1
|
Lai Y, Zheng W, Zheng Y, Lu H, Qu S, Wang L, Li M, Wang S. Unveiling a novel entry gate: Insect foregut as an alternative infection route for fungal entomopathogens. Innovation (N Y) 2024; 5:100644. [PMID: 38933340 PMCID: PMC11201351 DOI: 10.1016/j.xinn.2024.100644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2024] [Accepted: 05/19/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Insects and their natural microbial pathogens are intertwined in constant arms races, with pathogens continually seeking entry into susceptible hosts through distinct routes. Entomopathogenic fungi are primarily believed to infect host insects through external cuticle penetration. Here, we report a new variety, Beauveria bassiana var. majus (Bbm), that can infect insects through the previously unrecognized foregut. Dual routes of infection significantly accelerate insect mortality. The pH-responsive transcription factor PacC in Bbm exhibits rapid upregulation and efficient proteolytic processing via PalC for alkaline adaptation in the foregut. Expression of PalC is regulated by the adjacent downstream gene Aia. Compared to non-enteropathogenic strains such as ARSEF252, Aia in Bbm lacks a 249-bp fragment, resulting in its enhanced alkaline-induced expression. This induction promotes PalC upregulation and facilitates PacC activation. Expressing the active form of BbmPacC in ARSEF252 enables intestinal infection. This study uncovers the pH-responsive Aia-PalC-PacC cascade enhancing fungal alkaline tolerance for intestinal infection, laying the foundation for developing a new generation of fungal insecticides to control destructive insect pests.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yiling Lai
- New Cornerstone Science Laboratory, CAS Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental and Evolutionary Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shanghai 200032, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Biotic Interactions, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Weilu Zheng
- New Cornerstone Science Laboratory, CAS Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental and Evolutionary Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shanghai 200032, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Biotic Interactions, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yitong Zheng
- New Cornerstone Science Laboratory, CAS Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental and Evolutionary Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shanghai 200032, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Biotic Interactions, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Haiquan Lu
- New Cornerstone Science Laboratory, CAS Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental and Evolutionary Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shanghai 200032, China
- Sericultural Research Institute, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212000, China
| | - Shuang Qu
- New Cornerstone Science Laboratory, CAS Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental and Evolutionary Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Lili Wang
- New Cornerstone Science Laboratory, CAS Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental and Evolutionary Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shanghai 200032, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Biotic Interactions, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Muwang Li
- Sericultural Research Institute, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212000, China
| | - Sibao Wang
- New Cornerstone Science Laboratory, CAS Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental and Evolutionary Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shanghai 200032, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Biotic Interactions, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Sun ZB, Yu SF, Sun MH, Li SD, Hu YF, Song HJ. Transcriptomic Response of Clonostachys rosea Mycoparasitizing Rhizoctonia solani. J Fungi (Basel) 2023; 9:818. [PMID: 37623589 PMCID: PMC10455738 DOI: 10.3390/jof9080818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Revised: 07/28/2023] [Accepted: 08/01/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Clonostachys rosea is an important mycoparasitism biocontrol agent that exhibits excellent control efficacy against numerous fungal plant pathogens. Transcriptomic sequencing may be used to preliminarily screen mycoparasitism-related genes of C. rosea against fungal pathogens. The present study sequenced and analyzed the transcriptome of C. rosea mycoparasitizing a Basidiomycota (phylum) fungal pathogen, Rhizoctonia solani, under three touch stages: the pre-touch stage, touch stage and after-touch stage. The results showed that a number of genes were differentially expressed during C. rosea mycoparasitization of R. solani. At the pre-touch stage, 154 and 315 genes were up- and down-regulated, respectively. At the touch stage, the numbers of up- and down-regulated differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were 163 and 188, respectively. The after-touch stage obtained the highest number of DEGs, with 412 and 326 DEGs being up- and down-regulated, respectively. Among these DEGs, ABC transporter-, glucanase- and chitinase-encoding genes were selected as potential mycoparasitic genes according to a phylogenetic analysis. A comparative transcriptomic analysis between C. rosea mycoparasitizing R. solani and Sclerotinia sclerotiorum showed that several DEGs, including the tartrate transporter, SDR family oxidoreductase, metallophosphoesterase, gluconate 5-dehydrogenase and pyruvate carboxylase, were uniquely expressed in C. rosea mycoparasitizing R. solani. These results significantly expand our knowledge of mycoparasitism-related genes in C. rosea and elucidate the mycoparasitism mechanism of C. rosea.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhan-Bin Sun
- School of Light Industry, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Shu-Fan Yu
- School of Light Industry, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Man-Hong Sun
- Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Shi-Dong Li
- Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Ya-Feng Hu
- School of Light Industry, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Han-Jian Song
- School of Light Industry, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Zhang K, Lin C, Zhao S, Wang W, Zhou W, Ru X, Cong H, Yang Q. The role of pH transcription factor Appacc in upregulation of pullulan biosynthesis in Aureobasidium pullulans using potato waste as a substrate. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 242:124797. [PMID: 37182631 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.124797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Revised: 04/13/2023] [Accepted: 05/06/2023] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
pH is one of the important environmental factors affecting the growth, development and secondary metabolites of fungi. To better utilize potato waste for the production of pullulan by fermentation, in this study, the amino acid sequence and structural domain of pH transcription factor Appacc were analyzed using the bioinformatics methods. Appacc showed three typically conserved zinc finger domains, with the closest homology to Zymoseptoria brevis. The function of Appacc was characterized by ΔAppacc and OEXpacc mutants. The mycelium growth of ΔApacc mutants was inhibited, especially, under alkaline conditions. Furthermore, the pullulan production of ΔAppacc mutant was reduced and the expression of pullulan synthetic genes also decreased. Moreover, the OEXpacc mutant further demonstrated that pacc could regulate the expression of pullulan synthesis genes. The yield of pullulan polysaccharide increased from 13.6 g/L to 17.8 g/L by direct fermentation without changing the pH of potato waste. These results suggest that Appacc played a vital role in the growth of Aureobasidium pullulans and that the production of pullulan from potato waste can be increased by overexpression of pacc gene.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kai Zhang
- School of Life Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150006, China
| | - Congyu Lin
- National Engineering Research Center of Cereal Fermentation and Food Biomanufacturing, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Shanshan Zhao
- School of Life Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150006, China
| | - Wan Wang
- School of Life Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150006, China
| | - Wei Zhou
- School of Life Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150006, China
| | - Xin Ru
- School of Life Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150006, China
| | - Hua Cong
- School of Life Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150006, China.
| | - Qian Yang
- School of Life Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150006, China; State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resources and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Mohamed NZ, Shaban L, Safan S, El-Sayed ASA. Physiological and metabolic traits of Taxol biosynthesis of endophytic fungi inhabiting plants: Plant-microbial crosstalk, and epigenetic regulators. Microbiol Res 2023; 272:127385. [PMID: 37141853 DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2023.127385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2022] [Revised: 04/08/2023] [Accepted: 04/09/2023] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Attenuating the Taxol productivity of fungi with the subculturing and storage under axenic conditions is the challenge that halts the feasibility of fungi to be an industrial platform for Taxol production. This successive weakening of Taxol productivity by fungi could be attributed to the epigenetic down-regulation and molecular silencing of most of the gene clusters encoding Taxol biosynthetic enzymes. Thus, exploring the epigenetic regulating mechanisms controlling the molecular machinery of Taxol biosynthesis could be an alternative prospective technology to conquer the lower accessibility of Taxol by the potent fungi. The current review focuses on discussing the different molecular approaches, epigenetic regulators, transcriptional factors, metabolic manipulators, microbial communications and microbial cross-talking approaches on restoring and enhancing the Taxol biosynthetic potency of fungi to be industrial platform for Taxol production.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nabil Z Mohamed
- Enzymology and Fungal Biotechnology Lab, Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44519, Egypt
| | - Lamis Shaban
- Enzymology and Fungal Biotechnology Lab, Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44519, Egypt.
