizadeh A. Differential expression of a cysteine proteinase and cystatin pair as side-by-side fusion forms in Escherichia coli. CYTOL GENET+ 2016. [DOI: 10.3103/s0095452716050042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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18
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Zavašnik-Bergant T, Bergant Marušič M. Exogenous Thyropin from p41 Invariant Chain Diminishes Cysteine Protease Activity and Affects IL-12 Secretion during Maturation of Human Dendritic Cells. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0150815. [PMID: 26960148 PMCID: PMC4784741 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0150815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2015] [Accepted: 02/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DC) play a pivotal role as antigen presenting cells (APC) and their maturation is crucial for effectively eliciting an antigen-specific immune response. The p41 splice variant of MHC class II-associated chaperone, called invariant chain p41 Ii, contains an amino acid sequence, the p41 fragment, which is a thyropin-type inhibitor of proteolytic enzymes. The effects of exogenous p41 fragment and related thyropin inhibitors acting on human immune cells have not been reported yet. In this study we demonstrate that exogenous p41 fragment can enter the endocytic pathway of targeted human immature DC. Internalized p41 fragment has contributed to the total amount of the immunogold labelled p41 Ii-specific epitope, as quantified by transmission electron microscopy, in particular in late endocytic compartments with multivesicular morphology where antigen processing and binding to MHC II take place. In cell lysates of treated immature DC, diminished enzymatic activity of cysteine proteases has been confirmed. Internalized exogenous p41 fragment did not affect the perinuclear clustering of acidic cathepsin S-positive vesicles typical of mature DC. p41 fragment is shown to interfere with the nuclear translocation of NF-κB p65 subunit in LPS-stimulated DC. p41 fragment is also shown to reduce the secretion of interleukin-12 (IL-12/p70) during the subsequent maturation of treated DC. The inhibition of proteolytic activity of lysosomal cysteine proteases in immature DC and the diminished capability of DC to produce IL-12 upon their subsequent maturation support the immunomodulatory potential of the examined thyropin from p41 Ii.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tina Zavašnik-Bergant
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular and Structural Biology, Jožef Stefan Institute, Ljubljana, Slovenia
- * E-mail:
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Van Leeuwen T, Dermauw W. The Molecular Evolution of Xenobiotic Metabolism and Resistance in Chelicerate Mites. ANNUAL REVIEW OF ENTOMOLOGY 2016; 61:475-98. [PMID: 26982444 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-ento-010715-023907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 167] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Chelicerate mites diverged from other arthropod lineages more than 400 million years ago and subsequently developed specific and remarkable xenobiotic adaptations. The study of the two-spotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae, for which a high-quality Sanger-sequenced genome was first available, revealed expansions and radiations in all major detoxification gene families, including P450 monooxygenases, carboxyl/cholinesterases, glutathione-S-transferases, and ATP-binding cassette transporters. Novel gene families that are not well studied in other arthropods, such as major facilitator family transporters and lipocalins, also reflect the evolution of xenobiotic adaptation. The acquisition of genes by horizontal gene transfer provided new routes to handle toxins, for example, the β-cyanoalanine synthase enzyme that metabolizes cyanide. The availability of genomic resources for other mite species has allowed researchers to study the lineage specificity of these gene family expansions and the distinct evolution of genes involved in xenobiotic metabolism in mites. Genome-based tools have been crucial in supporting the idiosyncrasies of mite detoxification and will further support the expanding field of mite-plant interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Van Leeuwen
- Department of Crop Protection, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium; ,
- Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, 1090 GE Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Wannes Dermauw
- Department of Crop Protection, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium; ,
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Figueroa-Angulo EE, Calla-Choque JS, Mancilla-Olea MI, Arroyo R. RNA-Binding Proteins in Trichomonas vaginalis: Atypical Multifunctional Proteins. Biomolecules 2015; 5:3354-95. [PMID: 26703754 PMCID: PMC4693282 DOI: 10.3390/biom5043354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2015] [Revised: 11/07/2015] [Accepted: 11/12/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Iron homeostasis is highly regulated in vertebrates through a regulatory system mediated by RNA-protein interactions between the iron regulatory proteins (IRPs) that interact with an iron responsive element (IRE) located in certain mRNAs, dubbed the IRE-IRP regulatory system. Trichomonas vaginalis, the causal agent of trichomoniasis, presents high iron dependency to regulate its growth, metabolism, and virulence properties. Although T. vaginalis lacks IRPs or proteins with aconitase activity, possesses gene expression mechanisms of iron regulation at the transcriptional and posttranscriptional levels. However, only one gene with iron regulation at the transcriptional level has been described. Recently, our research group described an iron posttranscriptional regulatory mechanism in the T. vaginalis tvcp4 and tvcp12 cysteine proteinase mRNAs. The tvcp4 and tvcp12 mRNAs have a stem-loop structure in the 5'-coding region or in the 3'-UTR, respectively that interacts with T. vaginalis multifunctional proteins HSP70, α-Actinin, and Actin under iron starvation condition, causing translation inhibition or mRNA stabilization similar to the previously characterized IRE-IRP system in eukaryotes. Herein, we summarize recent progress and shed some light on atypical RNA-binding proteins that may participate in the iron posttranscriptional regulation in T. vaginalis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa E Figueroa-Angulo
- Departamento de Infectómica y Patogénesis Molecular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN (CINVESTAV-IPN), Av. IPN # 2508, Col. San Pedro Zacatenco, CP 07360 México, D.F., Mexico.
