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Wang H, Ma C, Liu C, Sun L, Wang Y, Xue J, Zhao B, Dong W. The c-Fos/AP-1 inhibitor inhibits sulfur mustard-induced chondrogenesis impairment in zebrafish larvae. CHEMOSPHERE 2024; 359:142299. [PMID: 38761826 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2024.142299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2024] [Revised: 05/07/2024] [Accepted: 05/08/2024] [Indexed: 05/20/2024]
Abstract
Sulfur mustard (SM, dichlorodiethyl sulfide) is a potent erosive chemical poison that can cause pulmonary lung, skin and eye disease complications in humans. Currently, there is no designated remedy for SM, and its operation's toxicological process remains unidentified. This work employed zebrafish as a model organism to investigate the toxic manifestations and mechanisms of exposure to SM, aiming to offer novel insights for preventing and treating this condition. The results showed that SM caused a decrease in the survival rate of the zebrafish larvae (LC50 = 2.47 mg/L), a reduction in the hatching rate, an increase in the pericardial area, and small head syndrome. However, T-5224 (a selective inhibitor of c-Fos/activator protein) attenuated the reduction in mortality (LC50 = 2.79 mg/L), the reduction in hatching rate, and the worsening of morphological changes. We discovered that SM causes cartilage developmental disorders in zebrafish larvae. The reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction found that SM increased the expression of inflammation-related genes (IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α) and significantly increased cartilage development-related gene expression (fosab, mmp9, and atf3). However, the expression of sox9a, sox9b, and Col2a1a was reduced. The protein level detection also found an increase in c-fos protein expression and a significant decrease in COL2A1 expression. However, T-5224,also and mitigated the changes in gene expression, and protein levels caused by SM exposure. The results of this study indicate that SM-induced cartilage development disorders are closely related to the c-Fos/AP-1 pathway in zebrafish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huan Wang
- Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Toxicant Monitoring and Toxicology, College of Animal Science and Technology, Inner Mongolia Minzu University, Tongliao, 028000, China; State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100850, China
| | - Chenglong Ma
- Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Toxicant Monitoring and Toxicology, College of Animal Science and Technology, Inner Mongolia Minzu University, Tongliao, 028000, China; State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100850, China
| | - Chunyu Liu
- Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Toxicant Monitoring and Toxicology, College of Animal Science and Technology, Inner Mongolia Minzu University, Tongliao, 028000, China
| | - Lan Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100850, China
| | - Yongan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100850, China
| | - Jiangdong Xue
- Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Toxicant Monitoring and Toxicology, College of Animal Science and Technology, Inner Mongolia Minzu University, Tongliao, 028000, China.
| | - Baoquan Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100850, China.
| | - Wu Dong
- Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Toxicant Monitoring and Toxicology, College of Animal Science and Technology, Inner Mongolia Minzu University, Tongliao, 028000, China.
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2
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Li Y, Zhang H, Zhu D, Yang F, Wang Z, Wei Z, Yang Z, Jia J, Kang X. Notochordal cells: A potential therapeutic option for intervertebral disc degeneration. Cell Prolif 2024; 57:e13541. [PMID: 37697480 PMCID: PMC10849793 DOI: 10.1111/cpr.13541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2023] [Revised: 08/08/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 09/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Intervertebral disc degeneration (IDD) is a prevalent musculoskeletal degenerative disorder worldwide, and ~40% of chronic low back pain cases are associated with IDD. Although the pathogenesis of IDD remains unclear, the reduction in nucleus pulposus cells (NPCs) and degradation of the extracellular matrix (ECM) are critical factors contributing to IDD. Notochordal cells (NCs), derived from the notochord, which rapidly degrades after birth and is eventually replaced by NPCs, play a crucial role in maintaining ECM homeostasis and preventing NPCs apoptosis. Current treatments for IDD only provide symptomatic relief, while lacking the ability to inhibit or reverse its progression. However, NCs and their secretions possess anti-inflammatory properties and promote NPCs proliferation, leading to ECM formation. Therefore, in recent years, NCs therapy targeting the underlying cause of IDD has emerged as a novel treatment strategy. This article provides a comprehensive review of the latest research progress on NCs for IDD, covering their biological characteristics, specific markers, possible mechanisms involved in IDD and therapeutic effects. It also highlights significant future directions in this field to facilitate further exploration of the pathogenesis of IDD and the development of new therapies based on NCs strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanhu Li
