1
|
Jiang H, Xia Y, Zhang S, Zhang Z, Feng H, Zhang Q, Chen X, Xiao J, Yang S, Zeng M, Chen Z, Ouyang H, He X, Sun G, Wu J, Dong S, Ye W, Ma Z, Wang Y, Wang Y. The CAP superfamily protein PsCAP1 secreted by Phytophthora triggers immune responses in Nicotiana benthamiana through a leucine-rich repeat receptor-like protein. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2023; 240:784-801. [PMID: 37615219 DOI: 10.1111/nph.19194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2023] [Accepted: 07/05/2023] [Indexed: 08/25/2023]
Abstract
The role of cysteine-rich secretory proteins, antigen 5, and pathogenesis-related 1 (CAP) superfamily proteins in the innate immune responses of mammals is well characterized. However, the biological function of CAP superfamily proteins in plant-microbe interactions is poorly understood. We used proteomics and transcriptome analyses to dissect the apoplastic effectors secreted by the oomycete Phytophthora sojae during early infection of soybean leaves. By transiently expressing these effectors in Nicotiana benthamiana, we identified PsCAP1, a novel type of secreted CAP protein that triggers immune responses in multiple solanaceous plants including N. benthamiana. This secreted CAP protein is conserved among oomycetes, and multiple PsCAP1 homologs can be recognized by N. benthamiana. PsCAP1-triggered immune responses depend on the N-terminal immunogenic fragment (aa 27-151). Pretreatment of N. benthamiana with PsCAP1 or the immunogenic fragment increases plant resistance against Phytophthora. The recognition of PsCAP1 and different homologs requires the leucine-rich repeat receptor-like protein RCAP1, which associates with two central receptor-like kinases BRI1-associated receptor kinase 1 (BAK1) and suppressor of BIR1-1 (SOBIR1) in planta. These findings suggest that the CAP-type apoplastic effectors act as an important player in plant-microbe interactions that can be perceived by plant membrane-localized receptor to activate plant resistance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Haibin Jiang
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210095, China
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210095, China
- Key Laboratory of Soybean Disease and Pest Control (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs), Nanjing Agricultural University, 210095, Nanjing, China
| | - Yeqiang Xia
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210095, China
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210095, China
- Key Laboratory of Soybean Disease and Pest Control (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs), Nanjing Agricultural University, 210095, Nanjing, China
| | - Sicong Zhang
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210095, China
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210095, China
- Key Laboratory of Soybean Disease and Pest Control (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs), Nanjing Agricultural University, 210095, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhichao Zhang
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210095, China
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210095, China
- Key Laboratory of Soybean Disease and Pest Control (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs), Nanjing Agricultural University, 210095, Nanjing, China
| | - Hui Feng
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210095, China
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210095, China
- Key Laboratory of Soybean Disease and Pest Control (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs), Nanjing Agricultural University, 210095, Nanjing, China
| | - Qi Zhang
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210095, China
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210095, China
- Key Laboratory of Soybean Disease and Pest Control (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs), Nanjing Agricultural University, 210095, Nanjing, China
| | - Xi Chen
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210095, China
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210095, China
- Key Laboratory of Soybean Disease and Pest Control (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs), Nanjing Agricultural University, 210095, Nanjing, China
| | - Junhua Xiao
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210095, China
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210095, China
- Key Laboratory of Soybean Disease and Pest Control (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs), Nanjing Agricultural University, 210095, Nanjing, China
| | - Sen Yang
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210095, China
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210095, China
- Key Laboratory of Soybean Disease and Pest Control (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs), Nanjing Agricultural University, 210095, Nanjing, China
| | - Mengzhu Zeng
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210095, China
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210095, China
- Key Laboratory of Soybean Disease and Pest Control (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs), Nanjing Agricultural University, 210095, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhaodan Chen
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210095, China
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210095, China
- Key Laboratory of Soybean Disease and Pest Control (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs), Nanjing Agricultural University, 210095, Nanjing, China
| | - Haibing Ouyang
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210095, China
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210095, China
- Key Laboratory of Soybean Disease and Pest Control (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs), Nanjing Agricultural University, 210095, Nanjing, China
| | - Xinyi He
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210095, China
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210095, China
- Key Laboratory of Soybean Disease and Pest Control (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs), Nanjing Agricultural University, 210095, Nanjing, China
| | - Guangzheng Sun
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210095, China
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210095, China
- Key Laboratory of Soybean Disease and Pest Control (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs), Nanjing Agricultural University, 210095, Nanjing, China
| | - Jinbin Wu
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210095, China
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210095, China
- Key Laboratory of Soybean Disease and Pest Control (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs), Nanjing Agricultural University, 210095, Nanjing, China
| | - Suomeng Dong
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210095, China
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210095, China
- Key Laboratory of Soybean Disease and Pest Control (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs), Nanjing Agricultural University, 210095, Nanjing, China
| | - Wenwu Ye
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210095, China
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210095, China
- Key Laboratory of Soybean Disease and Pest Control (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs), Nanjing Agricultural University, 210095, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhenchuan Ma
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210095, China
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210095, China
- Key Laboratory of Soybean Disease and Pest Control (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs), Nanjing Agricultural University, 210095, Nanjing, China
| | - Yan Wang
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210095, China
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210095, China
- Key Laboratory of Soybean Disease and Pest Control (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs), Nanjing Agricultural University, 210095, Nanjing, China
| | - Yuanchao Wang
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210095, China
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210095, China
- Key Laboratory of Soybean Disease and Pest Control (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs), Nanjing Agricultural University, 210095, Nanjing, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Quesada-Ocampo LM, Parada-Rojas CH, Hansen Z, Vogel G, Smart C, Hausbeck MK, Carmo RM, Huitema E, Naegele RP, Kousik CS, Tandy P, Lamour K. Phytophthora capsici: Recent Progress on Fundamental Biology and Disease Management 100 Years After Its Description. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2023; 61:185-208. [PMID: 37257056 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-phyto-021622-103801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Phytophthora capsici is a destructive oomycete pathogen of vegetable, ornamental, and tropical crops. First described by L.H. Leonian in 1922 as a pathogen of pepper in New Mexico, USA, P. capsici is now widespread in temperate and tropical countries alike. Phytophthora capsici is notorious for its capability to evade disease management strategies. High genetic diversity allows P. capsici populations to overcome fungicides and host resistance, the formation of oospores results in long-term persistence in soils, zoospore differentiation in the presence of water increases epidemic potential, and a broad host range maximizes economic losses and limits the effectiveness of crop rotation. The severity of disease caused by P. capsici and management challenges have led to numerous research efforts in the past 100 years. Here, we discuss recent findings regarding the biology, genetic diversity, disease management, fungicide resistance, host resistance, genomics, and effector biology of P. capsici.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- L M Quesada-Ocampo
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology and NC Plant Sciences Initiative, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA;
| | - C H Parada-Rojas
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology and NC Plant Sciences Initiative, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA;
| | - Z Hansen
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee, USA
| | - G Vogel
- School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Geneva, New York, USA
| | - C Smart
- School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Geneva, New York, USA
| | - M K Hausbeck
- Department of Plant, Soil, and Microbial Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
| | - R M Carmo
- Division of Plant Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom
| | - E Huitema
- Division of Plant Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom
- James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee, United Kingdom
| | - R P Naegele
- Sugarbeet and Bean Research Unit, USDA, ARS, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
| | - C S Kousik
- US Vegetable Laboratory, USDA, ARS, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
| | - P Tandy
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee, USA
| | - K Lamour
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee, USA
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Peng XJ, Tian XR, Yu SJ, Zhao TT, Bian Q, Zhao WG. Design, synthesis, and fungicidal activities of novel piperazine thiazole derivatives containing oxime ether or oxime ester moieties. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2023; 79:1977-1986. [PMID: 36661091 DOI: 10.1002/ps.7374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Revised: 12/24/2022] [Accepted: 01/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND To study the effect of changing the piperidine ring of oxathiapiprolin on the fungicidal activity, we designed and synthesized novel piperazine thiazole derivatives containing oxime ether or oxime ester moieties, and studied their fungicidal activities against Phytophthora capsici in vitro. RESULTS These derivatives showed moderate to good fungicidal activities against Phytophthora capsici, two oxime ether derivatives showed higher fungicidal activity in vitro than dimethomorph (EC50 = 0.1331 μg mL-1 ) and comparable to oxathiapiprolin (EC50 = 0.0042 μg mL-1 ). Oxime ester derivatives showed significantly reduced activities compared with oxime ether derivatives. Most of these derivatives showed broad-spectrum fungicidal activity against the other eight kinds of fungi. Moreover, four derivatives exhibited good antifungal activities in vivo against Phytophthora capsici, Pseudoperonospora cubensis, and Phytophthora infestans. The hyphae morphology study showed that compound 10d might cause mycelial abnormalities of Phytophthora capsici. CONCLUSION The activity of 10b against Phytophthora infestans was better than that of mandipropamid, and compound 10d exhibited higher fungicidal activities against Pseudoperonospora cubensis and Phytophthora infestans than mandipropamid. These two derivatives emerged as promising candidates for antifungal drugs. © 2023 Society of Chemical Industry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xing-Jie Peng
- National Pesticide Engineering Research Center (Tianjin), State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Xue-Rong Tian
- National Pesticide Engineering Research Center (Tianjin), State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Shu-Jing Yu
- National Pesticide Engineering Research Center (Tianjin), State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Tong-Tong Zhao
- National Pesticide Engineering Research Center (Tianjin), State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Qiang Bian
- National Pesticide Engineering Research Center (Tianjin), State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Wei-Guang Zhao
- National Pesticide Engineering Research Center (Tianjin), State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Aglyamova A, Petrova N, Gorshkov O, Kozlova L, Gorshkova T. Growing Maize Root: Lectins Involved in Consecutive Stages of Cell Development. PLANTS 2022; 11:plants11141799. [PMID: 35890433 PMCID: PMC9319948 DOI: 10.3390/plants11141799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2022] [Revised: 07/01/2022] [Accepted: 07/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Proteins that carry specific carbohydrate-binding lectin domains have a great variety and are ubiquitous across the plant kingdom. In turn, the plant cell wall has a complex carbohydrate composition, which is subjected to constant changes in the course of plant development. In this regard, proteins with lectin domains are of great interest in the context of studying their contribution to the tuning and monitoring of the cell wall during its modifications in the course of plant organ development. We performed a genome-wide screening of lectin motifs in the Zea mays genome and analyzed the transcriptomic data from five zones of primary maize root with cells at different development stages. This allowed us to obtain 306 gene sequences encoding putative lectins and to relate their expressions to the stages of root cell development and peculiarities of cell wall metabolism. Among the lectins whose expression was high and differentially regulated in growing maize root were the members of the EUL, dirigent–jacalin, malectin, malectin-like, GNA and Nictaba families, many of which are predicted as cell wall proteins or lectin receptor-like kinases that have direct access to the cell wall. Thus, a set of molecular players was identified with high potential to play important roles in the early stages of root morphogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aliya Aglyamova
- Kazan Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Federal Research Center Kazan Scientific Center of Russian Academy of Sciences, Lobachevsky Str. 2/31, Kazan 420111, Russia; (A.A.); (N.P.); (O.G.); (L.K.)
- Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, Kremlevskaya Str. 18, Kazan 420008, Russia
| | - Natalia Petrova
- Kazan Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Federal Research Center Kazan Scientific Center of Russian Academy of Sciences, Lobachevsky Str. 2/31, Kazan 420111, Russia; (A.A.); (N.P.); (O.G.); (L.K.)
| | - Oleg Gorshkov
- Kazan Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Federal Research Center Kazan Scientific Center of Russian Academy of Sciences, Lobachevsky Str. 2/31, Kazan 420111, Russia; (A.A.); (N.P.); (O.G.); (L.K.)
| | - Liudmila Kozlova
- Kazan Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Federal Research Center Kazan Scientific Center of Russian Academy of Sciences, Lobachevsky Str. 2/31, Kazan 420111, Russia; (A.A.); (N.P.); (O.G.); (L.K.)
- Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, Kremlevskaya Str. 18, Kazan 420008, Russia
| | - Tatyana Gorshkova
- Kazan Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Federal Research Center Kazan Scientific Center of Russian Academy of Sciences, Lobachevsky Str. 2/31, Kazan 420111, Russia; (A.A.); (N.P.); (O.G.); (L.K.)
- Institute of Physiology, Federal Research Center Komi Science Center of Ural Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Kommunisticheskaya Str. 28, Syktyvkar 167982, Russia
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Tian X, Peng X, Zhao T, Bian Q, Zhao W. Design, Synthesis, and Fungicidal Activities of Novel Ethylenediamine Bridged Thiazole Derivatives Containing Oxime Ether or Oxime Ester Moieties. J Heterocycl Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/jhet.4484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xue‐Rong Tian
- National Pesticide Engineering Research Center (Tianjin), State Key Laboratory of Elemento‐Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry Nankai University Tianjin China
| | - Xing‐Jie Peng
- National Pesticide Engineering Research Center (Tianjin), State Key Laboratory of Elemento‐Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry Nankai University Tianjin China
| | - Tong‐Tong Zhao
- National Pesticide Engineering Research Center (Tianjin), State Key Laboratory of Elemento‐Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry Nankai University Tianjin China
| | - Qiang Bian
- National Pesticide Engineering Research Center (Tianjin), State Key Laboratory of Elemento‐Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry Nankai University Tianjin China
| | - Wei‐Guang Zhao
- National Pesticide Engineering Research Center (Tianjin), State Key Laboratory of Elemento‐Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry Nankai University Tianjin China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
A Comprehensive Assessment of the Secretome Responsible for Host Adaptation of the Legume Root Pathogen Aphanomyces euteiches. J Fungi (Basel) 2022; 8:jof8010088. [PMID: 35050028 PMCID: PMC8780586 DOI: 10.3390/jof8010088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2021] [Revised: 01/09/2022] [Accepted: 01/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The soil-borne oomycete pathogen Aphanomyces euteiches causes devastating root rot diseases in legumes such as pea and alfalfa. The different pathotypes of A. euteiches have been shown to exhibit differential quantitative virulence, but the molecular basis of host adaptation has not yet been clarified. Here, we re-sequenced a pea field reference strain of A. euteiches ATCC201684 with PacBio long-reads and took advantage of the technology to generate the mitochondrial genome. We identified that the secretome of A. euteiches is characterized by a large portfolio of secreted proteases and carbohydrate-active enzymes (CAZymes). We performed Illumina sequencing of four strains of A. euteiches with contrasted specificity to pea or alfalfa and found in different geographical areas. Comparative analysis showed that the core secretome is largely represented by CAZymes and proteases. The specific secretome is mainly composed of a large set of small, secreted proteins (SSP) without any predicted functional domain, suggesting that the legume preference of the pathogen is probably associated with unknown functions. This study forms the basis for further investigations into the mechanisms of interaction of A. euteiches with legumes.
Collapse
|
7
|
Yin Z, Wang N, Duan W, Pi L, Shen D, Dou D. Phytophthora capsici CBM1-containing protein CBP3 is an apoplastic effector with plant immunity-inducing activity. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2021; 22:1358-1369. [PMID: 34382319 PMCID: PMC8518581 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.13116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2020] [Revised: 03/27/2021] [Accepted: 07/08/2021] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Carbohydrate-binding module family 1 (CBM1) is a cellulose-binding domain that is almost exclusively found in fungi and oomycetes. CBM1-containing proteins (CBPs) have diverse domain architectures and play pivotal roles in the plant-microbe interaction. However, only a few CBPs have been functionally investigated. In this study, we identified PcCBP3 in an oomycete pathogen, Phytophthora capsici. PcCBP3 contains two tandem CBM1 domains and its orthologs from other Phytophthora species exhibit diversity including gene loss, pseudogenization, variations in sequences, and domain structures. PcCBP3 is upregulated during infection and knockout of PcCBP3 results in significantly decreased virulence. Moreover, PcCBP3 requires signal peptide to induce BAK1-dependent cell death in Nicotiana benthamiana. Further studies indicate that PcCBP3-triggered cell death and plant immunity require its N-terminal region, which is conserved in CBM1-containing proteins and other small, secreted, cysteine-rich protein from oomycetes. These results suggest that PcCBP3 is an apoplastic effector and could be perceived by the plant immune system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyuan Yin
- College of Plant ProtectionChina Agricultural UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Nan Wang
- College of Plant ProtectionChina Agricultural UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Weiwei Duan
- College of Plant ProtectionNanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Lei Pi
- College of Plant ProtectionChina Agricultural UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Danyu Shen
- College of Plant ProtectionNanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Daolong Dou
- College of Plant ProtectionChina Agricultural UniversityBeijingChina
- College of Plant ProtectionNanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjingChina
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Zhang G, Zhao Z, Ma P, Qu Y, Sun G, Chen Q. Integrative transcriptomic and gene co-expression network analysis of host responses upon Verticillium dahliae infection in Gossypium hirsutum. Sci Rep 2021; 11:20586. [PMID: 34663884 PMCID: PMC8523704 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-99063-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2021] [Accepted: 09/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Worldwide, Verticillium wilt is among the major harmful diseases in cotton production, causing substantial reduction in yields. While this disease has been extensively researched at the molecular level of the pathogen, the molecular basis of V. dahliae host response association is yet to be thoroughly investigated. In this study, RNA-seq analysis was carried out on V. dahliae infected two Gossypium hirsutum L. cultivars, Xinluzao-36 (susceptible) and Zhongzhimian-2 (disease resistant) for 0 h, 24 h, 72 h and 120 h time intervals. Statistical analysis revealed that V. dahliae infection elicited differentially expressed gene responses in the two cotton varieties, but more intensely in the susceptible cultivar than in the resistant cultivars. Data analysis revealed 4241 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in the LT variety across the three treatment timepoints whereas 7657 in differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in the Vd592 variety across the three treatment timepoints. Six genes were randomly selected for qPCR validation of the RNA-Seq data. Numerous genes encompassed in disease resistance and defense mechanisms were identified. Further, RNA-Seq dataset was utilized in construction of the weighted gene co-expression network and 11 hub genes were identified, that encode for different proteins associated with lignin and immune response, Auxin response factor, cell wall and vascular development, microtubule, Ascorbate transporter, Serine/threonine kinase and Immunity and drought were identified. This significant research will aid in advancing crucial knowledge on virus-host interactions and identify key genes intricate in G. hirsutum L. resistance to V. dahliae infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guoli Zhang
- College of Agriculture, Xinjiang Agricultural University, 311 Nongda East Road, Urumqi, 830052, China.,Biotechnology Research Institute, Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural and Reclamation, 221 Wuyi Highway, Shihezi, Xinjiang, 832000, China
| | - Zengqiang Zhao
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural and Reclamation, 221 Wuyi Highway, Shihezi, Xinjiang, 832000, China
| | - Panpan Ma
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural and Reclamation, 221 Wuyi Highway, Shihezi, Xinjiang, 832000, China
| | - Yanying Qu
- College of Agriculture, Xinjiang Agricultural University, 311 Nongda East Road, Urumqi, 830052, China
| | - Guoqing Sun
- Biotechnology Research Institute , Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China.
