1
|
Glynn RA, Hayer KE, Bassing CH. ATM-dependent Phosphorylation of Nemo SQ Motifs Is Dispensable for Nemo-mediated Gene Expression Changes in Response to DNA Double-Strand Breaks. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2024; 213:628-640. [PMID: 39007641 PMCID: PMC11348802 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2300139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2023] [Accepted: 06/25/2024] [Indexed: 07/16/2024]
Abstract
In response to DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs), the ATM kinase activates NF-κB factors to stimulate gene expression changes that promote survival and allow time for cells to repair damage. In cell lines, ATM can activate NF-κB transcription factors via two independent, convergent mechanisms. One is ATM-mediated phosphorylation of nuclear NF-κB essential modulator (Nemo) protein, which leads to monoubiquitylation and export of Nemo to the cytoplasm where it engages the IκB kinase (IKK) complex to activate NF-κB. Another is DSB-triggered migration of ATM into the cytoplasm, where it promotes monoubiquitylation of Nemo and the resulting IKK-mediated activation of NF-κB. ATM has many other functions in the DSB response beyond activation of NF-κB, and Nemo activates NF-κB downstream of diverse stimuli, including developmental or proinflammatory stimuli such as LPSs. To elucidate the in vivo role of DSB-induced, ATM-dependent changes in expression of NF-κB-responsive genes, we generated mice expressing phosphomutant Nemo protein lacking consensus SQ sites for phosphorylation by ATM or related kinases. We demonstrate that these mice are viable/healthy and fertile and exhibit overall normal B and T lymphocyte development. Moreover, treatment of their B lineage cells with LPS induces normal NF-κB-regulated gene expression changes. Furthermore, in marked contrast to results from a pre-B cell line, primary B lineage cells expressing phosphomutant Nemo treated with the genotoxic drug etoposide induce normal ATM- and Nemo-dependent changes in expression of NF-κB-regulated genes. Our data demonstrate that ATM-dependent phosphorylation of Nemo SQ motifs in vivo is dispensable for DSB-signaled changes in expression of NF-κB-regulated genes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca A. Glynn
- Cell and Molecular Biology Graduate Group, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Katharina E. Hayer
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
- Biomedical Engineering Doctoral Degree Program, School of Biomedical Engineering, Science and Health Systems, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, 19104
- Department of Biomedical and Health Informatics, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19104
| | - Craig H. Bassing
- Cell and Molecular Biology Graduate Group, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Shu X, Wang J, Zeng H, Shao L. Progression of Notch signaling regulation of B cells under radiation exposure. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1339977. [PMID: 38524139 PMCID: PMC10957566 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1339977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2024] [Indexed: 03/26/2024] Open
Abstract
With the continuous development of nuclear technology, the radiation exposure caused by radiation therapy is a serious health hazard. It is of great significance to further develop effective radiation countermeasures. B cells easily succumb to irradiation exposure along with immunosuppressive response. The approach to ameliorate radiation-induced B cell damage is rarely studied, implying that the underlying mechanisms of B cell damage after exposure are eager to be revealed. Recent studies suggest that Notch signaling plays an important role in B cell-mediated immune response. Notch signaling is a critical regulator for B cells to maintain immune function. Although accumulating studies reported that Notch signaling contributes to the functionality of hematopoietic stem cells and T cells, its role in B cells is scarcely appreciated. Presently, we discussed the regulation of Notch signaling on B cells under radiation exposure to provide a scientific basis to prevent radiation-induced B cell damage.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xin Shu
- Department of Occupational Health and Toxicology, School of Public Health, Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Preventive Medicine, Jiangxi Medical College, School of Public Health, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Jie Wang
- Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medicine Sciences, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Huihong Zeng
- Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medicine Sciences, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Lijian Shao