| | - Jaeson S Calla-Choque
- Laboratorio de Inmunopatología en Neurocisticercosis, Facultad de Ciencias y Filosofía, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Av. Honorio Delgado 430, Urb. Ingeniería, S.M.P., Lima 15102, Peru.
| | - Maria Inocente Mancilla-Olea
- Departamento de Infectómica y Patogénesis Molecular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN (CINVESTAV-IPN), Av. IPN # 2508, Col. San Pedro Zacatenco, CP 07360 México, D.F., Mexico.
| | - Rossana Arroyo
- Departamento de Infectómica y Patogénesis Molecular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN (CINVESTAV-IPN), Av. IPN # 2508, Col. San Pedro Zacatenco, CP 07360 México, D.F., Mexico.
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Cramaro WJ, Revets D, Hunewald OE, Sinner R, Reye AL, Muller CP. Integration of Ixodes ricinus genome sequencing with transcriptome and proteome annotation of the naïve midgut. BMC Genomics 2015; 16:871. [PMID: 26510422 PMCID: PMC4625525 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-015-1981-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2015] [Accepted: 10/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In Europe, Ixodes ricinus ticks are the most important vectors of diseases threatening humans, livestock, wildlife and companion animals. Nevertheless, genomic sequence information is missing and functional annotation of transcripts and proteins is limited. This lack of information is restricting studies of the vector and its interactions with pathogens and hosts. Here we present and integrate the first analysis of the I. ricinus genome with the transcriptome and proteome of the unfed I. ricinus midgut. Methods Whole genome sequencing was performed on I. ricinus ticks and the sequences were de novo assembled. In parallel, I. ricinus ticks were dissected and the midgut transcriptome sequenced. Both datasets were integrated by transcript discovery analysis to identify putative genes and genome contigs were screened for homology. An alignment-based and a motif-search-based approach were combined for the annotation of the midgut transcriptome. Additionally, midgut proteins were identified and annotated by mass spectrometry with public databases and the in-house built transcriptome database as references and results were cross-validated. Results The de novo assembly of 1 billion DNA sequences to a reference genome of 393 Mb length provides an unprecedented insight into the I. ricinus genome. A homology search revealed sequences in the assembled genome contigs homologous to 89 % of the I. scapularis genome scaffolds indicating coverage of most genome regions. We identified moreover 6,415 putative genes. More than 10,000 transcripts from naïve midgut were annotated with respect of predicted function and/or cellular localization. By combining an alignment-based with a motif-search-based annotation approach, we doubled the number of annotations throughout all functional categories. In addition, 574 gel spots were significantly identified by mass spectrometry (p < 0.05) and 285 distinct proteins expressed in the naïve midgut were annotated functionally and/or for cellular localization. Our systems approach reveals a midgut metabolism of the unfed tick that is prepared to sense and process an anticipated blood meal. Conclusions This multiple-omics study vastly extends the publicly available DNA and RNA databases for I. ricinus, paving the way for further in-depth analysis of the most important European disease vector and its interactions with pathogens and hosts. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12864-015-1981-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wibke J Cramaro
- Department of Infection and Immunity, Luxembourg Institute of Health (former Centre de Recherche Public de la Santé)/Laboratoire National de Santé, Luxembourg, Luxembourg.
| | - Dominique Revets
- Department of Infection and Immunity, Luxembourg Institute of Health (former Centre de Recherche Public de la Santé)/Laboratoire National de Santé, Luxembourg, Luxembourg.