- Lanzhou University Second HospitalLanzhouPeople's Republic of China
- Orthopaedics Key Laboratory of Gansu ProvinceLanzhouPeople's Republic of China
| | - Haijun Zhang
- Lanzhou University Second HospitalLanzhouPeople's Republic of China
- Orthopaedics Key Laboratory of Gansu ProvinceLanzhouPeople's Republic of China
- The Second People's Hospital of Gansu ProvinceLanzhouPeople's Republic of China
| | - Daxue Zhu
- Lanzhou University Second HospitalLanzhouPeople's Republic of China
- Orthopaedics Key Laboratory of Gansu ProvinceLanzhouPeople's Republic of China
| | - Fengguang Yang
- Lanzhou University Second HospitalLanzhouPeople's Republic of China
- Orthopaedics Key Laboratory of Gansu ProvinceLanzhouPeople's Republic of China
| | - Zhaoheng Wang
- Lanzhou University Second HospitalLanzhouPeople's Republic of China
- Orthopaedics Key Laboratory of Gansu ProvinceLanzhouPeople's Republic of China
| | - Ziyan Wei
- Lanzhou University Second HospitalLanzhouPeople's Republic of China
- Orthopaedics Key Laboratory of Gansu ProvinceLanzhouPeople's Republic of China
| | - Zhili Yang
- Lanzhou University Second HospitalLanzhouPeople's Republic of China
- Orthopaedics Key Laboratory of Gansu ProvinceLanzhouPeople's Republic of China
| | - Jingwen Jia
- Lanzhou University Second HospitalLanzhouPeople's Republic of China
- Orthopaedics Key Laboratory of Gansu ProvinceLanzhouPeople's Republic of China
| | - Xuewen Kang
- Lanzhou University Second HospitalLanzhouPeople's Republic of China
- Orthopaedics Key Laboratory of Gansu ProvinceLanzhouPeople's Republic of China
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3
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Comparative Analysis of miRNA-mRNA Regulation in the Testes of Gobiocypris rarus following 17α-Methyltestosterone Exposure. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24044239. [PMID: 36835651 PMCID: PMC9968023 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24044239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2022] [Revised: 02/10/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 02/23/2023] Open
Abstract
17α-Methyltestosterone (17MT), a synthetic organic compound commonly found in sewage waters, can affect reproduction in aquatic animals, such as tilapia and yellow catfish. In the present study, male Gobiocypris rarus were exposed to 25, 50, and 100 ng/L of 17α-methyltestosterone (17MT) for 7 days. We first analyzed miRNA- and RNA-seq results to determine miRNA-target gene pairs and then developed miRNA-mRNA interactive networks after 17MT administration. Total weights, total lengths, and body lengths were not significantly different between the test groups and control groups. The paraffin slice method was applied to testes of G. rarus in the MT exposure and control groups. We found that there were more mature sperm (S) and fewer secondary spermatocytes (SSs) and spermatogonia (SGs) in the testes of control groups. As 17MT concentration increased, fewer and fewer mature sperm (S) were observed in the testes of male G. rarus. The results showed that FSH, 11-KT, and E2 were significantly higher in individuals exposed to 25 ng/L 17MT compared with the control groups. VTG, FSH, LH, 11-KT, and E2 were significantly lower in the 50 ng/L 17MT exposure groups compared to the control groups. VTG, FSH, LH, 11-KT, E2, and T were significantly lower in the groups exposed to 100 ng/L 17MT. High-throughput sequencing revealed 73,449 unigenes, 1205 known mature miRNAs, and 939 novel miRNAs in the gonads of G. rarus. With miRNA-seq, 49 (MT25-M vs. Con-M), 66 (MT50-M vs. Con-M), and 49 (MT100-M vs. Con-M) DEMs were identified in the treatment groups. Five mature miRNAs (miR-122-x, miR-574-x, miR-430-y, lin-4-x, and miR-7-y), as well as seven differentially expressed genes (soat2, inhbb, ihhb, gatm, faxdc2, ebp, and cyp1a1), which may be associated with testicular development, metabolism, apoptosis, and disease response, were assayed using qRT-PCR. Furthermore, miR-122-x (related to lipid metabolism), miR-430-y (embryonic development), lin-4-x (apoptosis), and miR-7-y (disease) were differentially expressed in the testes of 17MT-exposed G. rarus. This study highlights the role of miRNA-mRNA pairs in the regulation of testicular development and immune response to disease and will facilitate future studies on the miRNA-RNA-associated regulation of teleost reproduction.