- Department of Occupational Health and Toxicology, School of Public Health, Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Preventive Medicine, Jiangxi Medical College, School of Public Health, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Interdisciplinary Science, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Johnston R, Mathias B, Crowley SJ, Schmidt HA, White LS, Mosammaparast N, Green AM, Bednarski JJ. Nuclease-independent functions of RAG1 direct distinct DNA damage responses in B cells. EMBO Rep 2023; 24:e55429. [PMID: 36382770 PMCID: PMC9827558 DOI: 10.15252/embr.202255429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2022] [Revised: 10/23/2022] [Accepted: 10/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Developing B cells generate DNA double-stranded breaks (DSBs) to assemble immunoglobulin receptor (Ig) genes necessary for the expression of a mature B cell receptor. These physiologic DSBs are made by the RAG endonuclease, which is comprised of the RAG1 and RAG2 proteins. In pre-B cells, RAG-mediated DSBs activate the ATM kinase to coordinate canonical and non-canonical DNA damage responses (DDR) that trigger DSB repair and B cell developmental signals, respectively. Whether this broad cellular response is distinctive to RAG DSBs is poorly understood. To delineate the factors that direct DDR signaling in B cells, we express a tetracycline-inducible Cas9 nuclease in Rag1-deficient pre-B cells. Both RAG- and Cas9-mediated DSBs at Ig genes activate canonical DDR. In contrast, RAG DSBs, but not Cas9 DSBs, induce the non-canonical DDR-dependent developmental program. This unique response to RAG DSBs is, in part, regulated by non-core regions of RAG1. Thus, B cells trigger distinct cellular responses to RAG DSBs through unique properties of the RAG endonuclease that promotes activation of B cell developmental programs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Johnston
- Department of PediatricsWashington University School of MedicineSt. LouisMOUSA
| | - Brendan Mathias
- Department of PediatricsWashington University School of MedicineSt. LouisMOUSA
| | - Stephanie J Crowley
- Department of PediatricsWashington University School of MedicineSt. LouisMOUSA
| | - Haley A Schmidt
- Department of PediatricsWashington University School of MedicineSt. LouisMOUSA
| | - Lynn S White
- Department of PediatricsWashington University School of MedicineSt. LouisMOUSA
| | - Nima Mosammaparast
- Department of Pathology and ImmunologyWashington University School of MedicineSt. LouisMOUSA
| | - Abby M Green
- Department of PediatricsWashington University School of MedicineSt. LouisMOUSA
| | - Jeffrey J Bednarski
- Department of PediatricsWashington University School of MedicineSt. LouisMOUSA
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Barańska A, Woźniak A, Mokra K, Michałowicz J. Genotoxic Mechanism of Action of TBBPA, TBBPS and Selected Bromophenols in Human Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells. Front Immunol 2022; 13:869741. [PMID: 35493487 PMCID: PMC9039255 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.869741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Bromophenolic flame retardants (BFRs) are a large group of synthetic substances used in the industry in order to reduce the flammability of synthetic materials used in electrical and electronic devices, textiles, furniture and other everyday products. The presence of BFRs has been documented in the environment, food, drinking water, inhaled dust and the human body. Due to the widespread exposure of the general population to BFRs and insufficient knowledge on their toxic action, including genotoxic potential, we have compared the effect of tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA), tetrabromobisphenol S (TBBPS), 2,4,6,-tribromophenol (2,4,6-TBP) and pentabromophenol (PBP) on DNA damage in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) (playing a crucial role in the immune system) as well as examined underlying mechanism of action of these substances. The cells were incubated for 24 h with studied compounds in the concentrations ranging from 0.01 to 10 µg/mL. The study has shown that examined BFRs induced single and, to a lesser extent, double strand-breaks formation and caused oxidative damage to pyrimidines, and particularly to purines in the incubated cells. PBMCs efficiently repaired the DNA strand-breaks induced by BFRs, but they were unable to remove completely damaged DNA (except cells treated with TBBPS). The greatest changes in the above-mentioned parameters were observed in cells incubated with TBBPA, while the smallest in PBMCs treated with TBBPS. The results have also revealed that tested compounds do not form adducts with DNA in PBMCs, while the observed changes were the most probably induced by indirect DNA-damaging agents, such as ROS and other reactive species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Barańska
- Department of Biophysics of Environmental Pollution, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Woźniak
- Department of Biophysics of Environmental Pollution, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Mokra
- Department of Biophysics of Environmental Pollution, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Jaromir Michałowicz