| | - Samia Safan
- Enzymology and Fungal Biotechnology Lab, Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44519, Egypt
| | - Ashraf S A El-Sayed
- Enzymology and Fungal Biotechnology Lab, Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44519, Egypt.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Albacar M, Zekhnini A, Pérez-Valle J, Martínez JL, Casamayor A, Ariño J. Transcriptomic profiling of the yeast Komagataella phaffii in response to environmental alkalinization. Microb Cell Fact 2023; 22:63. [PMID: 37013612 PMCID: PMC10071690 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-023-02074-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 04/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Adaptation to alkalinization of the medium in fungi involves an extensive remodeling of gene expression. Komagataella phaffii is an ascomycetous yeast that has become an organism widely used for heterologous protein expression. We explore here the transcriptional impact of moderate alkalinization in this yeast, in search of suitable novel promoters able to drive transcription in response to the pH signal. RESULTS In spite of a minor effect on growth, shifting the cultures from pH 5.5 to 8.0 or 8.2 provokes significant changes in the mRNA levels of over 700 genes. Functional categories such as arginine and methionine biosynthesis, non-reductive iron uptake and phosphate metabolism are enriched in induced genes, whereas many genes encoding iron-sulfur proteins or members of the respirasome were repressed. We also show that alkalinization is accompanied by oxidative stress and we propose this circumstance as a common trigger of a subset of the observed changes. PHO89, encoding a Na+/Pi cotransporter, appears among the most potently induced genes by high pH. We demonstrate that this response is mainly based on two calcineurin-dependent response elements located in its promoter, thus indicating that alkalinization triggers a calcium-mediated signal in K. phaffii. CONCLUSIONS This work defines in K. phaffii a subset of genes and diverse cellular pathways that are altered in response to moderate alkalinization of the medium, thus setting the basis for developing novel pH-controlled systems for heterologous protein expression in this fungus.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marcel Albacar
- Institut de Biotecnologia i Biomedicina & Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallès, 08193, Spain
| | - Abdelghani Zekhnini
- Institut de Biotecnologia i Biomedicina & Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallès, 08193, Spain
| | - Jorge Pérez-Valle
- Institut de Biotecnologia i Biomedicina & Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallès, 08193, Spain
| | - José L Martínez
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Section for Synthetic Biology, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Antonio Casamayor
- Institut de Biotecnologia i Biomedicina & Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallès, 08193, Spain
| | - Joaquín Ariño
- Institut de Biotecnologia i Biomedicina & Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallès, 08193, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Pachauri S, Zaid R, Sherkhane PD, Easa J, Viterbo A, Chet I, Horwitz BA, Mukherjee PK. Comparative Phenotypic, Genomic, and Transcriptomic Analyses of Two Contrasting Strains of the Plant Beneficial Fungus Trichoderma virens. Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0302422. [PMID: 36719232 PMCID: PMC10100780 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.03024-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2022] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Trichoderma virens is a beneficial fungus that helps plants fight pathogens and abiotic stresses and thereby enhances crop yields. Unlike other Trichoderma spp., there are two well-defined strains (P and Q) of T. virens, classified by secondary metabolites profiling, primarily the biosynthesis of the nonribosomal, strong antimicrobial agents gliotoxin (Q) and gliovirin (P). We have studied the phenotypic and biocontrol properties of two well-studied representative isolates (T. virens Gv29-8 and T. virens GvW/IMI304061) that represent a Q strain and a P strain of T. virens, respectively. We refined the genome assembly of the P strain using nanopore technology, and we compared it with the Q strain. The differences between the genomes include gene expansion in the Q strain. T. virens Gv29-8 is weaker than GvW as a mycoparasite on the broad host-range plant pathogen Sclerotium rolfsii, and it is ineffective as a biocontrol agent when applied to pathogen-infested soil. T. virens Gv29-8 proved to be phytotoxic to Arabidopsis seedlings, whereas the effect of T. virens GvW was not major. Both strains colonized the surface and outer cortex layer of tomato roots, with about 40% higher colonization by T. virens Gv29-8. T. virens Gv29-8 induced the expression of a larger set of tomato genes than did T. virens GvW, although some tomato genes were uniquely induced in response to T. virens GvW. We studied the comparative transcriptome response of T. virens Gv29-8 and T. virens GvW to S. rolfsii. A larger set of genes was regulated in T. virens GvW than in T. virens Gv29-8 in the presence of the plant pathogen. IMPORTANCE Trichoderma virens populations that were earlier classified into two strains (P and Q) based on secondary metabolites profiling are also phenotypically and genetically distinct, with the latter being ineffective in controlling the devastating, broad host range plant pathogen Sclerotium rolfsii. The two strains also provoke distinct as well as overlapping transcriptional responses to the presence of the plant and the pathogen. This study enriches our knowledge of Trichoderma-plant-pathogen interactions and identifies novel candidate genes for further research and deployment in agriculture.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shikha Pachauri
- Nuclear Agriculture and Biotechnology Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Trombay, Mumbai, India
- Homi Bhabha National Institute, Anushaktinagar, Mumbai, India
| | - Rinat Zaid
- Faculty of Biology, The Technion – Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Pramod D. Sherkhane
- Nuclear Agriculture and Biotechnology Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Trombay, Mumbai, India
| | - Jamela Easa
- Faculty of Biology, The Technion – Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Ada Viterbo
- Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Ilan Chet
- Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Benjamin A. Horwitz
- Faculty of Biology, The Technion – Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Prasun K. Mukherjee
- Nuclear Agriculture and Biotechnology Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Trombay, Mumbai, India
- Homi Bhabha National Institute, Anushaktinagar, Mumbai, India
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Chen X, Zhang W, Wang J, Zhu S, Shen X, Chen H, Fan Y. Transcription Factors BbPacC and Bbmsn2 Jointly Regulate Oosporein Production in Beauveria bassiana. Microbiol Spectr 2022; 10:e0311822. [PMID: 36416546 PMCID: PMC9769838 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.03118-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2022] [Accepted: 11/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The entomopathogenic fungus Beauveria bassiana can produce the secondary metabolite oosporein under alkaline conditions or in fungus-killed cadavers. However, the regulatory mechanism of oosporein synthesis is not fully understood. In thisstudy, we found that the pH signaling transcription factor BbPacC is involved in the regulation of oosporein production. Overexpression of BbPacC promotes oosporein production in B. bassiana at pH 6.0 or under alkaline conditions (pH 8.0), but deletion of this gene abolished oosporein production. Under acidic conditions (pH 4.0), no oosporein production was observed in the wild-type and BbPacC overexpression strains. Yeast one-hybrid assays and electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA) confirmed the binding ability of BbPacC with 4 putative PacC-binding sites in the promoter region of BbOpS3, a transcription factor located in the oosporein synthetic gene cluster regulating the expression of oosporein synthetic genes. Overexpression of Bbmsn2, a previously reported negative regulator of oosporein synthesis, in OEPacC or wild-type strains abolished oosporein production in all tested conditions. However, deletion of Bbmsn2 in the BbPacC overexpression strain significantly improved oosporein production even at pH 4.0. These results indicated that BbPacC is a positive regulator of oosporein production and functions jointly with Bbmsn2 to regulate oosporein production in different environments and particularly under alkaline conditions. IMPORTANCE B. bassiana produces the red dibenzoquinone pigment oosporein under certain specific conditions, such as alkaline conditions and fungus-killed cadavers. Ooporein possesses antibiotic and insect immune inhibition activities and plays multiple roles during the infection process of B. bassiana against insect hosts. Several negative regulators involved in oosporein synthesis have been reported; however, we know little about the positive regulators outside the biosynthetic gene cluster. Here, we found that the pH signaling transcription factor BbPacC positively regulates oosporein production by binding to several PacC-binding sites. In addition, our results also indicate that BbPacC jointly acts with the negative regulator Bbmsn2 to regulate oosporein synthesis. Our results provide insight into understanding the regulatory mechanism of oosporein production as well as targets to engineer B. bassiana strains producing high levels of oosporein.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xi Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Biotechnology Research Center, Southwest University, Beibei, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wenwen Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Biotechnology Research Center, Southwest University, Beibei, People’s Republic of China
| | - Junyao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Biotechnology Research Center, Southwest University, Beibei, People’s Republic of China
| | - Shengan Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Biotechnology Research Center, Southwest University, Beibei, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xinchi Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Biotechnology Research Center, Southwest University, Beibei, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hongjun Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Biotechnology Research Center, Southwest University, Beibei, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yanhua Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Biotechnology Research Center, Southwest University, Beibei, People’s Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Poveda J, Abril-Urías P, Muñoz-Acero J, Nicolás C. A potential role of salicylic acid in the evolutionary behavior of Trichoderma as a plant pathogen: from Marchantia polymorpha to Arabidopsis thaliana. PLANTA 2022; 257:6. [PMID: 36437384 PMCID: PMC9701658 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-022-04036-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Recognition of the interaction of Trichoderma during the evolution of land plants plays a potential key role in the development of the salicylic acid defense pathway and the establishment of a mutualistic relationship. Marchantia polymorpha is a common liverwort considered in recent years as a model plant for evolutionary studies on plant-microorganism interactions. Despite the lack of research, remarkable results have been reported regarding the understanding of metabolic and evolutionary processes of beneficial and/or harmful interactions, owing to a better understanding of the origin and evolution of different plant defense pathways. In this study, we have carried out work on the direct and indirect interactions (exudates and volatiles) of M. polymorpha with different species of the fungal genus Trichoderma. These interactions showed different outcomes, including resistance or even growth promotion and disease. We have analyzed the level of tissue colonization and defense-related gene expression. Furthermore, we have used the pteridophyte Dryopteris affinis and the angiosperm Arabidopsis thaliana, as subsequent steps in plant evolution, together with the plant pathogen Rhizoctonia solani as a control of plant pathogenicity. Trichoderma virens, T. brevicompactum and T. hamatum are pathogens of M. polymorpha, while exudates of T. asperellum are harmful to the plant. The analysis of the expression of several defense genes in M. polymorpha and A. thaliana showed that there is a correlation of the transcriptional activation of SA-related genes with resistance or susceptibility of M. polymorpha to Trichoderma. Moreover, exogenous SA provides resistance to the virulent Trichoderma species. This beneficial fungus may have had an evolutionary period of interaction with plants in which it behaved as a plant pathogen until plants developed a defense system to limit its colonization through a defense response mediated by SA.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Poveda
- Department of Plant Production and Forest Resources, University Institute for Research in Sustainable Forest Management (iuFOR), University of Valladolid, Palencia, Spain
| | - Patricia Abril-Urías
- Institute of Environmental Sciences, Plant Physiology Area, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Toledo, Spain
| | - Julia Muñoz-Acero
- Department of Botany and Plant Physiology, Institute for Agrobiotechnology Research (CIALE), Universidad de Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Carlos Nicolás