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Schlosser G. Rebuilding ships while at sea-Character individuality, homology, and evolutionary innovation. J Morphol 2023; 284:e21522. [PMID: 36282954 PMCID: PMC10100095 DOI: 10.1002/jmor.21522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2022] [Revised: 09/15/2022] [Accepted: 10/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
How novel traits originate in evolution is still one of the most perplexing questions in Evolutionary Biology. Building on a previous account of evolutionary innovation, I here propose that evolutionary novelties are those individualized characters that are not homologous to any characters in the ancestor. To clarify this definition, I here provide a detailed analysis of the concepts of "character individuality" and "homology" first, before addressing their role for our understanding of evolutionary innovation. I will argue (1) that functional as well as structural considerations are important for character individualization; and (2) that compositional (structural) and positional homology need to be clearly distinguished to properly describe the evolutionary transformations of hierarchically structured characters. My account will therefore integrate functional and structural perspectives and put forward a new multi-level view of character identity and transformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerhard Schlosser
- School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, University of Galway, Galway, Ireland
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5
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Crespo D, Skaftnesmo KO, Kjærner-Semb E, Yilmaz O, Norberg B, Olausson S, Vogelsang P, Bogerd J, Kleppe L, Edvardsen RB, Andersson E, Wargelius A, Hansen TJ, Fjelldal PG, Schulz RW. Pituitary Gonadotropin Gene Expression During Induced Onset of Postsmolt Maturation in Male Atlantic Salmon: In Vivo and Tissue Culture Studies. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:826920. [PMID: 35370944 PMCID: PMC8964956 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.826920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2021] [Accepted: 02/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Precocious male maturation causes reduced welfare and increased production costs in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) aquaculture. The pituitary produces and releases follicle-stimulating hormone (Fsh), the gonadotropin triggering puberty in male salmonids. However, little is known about how Fsh production is regulated in Atlantic salmon. We examined, in vivo and ex vivo, transcriptional changes of gonadotropin-related genes accompanying the initial steps of testis maturation, in pituitaries of males exposed to photoperiod and temperature conditions promoting maturation (constant light and 16°C). Pituitary fshb, lhb and gnrhr2bba transcripts increased in vivo in maturing males (gonado-somatic index > 0.1%). RNA sequencing (RNAseq) analysis using pituitaries from genetically similar males carrying the same genetic predisposition to mature, but differing by responding or not responding to stimulatory environmental conditions, revealed 144 differentially expressed genes, ~2/3rds being up-regulated in responders, including fshb and other pituitary hormones, steroid-related and other puberty-associated transcripts. Functional enrichment analyses confirmed gene involvement in hormone/steroid production and gonad development. In ex vivo studies, whole pituitaries were exposed to a selection of hormones and growth factors. Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (Gnrh), 17β-estradiol (E2) and 11-ketotestosterone (11-KT) up-regulated gnrhr2bba and lhb, while fshb was up-regulated by Gnrh but down-regulated by 11-KT in pituitaries from immature males. Also pituitaries from maturing males responded to Gnrh and sex steroids by increased gnrhr2bba and lhb transcript levels, but fshb expression remained unchanged. Growth factors (inhibin A, activin A and insulin-like growth factor 1) did not change gnrhr2bba, lhb or fshb transcript levels in pituitaries either from immature or maturing males. Additional pituitary ex vivo studies on candidates identified by RNAseq showed that these transcripts were preferentially regulated by Gnrh and sex steroids, but not by growth factors, and that Gnrh/sex steroids were less effective when incubating pituitaries from maturing males. Our results suggest that a yet to be characterized mechanism up-regulating fshb expression in the salmon pituitary is activated in response to stimulatory environmental conditions prior to morphological signs of testis maturation, and that the transcriptional program associated with this mechanism becomes unresponsive or less responsive to most stimulators ex vivo once males had entered pubertal developmental in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Crespo
- Research Group Reproduction and Developmental Biology, Institute of Marine Research, Bergen, Norway
- *Correspondence: Diego Crespo,
| | - Kai Ove Skaftnesmo
- Research Group Reproduction and Developmental Biology, Institute of Marine Research, Bergen, Norway
| | - Erik Kjærner-Semb
- Research Group Reproduction and Developmental Biology, Institute of Marine Research, Bergen, Norway
| | - Ozlem Yilmaz