| | - Oliver E Hunewald
- Department of Infection and Immunity, Luxembourg Institute of Health (former Centre de Recherche Public de la Santé)/Laboratoire National de Santé, Luxembourg, Luxembourg.
| | - Regina Sinner
- Department of Infection and Immunity, Luxembourg Institute of Health (former Centre de Recherche Public de la Santé)/Laboratoire National de Santé, Luxembourg, Luxembourg.
| | - Anna L Reye
- Department of Infection and Immunity, Luxembourg Institute of Health (former Centre de Recherche Public de la Santé)/Laboratoire National de Santé, Luxembourg, Luxembourg.
| | - Claude P Muller
- Department of Infection and Immunity, Luxembourg Institute of Health (former Centre de Recherche Public de la Santé)/Laboratoire National de Santé, Luxembourg, Luxembourg.
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Gonzalez E, Brereton NJB, Marleau J, Guidi Nissim W, Labrecque M, Pitre FE, Joly S. Meta-transcriptomics indicates biotic cross-tolerance in willow trees cultivated on petroleum hydrocarbon contaminated soil. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2015; 15:246. [PMID: 26459343 PMCID: PMC4603587 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-015-0636-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2015] [Accepted: 09/30/2015] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND High concentrations of petroleum hydrocarbon (PHC) pollution can be hazardous to human health and leave soils incapable of supporting agricultural crops. A cheap solution, which can help restore biodiversity and bring land back to productivity, is cultivation of high biomass yielding willow trees. However, the genetic mechanisms which allow these fast-growing trees to tolerate PHCs are as yet unclear. METHODS Salix purpurea 'Fish Creek' trees were pot-grown in soil from a former petroleum refinery, either lacking or enriched with C10-C50 PHCs. De novo assembled transcriptomes were compared between tree organs and impartially annotated without a priori constraint to any organism. RESULTS Over 45% of differentially expressed genes originated from foreign organisms, the majority from the two-spotted spidermite, Tetranychus urticae. Over 99% of T. urticae transcripts were differentially expressed with greater abundance in non-contaminated trees. Plant transcripts involved in the polypropanoid pathway, including phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL), had greater expression in contaminated trees whereas most resistance genes showed higher expression in non-contaminated trees. CONCLUSIONS The impartial approach to annotation of the de novo transcriptomes, allowing for the possibility for multiple species identification, was essential for interpretation of the crop's response treatment. The meta-transcriptomic pattern of expression suggests a cross-tolerance mechanism whereby abiotic stress resistance systems provide improved biotic resistance. These findings highlight a valuable but complex biotic and abiotic stress response to real-world, multidimensional contamination which could, in part, help explain why crops such as willow can produce uniquely high biomass yields on challenging marginal land.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuel Gonzalez
- Institut de recherche en biologie végétale, University of Montreal, 4101 Sherbrooke E, Montreal, QC, H1X 2B2, Canada.
| | - Nicholas J B Brereton
- Institut de recherche en biologie végétale, University of Montreal, 4101 Sherbrooke E, Montreal, QC, H1X 2B2, Canada.
| | - Julie Marleau
- Institut de recherche en biologie végétale, University of Montreal, 4101 Sherbrooke E, Montreal, QC, H1X 2B2, Canada.
| | | | - Michel Labrecque
- Institut de recherche en biologie végétale, University of Montreal, 4101 Sherbrooke E, Montreal, QC, H1X 2B2, Canada.
- Montreal Botanical Gardens, 4101 Sherbrooke E, Montreal, QC, H1X 2B2, Canada.
| | - Frederic E Pitre
- Institut de recherche en biologie végétale, University of Montreal, 4101 Sherbrooke E, Montreal, QC, H1X 2B2, Canada.
- Montreal Botanical Gardens, 4101 Sherbrooke E, Montreal, QC, H1X 2B2, Canada.
| | - Simon Joly
- Institut de recherche en biologie végétale, University of Montreal, 4101 Sherbrooke E, Montreal, QC, H1X 2B2, Canada.
- Montreal Botanical Gardens, 4101 Sherbrooke E, Montreal, QC, H1X 2B2, Canada.