- Department of Botany and Plant Physiology, Institute for Agrobiotechnology Research (CIALE), Universidad de Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Schüller A, Studt-Reinhold L, Strauss J. How to Completely Squeeze a Fungus-Advanced Genome Mining Tools for Novel Bioactive Substances. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:1837. [PMID: 36145585 PMCID: PMC9505985 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14091837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Revised: 08/23/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Fungal species have the capability of producing an overwhelming diversity of bioactive substances that can have beneficial but also detrimental effects on human health. These so-called secondary metabolites naturally serve as antimicrobial "weapon systems", signaling molecules or developmental effectors for fungi and hence are produced only under very specific environmental conditions or stages in their life cycle. However, as these complex conditions are difficult or even impossible to mimic in laboratory settings, only a small fraction of the true chemical diversity of fungi is known so far. This also implies that a large space for potentially new pharmaceuticals remains unexplored. We here present an overview on current developments in advanced methods that can be used to explore this chemical space. We focus on genetic and genomic methods, how to detect genes that harbor the blueprints for the production of these compounds (i.e., biosynthetic gene clusters, BGCs), and ways to activate these silent chromosomal regions. We provide an in-depth view of the chromatin-level regulation of BGCs and of the potential to use the CRISPR/Cas technology as an activation tool.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Joseph Strauss
- Institute of Microbial Genetics, Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna, A-3430 Tulln/Donau, Austria
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Gu Q, Wang Y, Zhao X, Yuan B, Zhang M, Tan Z, Zhang X, Chen Y, Wu H, Luo Y, Keller NP, Gao X, Ma Z. Inhibition of histone acetyltransferase GCN5 by a transcription factor FgPacC controls fungal adaption to host-derived iron stress. Nucleic Acids Res 2022; 50:6190-6210. [PMID: 35687128 PMCID: PMC9226496 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkac498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2021] [Revised: 05/19/2022] [Accepted: 05/27/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Poaceae plants can locally accumulate iron to suppress pathogen infection. It remains unknown how pathogens overcome host-derived iron stress during their successful infections. Here, we report that Fusarium graminearum (Fg), a destructive fungal pathogen of cereal crops, is challenged by host-derived high-iron stress. Fg infection induces host alkalinization, and the pH-dependent transcription factor FgPacC undergoes a proteolytic cleavage into the functional isoform named FgPacC30 under alkaline host environment. Subsequently FgPacC30 binds to a GCCAR(R = A/G)G element at the promoters of the genes involved in iron uptake and inhibits their expression, leading to adaption of Fg to high-iron stress. Mechanistically, FgPacC30 binds to FgGcn5 protein, a catalytic subunit of Spt-Ada-Gcn5 Acetyltransferase (SAGA) complex, leading to deregulation of histone acetylation at H3K18 and H2BK11, and repression of iron uptake genes. Moreover, we identified a protein kinase FgHal4, which is highly induced by extracellular high-iron stress and protects FgPacC30 against 26S proteasome-dependent degradation by promoting FgPacC30 phosphorylation at Ser2. Collectively, this study uncovers a novel inhibitory mechanism of the SAGA complex by a transcription factor that enables a fungal pathogen to adapt to dynamic microenvironments during infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qin Gu
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Monitoring and Management of Crop Diseases and Pest Insects, Ministry of Education, Nanjing, China
| | - Yujie Wang
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Monitoring and Management of Crop Diseases and Pest Insects, Ministry of Education, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiaozhen Zhao
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Monitoring and Management of Crop Diseases and Pest Insects, Ministry of Education, Nanjing, China
| | - Bingqin Yuan
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Monitoring and Management of Crop Diseases and Pest Insects, Ministry of Education, Nanjing, China
| | - Mengxuan Zhang
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Monitoring and Management of Crop Diseases and Pest Insects, Ministry of Education, Nanjing, China
| | - Zheng Tan
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Monitoring and Management of Crop Diseases and Pest Insects, Ministry of Education, Nanjing, China
| | - Xinyue Zhang
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Monitoring and Management of Crop Diseases and Pest Insects, Ministry of Education, Nanjing, China
| | - Yun Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, the Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Huijun Wu
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Monitoring and Management of Crop Diseases and Pest Insects, Ministry of Education, Nanjing, China
| | - Yuming Luo
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Eco-Agricultural Biotechnology around Hongze Lake, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Regional Modern Agriculture and Environmental Protection, Huaiyin Normal University, Huai'an, China
| | - Nancy P Keller
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Xuewen Gao
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Monitoring and Management of Crop Diseases and Pest Insects, Ministry of Education, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhonghua Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, the Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
cAMP Signalling Pathway in Biocontrol Fungi. Curr Issues Mol Biol 2022; 44:2622-2634. [PMID: 35735620 PMCID: PMC9221721 DOI: 10.3390/cimb44060179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2022] [Revised: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 06/02/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Biocontrol is a complex process, in which a variety of physiological and biochemical characteristics are altered. The cAMP signalling pathway is an important signal transduction pathway in biocontrol fungi and consists of several key components. The G-protein system contains G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs), heterotrimeric G-proteins, adenylate cyclase (AC), cAMP-dependent protein kinase (PKA), and downstream transcription factors (TFs). The cAMP signalling pathway can regulate fungal growth, development, differentiation, sporulation, morphology, secondary metabolite production, environmental stress tolerance, and the biocontrol of pathogens. However, few reviews of the cAMP signalling pathway in comprehensive biocontrol processes have been reported. This work reviews and discusses the functions and applications of genes encoding each component in the cAMP signalling pathway from biocontrol fungi, including the G-protein system components, AC, PKA, and TFs, in biocontrol behaviour. Finally, future suggestions are provided for constructing a complete cAMP signalling pathway in biocontrol fungi containing all the components and downstream effectors involved in biocontrol behavior. This review provides useful information for the understanding the biocontrol mechanism of biocontrol fungi by utilising the cAMP signalling pathway.
Collapse
|
12
|
Abbas A, Mubeen M, Zheng H, Sohail MA, Shakeel Q, Solanki MK, Iftikhar Y, Sharma S, Kashyap BK, Hussain S, del Carmen Zuñiga Romano M, Moya-Elizondo EA, Zhou L. Trichoderma spp. Genes Involved in the Biocontrol Activity Against Rhizoctonia solani. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:884469. [PMID: 35694310 PMCID: PMC9174946 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.884469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Rhizoctonia solani is a pathogen that causes considerable harm to plants worldwide. In the absence of hosts, R. solani survives in the soil by forming sclerotia, and management methods, such as cultivar breeding, crop rotations, and fungicide sprays, are insufficient and/or inefficient in controlling R. solani. One of the most challenging problems facing agriculture in the twenty-first century besides with the impact of global warming. Environmentally friendly techniques of crop production and improved agricultural practices are essential for long-term food security. Trichoderma spp. could serve as an excellent example of a model fungus to enhance crop productivity in a sustainable way. Among biocontrol mechanisms, mycoparasitism, competition, and antibiosis are the fundamental mechanisms by which Trichoderma spp. defend against R. solani, thereby preventing or obstructing its proliferation. Additionally, Trichoderma spp. induce a mixed induced systemic resistance (ISR) or systemic acquired resistance (SAR) in plants against R. solani, known as Trichoderma-ISR. Stimulation of every biocontrol mechanism involves Trichoderma spp. genes responsible for encoding secondary metabolites, siderophores, signaling molecules, enzymes for cell wall degradation, and plant growth regulators. Rhizoctonia solani biological control through genes of Trichoderma spp. is summarized in this paper. It also gives information on the Trichoderma-ISR in plants against R. solani. Nonetheless, fast-paced current research on Trichoderma spp. is required to properly utilize their true potential against diseases caused by R. solani.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aqleem Abbas
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Institute of Agro-Product Safety and Nutrition, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
- College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Mustansar Mubeen
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Agriculture, University of Sargodha, Sargodha, Pakistan
| | - Hongxia Zheng
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Institute of Agro-Product Safety and Nutrition, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Muhammad Aamir Sohail
- College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Qaiser Shakeel
- Department of Plant Pathology, Faculty of Agriculture and Environment, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur, Pakistan
| | - Manoj Kumar Solanki
- Plant Cytogenetics and Molecular Biology Group, Institute of Biology, Biotechnology and Environmental Protection, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Silesia in Katowice, Katowice, Poland
| | - Yasir Iftikhar
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Agriculture, University of Sargodha, Sargodha, Pakistan
- *Correspondence: Yasir Iftikhar,
| | - Sagar Sharma
- Plant Cytogenetics and Molecular Biology Group, Institute of Biology, Biotechnology and Environmental Protection, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Silesia in Katowice, Katowice, Poland
| | - Brijendra Kumar Kashyap
- Department of Biotechnology Engineering, Institute of Engineering and Technology, Bundelkhand University, Jhansi, India
| | - Sarfaraz Hussain
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | | | | | - Lei Zhou
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Institute of Agro-Product Safety and Nutrition, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
- Lei Zhou,
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
|
14
|
Dautt-Castro M, Jijón-Moreno S, Gómez-Hernández N, del Carmen González-López M, Hernández-Hernández EJ, Rosendo-Vargas MM, Rebolledo-Prudencio OG, Casas-Flores S. New Insights on the Duality of Trichoderma as a Phytopathogen Killer and a Plant Protector Based on an Integrated Multi-omics Perspective. Fungal Biol 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-91650-3_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
|
15
|
Sarrocco S, Vicente I, Staropoli A, Vinale F. Genes Involved in the Secondary Metabolism of Trichoderma and the Biochemistry of These Compounds. Fungal Biol 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-91650-3_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
16
|
MripacC regulates blastosphere budding and influences virulence of the pathogenic fungus Metarhizium rileyi. Fungal Biol 2021; 125:596-608. [PMID: 34281653 DOI: 10.1016/j.funbio.2021.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2021] [Revised: 03/14/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Fungal dimorphism is the ability of certain fungi to switch between two different cellular forms, yeast and mycelial forms, in response to external environmental factors. The pacC/Pal signal transduction pathway responds to neutral and alkaline environments and is also involved in the fungal dimorphic transition. In this study, we investigated the function of the pacC homolog, MripacC, which regulates the dimorphic transition and modulates virulence of the insect pathogenic fungus Metarhizium rileyi. MripacC expression was upregulated under alkaline condition, with increased number of yeast-like cells compared to the number of hyphae cells. A MripacC deletion mutant (ΔMripacC) was obtained by homologous replacement and exhibited decreased blastospore budding, with direct development of conidia into hyphae without entering the yeast-like stage when cultured on alkaline medium. Observation of host hemolymph morphology and analysis of samples to detect the main immune factors revealed a decreased ability of ΔMripacC to evade the host immune system. The results of insect bioassays showed that ΔMripacC had decreased virulence with extended median lethality time. Together, the results suggested that MripacC not only regulated adaptation to acidic and alkaline environments, but also influenced virulence by budding blastospores. This elucidation of the function of MripacC adds to our understanding of blastospore budding and virulence of this fungal pathogen.