- Research Group Reproduction and Developmental Biology, Institute of Marine Research, Austevoll Research Station, Storebø, Norway
| | - Birgitta Norberg
- Research Group Reproduction and Developmental Biology, Institute of Marine Research, Austevoll Research Station, Storebø, Norway
| | - Sara Olausson
- Research Group Reproduction and Developmental Biology, Institute of Marine Research, Austevoll Research Station, Storebø, Norway
| | - Petra Vogelsang
- Research Group Reproduction and Developmental Biology, Institute of Marine Research, Bergen, Norway
| | - Jan Bogerd
- Reproductive Biology Group, Division Developmental Biology, Department Biology, Science Faculty, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Lene Kleppe
- Research Group Reproduction and Developmental Biology, Institute of Marine Research, Bergen, Norway
| | - Rolf B. Edvardsen
- Research Group Reproduction and Developmental Biology, Institute of Marine Research, Bergen, Norway
| | - Eva Andersson
- Research Group Reproduction and Developmental Biology, Institute of Marine Research, Bergen, Norway
| | - Anna Wargelius
- Research Group Reproduction and Developmental Biology, Institute of Marine Research, Bergen, Norway
| | - Tom J. Hansen
- Research Group Reproduction and Developmental Biology, Institute of Marine Research, Matre Research Station, Matredal, Norway
| | - Per Gunnar Fjelldal
- Research Group Reproduction and Developmental Biology, Institute of Marine Research, Matre Research Station, Matredal, Norway
| | - Rüdiger W. Schulz
- Research Group Reproduction and Developmental Biology, Institute of Marine Research, Bergen, Norway
- Reproductive Biology Group, Division Developmental Biology, Department Biology, Science Faculty, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
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6
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Fraser TWK, Hansen TJ, Sambraus F, Fjelldal PG. Vertebral deformities in interspecific diploid and triploid salmonid hybrids. JOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY 2021; 98:1059-1070. [PMID: 32307707 DOI: 10.1111/jfb.14353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2019] [Revised: 02/21/2020] [Accepted: 04/16/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Vertebral deformities in salmonid interspecific hybrids, some of which were triploidised, were assessed across three separate year classes during the freshwater life stage. Initially, eggs from a farmed Atlantic salmon Salmo salar were crossed with the sperm from a S. salar, arctic char Salvelinus alpinus or brown trout Salmo trutta. For S. salar × S. trutta, half the eggs were triploidised. In a second- and third-year class, the eggs from a farmed S. salar were crossed with the sperm from either a S. salar or a S. trutta, and half of each group was triploidised. In the two initial-year classes, all hybrids were larger than the S. salar controls, and triploid S. salar × S. trutta were larger than diploid counterparts. In the third-year class, the S. salar × S. trutta were smaller than the S. salar, in contrast to the initial 2 year classes, although the triploid hybrids were still larger than the diploids. In the third-year class, a high degree of spontaneous triploidy was also observed in the putative diploid groups (between 16 and 39%). Vertebral deformities were consistently higher in pressure-shocked triploids than diploids, irrespective of hybridisation, but there was no consistent effect of hybridisation among experiments. Although this study was not able to explain the contrasting results for vertebral deformities between year classes, triploid S. salar × S. trutta can demonstrate impressive freshwater growth that could be of interest for future farming programmes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas W K Fraser
- Reproduction and Developmental Biology Group, Institute of Marine Research (IMR), Matre Aquaculture Research Station, Matredal, Norway
| | - Tom J Hansen
- Reproduction and Developmental Biology Group, Institute of Marine Research (IMR), Matre Aquaculture Research Station, Matredal, Norway
| | - Florian Sambraus
- Reproduction and Developmental Biology Group, Institute of Marine Research (IMR), Matre Aquaculture Research Station, Matredal, Norway
| | - Per Gunnar Fjelldal
- Reproduction and Developmental Biology Group, Institute of Marine Research (IMR), Matre Aquaculture Research Station, Matredal, Norway
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Crespo D, Assis LHC, Zhang YT, Safian D, Furmanek T, Skaftnesmo KO, Norberg B, Ge W, Choi YC, den Broeder MJ, Legler J, Bogerd J, Schulz RW. Insulin-like 3 affects zebrafish spermatogenic cells directly and via Sertoli cells. Commun Biol 2021; 4:204. [PMID: 33589679 PMCID: PMC7884674 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-021-01708-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2020] [Accepted: 01/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Pituitary hormones can use local signaling molecules to regulate target tissue functions. In adult zebrafish testes, follicle-stimulating hormone (Fsh) strongly increases the production of insulin-like 3 (Insl3), a Leydig cell-derived growth factor found in all vertebrates. Little information is available regarding Insl3 function in adult spermatogenesis. The Insl3 receptors Rxfp2a and 2b were expressed by type A spermatogonia and Sertoli and myoid cells, respectively, in zebrafish testis tissue. Loss of insl3 increased germ cell apoptosis in males starting at 9 months of age, but spermatogenesis appeared normal in fully fertile, younger adults. Insl3 changed the expression of 409 testicular genes. Among others, retinoic acid (RA) signaling was up- and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (Pparg) signaling was down-regulated. Follow-up studies showed that RA and Pparg signaling mediated Insl3 effects, resulting in the increased production of differentiating spermatogonia. This suggests that Insl3 recruits two locally active nuclear receptor pathways to implement pituitary (Fsh) stimulation of spermatogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Crespo