| | - Quanjia Chen
- College of Agriculture, Xinjiang Agricultural University, 311 Nongda East Road, Urumqi, 830052, China.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Bian Q, Zhao RQ, Peng XJ, Gao LJ, Zhou GN, Yu SJ, Zhao WG. Design, Synthesis, and Fungicidal Activities of Novel Piperidyl Thiazole Derivatives Containing Oxime Ether or Oxime Ester Moieties. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2021; 69:3848-3858. [PMID: 33780242 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.0c07581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
To explore the influence of the positions of the two nitrogen atoms on the thiazole ring and the isoxazoline ring on the activity, a series of novel piperidyl thiazole derivatives containing oxime ether and oxime ester moieties with two nitrogen atoms on the same or opposite sides have been designed, synthesized, and first evaluated for their fungicidal activities against Phytophthora capsici in vitro. The bioassay results showed that the target compounds possessed moderate to good fungicidal activities against P. capsici, among which oxime ether compound 11b shows the highest fungicidal activity in vitro (EC50 = 0.0104 μg/mL) which is higher than dimethomorph (EC50 = 0.1148 μg/mL) and diacetylenyl amide (EC50 = 0.040 μg/mL). Compared with oxime ether compounds (the two nitrogen atoms are on the opposite sides), the activities of oxime ester compounds were significantly reduced. It is different from the commercial fungicide fluoxapiprolin, and the activities of the compounds with the two nitrogen atoms on the same side were significantly reduced compared to the compounds with the two nitrogen atoms on the opposite sides. Moreover, compounds 11b, 11d, 11e, and 11g showed moderate to good antifungal activities in vivo against Phytophthora capsici, Pseudoperonospora cubensis, and Phytophthora infestans. Scanning electron microscopy of compound 11b on the hyphae morphology showed that compound 11b might cause mycelial abnormalities of P. capsici.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Bian
- National Pesticide Engineering Research Center (Tianjin), State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Rui-Qi Zhao
- National Pesticide Engineering Research Center (Tianjin), State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Xing-Jie Peng
- National Pesticide Engineering Research Center (Tianjin), State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Li-Jie Gao
- College of Animal Science & Technology, Forestry College, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071000, China
| | - Guo-Na Zhou
- College of Animal Science & Technology, Forestry College, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071000, China
| | - Shu-Jing Yu
- National Pesticide Engineering Research Center (Tianjin), State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Wei-Guang Zhao
- National Pesticide Engineering Research Center (Tianjin), State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Phytopathogenic oomycetes: a review focusing on Phytophthora cinnamomi and biotechnological approaches. Mol Biol Rep 2020; 47:9179-9188. [PMID: 33068230 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-020-05911-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 10/10/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The Phytophthora genus is composed, mainly, of plant pathogens. This genus belongs to the Oomycete class, also known as "pseudo-fungi", within the Chromista Kingdom. Phytophthora spp. is highlighted due to the significant plant diseases that they cause, which represents some of the most economically and cultural losses, such as European chestnut ink disease, which is caused by P. cinnamomi. Currently, there have been four genome assemblies placed at the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI), although the progress to understand and elucidate the pathogenic process of P. cinnamomi by its genome is progressing slowly. In this review paper, we aim to report and discuss the recent findings related to P. cinnamomi and its genomic information. Our research is based on paper databases that reported probable functions to P. cinnamomi proteins using sequence alignments, bioinformatics, and biotechnology approaches. Some of these proteins studied have functions that are proposed to be involved in the asexual sporulation and zoosporogenesis leading to the host colonization and consequently associated with pathogenicity. Some remarkable genes and proteins discussed here are related to oospore development, inhibition of sporangium formation and cleavage, inhibition of flagellar assembly, blockage of cyst germination and hyphal extension, and biofilm proteins. Lastly, we report some biotechnological approaches using biological control, studies with genome sequencing of P. cinnamomi resistant plants, and gene silencing through RNA interference (iRNA).
Collapse
|
11
|
Gu X, Yang S, Yang X, Yao L, Gao X, Zhang M, Liu W, Zhao H, Wang Q, Li Z, Li Z, Ding J. Comparative transcriptome analysis of two Cercospora sojina strains reveals differences in virulence under nitrogen starvation stress. BMC Microbiol 2020; 20:166. [PMID: 32546122 PMCID: PMC7298872 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-020-01853-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2020] [Accepted: 06/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cercospora sojina is a fungal pathogen that causes frogeye leaf spot in soybean-producing regions, leading to severe yield losses worldwide. It exhibits variations in virulence due to race differentiation between strains. However, the candidate virulence-related genes are unknown because the infection process is slow, making it difficult to collect transcriptome samples. RESULTS In this study, virulence-related differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were obtained from the highly virulent Race 15 strain and mildly virulent Race1 strain under nitrogen starvation stress, which mimics the physiology of the pathogen during infection. Weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) was then used to find co-expressed gene modules and assess the relationship between gene networks and phenotypes. Upon comparison of the transcriptomic differences in virulence between the strains, a total of 378 and 124 DEGs were upregulated, while 294 and 220 were downregulated in Race 1 and Race 15, respectively. Annotation of these DEGs revealed that many were associated with virulence differences, including scytalone dehydratase, 1,3,8-trihydroxynaphthalene reductase, and β-1,3-glucanase. In addition, two modules highly correlated with the highly virulent strain Race 15 and 36 virulence-related DEGs were found to contain mostly β-1,4-glucanase, β-1,4-xylanas, and cellobiose dehydrogenase. CONCLUSIONS These important nitrogen starvation-responsive DEGs are frequently involved in the synthesis of melanin, polyphosphate storage in the vacuole, lignocellulose degradation, and cellulose degradation during fungal development and differentiation. Transcriptome analysis indicated unique gene expression patterns, providing further insight into pathogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xin Gu
- Jiamusi Branch of Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jiamusi, China
| | - Shuai Yang
- Potato Research Institute, Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, 150086, China
| | - Xiaohe Yang
- Jiamusi Branch of Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jiamusi, China
| | - Liangliang Yao
- Jiamusi Branch of Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jiamusi, China
| | - Xuedong Gao
- Jiamusi Branch of Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jiamusi, China
| | - Maoming Zhang
- Jiamusi Branch of Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jiamusi, China
| | - Wei Liu
- Jiamusi Branch of Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jiamusi, China
| | - Haihong Zhao
- Jiamusi Branch of Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jiamusi, China
| | - Qingsheng Wang
- Jiamusi Branch of Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jiamusi, China
| | - Zengjie Li
- Jiamusi Branch of Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jiamusi, China
| | - Zhimin Li
- Jiamusi Branch of Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jiamusi, China
| | - Junjie Ding
- Jiamusi Branch of Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jiamusi, China.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Klein J, Neilen M, van Verk M, Dutilh BE, Van den Ackerveken G. Genome reconstruction of the non-culturable spinach downy mildew Peronospora effusa by metagenome filtering. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0225808. [PMID: 32396560 PMCID: PMC7217449 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0225808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2019] [Accepted: 04/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Peronospora effusa (previously known as P. farinosa f. sp. spinaciae, and here referred to as Pfs) is an obligate biotrophic oomycete that causes downy mildew on spinach (Spinacia oleracea). To combat this destructive many disease resistant cultivars have been bred and used. However, new Pfs races rapidly break the employed resistance genes. To get insight into the gene repertoire of Pfs and identify infection-related genes, the genome of the first reference race, Pfs1, was sequenced, assembled, and annotated. Due to the obligate biotrophic nature of this pathogen, material for DNA isolation can only be collected from infected spinach leaves that, however, also contain many other microorganisms. The obtained sequences can, therefore, be considered a metagenome. To filter and obtain Pfs sequences we utilized the CAT tool to taxonomically annotate ORFs residing on long sequences of a genome pre-assembly. This study is the first to show that CAT filtering performs well on eukaryotic contigs. Based on the taxonomy, determined on multiple ORFs, contaminating long sequences and corresponding reads were removed from the metagenome. Filtered reads were re-assembled to provide a clean and improved Pfs genome sequence of 32.4 Mbp consisting of 8,635 scaffolds. Transcript sequencing of a range of infection time points aided the prediction of a total of 13,277 gene models, including 99 RxLR(-like) effector, and 14 putative Crinkler genes. Comparative analysis identified common features in the predicted secretomes of different obligate biotrophic oomycetes, regardless of their phylogenetic distance. Their secretomes are generally smaller, compared to hemi-biotrophic and necrotrophic oomycete species. We observe a reduction in proteins involved in cell wall degradation, in Nep1-like proteins (NLPs), proteins with PAN/apple domains, and host translocated effectors. The genome of Pfs1 will be instrumental in studying downy mildew virulence and for understanding the molecular adaptations by which new isolates break spinach resistance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joël Klein
- Department of Biology, Plant-Microbe Interactions, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Manon Neilen
- Department of Biology, Plant-Microbe Interactions, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Marcel van Verk
- Department of Biology, Plant-Microbe Interactions, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Crop Data Science, KeyGene, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Bas E. Dutilh
- Department of Biology, Theoretical Biology and Bioinformatics, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Guido Van den Ackerveken
- Department of Biology, Plant-Microbe Interactions, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Zhang X, Cheng W, Feng Z, Zhu Q, Sun Y, Li Y, Sun J. Transcriptomic analysis of gene expression of Verticillium dahliae upon treatment of the cotton root exudates. BMC Genomics 2020; 21:155. [PMID: 32050898 PMCID: PMC7017574 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-020-6448-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2019] [Accepted: 01/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Cotton Verticillium wilt is one of the most devastating diseases for cotton production in the world. Although this diseases have been widely studied at the molecular level from pathogens, the molecular basis of V. dahliae interacted with cotton has not been well examined. Results In this study, RNA-seq analysis was carried out on V. dahliae samples cultured by different root exudates from three cotton cultivars (a susceptible upland cotton cultivar, a tolerant upland cotton cultivar and a resistant island cotton cultivar) and water for 0 h, 6 h, 12 h, 24 h and 48 h. Statistical analysis of differentially expressed genes revealed that V. dahliae responded to all kinds of root exudates but more strongly to susceptible cultivar than to tolerant and resistant cultivars. Go analysis indicated that ‘hydrolase activity, hydrolyzing O-glycosyl compounds’ related genes were highly enriched in V. dahliae cultured by root exudates from susceptible cotton at early stage of interaction, suggesting genes related to this term were closely related to the pathogenicity of V. dahliae. Additionally, ‘transmembrane transport’, ‘coenzyme binding’, ‘NADP binding’, ‘cofactor binding’, ‘oxidoreductase activity’, ‘flavin adenine dinucleotide binding’, ‘extracellular region’ were commonly enriched in V. dahliae cultured by all kinds of root exudates at early stage of interaction (6 h and 12 h), suggesting that genes related to these terms were required for the initial steps of the roots infections. Conclusions Based on the GO analysis results, the early stage of interaction (6 h and 12 h) were considered as the critical stage of V. dahliae-cotton interaction. Comparative transcriptomic analysis detected that 31 candidate genes response to root exudates from cotton cultivars with different level of V. dahliae resistance, 68 response to only susceptible cotton cultivar, and 26 genes required for development of V. dahliae. Collectively, these expression data have advanced our understanding of key molecular events in the V. dahliae interacted with cotton, and provided a framework for further functional studies of candidate genes to develop better control strategies for the cotton wilt disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xinyu Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of Oasis Eco-agriculture, Shihezi University College of Agriculture, Shihezi city, Xinjiang, 832003, China
| | - Wenhan Cheng
- The Key Laboratory of Oasis Eco-agriculture, Shihezi University College of Agriculture, Shihezi city, Xinjiang, 832003, China
| | - Zhidi Feng
- The Key Laboratory of Oasis Eco-agriculture, Shihezi University College of Agriculture, Shihezi city, Xinjiang, 832003, China
| | - Qianhao Zhu
- CSIRO Agriculture and Food, GPO Box 1700, Canberra, 2601, Australia
| | - Yuqiang Sun
- Zhejiang Sci-Tech University College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang, 310016, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yanjun Li
- The Key Laboratory of Oasis Eco-agriculture, Shihezi University College of Agriculture, Shihezi city, Xinjiang, 832003, China.