Collapse
|
17
|
de Rezende LC, de Andrade Carvalho AL, Costa LB, de Almeida Halfeld-Vieira B, Silva LG, Pinto ZV, Morandi MAB, de Medeiros FHV, Mascarin GM, Bettiol W. Optimizing mass production of Trichoderma asperelloides by submerged liquid fermentation and its antagonism against Sclerotinia sclerotiorum. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2020; 36:113. [PMID: 32656684 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-020-02882-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2020] [Accepted: 06/27/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Commercial products based on Trichoderma are obtained mainly from solid-state fermentation. Submerged liquid fermentation is the most appropriate method compared to the solid medium for large-scale production of Trichoderma spp. The present study aimed to optimize the combination of key variables that influence the liquid fermentation process of Trichoderma asperelloides LQC-96 for conidial production coupled with its efficiency in the control of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum. In addition, we verified whether the optimized culture conditions can be used for the conidial production of Trichoderma erinaceum T-12 and T-18 and Trichoderma harzianum T-15. Fermentation studies were performed in shake flasks following a planned experimental design to reduce the number of tests and consumable costs. The effect of temperature, pH, photoperiod, carbon:nitrogen ratio and water activity on conidial production were assessed, which of pH was the only meaningful factor contributing to increased conidial production of T. asperelloides LQC-96. From the five variables studied initially, pH and C:N ratio were further used in the second design (rotational central composite design-RCCD). Hence, the best conditions for the production of T. asperelloides LQC-96 conidia by liquid fermentation consisted of initial pH of 3.5, C:N ratio of 200:1 at 30 °C, without glycerol, and under 24 h photoperiod. The highest conidial concentration was observed after seven days of fermentation. Under these optimal conditions, T. erinaceum T-12 and T-18, and T. harzianum T-15 were also cultivated, but only LQC-96 efficiently parasitized S. sclerotiorum, precluding sclerotium myceliogenic germination. Our findings propose optimal fermentation conditions that maximize conidial production of T. asperelloides as a potential biofungicide against S. sclerotiorum.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Larissa Castro de Rezende
- Departamento de Fitopatologia, Universidade Federal de Lavras, CP 3027, Lavras, MG, 37200-900, Brazil
| | | | - Lúcio Bertoldo Costa
- Faculdade de Ciências Agronômicas, Universidade Estadual Paulista Júlio de Mesquita Filho, 18, Botucatu, SP, 610-307, Brazil
| | | | - Lucas Guedes Silva
- Faculdade de Ciências Agronômicas, Universidade Estadual Paulista Júlio de Mesquita Filho, 18, Botucatu, SP, 610-307, Brazil
| | - Zayame Vegette Pinto
- Faculdade de Ciências Agronômicas, Universidade Estadual Paulista Júlio de Mesquita Filho, 18, Botucatu, SP, 610-307, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Wagner Bettiol
- Embrapa Meio Ambiente, CP 69, Jaguariúna, SP, 13918-110, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Khan RAA, Najeeb S, Hussain S, Xie B, Li Y. Bioactive Secondary Metabolites from Trichoderma spp. against Phytopathogenic Fungi. Microorganisms 2020; 8:E817. [PMID: 32486107 PMCID: PMC7356054 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8060817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2020] [Revised: 05/05/2020] [Accepted: 05/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Phytopathogenic fungi, causing significant economic and production losses, are becoming a serious threat to global food security. Due to an increase in fungal resistance and the hazardous effects of chemical fungicides to human and environmental health, scientists are now engaged to explore alternate non-chemical and ecofriendly management strategies. The use of biocontrol agents and their secondary metabolites (SMs) is one of the potential approaches used today. Trichoderma spp. are well known biocontrol agents used globally. Many Trichoderma species are the most prominent producers of SMs with antimicrobial activity against phytopathogenic fungi. Detailed information about these secondary metabolites, when grouped together, enhances the understanding of their efficient utilization and further exploration of new bioactive compounds for the management of plant pathogenic fungi. The current literature provides the information about SMs of Trichoderma spp. in a different context. In this review, we summarize and group different antifungal SMs of Trichoderma spp. against phytopathogenic fungi along with a comprehensive overview of some aspects related to their chemistry and biosynthesis. Moreover, a brief overview of the biosynthesis pathway, action mechanism, and different approaches for the analysis of SMs and the factors affecting the regulation of SMs in Trichoderma is also discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Raja Asad Ali Khan
- Institute of Vegetables and Flowers (Plant Pathology Lab), Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China; (R.A.A.K.); (S.N.)
| | - Saba Najeeb
- Institute of Vegetables and Flowers (Plant Pathology Lab), Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China; (R.A.A.K.); (S.N.)
| | - Shaukat Hussain
- Department of Plant Pathology, The University of Agriculture Peshawar, Peshawar 25130, Pakistan;
| | - Bingyan Xie
- Institute of Vegetables and Flowers (Plant Pathology Lab), Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China; (R.A.A.K.); (S.N.)
| | - Yan Li
- Institute of Vegetables and Flowers (Plant Pathology Lab), Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China; (R.A.A.K.); (S.N.)
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Pang KL, Chiang MWL, Guo SY, Shih CY, Dahms HU, Hwang JS, Cha HJ. Growth study under combined effects of temperature, pH and salinity and transcriptome analysis revealed adaptations of Aspergillus terreus NTOU4989 to the extreme conditions at Kueishan Island Hydrothermal Vent Field, Taiwan. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0233621. [PMID: 32453769 PMCID: PMC7250430 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0233621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2019] [Accepted: 05/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
A high diversity of fungi was discovered on various substrates collected at the marine shallow-water Kueishan Island Hydrothermal Vent Field, Taiwan, using culture and metabarcoding methods but whether these fungi can grow and play an active role in such an extreme environment is unknown. We investigated the combined effects of different salinity, temperature and pH on growth of ten fungi (in the genera Aspergillus, Penicillium, Fodinomyces, Microascus, Trichoderma, Verticillium) isolated from the sediment and the vent crab Xenograpsus testudinatus. The growth responses of the tested fungi could be referred to three groups: (1) wide pH, salinity and temperature ranges, (2) salinity-dependent and temperature-sensitive, and (3) temperature-tolerant. Aspergillus terreus NTOU4989 was the only fungus which showed growth at 45 °C, pH 3 and 30 ‰ salinity, and might be active near the vents. We also carried out a transcriptome analysis to understand the molecular adaptations of A. terreus NTOU4989 under these extreme conditions. Data revealed that stress-related genes were differentially expressed at high temperature (45 °C); for instance, mannitol biosynthetic genes were up-regulated while glutathione S-transferase and amino acid oxidase genes down-regulated in response to high temperature. On the other hand, hydrogen ion transmembrane transport genes and phenylalanine ammonia lyase were up-regulated while pH-response transcription factor was down-regulated at pH 3, a relative acidic environment. However, genes related to salt tolerance, such as glycerol lipid metabolism and mitogen-activated protein kinase, were up-regulated in both conditions, possibly related to maintaining water homeostasis. The results of this study revealed the genetic evidence of adaptation in A. terreus NTOU4989 to changes of environmental conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ka-Lai Pang
- Institute of Marine Biology and Centre of Excellence for the Oceans, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung, Taiwan
| | | | - Sheng-Yu Guo
- Institute of Marine Biology and Centre of Excellence for the Oceans, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Yu Shih
- Institute of Marine Biology and Centre of Excellence for the Oceans, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung, Taiwan
| | - Hans U Dahms
- Department of Biomedical Science and Environment Biology, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Jiang-Shiou Hwang
- Institute of Marine Biology and Centre of Excellence for the Oceans, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung, Taiwan
| | - Hyo-Jung Cha
- Institute of Marine Biology and Centre of Excellence for the Oceans, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung, Taiwan
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Martha-Paz AM, Eide D, Mendoza-Cózatl D, Castro-Guerrero NA, Aréchiga-Carvajal ET. Zinc uptake in the Basidiomycota: Characterization of zinc transporters in Ustilago maydis. Mol Membr Biol 2019; 35:39-50. [PMID: 31617434 PMCID: PMC6816022 DOI: 10.1080/09687688.2019.1667034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2019] [Revised: 08/12/2019] [Accepted: 09/03/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
At present, the planet faces a change in the composition and bioavailability of nutrients. Zinc deficiency is a widespread problem throughout the world. It is imperative to understand the mechanisms that organisms use to adapt to the deficiency of this micronutrient. In the Ascomycetes fungi, the ZIP family of proteins is one of the most important for zinc transport and includes high affinity Zrt1p and low zinc affinity Zrt2p transporters. After identification and characterization of ZRT1/ZRT2-like genes in Ustilago maydis we conclude that they encode for high and low zinc affinity transporters, with no apparent iron transport activity. These conclusions were supported by the gene deletion in Ustilago and the functional characterization of ZRT1/ZRT2-like genes by measuring the intracellular zinc content over a range of zinc availability. The functional complementation of the S. cerevisiae ZRT1Δ ZRT2Δ mutant with U. maydis genes supports this as well. U. maydis ZRT2 gene, was found to be regulated by pH through Rim101 pathway, thus providing novel insights into how this Basidiomycota fungus can adapt to different levels of Zn availability.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Adriana M. Martha-Paz
- Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, UANL, Facultad Ciencias Biológicas, LMYF, Unidad de Manipulación Genética, Unidad C. Av. Universidad S/N Cd. Universitaria, San Nicolás de los Garza, Nuevo León. México. C.P. 66451
| | - David Eide
- University of Wisconsin-Madison. Department of Nutritional Sciences. 1415 Linden Drive, Madison WI, USA 53706
| | - David Mendoza-Cózatl
- Division of Plant Sciences, C.S. Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA 65211
| | - Norma A. Castro-Guerrero
- Division of Plant Sciences, C.S. Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA 65211
| | - Elva T. Aréchiga-Carvajal
- Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, UANL, Facultad Ciencias Biológicas, LMYF, Unidad de Manipulación Genética, Unidad C. Av. Universidad S/N Cd. Universitaria, San Nicolás de los Garza, Nuevo León. México. C.P. 66451
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Yang J, Wang Y, Liu L, Liu L, Wang C, Wang C, Li C. Effects of exogenous salicylic acid and pH on pathogenicity of biotrophy-associated secreted protein 1 (BAS1)-overexpressing strain, Magnaporthe oryzae. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2019; 26:13725-13737. [PMID: 29931642 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-018-2532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2018] [Accepted: 06/11/2018] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Abiotic stress can influence the interactions between a pathogen and its host. In this paper, we analyzed the effects of salicylic acid (SA) and pH on the morphological development and pathogenicity of Magnaporthe oryzae, the pathogen that causes rice (Oryza sativa) blast. A strain of rice blast that overexpresses biotrophy-associated secreted protein 1 (BAS1) and a wild-type (WT) strain were pretreated with different levels of pH and different concentrations of SA to analyze M. oryzae colony growth, sporulation, spore germination, dry weight of hypha, and appressorium formation. Disease incidence and the expression of defense-related genes in infected rice were analyzed after pretreatment with pH 5.00 or pH 8.00 and 200 μM SA. The results showed that both SA and pH had some influence on morphological development, including sporulation and appressorium formation of the BAS1-overexpression strain. In the 200 μM SA pretreatment, there was a lower incidence of disease and higher expression levels of the rice defense-related genes PR1a, PAL, HSP90, and PR5 on leaves inoculated with the BAS1-overexpession strain compared with the WT strain, whereas, LOX2 appeared to be downregulated in the BAS1-overexpession strain compared with the WT. In both pH treatments, disease incidence and expression of HSP90 were higher and the expression of PR1a and PR10a and LOX2 and PAL was lower in leaves inoculated with the BAS1-overexpression strain compared with leaves inoculated with the WT strain. We conclude that SA and pH affect morphological development of the BAS1-overexpression blast strain, but that these factors have little influence on the pathogenicity of the strain, indicating that BAS1-overexpression may have enhanced the tolerance of this rice blast strain to abiotic stressors. This work suggests new molecular mechanisms that exogenous SA and pH affect the interactions between M. oryzae and rice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jing Yang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Yunfeng Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Lin Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Lina Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Chunmei Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Changmi Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Chengyun Li
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, Yunnan, China.