- grid.5477.10000000120346234Reproductive Biology Group, Division Developmental Biology, Department of Biology, Science Faculty, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands ,grid.10917.3e0000 0004 0427 3161Present Address: Research Group Reproduction and Developmental Biology, Institute of Marine Research, Bergen, Norway
| | - Luiz H. C. Assis
- grid.5477.10000000120346234Reproductive Biology Group, Division Developmental Biology, Department of Biology, Science Faculty, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Yu Ting Zhang
- grid.12955.3a0000 0001 2264 7233State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Fujian, PR China ,grid.449133.80000 0004 1764 3555Present Address: Institute of Oceanography, Minjiang University, Fuzhou, PR China
| | - Diego Safian
- grid.5477.10000000120346234Reproductive Biology Group, Division Developmental Biology, Department of Biology, Science Faculty, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands ,grid.4818.50000 0001 0791 5666Present Address: Experimental Zoology Group and Aquaculture and Fisheries Group, Department of Animal Science, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Tomasz Furmanek
- grid.10917.3e0000 0004 0427 3161Research Group Reproduction and Developmental Biology, Institute of Marine Research, Bergen, Norway
| | - Kai Ove Skaftnesmo
- grid.10917.3e0000 0004 0427 3161Research Group Reproduction and Developmental Biology, Institute of Marine Research, Bergen, Norway
| | - Birgitta Norberg
- grid.10917.3e0000 0004 0427 3161Institute of Marine Research, Austevoll Research Station, Storebø, Norway
| | - Wei Ge
- grid.437123.00000 0004 1794 8068Center of Reproduction, Development and Aging (CRDA), Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Taipa, Macau China
| | - Yung-Ching Choi
- grid.437123.00000 0004 1794 8068Center of Reproduction, Development and Aging (CRDA), Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Taipa, Macau China
| | - Marjo J. den Broeder
- grid.5477.10000000120346234Division of Toxicology, Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Juliette Legler
- grid.5477.10000000120346234Division of Toxicology, Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Jan Bogerd
- grid.5477.10000000120346234Reproductive Biology Group, Division Developmental Biology, Department of Biology, Science Faculty, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Rüdiger W. Schulz
- grid.5477.10000000120346234Reproductive Biology Group, Division Developmental Biology, Department of Biology, Science Faculty, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands ,grid.10917.3e0000 0004 0427 3161Research Group Reproduction and Developmental Biology, Institute of Marine Research, Bergen, Norway
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8
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Kryvi H, Nordvik K, Fjelldal PG, Eilertsen M, Helvik JV, Støren EN, Long JH. Heads and tails: The notochord develops differently in the cranium and caudal fin of Atlantic Salmon (Salmo salar, L.). Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2020; 304:1629-1649. [PMID: 33155751 PMCID: PMC8359264 DOI: 10.1002/ar.24562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2020] [Revised: 08/27/2020] [Accepted: 09/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
While it is well known that the notochord of bony fishes changes over developmental time, less is known about how it varies across different body regions. In the development of the Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L., cranial and caudal ends of the notochord are overlaid by the formation of the bony elements of the neurocranium and caudal fin, respectively. To investigate, we describe how the notochord of the cranium and caudal fin changes from embryo to spawning adult, using light microscopy, SEM, TEM, dissection, and CT scanning. The differences are dramatic. In contrast to the abdominal and caudal regions, at the ends of the notochord vertebrae never develop. While the cranial notochord builds a tapering, unsegmented cone of chordal bone, the urostylic notochordal sheath never ossifies: adjacent, irregular bony elements form from the endoskeleton of the caudal fin. As development progresses, two previously undescribed processes occur. First, the bony cone of the cranial notochord, and its internal chordocytes, are degraded by chordoclasts, an undescribed function of the clastic cell type. Second, the sheath of the urostylic notochord creates transverse septae that partly traverse the lumen in an irregular pattern. By the adult stage, the cranial notochord is gone. In contrast, the urostylic notochord in adults is robust, reinforced with septae, covered by irregularly shaped pieces of cellular bone, and capped with an opistural cartilage that develops from the sheath of the urostylic notochord. A previously undescribed muscle, with its origin on the opistural cartilage, inserts on the lepidotrich ventral to it.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harald Kryvi