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Wu M, Shao GR, Zhang FX, Wu WX, Xu P, Ruan ZM. Legumain protein as a potential predictive biomarker for Asian patients with breast carcinoma. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2015; 15:10773-7. [PMID: 25605174 DOI: 10.7314/apjcp.2014.15.24.10773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Treatment for breast cancer is mainly performed by surgical resection of primary tumors and chemotherapy. However, after tumor invasion and metastases, breast cancer is hard to control. Clarification of the pathogenic mechanisms would be helpful to the prognosis or therapy for the breast cancer. The aim of this study is to investigate the clinical and prognostic implications of legumain protein Materials and Methods: In this study, we examined mastectomy specimens from 114 breast cancer and matching, 26 adjacent non-cancerous tissues using immunohistochemistry. RESULTS The results indicated that positive expression of legumain protein in breast cancer was 51.8 % (59/114) and the positive expression of legumain protein in adjacent non-cancerous tissue was 11.5% (3/26). It appeared to be related with lymph node metastasis of breast cancer (p=0.02) and correlation analysis indicated that legumain expression was correlated positively with the estrogen receptor (ER) and mutant-type p53 expression (both p<0.05). Positive legumain expression was significantly associated with shorter overall survival time in breast cancer patients (log-rank p<0.01). Multivariate survival analysis suggested that the positive legumain expression was an independent predictor of poorer overall survival in patients with breast cancer (HR=0.24; 95%CI 0.11-0.65, p=0.03). CONCLUSIONS Legumain might be a new potential biomarker for breast cancer, which may reflect the prognosis and overall survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei Wu
- Department of Radiology, The Second Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China E-mail :
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Structure and function of legumain in health and disease. Biochimie 2015; 122:126-50. [PMID: 26403494 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2015.09.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 190] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2015] [Accepted: 09/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The last years have seen a steady increase in our understanding of legumain biology that is driven from two largely uncoupled research arenas, the mammalian and the plant legumain field. Research on legumain, which is also referred to as asparaginyl endopeptidase (AEP) or vacuolar processing enzyme (VPE), is slivered, however. Here we summarise recent important findings and put them into a common perspective. Legumain is usually associated with its cysteine endopeptidase activity in lysosomes where it contributes to antigen processing for class II MHC presentation. However, newly recognized functions disperse previously assumed boundaries with respect to their cellular compartmentalisation and enzymatic activities. Legumain is also found extracellularly and even translocates to the cytosol and the nucleus, with seemingly incompatible pH and redox potential. These different milieus translate into changes of legumain's molecular properties, including its (auto-)activation, conformational stability and enzymatic functions. Contrasting its endopeptidase activity, legumain can develop a carboxypeptidase activity which remains stable at neutral pH. Moreover, legumain features a peptide ligase activity, with intriguing mechanistic peculiarities in plant and human isoforms. In pathological settings, such as cancer or Alzheimer's disease, the proper association of legumain activities with the corresponding cellular compartments is breached. Legumain's increasingly recognized physiological and pathological roles also indicate future research opportunities in this vibrant field.
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Santamaría ME, González-Cabrera J, Martínez M, Grbic V, Castañera P, Díaz L, Ortego F. Digestive proteases in bodies and faeces of the two-spotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae. JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY 2015; 78:69-77. [PMID: 25960286 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2015.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2015] [Revised: 05/06/2015] [Accepted: 05/06/2015] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Digestive proteases of the phytophagous mite Tetranychus urticae have been characterised by comparing their activity in body and faecal extracts. Aspartyl, cathepsin B- and L-like and legumain activities were detected in both mite bodies and faeces, with a specific activity of aspartyl and cathepsin L-like proteases about 5- and 2-fold higher, respectively, in mite faeces than in bodies. In general, all these activities were maintained independently of the host plant where the mites were reared (bean, tomato or maize). Remarkably, this is the first report in a phytophagous mite of legumain-like activity, which was characterised for its ability to hydrolyse the specific substrate Z-VAN-AMC, its activation by DTT and inhibition by IAA but not by E-64. Gel free nanoLC-nanoESI-QTOF MS/MS proteomic analysis of mite faeces resulted in the identification of four cathepsins L and one aspartyl protease (from a total of the 29 cathepsins L, 27 cathepsins B, 19 legumains and two aspartyl protease genes identified the genome of this species). Gene expression analysis reveals that four cathepsins L and the aspartyl protease identified in the mite faeces, but also two cathepsins B and two legumains that were not detected in the faeces, were expressed at high levels in the spider mite feeding stages (larvae, nymphs and adults) relative to embryos. Taken together, these results indicate a digestive role for cysteine and aspartyl proteases in T. urticae. The expression of the cathepsins B and L, legumains and aspartyl protease genes analysed in our study increased in female adults after feeding on Arabidopsis plants over-expressing the HvCPI-6 cystatin, that specifically targets cathepsins B and L, or the CMe trypsin inhibitor that targets serine proteases. This unspecific response suggests that in addition to compensation for inhibitor-targeted enzymes, the increase in the expression of digestive proteases in T. urticae may act as a first barrier against ingested plant defensive proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- María E Santamaría