- Department of Biophysics of Environmental Pollution, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Nicolò A, Linder AT, Jumaa H, Maity PC. The Determinants of B Cell Receptor Signaling as Prototype Molecular Biomarkers of Leukemia. Front Oncol 2022; 11:771669. [PMID: 34993136 PMCID: PMC8724047 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.771669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2021] [Accepted: 12/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Advanced genome-wide association studies (GWAS) identified several transforming mutations in susceptible loci which are recognized as valuable prognostic markers in chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) and B cell lymphoma (BCL). Alongside, robust genetic manipulations facilitated the generation of preclinical mouse models to validate mutations associated with poor prognosis and refractory B cell malignancies. Taken together, these studies identified new prognostic markers that could achieve characteristics of precision biomarkers for molecular diagnosis. On the contrary, the idea of augmented B cell antigen receptor (BCR) signaling as a transforming cue has somewhat receded despite the efficacy of Btk and Syk inhibitors. Recent studies from several research groups pointed out that acquired mutations in BCR components serve as faithful biomarkers, which become important for precision diagnostics and therapy, due to their relevant role in augmented BCR signaling and CLL pathogenesis. For example, we showed that expression of a single point mutated immunoglobulin light chain (LC) recombined through the variable gene segment IGLV3-21, named IGLV3-21R110, marks severe CLL cases. In this perspective, we summarize the molecular mechanisms fine-tuning B cell transformation, focusing on immunoglobulin point mutations and recurrent mutations in tumor suppressors. We present a stochastic model for gain-of-autonomous BCR signaling and subsequent neoplastic transformation. Of note, additional mutational analyses on immunoglobulin heavy chain (HC) derived from non-subset #2 CLL IGLV3-21R110 cases endorses our perspective. Altogether, we propose a model of malignant transformation in which the augmented BCR signaling creates a conducive platform for the appearance of transforming mutations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Hassan Jumaa
- Institute of Immunology, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
Byrum JN, Hoolehan WE, Simpson DA, Rodgers W, Rodgers KK. Full length RAG2 expression enhances the DNA damage response in pre-B cells. Immunobiology 2021; 226:152089. [PMID: 33873062 DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2021.152089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Revised: 03/15/2021] [Accepted: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
V(D)J recombination by the RAG1 and RAG2 protein complex in developing lymphocytes includes DNA double strand break (DSB) intermediates. RAG2 undergoes export from the nucleus and enrichment at the centrosome minutes following production of DSBs by genotoxic stress, suggesting that RAG2 participates in cellular responses to DSBs such as those generated during V(D)J recombination. To determine the effect of RAG2 expression on cell viability following DSB generation, we measured pre-B cells that expressed either full length (FL) wild-type RAG2, or a T490A mutant of RAG2 that has increased stability and fails to undergo nuclear export following generation of DSBs. Each RAG2 construct was labeled with GFP at the N-terminus. Compared to the T490A mutant, cells expressing FL RAG2 exhibited elevated apoptosis by 24 h following irradiation, and this coincided with a greater amount of Caspase 3 cleavage measured in cell lysates. Pre-B cells expressing either RAG2 protein exhibited similar increases in phospho-p53 levels following irradiation. Interestingly, FL RAG2-expressing cells exhibited elevated division relative to the T490A clone beginning ~24 h following irradiation, as well as an increased percentage of cells proceeding through mitosis, suggesting an improved rate of recovery following the initial burst in apoptosis. Altogether, these data show that FL RAG2, but not its stable nuclear export-defective T490A mutant, participates in pre-B cell decisions between apoptosis versus DNA repair and cell cycle progression following DNA damage.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer N Byrum
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, United States
| | - Walker E Hoolehan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, United States
| | - Destiny A Simpson
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, United States
| | - William Rodgers
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, United States
| | - Karla K Rodgers
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Innes CL, Hesse JE, Morales AJ, Helmink BA, Schurman SH, Sleckman BP, Paules RS. DNA damage responses in murine Pre-B cells with genetic deficiencies in damage response genes. Cell Cycle 2020; 19:67-83. [PMID: 31757180 PMCID: PMC6927727 DOI: 10.1080/15384101.2019.1693118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2019] [Revised: 10/29/2019] [Accepted: 11/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
DNA damage can be generated in multiple ways from genotoxic and physiologic sources. Genotoxic damage is known to disrupt cellular functions and is lethal if not repaired properly. We compare the transcriptional programs activated in response to genotoxic DNA damage induced by ionizing radiation (IR) in abl pre-B cells from mice deficient in DNA damage response (DDR) genes Atm, Mre11, Mdc1, H2ax, 53bp1, and DNA-PKcs. We identified a core IR-specific transcriptional response that occurs in abl pre-B cells from WT mice and compared the response of the other genotypes to the WT response. We also identified genotype specific responses and compared those to each other. The WT response includes many processes involved in lymphocyte development and immune response, as well as responses associated with the molecular mechanisms of cancer, such as TP53 signaling. As expected, there is a range of similarity in transcriptional profiles in