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Kari Nordvik
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | | | - Mariann Eilertsen
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Jon Vidar Helvik
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | | | - John H Long
- Department of Biology, Vassar College, Poughkeepsie, New York, USA
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9
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Luo W, Wang J, Yu X, Zhou Y, Tong J. Comparative transcriptome analyses and identification of candidate genes involved in vertebral abnormality of bighead carp Hypophthalmichthys nobilis. COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY D-GENOMICS & PROTEOMICS 2020; 36:100752. [PMID: 33126027 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbd.2020.100752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Revised: 10/07/2020] [Accepted: 10/10/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Body deformity occurs both in wild and farmed fishes, which is one of the most challenging problems for aquaculture industry. In most cases, such body deformities are linked to skeletal deformities. Currently, very limited information is available on skeletal deformities of farmed fish species which may be caused by genetic factor. In this study, we performed muscle and vertebra transcriptome analyses in body deformity and normality of bighead carp Hypophthalmichthys nobilis (from one meiotic gynogenesis family) using RNA-Seq. A total of 43,923 and 44,416 unigenes were predicted in muscles and vertebrae, respectively. Based on these data, we further explored the gene expression profiles in gynogenetic normal and abnormal bighead carp. No differentially expressed gene (DEG) was found in transcriptome data of muscles. Totally, 20 key DEGs were identified in transcriptome data of vertebrae, such as low density lipoprotein-related protein 2 (lrp2), bone morphogenetic protein 2B (bmp2b) and collagen alpha-1(IV) (col4a1). 12 potential pathways were also identified in vertebra transcriptome data, which were mainly involved in development, growth, cytoskeleton and energy metabolism, such as MAPK signaling pathway, regulation of actin cytoskeleton and TGF-beta signaling pathway. Results of this study will be informative for the understanding of genetic mechanisms for body shape formation and also provide potential candidate genes for selection program involved in body shape and skeletal development in H. nobilis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiwei Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, The Innovation Academy of Seed Design, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Junru Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, The Innovation Academy of Seed Design, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xiaomu Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, The Innovation Academy of Seed Design, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China.
| | - Ying Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, The Innovation Academy of Seed Design, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jingou Tong
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, The Innovation Academy of Seed Design, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China.
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10
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Di Gregorio A. The notochord gene regulatory network in chordate evolution: Conservation and divergence from Ciona to vertebrates. Curr Top Dev Biol 2020; 139:325-374. [PMID: 32450965 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ctdb.2020.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The notochord is a structure required for support and patterning of all chordate embryos, from sea squirts to humans. An increasing amount of information on notochord development and on the molecular strategies that ensure its proper morphogenesis has been gleaned through studies in the sea squirt Ciona. This invertebrate chordate offers a fortunate combination of experimental advantages, ranging from translucent, fast-developing embryos to a compact genome and impressive biomolecular resources. These assets have enabled the rapid identification of numerous notochord genes and cis-regulatory regions, and provide a rather unique opportunity to reconstruct the gene regulatory network that controls the formation of this developmental and evolutionary chordate landmark. This chapter summarizes the morphogenetic milestones that punctuate notochord formation in Ciona, their molecular effectors, and the current knowledge of the gene regulatory network that ensures the accurate spatial and temporal orchestration of these processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Di Gregorio
- Department of Basic Science and Craniofacial Biology, New York University College of Dentistry, New York, NY, United States.