- Departamento de Biología Medioambiental, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, CSIC, Ramiro de Maeztu, 9, 28040 Madrid, Spain; Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Campus Montegancedo, Autovía M40 (Km 38), 28223 Pozuelo de Alarcón, Madrid, Spain; Department of Biology WSC 339/341, The University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond St, London, ON N6A 5B7, Canada
| | - Joel González-Cabrera
- Departamento de Biología Medioambiental, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, CSIC, Ramiro de Maeztu, 9, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Manuel Martínez
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Campus Montegancedo, Autovía M40 (Km 38), 28223 Pozuelo de Alarcón, Madrid, Spain
| | - Vojislava Grbic
- Department of Biology WSC 339/341, The University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond St, London, ON N6A 5B7, Canada
| | - Pedro Castañera
- Departamento de Biología Medioambiental, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, CSIC, Ramiro de Maeztu, 9, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Lsabel Díaz
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Campus Montegancedo, Autovía M40 (Km 38), 28223 Pozuelo de Alarcón, Madrid, Spain
| | - Félix Ortego
- Departamento de Biología Medioambiental, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, CSIC, Ramiro de Maeztu, 9, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
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Santamaria ME, Arnaiz A, Diaz-Mendoza M, Martinez M, Diaz I. Inhibitory properties of cysteine protease pro-peptides from barley confer resistance to spider mite feeding. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0128323. [PMID: 26039069 PMCID: PMC4454591 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0128323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2015] [Accepted: 04/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
C1A plant cysteine proteases are synthesized as pre-pro-enzymes that need to be processed to become active by the pro-peptide claves off from its cognate enzyme. These pro-sequences play multifunctional roles including the capacity to specifically inhibit their own as well as other C1A protease activities from diverse origin. In this study, it is analysed the potential role of C1A pro-regions from barley as regulators of cysteine proteases in target phytophagous arthropods (coleopteran and acari). The in vitro inhibitory action of these pro-sequences, purified as recombinant proteins, is demonstrated. Moreover, transgenic Arabidopsis plants expressing different fragments of HvPap-1 barley gene containing the pro-peptide sequence were generated and the acaricide function was confirmed by bioassays conducted with the two-spotted spider mite Tetranychus urticae. Feeding trials resulted in a significant reduction of leaf damage in the transgenic lines expressing the pro-peptide in comparison to non-transformed control and strongly correlated with an increase in mite mortality. Additionally, the analysis of the expression levels of a selection of potential mite targets (proteases and protease inhibitors) revealed a mite strategy to counteract the inhibitory activity produced by the C1A barley pro-prodomain. These findings demonstrate that pro-peptides can control mite pests and could be applied as defence proteins in biotechnological systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Estrella Santamaria
- Centro de Biotecnologia y Genomica de Plantas, Universidad Politecnica de Madrid, Autovia M40 (km 38), Pozuelo de Alarcon, 28223 Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana Arnaiz
- Centro de Biotecnologia y Genomica de Plantas, Universidad Politecnica de Madrid, Autovia M40 (km 38), Pozuelo de Alarcon, 28223 Madrid, Spain
| | - Mercedes Diaz-Mendoza
- Centro de Biotecnologia y Genomica de Plantas, Universidad Politecnica de Madrid, Autovia M40 (km 38), Pozuelo de Alarcon, 28223 Madrid, Spain
| | - Manuel Martinez
- Centro de Biotecnologia y Genomica de Plantas, Universidad Politecnica de Madrid, Autovia M40 (km 38), Pozuelo de Alarcon, 28223 Madrid, Spain
| | - Isabel Diaz
- Centro de Biotecnologia y Genomica de Plantas, Universidad Politecnica de Madrid, Autovia M40 (km 38), Pozuelo de Alarcon, 28223 Madrid, Spain
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Trichomonas vaginalis Cysteine Proteinases: Iron Response in Gene Expression and Proteolytic Activity. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 2015:946787. [PMID: 26090464 PMCID: PMC4450334 DOI: 10.1155/2015/946787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2014] [Accepted: 03/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
We focus on the iron response of Trichomonas vaginalis to gene family products such as the cysteine proteinases (CPs) involved in virulence properties. In particular, we examined the effect of iron on the gene expression regulation and function of cathepsin L-like and asparaginyl endopeptidase-like CPs as virulence factors. We addressed some important aspects about CPs genomic organization and we offer possible explanations to the fact that only few members of this large gene family are expressed at the RNA and protein levels and the way to control their proteolytic activity. We also summarized all known iron regulations of CPs at transcriptional, posttranscriptional, and posttranslational levels along with new insights into the possible epigenetic and miRNA processes.