comparison to WT cells, with Atm-/- cells being the most different from the core WT DDR and Mre11 hypomorph (Mre11A/A) cells also very dissimilar to WT and other genotypes. For example, NF-kB-related signaling and CD40 signaling are deficient in both Atm-/- and Mre11A/A cells, but present in all other genotypes. In contrast, IR-induced TP53 signaling is seen in the Mre11A/A cells, while these responses are not seen in the Atm-/- cells. By examining the similarities and differences in the signaling pathways in response to IR when specific genes are absent, our results further illustrate the contribution of each gene to the DDR. The microarray gene expression data discussed in this paper have been deposited in NCBI's Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/geo/) and are accessible under accession number GSE116388.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cynthia L. Innes
- Environmental Stress and Cancer Group, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Jill E. Hesse
- Environmental Stress and Cancer Group, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Abigail J. Morales
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Beth A. Helmink
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Shepherd H. Schurman
- Clinical Research Branch, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Barry P. Sleckman
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Richard S. Paules
- Environmental Stress and Cancer Group, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Abstract
DNA damage occurs on exposure to genotoxic agents and during physiological DNA transactions. DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) are particularly dangerous lesions that activate DNA damage response (DDR) kinases, leading to initiation of a canonical DDR (cDDR). This response includes activation of cell cycle checkpoints and engagement of pathways that repair the DNA DSBs to maintain genomic integrity. In adaptive immune cells, programmed DNA DSBs are generated at precise genomic locations during the assembly and diversification of lymphocyte antigen receptor genes. In innate immune cells, the production of genotoxic agents, such as reactive nitrogen molecules, in response to pathogens can also cause genomic DNA DSBs. These DSBs in adaptive and innate immune cells activate the cDDR. However, recent studies have demonstrated that they also activate non-canonical DDRs (ncDDRs) that regulate cell type-specific processes that are important for innate and adaptive immune responses. Here, we review these ncDDRs and discuss how they integrate with other signals during immune system development and function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey J Bednarski
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Barry P Sleckman
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Anandi L, Chakravarty V, Ashiq KA, Bodakuntla S, Lahiri M. DNA-dependent protein kinase plays a central role in transformation of breast epithelial cells following alkylation damage. J Cell Sci 2017; 130:3749-3763. [PMID: 28923836 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.203034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2017] [Accepted: 09/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
DNA alkylating agents form the first line of cancer chemotherapy. They not only kill cells but also behave as potential carcinogens. MNU, a DNA methylating agent, is well known to induce mammary tumours in rodents. However, the mechanism of tumorigenesis is not well understood. Our study reports a novel role played by DNA-dependent protein kinase (DNA-PK) in methylation damage-induced transformation using three-dimensional breast acinar cultures. Here, we report that exposure of breast epithelial cells to MNU inhibited polarisation at the basolateral domain, increased dispersal of the Golgi at the apical domain and induced an epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT)-like phenotype as well as invasion. This altered Golgi phenotype correlated with impaired intracellular trafficking. Inhibition of DNA-PK resulted in almost complete reversal of the altered Golgi phenotype and partial rescue of the polarity defect and EMT-like phenotype. The results confirm that methylation damage-induced activation of DNA-PK is a major mechanism in mediating cellular transformation.This article has an associated First Person interview with the first author of the paper.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Libi Anandi
- Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Pune, Maharashtra 411008, India
| | - Vaishali Chakravarty
- Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Pune, Maharashtra 411008, India
| | - K A Ashiq
- Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Pune, Maharashtra 411008, India
| | - Satish Bodakuntla
- Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Pune, Maharashtra 411008, India.,Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS UMR3348, F-91405 Orsay, France
| | - Mayurika Lahiri
- Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Pune, Maharashtra 411008, India