| | - Jie Sun
- The Key Laboratory of Oasis Eco-agriculture, Shihezi University College of Agriculture, Shihezi city, Xinjiang, 832003, China.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Statistical Optimization for Coproduction of Chitinase and Beta 1, 4-Endoglucanase by Chitinolytic Paenibacillus elgii PB1 Having Antifungal Activity. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2020; 191:135-150. [PMID: 31989438 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-020-03235-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2019] [Accepted: 01/08/2020] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
A bacterial strain PB1 with antagonistic activity against pathogenic fungi was isolated from marine soil and was identified as Paenibacillus elgii based on phenotypic and genotypic characterization. The isolate showed good antifungal activity against "Aspergillus niger (MTCC 282), Trichophyton rubrum (MTCC 791), Microsporum gypseum (MTCC 2819), Candida albicans (MTCC 227), and Saccharomyces cerevisiae (MTCC 170)". Chitinase and beta 1, 4-endoglucanase are known for their capability to degrade fungal cell wall, thus we analyzed its productivity in PB1 strain using Plackett-Burman and Central Composite Design. The factors that affect the productivity of chitinase and beta 1, 4-endoglucanase were identified and optimized. A 7.77-fold increase (3.157 to 24.53 ± 1.33 U/mL) in chitinase and 7.422-fold increase (6.476 to 48.066 ± 0.676 U/mL) in beta 1, 4-endoglucanase versus basal medium was achieved. Chitinase and beta 1, 4-endoglucanase produced by Paenibacillus elgii strain PB1 represents the new source for biotechnological, medical, and agricultural applications.
Collapse
|
15
|
Naveed ZA, Wei X, Chen J, Mubeen H, Ali GS. The PTI to ETI Continuum in Phytophthora-Plant Interactions. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:593905. [PMID: 33391306 PMCID: PMC7773600 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.593905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2020] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Phytophthora species are notorious pathogens of several economically important crop plants. Several general elicitors, commonly referred to as Pathogen-Associated Molecular Patterns (PAMPs), from Phytophthora spp. have been identified that are recognized by the plant receptors to trigger induced defense responses in a process termed PAMP-triggered Immunity (PTI). Adapted Phytophthora pathogens have evolved multiple strategies to evade PTI. They can either modify or suppress their elicitors to avoid recognition by host and modulate host defense responses by deploying hundreds of effectors, which suppress host defense and physiological processes by modulating components involved in calcium and MAPK signaling, alternative splicing, RNA interference, vesicle trafficking, cell-to-cell trafficking, proteolysis and phytohormone signaling pathways. In incompatible interactions, resistant host plants perceive effector-induced modulations through resistance proteins and activate downstream components of defense responses in a quicker and more robust manner called effector-triggered-immunity (ETI). When pathogens overcome PTI-usually through effectors in the absence of R proteins-effectors-triggered susceptibility (ETS) ensues. Qualitatively, many of the downstream defense responses overlap between PTI and ETI. In general, these multiple phases of Phytophthora-plant interactions follow the PTI-ETS-ETI paradigm, initially proposed in the zigzag model of plant immunity. However, based on several examples, in Phytophthora-plant interactions, boundaries between these phases are not distinct but are rather blended pointing to a PTI-ETI continuum.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zunaira Afzal Naveed
- Department of Plant Pathology, Institute of Food and Agriculture Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
- Mid-Florida Research and Education Center, Institute of Food and Agriculture Sciences, University of Florida, Apopka, FL, United States
| | - Xiangying Wei
- Mid-Florida Research and Education Center, Institute of Food and Agriculture Sciences, University of Florida, Apopka, FL, United States
- Institute of Oceanography, Minjiang University, Fuzhou, China
- Xiangying Wei
| | - Jianjun Chen
- Mid-Florida Research and Education Center, Institute of Food and Agriculture Sciences, University of Florida, Apopka, FL, United States
| | - Hira Mubeen
- Departement of Biotechnology, University of Central Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Gul Shad Ali
- Department of Plant Pathology, Institute of Food and Agriculture Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
- Mid-Florida Research and Education Center, Institute of Food and Agriculture Sciences, University of Florida, Apopka, FL, United States
- EukaryoTech LLC, Apopka, FL, United States
- *Correspondence: Gul Shad Ali
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Ramzi AB, Che Me ML, Ruslan US, Baharum SN, Nor Muhammad NA. Insight into plant cell wall degradation and pathogenesis of Ganoderma boninense via comparative genome analysis. PeerJ 2019; 7:e8065. [PMID: 31879570 PMCID: PMC6927665 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.8065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2019] [Accepted: 10/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background G. boninense is a hemibiotrophic fungus that infects oil palms (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.) causing basal stem rot (BSR) disease and consequent massive economic losses to the oil palm industry. The pathogenicity of this white-rot fungus has been associated with cell wall degrading enzymes (CWDEs) released during saprophytic and necrotrophic stage of infection of the oil palm host. However, there is a lack of information available on the essentiality of CWDEs in wood-decaying process and pathogenesis of this oil palm pathogen especially at molecular and genome levels. Methods In this study, comparative genome analysis was carried out using the G. boninense NJ3 genome to identify and characterize carbohydrate-active enzyme (CAZymes) including CWDE in the fungal genome. Augustus pipeline was employed for gene identification in G. boninense NJ3 and the produced protein sequences were analyzed via dbCAN pipeline and PhiBase 4.5 database annotation for CAZymes and plant-host interaction (PHI) gene analysis, respectively. Comparison of CAZymes from G. boninense NJ3 was made against G. lucidum, a well-studied model Ganoderma sp. and five selected pathogenic fungi for CAZymes characterization. Functional annotation of PHI genes was carried out using Web Gene Ontology Annotation Plot (WEGO) and was used for selecting candidate PHI genes related to cell wall degradation of G. boninense NJ3. Results G. boninense was enriched with CAZymes and CWDEs in a similar fashion to G. lucidum that corroborate with the lignocellulolytic abilities of both closely-related fungal strains. The role of polysaccharide and cell wall degrading enzymes in the hemibiotrophic mode of infection of G. boninense was investigated by analyzing the fungal CAZymes with necrotrophic Armillaria solidipes, A. mellea, biotrophic Ustilago maydis, Melampsora larici-populina and hemibiotrophic Moniliophthora perniciosa. Profiles of the selected pathogenic fungi demonstrated that necrotizing pathogens including G. boninense NJ3 exhibited an extensive set of CAZymes as compared to the more CAZymes-limited biotrophic pathogens. Following PHI analysis, several candidate genes including polygalacturonase, endo β-1,3-xylanase, β-glucanase and laccase were identified as potential CWDEs that contribute to the plant host interaction and pathogenesis. Discussion This study employed bioinformatics tools for providing a greater understanding of the biological mechanisms underlying the production of CAZymes in G. boninense NJ3. Identification and profiling of the fungal polysaccharide- and lignocellulosic-degrading enzymes would further facilitate in elucidating the infection mechanisms through the production of CWDEs by G. boninense. Identification of CAZymes and CWDE-related PHI genes in G. boninense would serve as the basis for functional studies of genes associated with the fungal virulence and pathogenicity using systems biology and genetic engineering approaches.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad Bazli Ramzi
- Institute of Systems Biology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Muhammad Lutfi Che Me
- Institute of Systems Biology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Ummul Syafiqah Ruslan
- Institute of Systems Biology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Sen D, Paul K, Saha C, Mukherjee G, Nag M, Ghosh S, Das A, Seal A, Tripathy S. A unique life-strategy of an endophytic yeast Rhodotorula mucilaginosa JGTA-S1-a comparative genomics viewpoint. DNA Res 2019; 26:131-146. [PMID: 30615101 PMCID: PMC6476726 DOI: 10.1093/dnares/dsy044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2017] [Accepted: 12/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Endophytic yeasts of genus Rhodotorula are gaining importance for their ability to improve plant growth. The nature of their interaction with plants, however, remains unknown. Rhodotorula mucilaginosa JGTA-S1 was isolated as an endophyte of Typha angustifolia and promoted growth in the host. To investigate the life-strategy of the yeast from a genomics perspective, we used Illumina and Oxford Nanopore reads to generate a high-quality annotated draft assembly of JGTA-S1 and compared its genome to three other Rhodotorula yeasts and the close relative Rhodosporidium toruloides. JGTA-S1 is a haploid yeast possessing several genes potentially facilitating its endophytic lifestyle such as those responsible for solubilizing phosphate and producing phytohormones. An intact mating-locus in JGTA-S1 raised the possibility of a yet unknown sexual reproductive cycle in Rhodotorula yeasts. Additionally, JGTA-S1 had functional anti-freezing genes and was also unique in lacking a functional nitrate-assimilation pathway—a feature that is associated with obligate biotrophs. Nitrogen-fixing endobacteria were found within JGTA-S1 that may circumvent this defective N-metabolism. JGTA-S1 genome data coupled with experimental evidence give us an insight into the nature of its beneficial interaction with plants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Diya Sen