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Fuzita FJ, Pinkse MWH, Verhaert PDEM, Lopes AR. Cysteine cathepsins as digestive enzymes in the spider Nephilengys cruentata. INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2015; 60:47-58. [PMID: 25818482 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibmb.2015.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2014] [Revised: 03/16/2015] [Accepted: 03/17/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Cysteine cathepsins are widely spread on living organisms associated to protein degradation in lysosomes, but some groups of Arthropoda (Heteroptera, Coleoptera, Crustacea and Acari) present these enzymes related to digestion of the meal proteins. Although spiders combine a mechanism of extra-oral with intracellular digestion, the sporadic studies on this subject were mainly concerned with the digestive fluid (DF) analysis. Thus, a more complete scenario of the digestive process in spiders is still lacking in the literature. In this paper we describe the identification and characterization of cysteine cathepsins in the midgut diverticula (MD) and DF of the spider Nephilengys cruentata by using enzymological assays. Furthermore, qualitative and quantitative data from transcriptomic followed by proteomic experiments were used together with biochemical assays for results interpretation. Five cathepsins L, one cathepsin F and one cathepsin B were identified by mass spectrometry, with cathepsins L1 (NcCTSL1) and 2 (NcCTSL2) as the most abundant enzymes. The native cysteine cathepsins presented acidic characteristics such as pH optima of 5.5, pH stability in acidic range and zymogen conversion to the mature form after in vitro acidification. NcCTSL1 seems to be a lysosomal enzyme with its recombinant form displaying acidic characteristics as the native ones and being inhibited by pepstatin. Evolutionarily, arachnid cathepsin L may have acquired different roles but its use for digestion is a common feature to studied taxa. Now a more elucidative picture of the digestive process in spiders can be depicted, with trypsins and astacins acting extra-orally under alkaline conditions whereas cysteine cathepsins will act in an acidic environment, likely in the digestive vacuoles or lysosome-like vesicles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felipe J Fuzita
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Instituto Butantan, São Paulo, Brazil; Biotechnology Program, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Martijn W H Pinkse
- Laboratory of Analytical Biotechnology & Innovative Peptide Biology, Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Peter D E M Verhaert
- Laboratory of Analytical Biotechnology & Innovative Peptide Biology, Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Adriana R Lopes
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Instituto Butantan, São Paulo, Brazil; Biotechnology Program, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
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Gholizadeh A. The possible involvement of D-amino acids or their metabolites in Arabidopsis cysteine proteinase/cystatin-dependent proteolytic pathway. CYTOL GENET+ 2015. [DOI: 10.3103/s0095452715020036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Santamaría ME, Diaz-Mendoza M, Diaz I, Martinez M. Plant protein peptidase inhibitors: an evolutionary overview based on comparative genomics. BMC Genomics 2014; 15:812. [PMID: 25253557 PMCID: PMC4189545 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-15-812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2014] [Accepted: 09/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Peptidases are key proteins involved in essential plant physiological processes. Although protein peptidase inhibitors are essential molecules that modulate peptidase activity, their global presence in different plant species remains still unknown. Comparative genomic analyses are powerful tools to get advanced knowledge into the presence and evolution of both, peptidases and their inhibitors across the Viridiplantae kingdom. Results A genomic comparative analysis of peptidase inhibitors and several groups of peptidases in representative species of different plant taxonomic groups has been performed. The results point out: i) clade-specific presence is common to many families of peptidase inhibitors, being some families present in most land plants; ii) variability is a widespread feature for peptidase inhibitory families, with abundant species-specific (or clade-specific) gene family proliferations; iii) peptidases are more conserved in different plant clades, being C1A papain and S8 subtilisin families present in all species analyzed; and iv) a moderate correlation among peptidases and their inhibitors suggests that inhibitors proliferated to control both endogenous and exogenous peptidases. Conclusions Comparative genomics has provided valuable insights on plant peptidase inhibitor families and could explain the evolutionary reasons that lead to the current variable repertoire of peptidase inhibitors in specific plant clades. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/1471-2164-15-812) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Manuel Martinez
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Campus Montegancedo, Pozuelo de Alarcón, Madrid 28223, Spain.