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Fisher MR, Rivera-Reyes A, Bloch NB, Schatz DG, Bassing CH. Immature Lymphocytes Inhibit Rag1 and Rag2 Transcription and V(D)J Recombination in Response to DNA Double-Strand Breaks. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2017; 198:2943-2956. [PMID: 28213501 PMCID: PMC5360515 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1601639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2016] [Accepted: 01/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Mammalian cells have evolved a common DNA damage response (DDR) that sustains cellular function, maintains genomic integrity, and suppresses malignant transformation. In pre-B cells, DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) induced at Igκ loci by the Rag1/Rag2 (RAG) endonuclease engage this DDR to modulate transcription of genes that regulate lymphocyte-specific processes. We previously reported that RAG DSBs induced at one Igκ allele signal through the ataxia telangiectasia mutated (ATM) kinase to feedback-inhibit RAG expression and RAG cleavage of the other Igκ allele. In this article, we show that DSBs induced by ionizing radiation, etoposide, or bleomycin suppress Rag1 and Rag2 mRNA levels in primary pre-B cells, pro-B cells, and pro-T cells, indicating that inhibition of Rag1 and Rag2 expression is a prevalent DSB response among immature lymphocytes. DSBs induced in pre-B cells signal rapid transcriptional repression of Rag1 and Rag2, causing downregulation of both Rag1 and Rag2 mRNA, but only Rag1 protein. This transcriptional inhibition requires the ATM kinase and the NF-κB essential modulator protein, implicating a role for ATM-mediated activation of canonical NF-κB transcription factors. Finally, we demonstrate that DSBs induced in pre-B cells by etoposide or bleomycin inhibit recombination of Igκ loci and a chromosomally integrated substrate. Our data indicate that immature lymphocytes exploit a common DDR signaling pathway to limit DSBs at multiple genomic locations within developmental stages wherein monoallelic Ag receptor locus recombination is enforced. We discuss the implications of our findings for mechanisms that orchestrate the differentiation of monospecific lymphocytes while suppressing oncogenic Ag receptor locus translocations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Megan R Fisher
- Division of Cancer Pathobiology, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Center for Childhood Cancer Research, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104
- Immunology Graduate Group, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Adrian Rivera-Reyes
- Division of Cancer Pathobiology, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Center for Childhood Cancer Research, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
- Cancer Biology Program of the Cell and Molecular Biology Graduate Group, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104; and
| | - Noah B Bloch
- Division of Cancer Pathobiology, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Center for Childhood Cancer Research, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - David G Schatz
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, New Haven, CT 06520
| | - Craig H Bassing
- Division of Cancer Pathobiology, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Center for Childhood Cancer Research, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104;
- Immunology Graduate Group, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
- Cancer Biology Program of the Cell and Molecular Biology Graduate Group, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104; and
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Morales AJ, Carrero JA, Hung PJ, Tubbs AT, Andrews JM, Edelson BT, Calderon B, Innes CL, Paules RS, Payton JE, Sleckman BP. A type I IFN-dependent DNA damage response regulates the genetic program and inflammasome activation in macrophages. eLife 2017; 6. [PMID: 28362262 PMCID: PMC5409825 DOI: 10.7554/elife.24655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2016] [Accepted: 03/30/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Macrophages produce genotoxic agents, such as reactive oxygen and nitrogen species, that kill invading pathogens. Here we show that these agents activate the DNA damage response (DDR) kinases ATM and DNA-PKcs through the generation of double stranded breaks (DSBs) in murine macrophage genomic DNA. In contrast to other cell types, initiation of this DDR depends on signaling from the type I interferon receptor. Once activated, ATM and DNA-PKcs regulate a genetic program with diverse immune functions and promote inflammasome activation and the production of IL-1β and IL-18. Indeed, following infection with Listeria monocytogenes, DNA-PKcs-deficient murine macrophages produce reduced levels of IL-18 and are unable to optimally stimulate IFN-γ production by NK cells. Thus, genomic DNA DSBs act as signaling intermediates in murine macrophages, regulating innate immune responses through the initiation of a type I IFN-dependent DDR.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Abigail J Morales
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York City, United States
| | - Javier A Carrero
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, United States
| | - Putzer J Hung
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, United States
| | - Anthony T Tubbs
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, United States
| | - Jared M Andrews
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, United States
| | - Brian T Edelson
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, United States
| | - Boris Calderon
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, United States