- Structural Biology and Bioinformatics Division, CSIR Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Kolkata, India
| | - Karnelia Paul
- Department of Biotechnology, Dr. B. C. Guha Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Calcutta, Kolkata, India
| | - Chinmay Saha
- Department of Endocrinology & Metabolism, Institute of Post Graduate Medical Education & Research and SSKM Hospital, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - Gairik Mukherjee
- Department of Biotechnology, Dr. B. C. Guha Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Calcutta, Kolkata, India
| | - Mayurakshi Nag
- Department of Biotechnology, Dr. B. C. Guha Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Calcutta, Kolkata, India
| | - Samrat Ghosh
- Structural Biology and Bioinformatics Division, CSIR Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Kolkata, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, New Delhi, India
| | - Abhishek Das
- Structural Biology and Bioinformatics Division, CSIR Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Kolkata, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, New Delhi, India
| | - Anindita Seal
- Department of Biotechnology, Dr. B. C. Guha Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Calcutta, Kolkata, India
| | - Sucheta Tripathy
- Structural Biology and Bioinformatics Division, CSIR Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Kolkata, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, New Delhi, India
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Dussert Y, Mazet ID, Couture C, Gouzy J, Piron MC, Kuchly C, Bouchez O, Rispe C, Mestre P, Delmotte F. A High-Quality Grapevine Downy Mildew Genome Assembly Reveals Rapidly Evolving and Lineage-Specific Putative Host Adaptation Genes. Genome Biol Evol 2019; 11:954-969. [PMID: 30847481 PMCID: PMC6660063 DOI: 10.1093/gbe/evz048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/05/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Downy mildews are obligate biotrophic oomycete pathogens that cause devastating plant diseases on economically important crops. Plasmopara viticola is the causal agent of grapevine downy mildew, a major disease in vineyards worldwide. We sequenced the genome of Pl. viticola with PacBio long reads and obtained a new 92.94 Mb assembly with high contiguity (359 scaffolds for a N50 of 706.5 kb) due to a better resolution of repeat regions. This assembly presented a high level of gene completeness, recovering 1,592 genes encoding secreted proteins involved in plant–pathogen interactions. Plasmopara viticola had a two-speed genome architecture, with secreted protein-encoding genes preferentially located in gene-sparse, repeat-rich regions and evolving rapidly, as indicated by pairwise dN/dS values. We also used short reads to assemble the genome of Plasmopara muralis, a closely related species infecting grape ivy (Parthenocissus tricuspidata). The lineage-specific proteins identified by comparative genomics analysis included a large proportion of RxLR cytoplasmic effectors and, more generally, genes with high dN/dS values. We identified 270 candidate genes under positive selection, including several genes encoding transporters and components of the RNA machinery potentially involved in host specialization. Finally, the Pl. viticola genome assembly generated here will allow the development of robust population genomics approaches for investigating the mechanisms involved in adaptation to biotic and abiotic selective pressures in this species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yann Dussert
- SAVE, INRA, Bordeaux Sciences Agro, Villenave d'Ornon, France
| | | | - Carole Couture
- SAVE, INRA, Bordeaux Sciences Agro, Villenave d'Ornon, France
| | - Jérôme Gouzy
- LIPM, INRA, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | | | - Claire Kuchly
- US 1426 GeT-PlaGe, Genotoul, INRA, Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | | | | | - Pere Mestre
- SVQV, INRA, Université de Strasbourg, Colmar, France
| | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Dussert Y, Mazet ID, Couture C, Gouzy J, Piron MC, Kuchly C, Bouchez O, Rispe C, Mestre P, Delmotte F. A High-Quality Grapevine Downy Mildew Genome Assembly Reveals Rapidly Evolving and Lineage-Specific Putative Host Adaptation Genes. Genome Biol Evol 2019. [PMID: 30847481 DOI: 10.1101/350041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Downy mildews are obligate biotrophic oomycete pathogens that cause devastating plant diseases on economically important crops. Plasmopara viticola is the causal agent of grapevine downy mildew, a major disease in vineyards worldwide. We sequenced the genome of Pl. viticola with PacBio long reads and obtained a new 92.94 Mb assembly with high contiguity (359 scaffolds for a N50 of 706.5 kb) due to a better resolution of repeat regions. This assembly presented a high level of gene completeness, recovering 1,592 genes encoding secreted proteins involved in plant-pathogen interactions. Plasmopara viticola had a two-speed genome architecture, with secreted protein-encoding genes preferentially located in gene-sparse, repeat-rich regions and evolving rapidly, as indicated by pairwise dN/dS values. We also used short reads to assemble the genome of Plasmopara muralis, a closely related species infecting grape ivy (Parthenocissus tricuspidata). The lineage-specific proteins identified by comparative genomics analysis included a large proportion of RxLR cytoplasmic effectors and, more generally, genes with high dN/dS values. We identified 270 candidate genes under positive selection, including several genes encoding transporters and components of the RNA machinery potentially involved in host specialization. Finally, the Pl. viticola genome assembly generated here will allow the development of robust population genomics approaches for investigating the mechanisms involved in adaptation to biotic and abiotic selective pressures in this species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yann Dussert
- SAVE, INRA, Bordeaux Sciences Agro, Villenave d'Ornon, France
| | | | - Carole Couture
- SAVE, INRA, Bordeaux Sciences Agro, Villenave d'Ornon, France
| | - Jérôme Gouzy
- LIPM, INRA, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | | | - Claire Kuchly
- US 1426 GeT-PlaGe, Genotoul, INRA, Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | | | | | - Pere Mestre
- SVQV, INRA, Université de Strasbourg, Colmar, France
| | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Gaulin E, Pel MJC, Camborde L, San-Clemente H, Courbier S, Dupouy MA, Lengellé J, Veyssiere M, Le Ru A, Grandjean F, Cordaux R, Moumen B, Gilbert C, Cano LM, Aury JM, Guy J, Wincker P, Bouchez O, Klopp C, Dumas B. Genomics analysis of Aphanomyces spp. identifies a new class of oomycete effector associated with host adaptation. BMC Biol 2018; 16:43. [PMID: 29669603 PMCID: PMC5907361 DOI: 10.1186/s12915-018-0508-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2018] [Accepted: 03/20/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Oomycetes are a group of filamentous eukaryotic microorganisms that have colonized all terrestrial and oceanic ecosystems, and they include prominent plant pathogens. The Aphanomyces genus is unique in its ability to infect both plant and animal species, and as such exemplifies oomycete versatility in adapting to different hosts and environments. Dissecting the underpinnings of oomycete diversity provides insights into their specificity and pathogenic mechanisms. Results By carrying out genomic analyses of the plant pathogen A. euteiches and the crustacean pathogen A. astaci, we show that host specialization is correlated with specialized secretomes that are adapted to the deconstruction of the plant cell wall in A. euteiches and protein degradation in A. astaci. The A. euteiches genome is characterized by a large repertoire of small secreted protein (SSP)-encoding genes that are highly induced during plant infection, and are not detected in other oomycetes. Functional analysis revealed an SSP from A. euteiches containing a predicted nuclear-localization signal which shuttles to the plant nucleus and increases plant susceptibility to infection. Conclusion Collectively, our results show that Aphanomyces host adaptation is associated with evolution of specialized secretomes and identify SSPs as a new class of putative oomycete effectors. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12915-018-0508-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elodie Gaulin
- Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences Végétales, CNRS UMR5546 Université de Toulouse, Paul Sabatier, 24, chemin de Borde Rouge BP 42617 Auzeville, 31326, Castanet-Tolosan, France.