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Bryon A, Wybouw N, Dermauw W, Tirry L, Van Leeuwen T. Genome wide gene-expression analysis of facultative reproductive diapause in the two-spotted spider mite Tetranychus urticae. BMC Genomics 2013; 14:815. [PMID: 24261877 PMCID: PMC4046741 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-14-815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2013] [Accepted: 11/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Diapause or developmental arrest, is one of the major adaptations that allows mites and insects to survive unfavorable conditions. Diapause evokes a number of physiological, morphological and molecular modifications. In general, diapause is characterized by a suppression of the metabolism, change in behavior, increased stress tolerance and often by the synthesis of cryoprotectants. At the molecular level, diapause is less studied but characterized by a complex and regulated change in gene-expression. The spider mite Tetranychus urticae is a serious polyphagous pest that exhibits a reproductive facultative diapause, which allows it to survive winter conditions. Diapausing mites turn deeply orange in color, stop feeding and do not lay eggs. RESULTS We investigated essential physiological processes in diapausing mites by studying genome-wide expression changes, using a custom built microarray. Analysis of this dataset showed that a remarkable number, 11% of the total number of predicted T. urticae genes, were differentially expressed. Gene Ontology analysis revealed that many metabolic pathways were affected in diapausing females. Genes related to digestion and detoxification, cryoprotection, carotenoid synthesis and the organization of the cytoskeleton were profoundly influenced by the state of diapause. Furthermore, we identified and analyzed an unique class of putative antifreeze proteins that were highly upregulated in diapausing females. We also further confirmed the involvement of horizontally transferred carotenoid synthesis genes in diapause and different color morphs of T. urticae. CONCLUSIONS This study offers the first in-depth analysis of genome-wide gene-expression patterns related to diapause in a member of the Chelicerata, and further adds to our understanding of the overall strategies of diapause in arthropods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Astrid Bryon
- Department of Crop Protection, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, B-9000, Ghent, Belgium.
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Schicht S, Qi W, Poveda L, Strube C. The predicted secretome and transmembranome of the poultry red mite Dermanyssus gallinae. Parasit Vectors 2013; 6:259. [PMID: 24020355 PMCID: PMC3846644 DOI: 10.1186/1756-3305-6-259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2013] [Accepted: 09/08/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The worldwide distributed hematophagous poultry red mite Dermanyssus gallinae (De Geer, 1778) is one of the most important pests of poultry. Even though 35 acaricide compounds are available, control of D. gallinae remains difficult due to acaricide resistances as well as food safety regulations. The current study was carried out to identify putative excretory/secretory (pES) proteins of D. gallinae since these proteins play an important role in the host-parasite interaction and therefore represent potential targets for the development of novel intervention strategies. Additionally, putative transmembrane proteins (pTM) of D. gallinae were analyzed as representatives of this protein group also serve as promising targets for new control strategies. Methods D. gallinae pES and pTM protein prediction was based on putative protein sequences of whole transcriptome data which was parsed to different bioinformatical servers (SignalP, SecretomeP, TMHMM and TargetP). Subsequently, pES and pTM protein sequences were functionally annotated by different computational tools. Results Computational analysis of the D. gallinae proteins identified 3,091 pES (5.6%) and 7,361 pTM proteins (13.4%). A significant proportion of pES proteins are considered to be involved in blood feeding and digestion such as salivary proteins, proteases, lipases and carbohydrases. The cysteine proteases cathepsin D and L as well as legumain, enzymes that cleave hemoglobin during blood digestion of the near related ticks, represented 6 of the top-30 BLASTP matches of the poultry red mite’s secretome. Identified pTM proteins may be involved in many important biological processes including cell signaling, transport of membrane-impermeable molecules and cell recognition. Ninjurin-like proteins, whose functions in mites are still unknown, represent the most frequently occurring pTM. Conclusion The current study is the first providing a mite’s secretome as well as transmembranome and provides valuable insights into D. gallinae pES and pTM proteins operating in different metabolic pathways. Identifying a variety of molecules putatively involved in blood feeding may significantly contribute to the development of new therapeutic targets or vaccines against this poultry pest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabine Schicht
- Institute for Parasitology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Buenteweg 17, 30559 Hannover, Germany.