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Yang J, Wang Y, Liu L, Liu L, Wang C, Wang C, Li C. Effects of exogenous salicylic acid and pH on pathogenicity of biotrophy-associated secreted protein 1 (BAS1)-overexpressing strain, Magnaporthe oryzae. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2019; 26:13725-13737. [PMID: 29931642 PMCID: PMC6499755 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-018-2532-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2018] [Accepted: 06/11/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Abiotic stress can influence the interactions between a pathogen and its host. In this paper, we analyzed the effects of salicylic acid (SA) and pH on the morphological development and pathogenicity of Magnaporthe oryzae, the pathogen that causes rice (Oryza sativa) blast. A strain of rice blast that overexpresses biotrophy-associated secreted protein 1 (BAS1) and a wild-type (WT) strain were pretreated with different levels of pH and different concentrations of SA to analyze M. oryzae colony growth, sporulation, spore germination, dry weight of hypha, and appressorium formation. Disease incidence and the expression of defense-related genes in infected rice were analyzed after pretreatment with pH 5.00 or pH 8.00 and 200 μM SA. The results showed that both SA and pH had some influence on morphological development, including sporulation and appressorium formation of the BAS1-overexpression strain. In the 200 μM SA pretreatment, there was a lower incidence of disease and higher expression levels of the rice defense-related genes PR1a, PAL, HSP90, and PR5 on leaves inoculated with the BAS1-overexpession strain compared with the WT strain, whereas, LOX2 appeared to be downregulated in the BAS1-overexpession strain compared with the WT. In both pH treatments, disease incidence and expression of HSP90 were higher and the expression of PR1a and PR10a and LOX2 and PAL was lower in leaves inoculated with the BAS1-overexpression strain compared with leaves inoculated with the WT strain. We conclude that SA and pH affect morphological development of the BAS1-overexpression blast strain, but that these factors have little influence on the pathogenicity of the strain, indicating that BAS1-overexpression may have enhanced the tolerance of this rice blast strain to abiotic stressors. This work suggests new molecular mechanisms that exogenous SA and pH affect the interactions between M. oryzae and rice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jing Yang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Yunfeng Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Lin Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Lina Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Chunmei Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Changmi Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Chengyun Li
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, Yunnan, China.
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Sensing and transduction of nutritional and chemical signals in filamentous fungi: Impact on cell development and secondary metabolites biosynthesis. Biotechnol Adv 2019; 37:107392. [PMID: 31034961 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2019.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2018] [Revised: 04/22/2019] [Accepted: 04/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Filamentous fungi respond to hundreds of nutritional, chemical and environmental signals that affect expression of primary metabolism and biosynthesis of secondary metabolites. These signals are sensed at the membrane level by G protein coupled receptors (GPCRs). GPCRs contain usually seven transmembrane domains, an external amino terminal fragment that interacts with the ligand, and an internal carboxy terminal end interacting with the intracellular G protein. There is a great variety of GPCRs in filamentous fungi involved in sensing of sugars, amino acids, cellulose, cell-wall components, sex pheromones, oxylipins, calcium ions and other ligands. Mechanisms of signal transduction at the membrane level by GPCRs are discussed, including the internalization and compartmentalisation of these sensor proteins. We have identified and analysed the GPCRs in the genome of Penicillium chrysogenum and compared them with GPCRs of several other filamentous fungi. We have found 66 GPCRs classified into 14 classes, depending on the ligand recognized by these proteins, including most previously proposed classes of GPCRs. We have found 66 putative GPCRs, representatives of twelve of the fourteen previously proposed classes of GPCRs, depending on the ligand recognized by these proteins. A staggering fortytwo putative members of the new GPCR class XIV, the so-called Pth11 sensors of cellulosic material as reported for Neurospora crassa and some other fungi, were identified. Several GPCRs sensing sex pheromones, known in yeast and in several fungi, were also identified in P. chrysogenum, confirming the recent unravelling of the hidden sexual capacity of this species. Other sensing mechanisms do not involve GPCRs, including the two-component systems (HKRR), the HOG signalling system and the PalH mediated pH transduction sensor. GPCR sensor proteins transmit their signals by interacting with intracellular heterotrimeric G proteins, that are well known in several fungi, including P. chrysogenum. These G proteins are inactive in the GDP containing heterotrimeric state, and become active by nucleotide exchange, allowing the separation of the heterotrimeric protein in active Gα and Gβγ dimer subunits. The conversion of GTP in GDP is mediated by the endogenous GTPase activity of the G proteins. Downstream of the ligand interaction, the activated Gα protein and also the Gβ/Gγ dimer, transduce the signals through at least three different cascades: adenylate cyclase/cAMP, MAPK kinase, and phospholipase C mediated pathways.
Collapse
|
24
|
Rascle C, Dieryckx C, Dupuy JW, Muszkieta L, Souibgui E, Droux M, Bruel C, Girard V, Poussereau N. The pH regulator PacC: a host-dependent virulence factor in Botrytis cinerea. ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY REPORTS 2018; 10:555-568. [PMID: 30066486 DOI: 10.1111/1758-2229.12663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2017] [Accepted: 05/21/2018] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
The phytopathogenic fungus Botrytis cinerea is able to infect a wide variety of plants and plant tissues with differing chemical compositions. During its interaction with the host, this pathogen modulates its ambient pH by secreting acids or ammonia. In this work, we examined the Pal/Pac pathway, the fungal ambient pH-responsive signalling circuit, and investigated the role of the PacC transcription factor. Characterization of the BcpacC deletion mutant revealed an alteration of both fungal growth and virulence depending on the pH of the culture medium or of the host tissue. The pathogenicity of the mutant was altered on plants exhibiting a neutral pH and not on plants with acidic tissues. The capacity of the mutant to acidify its environment and, more particularly, to produce oxalic acid was affected, as was production of reactive oxygen species. Finally, proteomic profiling of the mutant secretome revealed significant changes in plant cell wall polysaccharides proteins and lipid degradation and oxidoreduction, highlighting the importance of BcPacC in the necrotrophic lifestyle of B. cinerea.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christine Rascle
- Univ Lyon, Université Lyon 1, CNRS, Bayer SAS, UMR5240, Microbiologie, Adaptation, Pathogénie, 14-18 impasse P. Baizet, F-69009, LYON, France
| | - Cindy Dieryckx
- Univ Lyon, Université Lyon 1, CNRS, Bayer SAS, UMR5240, Microbiologie, Adaptation, Pathogénie, 14-18 impasse P. Baizet, F-69009, LYON, France
| | - Jean William Dupuy
- Plateforme protéome, Centre de Génomique Fonctionnelle, Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Laetitia Muszkieta
- Univ Lyon, Université Lyon 1, CNRS, Bayer SAS, UMR5240, Microbiologie, Adaptation, Pathogénie, 14-18 impasse P. Baizet, F-69009, LYON, France
| | - Eytham Souibgui
- Univ Lyon, Université Lyon 1, CNRS, Bayer SAS, UMR5240, Microbiologie, Adaptation, Pathogénie, 14-18 impasse P. Baizet, F-69009, LYON, France
| | - Michel Droux
- Univ Lyon, Université Lyon 1, CNRS, Bayer SAS, UMR5240, Microbiologie, Adaptation, Pathogénie, 14-18 impasse P. Baizet, F-69009, LYON, France
| | - Christophe Bruel
- Univ Lyon, Université Lyon 1, CNRS, Bayer SAS, UMR5240, Microbiologie, Adaptation, Pathogénie, 14-18 impasse P. Baizet, F-69009, LYON, France
| | - Vincent Girard
- Univ Lyon, Université Lyon 1, CNRS, Bayer SAS, UMR5240, Microbiologie, Adaptation, Pathogénie, 14-18 impasse P. Baizet, F-69009, LYON, France
| | - Nathalie Poussereau
- Univ Lyon, Université Lyon 1, CNRS, Bayer SAS, UMR5240, Microbiologie, Adaptation, Pathogénie, 14-18 impasse P. Baizet, F-69009, LYON, France
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
New Genomic Approaches to Enhance Biomass Degradation by the Industrial Fungus Trichoderma reesei. Int J Genomics 2018; 2018:1974151. [PMID: 30345291 PMCID: PMC6174759 DOI: 10.1155/2018/1974151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2018] [Revised: 06/20/2018] [Accepted: 07/29/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The filamentous fungi Trichoderma reesei is one of the most well-studied cellulolytic microorganisms. It is the most important fungus for the industrial production of enzymes to biomass deconstruction being widely used in the biotechnology industry, mainly in the production of biofuels. Here, we performed an analytic review of the holocellulolytic system presented by T. reesei as well as the transcriptional and signaling mechanisms involved with holocellulase expression in this fungus. We also discuss new perspectives about control of secretion and cellulase expression based on RNA-seq and functional characterization data of T. reesei growth in different carbon sources, which comprise glucose, cellulose, sophorose, and sugarcane bagasse.