| | - Michiel J C Pel
- Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences Végétales, CNRS UMR5546 Université de Toulouse, Paul Sabatier, 24, chemin de Borde Rouge BP 42617 Auzeville, 31326, Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Laurent Camborde
- Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences Végétales, CNRS UMR5546 Université de Toulouse, Paul Sabatier, 24, chemin de Borde Rouge BP 42617 Auzeville, 31326, Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Hélène San-Clemente
- Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences Végétales, CNRS UMR5546 Université de Toulouse, Paul Sabatier, 24, chemin de Borde Rouge BP 42617 Auzeville, 31326, Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Sarah Courbier
- Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences Végétales, CNRS UMR5546 Université de Toulouse, Paul Sabatier, 24, chemin de Borde Rouge BP 42617 Auzeville, 31326, Castanet-Tolosan, France.,Present Address: Plant Ecophysiology, Institute of Environmental Biology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Marie-Alexane Dupouy
- Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences Végétales, CNRS UMR5546 Université de Toulouse, Paul Sabatier, 24, chemin de Borde Rouge BP 42617 Auzeville, 31326, Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Juliette Lengellé
- Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences Végétales, CNRS UMR5546 Université de Toulouse, Paul Sabatier, 24, chemin de Borde Rouge BP 42617 Auzeville, 31326, Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Marine Veyssiere
- Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences Végétales, CNRS UMR5546 Université de Toulouse, Paul Sabatier, 24, chemin de Borde Rouge BP 42617 Auzeville, 31326, Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Aurélie Le Ru
- Fédération de Recherche 3450, Plateforme Imagerie, Pôle de Biotechnologie Végétale, 31326, Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Frédéric Grandjean
- Laboratoire Ecologie et Biologie des Interactions, UMR CNRS 7267, Université de Poitiers, Poitiers, France
| | - Richard Cordaux
- Laboratoire Ecologie et Biologie des Interactions, UMR CNRS 7267, Université de Poitiers, Poitiers, France
| | - Bouziane Moumen
- Laboratoire Ecologie et Biologie des Interactions, UMR CNRS 7267, Université de Poitiers, Poitiers, France
| | - Clément Gilbert
- Laboratoire Evolution, Génomes, Comportement, Ecologie CNRS Université Paris-Sud UMR 9191, IRD 247, Gif sur Yvette, France
| | - Liliana M Cano
- University of Florida, UF/IFAS, Indian River Research and Education Center IRREC, 2199 South Rock Road, Fort Pierce, FL, 34945, USA
| | - Jean-Marc Aury
- Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique (CEA), Institut de Biologie François-Jacob, Genoscope, F-92057, Evry, France
| | - Julie Guy
- Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique (CEA), Institut de Biologie François-Jacob, Genoscope, F-92057, Evry, France
| | - Patrick Wincker
- Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique (CEA), Institut de Biologie François-Jacob, Genoscope, CNRS UMR 8030, Université d'Evry, Evry, France
| | - Olivier Bouchez
- INRA, US 1426, GeT-PlaGe, Genotoul, Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Christophe Klopp
- INRA, UR875, Plateforme Bioinformatique Genotoul, Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Bernard Dumas
- Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences Végétales, CNRS UMR5546 Université de Toulouse, Paul Sabatier, 24, chemin de Borde Rouge BP 42617 Auzeville, 31326, Castanet-Tolosan, France
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Hardham AR, Blackman LM. Phytophthora cinnamomi. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2018; 19:260-285. [PMID: 28519717 PMCID: PMC6637996 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.12568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2017] [Revised: 04/20/2017] [Accepted: 05/11/2017] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Phytophthora cinnamomi is one of the most devastating plant pathogens in the world. It infects close to 5000 species of plants, including many of importance in agriculture, forestry and horticulture. The inadvertent introduction of P. cinnamomi into natural ecosystems, including a number of recognized Global Biodiversity Hotspots, has had disastrous consequences for the environment and the biodiversity of flora and fauna. The genus Phytophthora belongs to the Class Oomycetes, a group of fungus-like organisms that initiate plant disease through the production of motile zoospores. Disease control is difficult in agricultural and forestry situations and even more challenging in natural ecosystems as a result of the scale of the problem and the limited range of effective chemical inhibitors. The development of sustainable control measures for the future management of P. cinnamomi requires a comprehensive understanding of the cellular and molecular basis of pathogen development and pathogenicity. The application of next-generation sequencing technologies to generate genomic and transcriptomic data promises to underpin a new era in P. cinnamomi research and discovery. The aim of this review is to integrate bioinformatic analyses of P. cinnamomi sequence data with current knowledge of the cellular and molecular basis of P. cinnamomi growth, development and plant infection. The goal is to provide a framework for future research by highlighting potential pathogenicity genes, shedding light on their possible functions and identifying suitable targets for future control measures. TAXONOMY Phytophthora cinnamomi Rands; Kingdom Chromista; Phylum Oomycota or Pseudofungi; Class Oomycetes; Order Peronosporales; Family Peronosporaceae; genus Phytophthora. HOST RANGE Infects about 5000 species of plants, including 4000 Australian native species. Host plants important for agriculture and forestry include avocado, chestnut, macadamia, oak, peach and pineapple. DISEASE SYMPTOMS A root pathogen which causes rotting of fine and fibrous roots, but which can also cause stem cankers. Root damage may inhibit water movement from roots to shoots, leading to dieback of young shoots. USEFUL WEBSITES: http://fungidb.org/fungidb/; http://genome.jgi.doe.gov/Phyci1/Phyci1.home.html; http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/assembly/GCA_001314365.1; http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/assembly/GCA_001314505.1.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Adrienne R. Hardham
- Plant Science Division, Research School of Biology, College of Medicine, Biology and EnvironmentThe Australian National UniversityCanberraACT 2601Australia
| | - Leila M. Blackman
- Plant Science Division, Research School of Biology, College of Medicine, Biology and EnvironmentThe Australian National UniversityCanberraACT 2601Australia
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Evangelisti E, Gogleva A, Hainaux T, Doumane M, Tulin F, Quan C, Yunusov T, Floch K, Schornack S. Time-resolved dual transcriptomics reveal early induced Nicotiana benthamiana root genes and conserved infection-promoting Phytophthora palmivora effectors. BMC Biol 2017; 15:39. [PMID: 28494759 PMCID: PMC5427549 DOI: 10.1186/s12915-017-0379-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2017] [Accepted: 04/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Plant-pathogenic oomycetes are responsible for economically important losses in crops worldwide. Phytophthora palmivora, a tropical relative of the potato late blight pathogen, causes rotting diseases in many tropical crops including papaya, cocoa, oil palm, black pepper, rubber, coconut, durian, mango, cassava and citrus. Transcriptomics have helped to identify repertoires of host-translocated microbial effector proteins which counteract defenses and reprogram the host in support of infection. As such, these studies have helped in understanding how pathogens cause diseases. Despite the importance of P. palmivora diseases, genetic resources to allow for disease resistance breeding and identification of microbial effectors are scarce. RESULTS We employed the model plant Nicotiana benthamiana to study the P. palmivora root infections at the cellular and molecular levels. Time-resolved dual transcriptomics revealed different pathogen and host transcriptome dynamics. De novo assembly of P. palmivora transcriptome and semi-automated prediction and annotation of the secretome enabled robust identification of conserved infection-promoting effectors. We show that one of them, REX3, suppresses plant secretion processes. In a survey for early transcriptionally activated plant genes we identified a N. benthamiana gene specifically induced at infected root tips that encodes a peptide with danger-associated molecular features. CONCLUSIONS These results constitute a major advance in our understanding of P. palmivora diseases and establish extensive resources for P. palmivora pathogenomics, effector-aided resistance breeding and the generation of induced resistance to Phytophthora root infections. Furthermore, our approach to find infection-relevant secreted genes is transferable to other pathogen-host interactions and not restricted to plants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Anna Gogleva
- Sainsbury Laboratory Cambridge University (SLCU), Cambridge, UK
| | - Thomas Hainaux
- Sainsbury Laboratory Cambridge University (SLCU), Cambridge, UK
- Present address: Université Libre de Bruxelles, Bruxelles, Belgium
| | - Mehdi Doumane
- Sainsbury Laboratory Cambridge University (SLCU), Cambridge, UK
- Present address: École Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Frej Tulin
- Sainsbury Laboratory Cambridge University (SLCU), Cambridge, UK
| | - Clément Quan
- Sainsbury Laboratory Cambridge University (SLCU), Cambridge, UK
| | - Temur Yunusov
- Sainsbury Laboratory Cambridge University (SLCU), Cambridge, UK
| | - Kévin Floch
- Sainsbury Laboratory Cambridge University (SLCU), Cambridge, UK
| | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Gui YJ, Chen JY, Zhang DD, Li NY, Li TG, Zhang WQ, Wang XY, Short DPG, Li L, Guo W, Kong ZQ, Bao YM, Subbarao KV, Dai XF. Verticillium dahliae manipulates plant immunity by glycoside hydrolase 12 proteins in conjunction with carbohydrate-binding module 1. Environ Microbiol 2017; 19:1914-1932. [PMID: 28205292 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.13695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2016] [Revised: 02/06/2017] [Accepted: 02/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Glycoside hydrolase 12 (GH12) proteins act as virulence factors and pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) in oomycetes. However, the pathogenic mechanisms of fungal GH12 proteins have not been characterized. In this study, we demonstrated that two of the six GH12 proteins produced by the fungus Verticillium dahliae Vd991, VdEG1 and VdEG3 acted as PAMPs to trigger cell death and PAMP-triggered immunity (PTI) independent of their enzymatic activity in Nicotiana benthamiana. A 63-amino-acid peptide of VdEG3 was sufficient for cell death-inducing activity, but this was not the case for the corresponding peptide of VdEG1. Further study indicated that VdEG1 and VdEG3 trigger PTI in different ways: BAK1 is required for VdEG1- and VdEG3-triggered immunity, while SOBIR1 is specifically required for VdEG1-triggered immunity in N. benthamiana. Unlike oomycetes, which employ RXLR effectors to suppress host immunity, a carbohydrate-binding module family 1 (CBM1) protein domain suppressed GH12 protein-induced cell death. Furthermore, during infection of N. benthamiana and cotton, VdEG1 and VdEG3 acted as PAMPs and virulence factors, respectively indicative of host-dependent molecular functions. These results suggest that VdEG1 and VdEG3 associate differently with BAK1 and SOBIR1 receptor-like kinases to trigger immunity in N. benthamiana, and together with CBM1-containing proteins manipulate plant immunity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yue-Jing Gui
- Laboratory of Cotton Disease, Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Jie-Yin Chen
- Laboratory of Cotton Disease, Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Dan-Dan Zhang
- Laboratory of Cotton Disease, Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Nan-Yang Li
- Laboratory of Cotton Disease, Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Ting-Gang Li
- Laboratory of Cotton Disease, Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Wen-Qi Zhang
- Laboratory of Cotton Disease, Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Xin-Yan Wang
- Laboratory of Cotton Disease, Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Dylan P G Short
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of California, Davis, United States of America
| | - Lei Li
- Laboratory of Cotton Disease, Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Wei Guo
- Laboratory of Cotton Disease, Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Zhi-Qiang Kong
- Laboratory of Cotton Disease, Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Yu-Ming Bao
- Laboratory of Cotton Disease, Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Krishna V Subbarao
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of California, Davis, United States of America
| | - Xiao-Feng Dai
- Laboratory of Cotton Disease, Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Raaymakers TM, Van den Ackerveken G. Extracellular Recognition of Oomycetes during Biotrophic Infection of Plants. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 7:906. [PMID: 27446136 PMCID: PMC4915311 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.00906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2016] [Accepted: 06/08/2016] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Extracellular recognition of pathogens by plants constitutes an important early detection system in plant immunity. Microbe-derived molecules, also named patterns, can be recognized by pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) on the host cell membrane that trigger plant immune responses. Most knowledge on extracellular pathogen detection by plants comes from research on bacterial and fungal pathogens. For oomycetes, that comprise some of the most destructive plant pathogens, mechanisms of extracellular pattern recognition have only emerged recently. These include newly recognized patterns, e.g., cellulose-binding elicitor lectin, necrosis and ethylene-inducing peptide 1-like proteins (NLPs), and glycoside hydrolase 12, as well as their receptors, e.g., the putative elicitin PRR elicitin response and the NLP PRR receptor-like protein 23. Immunity can also be triggered by the release of endogenous host-derived patterns, as a result of oomycete enzymes or damage. In this review we will describe the types of patterns, both pathogen-derived exogenous and plant-derived endogenous ones, and what is known about their extracellular detection during (hemi-)biotrophic oomycete infection of plants.