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Guo P, Zhu Z, Sun Z, Wang Z, Zheng X, Xu H. Expression of legumain correlates with prognosis and metastasis in gastric carcinoma. PLoS One 2013; 8:e73090. [PMID: 24023813 PMCID: PMC3759407 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0073090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2013] [Accepted: 07/25/2013] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Legumain, a novel asparaginyl endopeptidase, has been observed to be highly expressed in several types of tumors, which may play a vital role in carcinogenesis. However, there is no study investigating the relationship among Legumain expression, clinicopathologic, biological variables and patient prognosis in gastric carcinoma. METHODS In this study, a tissue microarray (TMA) containing 282 samples of primary gastric cancer was assessed for Legumain expression by immunohistochemistry. The TMA included 98 lymph node metastasis samples. The protein expression levels of Legumain were evaluated by Western blot analysis. RESULTS Cytoplasmic immunoreactivity of Legumain was over-expressed in gastric cancer compared with paired normal gastric mucosa. Increased Legumain levels were significantly correlated with clinical stage, presence of distant metastasis. Legumain was significantly over-expressed in primary gastric cancer with metastasis than without metastasis. Patients with Legumain-positive localized tumors had lower 5-year overall survival (OS) than those with Legumain-negative tumors. Multivariate survival analysis showed that Legumain was an independent prognostic marker for OS (HR 1.459, 95% CI 1.251-1.703, P = 0.007). CONCLUSIONS Legumain expression could serve as a prognostic biomarker in patients at risk of developing metastasis or recurrence with gastric carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengtao Guo
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Department of General Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
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Shinya R, Morisaka H, Kikuchi T, Takeuchi Y, Ueda M, Futai K. Secretome Analysis of the Pine Wood Nematode Bursaphelenchus xylophilus Reveals the Tangled Roots of Parasitism and Its Potential for Molecular Mimicry. PLoS One 2013; 8:e67377. [PMID: 23805310 PMCID: PMC3689755 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0067377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2012] [Accepted: 05/16/2013] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Since it was first introduced into Asia from North America in the early 20(th) century, the pine wood nematode Bursaphelenchus xylophilus has caused the devastating forest disease called pine wilt. The emerging pathogen spread to parts of Europe and has since been found as the causal agent of pine wilt disease in Portugal and Spain. In 2011, the entire genome sequence of B. xylophilus was determined, and it allowed us to perform a more detailed analysis of B. xylophilus parasitism. Here, we identified 1,515 proteins secreted by B. xylophilus using a highly sensitive proteomics method combined with the available genomic sequence. The catalogue of secreted proteins contained proteins involved in nutrient uptake, migration, and evasion from host defenses. A comparative functional analysis of the secretome profiles among parasitic nematodes revealed a marked expansion of secreted peptidases and peptidase inhibitors in B. xylophilus via gene duplication and horizontal gene transfer from fungi and bacteria. Furthermore, we showed that B. xylophilus secreted the potential host mimicry proteins that closely resemble the host pine's proteins. These proteins could have been acquired by host-parasite co-evolution and might mimic the host defense systems in susceptible pine trees during infection. This study contributes to an understanding of their unique parasitism and its tangled roots, and provides new perspectives on the evolution of plant parasitism among nematodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryoji Shinya
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chubu University, Kasugai, Japan
| | | | - Taisei Kikuchi
- Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Yuko Takeuchi
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Mitsuyoshi Ueda
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Kazuyoshi Futai
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
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Sojka D, Franta Z, Horn M, Caffrey CR, Mareš M, Kopáček P. New insights into the machinery of blood digestion by ticks. Trends Parasitol 2013; 29:276-85. [PMID: 23664173 DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2013.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2013] [Revised: 04/06/2013] [Accepted: 04/07/2013] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Blood-protein digestion is a key physiological process providing essential nutrients for ticks and is a prerequisite for the transmission of tick-borne pathogens. Recently, substantial progress has been made in determining the proteolytic machinery in tick gut tissue, which is based on a dynamic multienzyme network capable of processing a vast amount of host blood. In this article we summarize our current knowledge of the molecular mechanisms of tick hematophagy and their similarities to those of Platyhelminthes, nematodes, and Plasmodium. Future research perspectives, including the potential for rational control of ticks and transmitted diseases, are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Sojka
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre of the Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, České Budějovice, CZ 370 05, Czech Republic
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