| | - Cynthia L Innes
- Environmental Stress and Cancer Group, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Durham, United States.,NIEHS Microarray Group, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Durham, United States
| | - Richard S Paules
- Environmental Stress and Cancer Group, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Durham, United States.,NIEHS Microarray Group, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Durham, United States
| | - Jacqueline E Payton
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, United States
| | - Barry P Sleckman
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York City, United States
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Anuranjani, Bala M. Concerted action of Nrf2-ARE pathway, MRN complex, HMGB1 and inflammatory cytokines - implication in modification of radiation damage. Redox Biol 2014; 2:832-46. [PMID: 25009785 PMCID: PMC4085347 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2014.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2013] [Revised: 02/25/2014] [Accepted: 02/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Whole body exposure to low linear energy transfer (LET) ionizing radiations (IRs) damages vital intracellular bio-molecules leading to multiple cellular and tissue injuries as well as pathophysiologies such as inflammation, immunosuppression etc. Nearly 70% of damage is caused indirectly by radiolysis of intracellular water leading to formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and free radicals and producing a state of oxidative stress. The damage is also caused by direct ionization of biomolecules. The type of radiation injuries is dependent on the absorbed radiation dose. Sub-lethal IR dose produces more of DNA base damages, whereas higher doses produce more DNA single strand break (SSBs), and double strand breaks (DSBs). The Nrf2-ARE pathway is an important oxidative stress regulating pathway. The DNA DSBs repair regulated by MRN complex, immunomodulation and inflammation regulated by HMGB1 and various types of cytokines are some of the key pathways which interact with each other in a complex manner and modify the radiation response. Because the majority of radiation damage is via oxidative stress, it is essential to gain in depth understanding of the mechanisms of Nrf2-ARE pathway and understand its interactions with MRN complex, HMGB1 and cytokines to increase our understanding on the radiation responses. Such information is of tremendous help in development of medical radiation countermeasures, radioprotective drugs and therapeutics. Till date no approved and safe countermeasure is available for human use. This study reviews the Nrf2-ARE pathway and its crosstalk with MRN-complex, HMGB1 and cytokines (TNF-a, IL-6, IFN-? etc.). An attempt is also made to review the modification of some of these pathways in presence of selected antioxidant radioprotective compounds or herbal extracts. Exposure to low linear energy transfer (LET) ionizing radiation (IR) causes intracellular oxidative stress and activate the Nrf2-ARE antioxidant pathway. Irradiation also causes inflammation and DNA damage which affect other pathways related to MRN complex and HMGB1 proteins. The antioxidant Keap1-Nrf2-ARE pathway most importantly regulates intracellular oxidative stress. The interaction of Keap1-Nrf2-ARE pathway with HMGB1 regulated inflammation; MRN complex regulated DNA repair is reviewed.
Collapse
Key Words
- .OH, hydroxyl radical
- AP1, activator protein-1
- ARE, antioxidant response element
- ATM, ataxia telangiectasia mutagenesis
- Bcl-2, B cell lymphoma-2 protein
- CBP, CREB-binding protein
- Chk-2, checkpoint kinase-2 protein
- DAMP, death associated molecular pattern
- DDR, DNA damage response
- DGR, double glycine repeats
- DSB, double strands break
- FGF, fibroblast growth factor
- FGF2, fibroblast growth factor-2
- GM-CSF, granulocytes macrophages colony stimulating factor
- GPx, glutathione peroxidase
- GSH, glutathione (reduced)
- GSK-3ß, glycogen synthase kinase 3 beta
- HMGB1
- HMGB1, high mobility group Box 1
- HR, homologous recombination
- IR, ionizing radiation
- Keap1, Kelch like ECH associated protein 1
- LET, linear energy transfer
- MDA, malondialdehyde
- MIP, macrophages inflammatory proteins
- MRN complex
- MRN, Mre11, Rad50 and Nbs1 subunits
- MRP, multidrug resistance protein
- NADPH, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate
- NES, nuclear export sequence
- NHEJ, non-homologous end joining
- NLS, nuclear localization sequence
- Nrf2-ARE pathway
- PKC, protein kinase C
- RAGE, receptor for advance glycation end products
- RIF, radiation induced foci
- RNS, reactive nitrogen species
- ROS, reactive oxygen species
- Radio-modification
- SOD, superoxide dismutase
- SSBs, single strand DNA breaks
- TRAIL, TNF related apoptosis inducing ligand
- TWEAK
- TWEAK, tumour necrosis factor weak inducer of apoptosis
- VEGF, vascular endothelial growth factor
- VSMC, vascular smooth muscle cells
- bFGF, basal fibroblast growth factor
- t-BHQ, tert butyl hydroquinone
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anuranjani
- Radiation Biology Department, Institute of Nuclear Medicine and Allied Sciences, Brig SK Mazumdar Marg, Delhi -110054, India
| | - Madhu Bala
- Radiation Biology Department, Institute of Nuclear Medicine and Allied Sciences, Brig SK Mazumdar Marg, Delhi -110054, India
| |
Collapse
|