Collapse
|
26
|
Pelagio-Flores R, Esparza-Reynoso S, Garnica-Vergara A, López-Bucio J, Herrera-Estrella A. Trichoderma-Induced Acidification Is an Early Trigger for Changes in Arabidopsis Root Growth and Determines Fungal Phytostimulation. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 8:822. [PMID: 28567051 PMCID: PMC5434454 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.00822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2017] [Accepted: 05/02/2017] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Trichoderma spp. are common rhizosphere inhabitants widely used as biological control agents and their role as plant growth promoting fungi has been established. Although soil pH influences several fungal and plant functional traits such as growth and nutrition, little is known about its influence in rhizospheric or mutualistic interactions. The role of pH in the Trichoderma-Arabidopsis interaction was studied by determining primary root growth and lateral root formation, root meristem status and cell viability, quiescent center (QC) integrity, and auxin inducible gene expression. Primary root growth phenotypes in wild type seedlings and STOP1 mutants allowed identification of a putative root pH sensing pathway likely operating in plant-fungus recognition. Acidification by Trichoderma induced auxin redistribution within Arabidopsis columella root cap cells, causing root tip bending and growth inhibition. Root growth stoppage correlated with decreased cell division and with the loss of QC integrity and cell viability, which were reversed by buffering the medium. In addition, stop1, an Arabidopsis mutant sensitive to low pH, was oversensitive to T. atroviride primary root growth repression, providing genetic evidence that a pH root sensing mechanism reprograms root architecture during the interaction. Our results indicate that root sensing of pH mediates the interaction of Trichoderma with plants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ramón Pelagio-Flores
- Laboratorio Nacional de Genómica para la Biodiversidad-Unidad de Genómica Avanzada, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del IPNIrapuato, México
| | - Saraí Esparza-Reynoso
- Instituto de Investigaciones Químico-Biológicas, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de HidalgoMorelia, México
| | - Amira Garnica-Vergara
- Instituto de Investigaciones Químico-Biológicas, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de HidalgoMorelia, México
| | - José López-Bucio
- Instituto de Investigaciones Químico-Biológicas, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de HidalgoMorelia, México
| | - Alfredo Herrera-Estrella
- Laboratorio Nacional de Genómica para la Biodiversidad-Unidad de Genómica Avanzada, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del IPNIrapuato, México
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Zeilinger S, Gruber S, Bansal R, Mukherjee PK. Secondary metabolism in Trichoderma – Chemistry meets genomics. FUNGAL BIOL REV 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fbr.2016.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
|
28
|
Schmoll M, Dattenböck C, Carreras-Villaseñor N, Mendoza-Mendoza A, Tisch D, Alemán MI, Baker SE, Brown C, Cervantes-Badillo MG, Cetz-Chel J, Cristobal-Mondragon GR, Delaye L, Esquivel-Naranjo EU, Frischmann A, Gallardo-Negrete JDJ, García-Esquivel M, Gomez-Rodriguez EY, Greenwood DR, Hernández-Oñate M, Kruszewska JS, Lawry R, Mora-Montes HM, Muñoz-Centeno T, Nieto-Jacobo MF, Nogueira Lopez G, Olmedo-Monfil V, Osorio-Concepcion M, Piłsyk S, Pomraning KR, Rodriguez-Iglesias A, Rosales-Saavedra MT, Sánchez-Arreguín JA, Seidl-Seiboth V, Stewart A, Uresti-Rivera EE, Wang CL, Wang TF, Zeilinger S, Casas-Flores S, Herrera-Estrella A. The Genomes of Three Uneven Siblings: Footprints of the Lifestyles of Three Trichoderma Species. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 2016; 80:205-327. [PMID: 26864432 PMCID: PMC4771370 DOI: 10.1128/mmbr.00040-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The genus Trichoderma contains fungi with high relevance for humans, with applications in enzyme production for plant cell wall degradation and use in biocontrol. Here, we provide a broad, comprehensive overview of the genomic content of these species for "hot topic" research aspects, including CAZymes, transport, transcription factors, and development, along with a detailed analysis and annotation of less-studied topics, such as signal transduction, genome integrity, chromatin, photobiology, or lipid, sulfur, and nitrogen metabolism in T. reesei, T. atroviride, and T. virens, and we open up new perspectives to those topics discussed previously. In total, we covered more than 2,000 of the predicted 9,000 to 11,000 genes of each Trichoderma species discussed, which is >20% of the respective gene content. Additionally, we considered available transcriptome data for the annotated genes. Highlights of our analyses include overall carbohydrate cleavage preferences due to the different genomic contents and regulation of the respective genes. We found light regulation of many sulfur metabolic genes. Additionally, a new Golgi 1,2-mannosidase likely involved in N-linked glycosylation was detected, as were indications for the ability of Trichoderma spp. to generate hybrid galactose-containing N-linked glycans. The genomic inventory of effector proteins revealed numerous compounds unique to Trichoderma, and these warrant further investigation. We found interesting expansions in the Trichoderma genus in several signaling pathways, such as G-protein-coupled receptors, RAS GTPases, and casein kinases. A particularly interesting feature absolutely unique to T. atroviride is the duplication of the alternative sulfur amino acid synthesis pathway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Monika Schmoll
- Austrian Institute of Technology, Department Health and Environment, Bioresources Unit, Tulln, Austria
| | - Christoph Dattenböck
- Austrian Institute of Technology, Department Health and Environment, Bioresources Unit, Tulln, Austria
| | | | | | - Doris Tisch
- Research Division Biotechnology and Microbiology, Institute of Chemical Engineering, TU Wien, Vienna, Austria
| | - Mario Ivan Alemán
- Cinvestav, Department of Genetic Engineering, Irapuato, Guanajuato, Mexico
| | - Scott E Baker
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington, USA
| | - Christopher Brown
- University of Otago, Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | | | - José Cetz-Chel
- LANGEBIO, National Laboratory of Genomics for Biodiversity, Cinvestav-Irapuato, Guanajuato, Mexico
| | | | - Luis Delaye
- Cinvestav, Department of Genetic Engineering, Irapuato, Guanajuato, Mexico
| | | | - Alexa Frischmann
- Research Division Biotechnology and Microbiology, Institute of Chemical Engineering, TU Wien, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Monica García-Esquivel
- LANGEBIO, National Laboratory of Genomics for Biodiversity, Cinvestav-Irapuato, Guanajuato, Mexico
| | | | - David R Greenwood
- The University of Auckland, School of Biological Sciences, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Miguel Hernández-Oñate
- LANGEBIO, National Laboratory of Genomics for Biodiversity, Cinvestav-Irapuato, Guanajuato, Mexico
| | - Joanna S Kruszewska
- Polish Academy of Sciences, Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Laboratory of Fungal Glycobiology, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Robert Lawry
- Lincoln University, Bio-Protection Research Centre, Lincoln, Canterbury, New Zealand
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Sebastian Piłsyk
- Polish Academy of Sciences, Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Laboratory of Fungal Glycobiology, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Kyle R Pomraning
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington, USA
| | - Aroa Rodriguez-Iglesias
- Austrian Institute of Technology, Department Health and Environment, Bioresources Unit, Tulln, Austria
| | | | | | - Verena Seidl-Seiboth
- Research Division Biotechnology and Microbiology, Institute of Chemical Engineering, TU Wien, Vienna, Austria
| | | | | | - Chih-Li Wang
- National Chung-Hsing University, Department of Plant Pathology, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Ting-Fang Wang
- Academia Sinica, Institute of Molecular Biology, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Susanne Zeilinger
- Research Division Biotechnology and Microbiology, Institute of Chemical Engineering, TU Wien, Vienna, Austria University of Innsbruck, Institute of Microbiology, Innsbruck, Austria
| | | | - Alfredo Herrera-Estrella
- LANGEBIO, National Laboratory of Genomics for Biodiversity, Cinvestav-Irapuato, Guanajuato, Mexico
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Zhu J, Ying SH, Feng MG. The Pal pathway required for ambient pH adaptation regulates growth, conidiation, and osmotolerance of Beauveria bassiana in a pH-dependent manner. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2016; 100:4423-33. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-016-7282-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2015] [Revised: 12/27/2015] [Accepted: 12/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
|
30
|
Gene Expression in Filamentous Fungi: Advantages and Disadvantages Compared to Other Systems. Fungal Biol 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-27951-0_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
|
31
|
|
32
|
Molecular and cellular analysis of the pH response transcription factor PacC in the fungal symbiont Epichloë festucae. Fungal Genet Biol 2015; 85:25-37. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fgb.2015.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2015] [Revised: 10/29/2015] [Accepted: 10/31/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
|
33
|
Lou Y, Han Y, Yang L, Wu M, Zhang J, Cheng J, Wang M, Jiang D, Chen W, Li G. CmpacC regulates mycoparasitism, oxalate degradation and antifungal activity in the mycoparasitic fungus Coniothyrium minitans. Environ Microbiol 2015; 17:4711-29. [PMID: 26278965 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.13018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2015] [Revised: 08/05/2015] [Accepted: 08/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The PacC/Rim101 pH-responsive transcription factor is an important pathogenicity element for many plant-pathogenic fungi. In this study, we investigated the roles of a PacC homologue, CmpacC, in the mycoparasitic fungus Coniothyrium minitans. CmpacC was confirmed to have the transcriptional activation activity by the transcriptional activation test in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Disruption of CmpacC resulted in impaired fungal responses to ambient pH. Compared to the wild-type, the CmpacC-disruption mutant ΔCmpacC-29 was significantly suppressed for activities of chitinase and β-1,3-glucanase at pH 5 and 7, consistent with reduced expression levels of Cmch1 and Cmg1 coding for the two enzymes respectively. However, the mutant displayed acidity-mimicking phenotypes such as improved oxalate degradation and increased antifungal activity at pH 6 or higher. Improved efficacy in oxalate degradation by ΔCmpacC-29 was consistent with the enhanced expression level of Cmoxdc1 coding for oxalate decarboxylase. CmpacC transcriptional activation of Cmch1 and Cmg1 and repression of Cmoxdc1 were verified by the presence of the PacC/Rim101 consensus binding-motifs in gene promoter regions and by the promoter DNA-binding assays. This study suggests that CmpacC plays an activator role in regulation of C. minitans mycoparasitism, whereas plays a repressor role in regulation of oxalate degradation and possibly antifungal activity of C. minitans.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yi Lou
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology and Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology of Hubei Province, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Yongchao Han
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology and Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology of Hubei Province, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China.,The Institute of Industrial Crops of Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, 430064, China
| | - Long Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology and Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology of Hubei Province, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Mingde Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology and Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology of Hubei Province, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology and Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology of Hubei Province, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Jiasen Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology and Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology of Hubei Province, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Moying Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology and Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology of Hubei Province, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Daohong Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology and Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology of Hubei Province, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Weidong Chen