Collapse
|
25
|
Oomycete interactions with plants: infection strategies and resistance principles. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 2016; 79:263-80. [PMID: 26041933 DOI: 10.1128/mmbr.00010-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The Oomycota include many economically significant microbial pathogens of crop species. Understanding the mechanisms by which oomycetes infect plants and identifying methods to provide durable resistance are major research goals. Over the last few years, many elicitors that trigger plant immunity have been identified, as well as host genes that mediate susceptibility to oomycete pathogens. The mechanisms behind these processes have subsequently been investigated and many new discoveries made, marking a period of exciting research in the oomycete pathology field. This review provides an introduction to our current knowledge of the pathogenic mechanisms used by oomycetes, including elicitors and effectors, plus an overview of the major principles of host resistance: the established R gene hypothesis and the more recently defined susceptibility (S) gene model. Future directions for development of oomycete-resistant plants are discussed, along with ways that recent discoveries in the field of oomycete-plant interactions are generating novel means of studying how pathogen and symbiont colonizations overlap.
Collapse
|
26
|
Martinez T, Texier H, Nahoum V, Lafitte C, Cioci G, Heux L, Dumas B, O’Donohue M, Gaulin E, Dumon C. Probing the Functions of Carbohydrate Binding Modules in the CBEL Protein from the Oomycete Phytophthora parasitica. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0137481. [PMID: 26390127 PMCID: PMC4577117 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0137481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2015] [Accepted: 08/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Oomycetes are microorganisms that are distantly related to true fungi and many members of this phylum are major plant pathogens. Oomycetes express proteins that are able to interact with plant cell wall polysaccharides, such as cellulose. This interaction is thought to be mediated by carbohydrate-binding modules that are classified into CBM family 1 in the CAZy database. In this study, the two CBMs (1–1 and 1–2) that form part of the cell wall glycoprotein, CBEL, from Phytophthora parasitica have been submitted to detailed characterization, first to better quantify their interaction with cellulose and second to determine whether these CBMs can be useful for biotechnological applications, such as biomass hydrolysis. A variety of biophysical techniques were used to study the interaction of the CBMs with various substrates and the data obtained indicate that CBEL’s CBM1-1 exhibits much greater cellulose binding ability than CBM1-2. Engineering of the family 11 xylanase from Talaromyces versatilis (TvXynB), an enzyme that naturally bears a fungal family 1 CBM, has produced two variants. The first one lacks its native CBM, whereas the second contains the CBEL CBM1-1. The study of these enzymes has revealed that wild type TvXynB binds to cellulose, via its CBM1, and that the substitution of its CBM by oomycetal CBM1-1 does not affect its activity on wheat straw. However, intriguingly the addition of CBEL during the hydrolysis of wheat straw actually potentiates the action of TvXynB variant lacking a CBM1. This suggests that the potentiating effect of CBM1-1 might not require the formation of a covalent linkage to TvXynB.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Martinez
- Université Toulouse 3, UPS, Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences Végétales, 24 chemin de Borde Rouge, BP42617, Auzeville, F-31326, Castanet-Tolosan, France
- CNRS, Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences Végétales, 24 chemin de Borde Rouge, BP42617, Auzeville, F-31326, Castanet-Tolosan, France
- Université de Toulouse; INSA, UPS, INP, LISBP, 135 Avenue de Rangueil, F-31077 Toulouse, France
- CNRS, UMR5504, F-31400 Toulouse, France
- INRA, UMR792 Ingénierie des Systèmes Biologiques et des Procédés, F-31400 Toulouse, France
| | - Hélène Texier
- Université de Toulouse; INSA, UPS, INP, LISBP, 135 Avenue de Rangueil, F-31077 Toulouse, France
- CNRS, UMR5504, F-31400 Toulouse, France
- INRA, UMR792 Ingénierie des Systèmes Biologiques et des Procédés, F-31400 Toulouse, France
- Cinabio ADISSEO France SAS, Hall Gilbert Durand 3, 135 avenue de Rangueil, 31077 Toulouse, France
| | - Virginie Nahoum
- Université de Toulouse, UPS, IPBS, Toulouse, F-31077, France
- Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale (IPBS), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Toulouse, F-31077, France
| | - Claude Lafitte
- Université Toulouse 3, UPS, Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences Végétales, 24 chemin de Borde Rouge, BP42617, Auzeville, F-31326, Castanet-Tolosan, France
- CNRS, Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences Végétales, 24 chemin de Borde Rouge, BP42617, Auzeville, F-31326, Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Gianluca Cioci
- Université de Toulouse; INSA, UPS, INP, LISBP, 135 Avenue de Rangueil, F-31077 Toulouse, France
- CNRS, UMR5504, F-31400 Toulouse, France
- INRA, UMR792 Ingénierie des Systèmes Biologiques et des Procédés, F-31400 Toulouse, France
| | | | - Bernard Dumas
- Université Toulouse 3, UPS, Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences Végétales, 24 chemin de Borde Rouge, BP42617, Auzeville, F-31326, Castanet-Tolosan, France
- CNRS, Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences Végétales, 24 chemin de Borde Rouge, BP42617, Auzeville, F-31326, Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Michael O’Donohue
- Université de Toulouse; INSA, UPS, INP, LISBP, 135 Avenue de Rangueil, F-31077 Toulouse, France
- CNRS, UMR5504, F-31400 Toulouse, France
- INRA, UMR792 Ingénierie des Systèmes Biologiques et des Procédés, F-31400 Toulouse, France
| | - Elodie Gaulin
- Université Toulouse 3, UPS, Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences Végétales, 24 chemin de Borde Rouge, BP42617, Auzeville, F-31326, Castanet-Tolosan, France
- CNRS, Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences Végétales, 24 chemin de Borde Rouge, BP42617, Auzeville, F-31326, Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Claire Dumon
- Université de Toulouse; INSA, UPS, INP, LISBP, 135 Avenue de Rangueil, F-31077 Toulouse, France
- CNRS, UMR5504, F-31400 Toulouse, France
- INRA, UMR792 Ingénierie des Systèmes Biologiques et des Procédés, F-31400 Toulouse, France
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Blackman LM, Cullerne DP, Torreña P, Taylor J, Hardham AR. RNA-Seq Analysis of the Expression of Genes Encoding Cell Wall Degrading Enzymes during Infection of Lupin (Lupinus angustifolius) by Phytophthora parasitica. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0136899. [PMID: 26332397 PMCID: PMC4558045 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0136899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2015] [Accepted: 08/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
RNA-Seq analysis has shown that over 60% (12,962) of the predicted transcripts in the Phytophthora parasitica genome are expressed during the first 60 h of lupin root infection. The infection transcriptomes included 278 of the 431 genes encoding P. parasitica cell wall degrading enzymes. The transcriptome data provide strong evidence of global transcriptional cascades of genes whose encoded proteins target the main categories of plant cell wall components. A major cohort of pectinases is predominantly expressed early but as infection progresses, the transcriptome becomes increasingly dominated by transcripts encoding cellulases, hemicellulases, β-1,3-glucanases and glycoproteins. The most highly expressed P. parasitica carbohydrate active enzyme gene contains two CBM1 cellulose binding modules and no catalytic domains. The top 200 differentially expressed genes include β-1,4-glucosidases, β-1,4-glucanases, β-1,4-galactanases, a β-1,3-glucanase, an α-1,4-polygalacturonase, a pectin deacetylase and a pectin methylesterase. Detailed analysis of gene expression profiles provides clues as to the order in which linkages within the complex carbohydrates may come under attack. The gene expression profiles suggest that (i) demethylation of pectic homogalacturonan occurs before its deacetylation; (ii) cleavage of the backbone of pectic rhamnogalacturonan I precedes digestion of its side chains; (iii) early attack on cellulose microfibrils by non-catalytic cellulose-binding proteins and enzymes with auxiliary activities may facilitate subsequent attack by glycosyl hydrolases and enzymes containing CBM1 cellulose-binding modules; (iv) terminal hemicellulose backbone residues are targeted after extensive internal backbone cleavage has occurred; and (v) the carbohydrate chains on glycoproteins are degraded late in infection. A notable feature of the P. parasitica infection transcriptome is the high level of transcription of genes encoding enzymes that degrade β-1,3-glucanases during middle and late stages of infection. The results suggest that high levels of β-1,3-glucanases may effectively degrade callose as it is produced by the plant during the defence response.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Leila M. Blackman
- Plant Science Division, Research School of Biology, College of Medicine, Biology and Environment, The Australian National University, Canberra ACT, Australia
- * E-mail:
| | - Darren P. Cullerne
- Plant Science Division, Research School of Biology, College of Medicine, Biology and Environment, The Australian National University, Canberra ACT, Australia
- Agriculture Flagship, CSIRO, Canberra ACT, Australia
| | - Pernelyn Torreña
- Plant Science Division, Research School of Biology, College of Medicine, Biology and Environment, The Australian National University, Canberra ACT, Australia
| | - Jen Taylor
- Agriculture Flagship, CSIRO, Canberra ACT, Australia
| | - Adrienne R. Hardham
- Plant Science Division, Research School of Biology, College of Medicine, Biology and Environment, The Australian National University, Canberra ACT, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Nishijima H, Nozaki K, Mizuno M, Arai T, Amano Y. Extra tyrosine in the carbohydrate-binding module of Irpex lacteus Xyn10B enhances its cellulose-binding ability. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2015; 79:738-46. [PMID: 25560084 DOI: 10.1080/09168451.2014.996203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The xylanase (Xyn10B) that strongly adsorbs on microcrystalline cellulose was isolated from Driselase. The Xyn10B contains a Carbohydrate-binding module family 1 (CBM1) (IrpCBMXyn10B) at N-terminus. The canonical essential aromatic residues required for cellulose binding were conserved in IrpCBMXyn10B; however, its adsorption ability was markedly higher than that typically observed for the CBM1 of an endoglucanase from Trametes hirsuta (ThCBMEG1). An analysis of the CBM-GFP fusion proteins revealed that the binding capacity to cellulose (7.8 μmol/g) and distribution coefficient (2.0 L/μmol) of IrpCBMXyn10B-GFP were twofold higher than those of ThCBMEG1-GFP (3.4 μmol/g and 1.2 L/μmol, respectively), used as a reference structure. Besides the canonical aromatic residues (W24-Y50-Y51) of typical CBM1-containing proteins, IrpCBMXyn10B had an additional aromatic residue (Y52). The mutation of Y52 to Ser (IrpCBMY52S-GFP) reduced these adsorption parameters to 4.4 μmol/g and 1.5 L/μmol, which were similar to those of ThCBMEG1-GFP. These results indicate that Y52 plays a crucial role in strong cellulose binding.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hiroto Nishijima