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11
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Gou M, Ma L, Lu J, Wang X, Pang Y, Li Q. Comparative transcriptomic analysis provides insights into immune responses of lamprey larvae under three pathogens infections. Mol Immunol 2019; 117:147-154. [PMID: 31790863 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2019.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2019] [Revised: 11/05/2019] [Accepted: 11/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Based on the large number of deaths of lamprey larvae infected by pathogens in the culture process, the infection response of lamprey larvae to different pathogens was studied. Thus, high-throughput sequencing is firstly used to analyze the lamprey larvae infected by Aeromonas hydrophila, Vibrosplendidus, and Saprolegnia parasitica. A high quality of 338,628,426 Reads were obtained and 203,829 transcripts were assembled. A total of 158,001 Unigenes were annotated by Blast comparison, and a relatively comprehensive transcriptome database of lamprey larvae was established. Based on the transcriptome of lamprey larvae infected by three aquatic pathogens, classification results of COG and GO show that the genes classified into signal transduction mechanism accounted for the largest proportion, and 2316 differentially expressed genes were identified and screened out. After infection by the three pathogens, 16 genes and 19 genes expression were up-regulated and down-regulated, respectively. KEGG pathway analysis of differentially expressed genes showed that lamprey larvae were mainly affected their metabolism and oxidative phosphorylation pathways after infection by two gram-negative bacteria, Vibrosplendidus and Aeromonas hydrophila. As a fungus, Saprolegnia parasitica mainly affected ribosome synthesis in lamprey larvae. The results were validated by detecting the expression levels of 13 DEGs at 24 h after pathogens treatment using Q-PCR. The results provide valuable information for further research into the development of immunity and the innate immune response against pathogen invasion during the artificial propagation of lamprey larvae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Gou
- College of Life Science, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian 116081, China; Lamprey Research Center, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian 116081, China; Collaborative Innovation Center of Seafood Deep Processing, Dalian Polytechnic University, 116023, China
| | - Lie Ma
- College of Life Science, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian 116081, China; Lamprey Research Center, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian 116081, China; Collaborative Innovation Center of Seafood Deep Processing, Dalian Polytechnic University, 116023, China
| | - Jiali Lu
- College of Life Science, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian 116081, China; Lamprey Research Center, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian 116081, China; Collaborative Innovation Center of Seafood Deep Processing, Dalian Polytechnic University, 116023, China
| | - Xinya Wang
- College of Life Science, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian 116081, China; Collaborative Innovation Center of Seafood Deep Processing, Dalian Polytechnic University, 116023, China
| | - Yue Pang
- College of Life Science, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian 116081, China; Lamprey Research Center, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian 116081, China; Collaborative Innovation Center of Seafood Deep Processing, Dalian Polytechnic University, 116023, China.
| | - Qingwei Li
- College of Life Science, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian 116081, China; Lamprey Research Center, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian 116081, China; Collaborative Innovation Center of Seafood Deep Processing, Dalian Polytechnic University, 116023, China.
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12
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Crespo D, Assis LHC, van de Kant HJG, de Waard S, Safian D, Lemos MS, Bogerd J, Schulz RW. Endocrine and local signaling interact to regulate spermatogenesis in zebrafish: follicle-stimulating hormone, retinoic acid and androgens. Development 2019; 146:dev.178665. [PMID: 31597660 DOI: 10.1242/dev.178665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2019] [Accepted: 10/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Retinoic acid (RA) is crucial for mammalian spermatogonia differentiation, and stimulates Stra8 expression, a gene required for meiosis. Certain fish species, including zebrafish, have lost the stra8 gene. While RA still seems important for spermatogenesis in fish, it is not known which stage(s) respond to RA or whether its effects are integrated into the endocrine regulation of spermatogenesis. In zebrafish, RA promoted spermatogonia differentiation, supported androgen-stimulated meiosis, and reduced spermatocyte and spermatid apoptosis. Follicle-stimulating hormone (Fsh) stimulated RA production. Expressing a dominant-negative RA receptor variant in germ cells clearly disturbed spermatogenesis but meiosis and spermiogenesis still took place, although sperm quality was low in 6-month-old adults. This condition also activated Leydig cells. Three months later, spermatogenesis apparently had recovered, but doubling of testis weight demonstrated hypertrophy, apoptosis/DNA damage among spermatids was high and sperm quality remained low. We conclude that RA signaling is important for zebrafish spermatogenesis but is not of crucial relevance. As Fsh stimulates androgen and RA production, germ cell-mediated, RA-dependent reduction of Leydig cell activity may form a hitherto unknown intratesticular negative-feedback loop.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Crespo