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
| | - Guoqing Li
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology and Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology of Hubei Province, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Bussink HJ, Bignell EM, Múnera-Huertas T, Lucena-Agell D, Scazzocchio C, Espeso EA, Bertuzzi M, Rudnicka J, Negrete-Urtasun S, Peñas-Parilla MM, Rainbow L, Peñalva MÁ, Arst HN, Tilburn J. Refining the pH response in Aspergillus nidulans: a modulatory triad involving PacX, a novel zinc binuclear cluster protein. Mol Microbiol 2015; 98:1051-72. [PMID: 26303777 PMCID: PMC4832277 DOI: 10.1111/mmi.13173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/20/2015] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The Aspergillus nidulans PacC transcription factor mediates gene regulation in response to alkaline ambient pH which, signalled by the Pal pathway, results in the processing of PacC72 to PacC27 via PacC53. Here we investigate two levels at which the pH regulatory system is transcriptionally moderated by pH and identify and characterise a new component of the pH regulatory machinery, PacX. Transcript level analysis and overexpression studies demonstrate that repression of acid‐expressed palF, specifying the Pal pathway arrestin, probably by PacC27 and/or PacC53, prevents an escalating alkaline pH response. Transcript analyses using a reporter and constitutively expressed pacC
trans‐alleles show that pacC preferential alkaline‐expression results from derepression by depletion of the acid‐prevalent PacC72 form. We additionally show that pacC repression requires PacX. pacX mutations suppress PacC processing recalcitrant mutations, in part, through derepressed PacC levels resulting in traces of PacC27 formed by pH‐independent proteolysis. pacX was cloned by impala transposon mutagenesis. PacX, with homologues within the Leotiomyceta, has an unusual structure with an amino‐terminal coiled‐coil and a carboxy‐terminal zinc binuclear cluster. pacX mutations indicate the importance of these regions. One mutation, an unprecedented finding in A. nidulans genetics, resulted from an insertion of an endogenous Fot1‐like transposon.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Henk-Jan Bussink
- Section of Microbiology, Imperial College London, Flowers Building, Armstrong Road, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Elaine M Bignell
- Section of Microbiology, Imperial College London, Flowers Building, Armstrong Road, London, SW7 2AZ, UK.,Manchester Fungal Infection Group, Institute for Inflammation and Repair, University of Manchester, 46 Grafton Street, Manchester, M13 9NT, UK
| | - Tatiana Múnera-Huertas
- Section of Microbiology, Imperial College London, Flowers Building, Armstrong Road, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Daniel Lucena-Agell
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas CSIC, Ramiro de Maeztu 9, Madrid, 28040, Spain
| | - Claudio Scazzocchio
- Section of Microbiology, Imperial College London, Flowers Building, Armstrong Road, London, SW7 2AZ, UK.,Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), CEA, CNRS, Université Paris-Sud, Orsay, France
| | - Eduardo A Espeso
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas CSIC, Ramiro de Maeztu 9, Madrid, 28040, Spain
| | - Margherita Bertuzzi
- Manchester Fungal Infection Group, Institute for Inflammation and Repair, University of Manchester, 46 Grafton Street, Manchester, M13 9NT, UK
| | - Joanna Rudnicka
- Section of Microbiology, Imperial College London, Flowers Building, Armstrong Road, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Susana Negrete-Urtasun
- Section of Microbiology, Imperial College London, Flowers Building, Armstrong Road, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Maria M Peñas-Parilla
- Section of Microbiology, Imperial College London, Flowers Building, Armstrong Road, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Lynne Rainbow
- Section of Microbiology, Imperial College London, Flowers Building, Armstrong Road, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Miguel Á Peñalva
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas CSIC, Ramiro de Maeztu 9, Madrid, 28040, Spain
| | - Herbert N Arst
- Section of Microbiology, Imperial College London, Flowers Building, Armstrong Road, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Joan Tilburn
- Section of Microbiology, Imperial College London, Flowers Building, Armstrong Road, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Häkkinen M, Sivasiddarthan D, Aro N, Saloheimo M, Pakula TM. The effects of extracellular pH and of the transcriptional regulator PACI on the transcriptome of Trichoderma reesei. Microb Cell Fact 2015; 14:63. [PMID: 25925231 PMCID: PMC4446002 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-015-0247-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2014] [Accepted: 04/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Extracellular pH is one of the several environmental factors affecting protein production by filamentous fungi. Regulatory mechanisms ensure that extracellular enzymes are produced under pH-conditions in which the enzymes are active. In filamentous fungi, the transcriptional regulation in different ambient pH has been studied especially in Aspergilli, whereas the effects of pH in the industrial producer of hydrolytic enzymes, Trichoderma reesei, have mainly been studied at the protein level. In this study, the pH-dependent expression of T. reesei genes was investigated by genome-wide transcriptional profiling and by analysing the effects of deletion of the gene encoding the transcriptional regulator pac1, the orthologue of Aspergillus nidulans pacC gene. Results Transcriptional analysis revealed the pH-responsive genes of T. reesei, and functional classification of the genes identified the activities most affected by changing pH. A large number of genes encoding especially transporters, signalling-related proteins, extracellular enzymes and proteins involved in different metabolism-related functions were found to be pH-responsive. Several cellulase- and hemicellulase-encoding genes were found among the pH-responsive genes. Especially, genes encoding hemicellulases with the similar type of activity were shown to include both genes up-regulated at low pH and genes up-regulated at high pH. However, relatively few of the cellulase- and hemicellulase-encoding genes showed direct PACI-mediated regulation, indicating the importance of other regulatory mechanisms affecting expression in different pH conditions. New information was gained on the effects of pH on the genes involved in ambient pH-signalling and on the known and candidate regulatory genes involved in regulation of cellulase and hemicellulase encoding genes. In addition, co-regulated genomic clusters responding to change of ambient pH were identified. Conclusions Ambient pH was shown to be an important determinant of T. reesei gene expression. The pH-responsive genes, including those affected by the regulator of ambient pH sensing, were identified, and novel information on the activity of genes encoding carbohydrate active enzymes at different pH was gained. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12934-015-0247-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mari Häkkinen
- VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland, P.O. Box 1000, (Tietotie 2, Espoo), FI-02044 VTT, Finland.
| | - Dhinakaran Sivasiddarthan
- VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland, P.O. Box 1000, (Tietotie 2, Espoo), FI-02044 VTT, Finland.
| | - Nina Aro
- VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland, P.O. Box 1000, (Tietotie 2, Espoo), FI-02044 VTT, Finland.
| | - Markku Saloheimo
- VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland, P.O. Box 1000, (Tietotie 2, Espoo), FI-02044 VTT, Finland.
| | - Tiina M Pakula
- VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland, P.O. Box 1000, (Tietotie 2, Espoo), FI-02044 VTT, Finland.
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Xie BB, Li D, Shi WL, Qin QL, Wang XW, Rong JC, Sun CY, Huang F, Zhang XY, Dong XW, Chen XL, Zhou BC, Zhang YZ, Song XY. Deep RNA sequencing reveals a high frequency of alternative splicing events in the fungus Trichoderma longibrachiatum. BMC Genomics 2015; 16:54. [PMID: 25652134 PMCID: PMC4324775 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-015-1251-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2014] [Accepted: 01/15/2015] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alternative splicing is crucial for proteome diversity and functional complexity in higher organisms. However, the alternative splicing landscape in fungi is still elusive. RESULTS The transcriptome of the filamentous fungus Trichoderma longibrachiatum was deep sequenced using Illumina Solexa technology. A total of 14305 splice junctions were discovered. Analyses of alternative splicing events revealed that the number of all alternative splicing events (10034), intron retentions (IR, 9369), alternative 5' splice sites (A5SS, 167), and alternative 3' splice sites (A3SS, 302) is 7.3, 7.4, 5.1, and 5.9-fold higher, respectively, than those observed in the fungus Aspergillus oryzae using Illumina Solexa technology. This unexpectedly high ratio of alternative splicing suggests that alternative splicing is important to the transcriptome diversity of T. longibrachiatum. Alternatively spliced introns had longer lengths, higher GC contents, and lower splice site scores than constitutive introns. Further analysis demonstrated that the isoform relative frequencies were correlated with the splice site scores of the isoforms. Moreover, comparative transcriptomics determined that most enzymes related to glycolysis and the citrate cycle and glyoxylate cycle as well as a few carbohydrate-active enzymes are transcriptionally regulated. CONCLUSIONS This study, consisting of a comprehensive analysis of the alternative splicing landscape in the filamentous fungus T. longibrachiatum, revealed an unexpectedly high ratio of alternative splicing events and provided new insights into transcriptome diversity in fungi.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bin-Bin Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Jinan, 250100, China. .,Marine Biotechnology Research Center, Shandong University, Jinan, 250100, China. .,Collaborative Innovation Center of Deep Sea Biology, Shandong University, Jinan, 250100, China.
| | - Dan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Jinan, 250100, China. .,Marine Biotechnology Research Center, Shandong University, Jinan, 250100, China.
| | - Wei-Ling Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Jinan, 250100, China. .,Marine Biotechnology Research Center, Shandong University, Jinan, 250100, China.
| | - Qi-Long Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Jinan, 250100, China. .,Marine Biotechnology Research Center, Shandong University, Jinan, 250100, China. .,Collaborative Innovation Center of Deep Sea Biology, Shandong University, Jinan, 250100, China.
| | - Xiao-Wei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Jinan, 250100, China. .,Marine Biotechnology Research Center, Shandong University, Jinan, 250100, China.
| | - Jin-Cheng Rong
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Jinan, 250100, China. .,Marine Biotechnology Research Center, Shandong University, Jinan, 250100, China.
| | - Cai-Yun Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Jinan, 250100, China. .,Marine Biotechnology Research Center, Shandong University, Jinan, 250100, China.
| | - Feng Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Jinan, 250100, China.
| | - Xi-Ying Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Jinan, 250100, China. .,Marine Biotechnology Research Center, Shandong University, Jinan, 250100, China. .,Collaborative Innovation Center of Deep Sea Biology, Shandong University, Jinan, 250100, China.
| | - Xiao-Wei Dong
- Technology Center, Shandong Tobacco Industry Corporation, Jinan, 250013, China.
| | - Xiu-Lan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Jinan, 250100, China. .,Marine Biotechnology Research Center, Shandong University, Jinan, 250100, China. .,Collaborative Innovation Center of Deep Sea Biology, Shandong University, Jinan, 250100, China.
| | - Bai-Cheng Zhou
- Marine Biotechnology Research Center, Shandong University, Jinan, 250100, China.
| | - Yu-Zhong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Jinan, 250100, China. .,Marine Biotechnology Research Center, Shandong University, Jinan, 250100, China. .,Collaborative Innovation Center of Deep Sea Biology, Shandong University, Jinan, 250100, China.
| | - Xiao-Yan Song
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Jinan, 250100, China. .,Marine Biotechnology Research Center, Shandong University, Jinan, 250100, China. .,Collaborative Innovation Center of Deep Sea Biology, Shandong University, Jinan, 250100, China.