- a Department of Bioscience & Textile Technology, Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Science and Technology , Shinshu University , Nagano , Japan
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Genomic and transcriptomic analysis of Laccaria bicolor CAZome reveals insights into polysaccharides remodelling during symbiosis establishment. Fungal Genet Biol 2014; 72:168-181. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fgb.2014.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2014] [Revised: 08/08/2014] [Accepted: 08/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
|
30
|
Blackman LM, Cullerne DP, Hardham AR. Bioinformatic characterisation of genes encoding cell wall degrading enzymes in the Phytophthora parasitica genome. BMC Genomics 2014; 15:785. [PMID: 25214042 PMCID: PMC4176579 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-15-785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2014] [Accepted: 09/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background A critical aspect of plant infection by the majority of pathogens is penetration of the plant cell wall. This process requires the production and secretion of a broad spectrum of pathogen enzymes that target and degrade the many complex polysaccharides in the plant cell wall. As a necessary framework for a study of the expression of cell wall degrading enzymes (CWDEs) produced by the broad host range phytopathogen, Phytophthora parasitica, we have conducted an in-depth bioinformatics analysis of the entire complement of genes encoding CWDEs in this pathogen’s genome. Results Our bioinformatic analysis indicates that 431 (2%) of the 20,825 predicted proteins encoded by the P. parasitica genome, are carbohydrate-active enzymes (CAZymes) involved in the degradation of cell wall polysaccharides. Of the 431 proteins, 337 contain classical N-terminal secretion signals and 67 are predicted to be targeted to the non-classical secretion pathway. Identification of CAZyme catalytic activity based on primary protein sequence is difficult, nevertheless, detailed comparisons with previously characterized enzymes has allowed us to determine likely enzyme activities and targeted substrates for many of the P. parasitica CWDEs. Some proteins (12%) contain more than one CAZyme module but, in most cases, multiple modules are from the same CAZyme family. Only 12 P. parasitica CWDEs contain both catalytically-active (glycosyl hydrolase) and non-catalytic (carbohydrate binding) modules, a situation that contrasts with that in fungal phytopathogens. Other striking differences between the complements of CWDEs in P. parasitica and fungal phytopathogens are seen in the CAZyme families that target cellulose, pectins or β-1,3-glucans (e.g. callose). About 25% of P. parasitica CAZymes are solely directed towards pectin degradation, with the majority coming from pectin lyase or carbohydrate esterase families. Fungal phytopathogens typically contain less than half the numbers of these CAZymes. The P. parasitica genome, like that of other Oomycetes, is rich in CAZymes that target β-1,3-glucans. Conclusions This detailed analysis of the full complement of P. parasitica cell wall degrading enzymes provides a framework for an in-depth study of patterns of expression of these pathogen genes during plant infection and the induction or repression of expression by selected substrates. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/1471-2164-15-785) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Leila M Blackman
- Plant Science Division, Research School of Biology, College of Medicine, Biology and Environment, The Australian National University, Canberra ACT 0200, Australia.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Transcriptome analysis of the entomopathogenic oomycete Lagenidium giganteum reveals putative virulence factors. Appl Environ Microbiol 2014; 80:6427-36. [PMID: 25107973 DOI: 10.1128/aem.02060-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A combination of 454 pyrosequencing and Sanger sequencing was used to sample and characterize the transcriptome of the entomopathogenic oomycete Lagenidium giganteum. More than 50,000 high-throughput reads were annotated through homology searches. Several selected reads served as seeds for the amplification and sequencing of full-length transcripts. Phylogenetic analyses inferred from full-length cellulose synthase alignments revealed that L giganteum is nested within the peronosporalean galaxy and as such appears to have evolved from a phytopathogenic ancestor. In agreement with the phylogeny reconstructions, full-length L. giganteum oomycete effector orthologs, corresponding to the cellulose-binding elicitor lectin (CBEL), crinkler (CRN), and elicitin proteins, were characterized by domain organizations similar to those of pathogenicity factors of plant-pathogenic oomycetes. Importantly, the L. giganteum effectors provide a basis for detailing the roles of canonical CRN, CBEL, and elicitin proteins in the infectious process of an oomycete known principally as an animal pathogen. Finally, phylogenetic analyses and genome mining identified members of glycoside hydrolase family 5 subfamily 27 (GH5_27) as putative virulence factors active on the host insect cuticle, based in part on the fact that GH5_27 genes are shared by entomopathogenic oomycetes and fungi but are underrepresented in nonentomopathogenic genomes. The genomic resources gathered from the L. giganteum transcriptome analysis strongly suggest that filamentous entomopathogens (oomycetes and fungi) exhibit convergent evolution: they have evolved independently from plant-associated microbes, have retained genes indicative of plant associations, and may share similar cores of virulence factors, such as GH5_27 enzymes, that are absent from the genomes of their plant-pathogenic relatives.
Collapse
|
32
|
Li A, Zhang M, Wang Y, Li D, Liu X, Tao K, Ye W, Wang Y. PsMPK1, an SLT2-type mitogen-activated protein kinase, is required for hyphal growth, zoosporogenesis, cell wall integrity, and pathogenicity in Phytophthora sojae. Fungal Genet Biol 2014; 65:14-24. [PMID: 24480463 DOI: 10.1016/j.fgb.2014.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2013] [Revised: 01/11/2014] [Accepted: 01/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) play important roles in the regulation of vegetative and pathogenic growth in plant pathogens. Here, we identified an SLT2-type MAP kinase in Phytophthora sojae, PsMPK1, which was transcriptionally induced in sporulating hyphae and the early stages of infection. Silencing of PsMPK1 caused defects in growth and zoosporogenesis, and increased hyphal swellings after the induction of sporangia formation, along with increasing hypersensitivity to cell wall-degrading enzymes. Transmission electron microscopy showed that the cell wall of PsMPK1-silenced mutants was also deleteriously affected. A dark outermost layer in the cell walls disappeared in the mutants, and an additional layer of the mutant cell wall that was deposited abnormally inside an inner bright layer appeared nonhomogeneous and rough compared to the wild type. Pathogenicity assays showed that PsMPK1-silenced transformants lost their pathogenicity on susceptible soybean host plants and triggered stronger cell death. Overall, PsMPK1 is involved in growth, differentiation, cell wall integrity, and pathogenicity in P. sojae.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aining Li
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Meng Zhang
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Yonglin Wang
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Delong Li
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Xiaoyun Liu
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Kai Tao
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Wenwu Ye
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Yuanchao Wang
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Larroque M, Belmas E, Martinez T, Vergnes S, Ladouce N, Lafitte C, Gaulin E, Dumas B. Pathogen-associated molecular pattern-triggered immunity and resistance to the root pathogen Phytophthora parasitica in Arabidopsis. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2013; 64:3615-25. [PMID: 23851194 PMCID: PMC3745725 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/ert195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The cellulose binding elicitor lectin (CBEL) of the genus Phytophthora induces necrosis and immune responses in several plant species, including Arabidopsis thaliana. However, the role of CBEL-induced responses in the outcome of the interaction is still unclear. This study shows that some of CBEL-induced defence responses, but not necrosis, required the receptor-like kinase BAK1, a general regulator of basal immunity in Arabidopsis, and the production of a reactive oxygen burst mediated by respiratory burst oxidases homologues (RBOH). Screening of a core collection of 48 Arabidopsis ecotypes using CBEL uncovered a large variability in CBEL-induced necrotic responses. Analysis of non-responsive CBEL lines Ws-4, Oy-0, and Bla-1 revealed that Ws-4 and Oy-0 were also impaired in the production of the oxidative burst and expression of defence genes, whereas Bla-1 was partially affected in these responses. Infection tests using two Phytophthora parasitica strains, Pp310 and Ppn0, virulent and avirulent, respectively, on the Col-0 line showed that BAK1 and RBOH mutants were susceptible to Ppn0, suggesting that some immune responses controlled by these genes, but not CBEL-induced cell death, are required for Phytophthora parasitica resistance. However, Ws-4, Oy-0, and Bla-1 lines were not affected in Ppn0 resistance, showing that natural variability in CBEL responsiveness is not correlated to Phytophthora susceptibility. Overall, the results uncover a BAK1- and RBOH-dependent CBEL-triggered immunity essential for Phytophthora resistance and suggest that natural quantitative variation of basal immunity triggered by conserved general elicitors such as CBEL does not correlate to Phytophthora susceptibility.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mathieu Larroque
- Université de Toulouse, UPS, Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences Végétales, 24 chemin de Borde Rouge, BP42617, Auzeville, F-31326, Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|