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Morán-Diez ME, Trushina N, Lamdan NL, Rosenfelder L, Mukherjee PK, Kenerley CM, Horwitz BA. Host-specific transcriptomic pattern of Trichoderma virens during interaction with maize or tomato roots. BMC Genomics 2015; 16:8. [PMID: 25608961 PMCID: PMC4326404 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-014-1208-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2014] [Accepted: 12/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Members of the fungal genus Trichoderma directly antagonize soil-borne fungal pathogens, and an increasing number of species are studied for their potential in biocontrol of plant pathogens in agriculture. Some species also colonize plant roots, promoting systemic resistance. The Trichoderma-root interaction is hosted by a wide range of plant species, including monocots and dicots. RESULTS To test the hypothesis that gene expression by the fungal partner in this beneficial interaction is modulated by the plant, Trichoderma virens was co-cultured with maize or tomato in a hydroponic system allowing interaction with the roots. The transcriptomes for T. virens alone were compared with fungus-inoculated tomato or maize roots by hybridization on microarrays of 11645 unique oligonucleotides designed from the predicted protein-coding gene models. Transcript levels of 210 genes were modulated by interaction with roots. Almost all were up-regulated. Glycoside hydrolases and transporters were highly represented among transcripts induced by co-culture with roots. Of the genes up-regulated on either or both host plants, 35 differed significantly in their expression levels between maize and tomato. Ten of these were expressed higher in the fungus in co-culture with tomato roots than with maize. Average transcript levels for these genes ranged from 1.9 fold higher on tomato than on maize to 60.9 fold for the most tomato-specific gene. The other 25 host-specific transcripts were expressed more strongly in co-culture with maize than with tomato. Average transcript levels for these genes were 2.5 to 196 fold higher on maize than on tomato. CONCLUSIONS Based on the relevant role of Trichoderma virens as a biological control agent this study provides a better knowledge of its crosstalk with plants in a host-specific manner. The differentially expressed genes encode proteins belonging to several functional classes including enzymes, transporters and small secreted proteins. Among them, glycoside hydrolases and transporters are highlighted by their abundance and suggest an important factor in the metabolism of host cell walls during colonization of the outer root layers. Host-specific gene expression may contribute to the ability of T. virens to colonize the roots of a wide range of plant species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria E Morán-Diez
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA.
- Present address: Bio-Protection Research Centre, Lincoln University, PO Box 84, Lincoln, 7647, New Zealand.
| | - Naomi Trushina
- Department of Biology, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Neve Shaanan Campus, Haifa, 3200000, Israel.
| | - Netta Li Lamdan
- Department of Biology, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Neve Shaanan Campus, Haifa, 3200000, Israel.
| | - Lea Rosenfelder
- Department of Biology, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Neve Shaanan Campus, Haifa, 3200000, Israel.
| | - Prasun K Mukherjee
- Nuclear Agriculture and Biotechnology Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai, 400085, Mumbai, India.
| | - Charles M Kenerley
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA.
| | - Benjamin A Horwitz
- Department of Biology, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Neve Shaanan Campus, Haifa, 3200000, Israel.
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Daguerre Y, Siegel K, Edel-Hermann V, Steinberg C. Fungal proteins and genes associated with biocontrol mechanisms of soil-borne pathogens: a review. FUNGAL BIOL REV 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fbr.2014.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
|
39
|
Gruber S, Zeilinger S. The transcription factor Ste12 mediates the regulatory role of the Tmk1 MAP kinase in mycoparasitism and vegetative hyphal fusion in the filamentous fungus Trichoderma atroviride. PLoS One 2014; 9:e111636. [PMID: 25356841 PMCID: PMC4214791 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0111636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2014] [Accepted: 10/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycoparasitic species of the fungal genus Trichoderma are potent antagonists able to combat plant pathogenic fungi by direct parasitism. An essential step in this mycoparasitic fungus-fungus interaction is the detection of the fungal host followed by activation of molecular weapons in the mycoparasite by host-derived signals. The Trichoderma atroviride MAP kinase Tmk1, a homolog of yeast Fus3/Kss1, plays an essential role in regulating the mycoparasitic host attack, aerial hyphae formation and conidiation. However, the transcription factors acting downstream of Tmk1 are hitherto unknown. Here we analyzed the functions of the T. atroviride Ste12 transcription factor whose orthologue in yeast is targeted by the Fus3 and Kss1 MAP kinases. Deletion of the ste12 gene in T. atroviride not only resulted in reduced mycoparasitic overgrowth and lysis of host fungi but also led to loss of hyphal avoidance in the colony periphery and a severe reduction in conidial anastomosis tube formation and vegetative hyphal fusion events. The transcription of several orthologues of Neurospora crassa hyphal fusion genes was reduced upon ste12 deletion; however, the Δste12 mutant showed enhanced expression of mycoparasitism-relevant chitinolytic and proteolytic enzymes and of the cell wall integrity MAP kinase Tmk2. Based on the comparative analyses of Δste12 and Δtmk1 mutants, an essential role of the Ste12 transcriptional regulator in mediating outcomes of the Tmk1 MAPK pathway such as regulation of the mycoparasitic activity, hyphal fusion and carbon source-dependent vegetative growth is suggested. Aerial hyphae formation and conidiation, in contrast, were found to be independent of Ste12.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sabine Gruber
- Research Area Biotechnology and Microbiology, Institute of Chemical Engineering, Vienna University of Technology, Wien, Austria
| | - Susanne Zeilinger
- Research Area Biotechnology and Microbiology, Institute of Chemical Engineering, Vienna University of Technology, Wien, Austria
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Meijueiro ML, Santoyo F, Ramirez L, Pisabarro AG. Transcriptome characteristics of filamentous fungi deduced using high-throughput analytical technologies. Brief Funct Genomics 2014; 13:440-50. [DOI: 10.1093/bfgp/elu033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
|
41
|
Valkonen M, Penttilä M, Benčina M. Intracellular pH responses in the industrially important fungus Trichoderma reesei. Fungal Genet Biol 2014; 70:86-93. [PMID: 25046860 DOI: 10.1016/j.fgb.2014.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2014] [Revised: 07/07/2014] [Accepted: 07/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Preserving an optimal intracellular pH is critical for cell fitness and productivity. The pH homeostasis of the industrially important filamentous fungus Trichoderma reesei (Hypocrea jecorina) is largely unexplored. We analyzed the impact of growth conditions on regulation of intracellular pH of the strain Rut-C30 and the strain M106 derived from the Rut-C30 that accumulates L-galactonic acid-from provided galacturonic acid-as a consequence of L-galactonate dehydratase deletion. For live-cell measurements of intracellular pH, we used the genetically encoded ratiometric pH-sensitive fluorescent protein RaVC. Glucose and lactose, used as carbon sources, had specific effects on intracellular pH of T. reesei. The growth in lactose-containing medium extensively acidified cytosol, while intracellular pH of hyphae cultured in a medium with glucose remained at a higher level. The strain M106 maintained higher intracellular pH in the presence of D-galacturonic acid than its parental strain Rut-C30. Acidic external pH caused significant acidification of cytosol. Altogether, the pH homeostasis of T. reesei Rut-C30 strain is sensitive to extracellular pH and the degree of acidification depends on carbon source.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mari Valkonen
- VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland, Espoo, Finland.
| | - Merja Penttilä
- VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland, Espoo, Finland
| | - Mojca Benčina
- Laboratory of Biotechnology, National Institute of Chemistry, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; Centre of Excellence EN-FIST, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Huang W, Shang Y, Chen P, Gao Q, Wang C. MrpacC regulates sporulation, insect cuticle penetration and immune evasion inMetarhizium robertsii. Environ Microbiol 2014; 17:994-1008. [DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.12451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2013] [Accepted: 01/30/2014] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Wei Huang
- Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental and Evolutionary Biology; Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology; Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Shanghai 200032 China
| | - Yanfang Shang
- Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental and Evolutionary Biology; Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology; Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Shanghai 200032 China
| | - Peilin Chen
- Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental and Evolutionary Biology; Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology; Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Shanghai 200032 China
| | - Qiang Gao
- Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental and Evolutionary Biology; Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology; Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Shanghai 200032 China
| | - Chengshu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental and Evolutionary Biology; Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology; Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Shanghai 200032 China
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Rossi A, Cruz AHS, Santos RS, Silva PM, Silva EM, Mendes NS, Martinez-Rossi NM. Ambient pH sensing in filamentous fungi: pitfalls in elucidating regulatory hierarchical signaling networks. IUBMB Life 2013; 65:930-5. [PMID: 24265200 DOI: 10.1002/iub.1217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2013] [Accepted: 09/25/2013] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
In this article, the experiments used to construct the ambient pH-signaling network involved in the secretion of enzymes by filamentous fungi have been reviewed, focusing on the phosphate-repressible phosphatases in Aspergillus nidulans. Classic and molecular genetics have been used to demonstrate that proteolysis of the transcription factor PacC at alkaline ambient pH is imperative for its action, implying that the full-length version is not an active molecular form of PacC. It has been hypothesized that the transcriptional regulator PacC may be functional at both acidic and alkaline ambient pH, in either the full-length or the proteolyzed form, if it carries a pal-dependent molecular tag. The products of the pal genes are involved in a metabolic pathway that led to the synthesis of effector molecules that tag the pacC product, perhaps facilitating its proteolysis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Rossi
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
44
|
The pH signaling transcription factor PacC is required for full virulence in Penicillium digitatum. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2013; 97:9087-98. [PMID: 23917633 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-013-5129-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2013] [Revised: 07/07/2013] [Accepted: 07/12/2013] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Penicillium digitatum is the most important postharvest pathogen of citrus fruits. Along disease progression, the infected citrus peel tissue is acidified due to the accumulation of organic acids. So far, relatively little is known about the environmental factors that regulate pathogenicity in this fungus. In this study, the role of the pH signaling transcription factor PacC in the pathogenesis of P. digitatum was investigated. We identified the pacC ortholog (PdpacC) in P. digitatum and found that its transcript levels were elevated under alkaline conditions (pH ≥ 7) in vitro, as well as during the infection of citrus fruits in spite of the low pH (about 3.0 to 3.5) of the macerated tissue. Na(+) and pectin also induced the expression of PdpacC. Disruption of PdpacC resulted in impaired mycelial growth under neutral or alkaline pH conditions and on synthetic medium supplemented with pectin as the sole carbon source, and attenuated virulence towards citrus fruits. Introducing the full length of PdpacC into the ΔPdpacC mutant restored all these phenotypes. The expression of the polygalacturonase gene Pdpg2 and pectin lyase gene Pdpnl1 in P. digitatum was upregulated in the wild type strain but not or weakly upregulated in the ΔPdpacC mutant during infection. Disruption of Pdpg2 also resulted in attenuated virulence of P. digitatum towards citrus fruits. Collectively, we conclude that PdPacC plays an important role in pathogenesis of P. digitatum via regulation of the expression of cell wall degradation enzyme genes, such as Pdpg2 and Pdpnl1.
Collapse
|