- Reproductive Biology Group, Division Developmental Biology, Department Biology, Science Faculty, Utrecht University, Utrecht 3584 CH, The Netherlands
| | - Luiz H C Assis
- Reproductive Biology Group, Division Developmental Biology, Department Biology, Science Faculty, Utrecht University, Utrecht 3584 CH, The Netherlands
| | - Henk J G van de Kant
- Reproductive Biology Group, Division Developmental Biology, Department Biology, Science Faculty, Utrecht University, Utrecht 3584 CH, The Netherlands
| | - Sjors de Waard
- Reproductive Biology Group, Division Developmental Biology, Department Biology, Science Faculty, Utrecht University, Utrecht 3584 CH, The Netherlands
| | - Diego Safian
- Reproductive Biology Group, Division Developmental Biology, Department Biology, Science Faculty, Utrecht University, Utrecht 3584 CH, The Netherlands
| | - Moline S Lemos
- Laboratory of Cellular Biology, Department of Morphology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Jan Bogerd
- Reproductive Biology Group, Division Developmental Biology, Department Biology, Science Faculty, Utrecht University, Utrecht 3584 CH, The Netherlands
| | - Rüdiger W Schulz
- Reproductive Biology Group, Division Developmental Biology, Department Biology, Science Faculty, Utrecht University, Utrecht 3584 CH, The Netherlands .,Research Group Reproduction and Developmental Biology, Institute of Marine Research, Bergen NO-5817, Norway
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13
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The initiation of puberty in Atlantic salmon brings about large changes in testicular gene expression that are modulated by the energy status. BMC Genomics 2019; 20:475. [PMID: 31185904 PMCID: PMC6558769 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-019-5869-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2019] [Accepted: 05/31/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background When puberty starts before males reach harvest size, animal welfare and sustainability issues occur in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) aquaculture. Hallmarks of male puberty are an increased proliferation activity in the testis and elevated androgen production. Examining transcriptional changes in salmon testis during the transition from immature to maturing testes may help understanding the regulation of puberty, potentially leading to procedures to modulate its start. Since differences in body weight influence, via unknown mechanisms, the chances for entering puberty, we used two feed rations to create body weight differences. Results Maturing testes were characterized by an elevated proliferation activity of Sertoli cells and of single undifferentiated spermatogonia. Pituitary gene expression data suggest increased Gnrh receptor and gonadotropin gene expression, potentially responsible for the elevated circulating androgen levels in maturing fish. Transcriptional changes in maturing testes included a broad variety of signaling systems (e.g. Tgfβ, Wnt, insulin/Igf, nuclear receptors), but also, activation of metabolic pathways such as anaerobic metabolism and protection against ROS. Feed restriction lowered the incidence of puberty. In males maturing despite feed restriction, plasma androgen levels were higher than in maturing fish receiving the full ration. A group of 449 genes that were up-regulated in maturing fully fed fish, was up-regulated more prominently in testis from fish maturing under caloric restriction. Moreover, 421 genes were specifically up-regulated in testes from fish maturing under caloric restriction, including carbon metabolism genes, a pathway relevant for nucleotide biosynthesis and for placing epigenetic marks. Conclusions Undifferentiated spermatogonia and Sertoli cell populations increased at the beginning of puberty, which was associated with the up-regulation of metabolic pathways (e.g. anaerobic and ROS pathways) known from other stem cell systems. The higher androgen levels in males maturing under caloric restriction may be responsible for the stronger up-regulation of a common set of (449) maturation-associated genes, and the specific up-regulation of another set of (421) genes. The latter opened regulatory and/or metabolic options for initiating puberty despite feed restriction. As a means to reduce the incidence of male puberty in salmon, however, caloric restriction seems unsuitable. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12864-019-5869-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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14
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Wopat S, Bagwell J, Sumigray KD, Dickson AL, Huitema LFA, Poss KD, Schulte-Merker S, Bagnat M. Spine Patterning Is Guided by Segmentation of the Notochord Sheath. Cell Rep 2019; 22:2026-2038. [PMID: 29466731 PMCID: PMC5860813 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2018.01.084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2017] [Revised: 01/10/2018] [Accepted: 01/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The spine is a segmented axial structure made of alternating vertebral bodies (centra) and intervertebral discs (IVDs) assembled around the notochord. Here, we show that, prior to centra formation, the outer epithelial cell layer of the zebrafish notochord, the sheath, segments into alternating domains corresponding to the prospective centra and IVD areas. This process occurs sequentially in an anteroposterior direction via the activation of Notch signaling in alternating segments of the sheath, which transition from cartilaginous to mineralizing domains. Subsequently, osteoblasts are recruited to the mineralized domains of the notochord sheath to form mature centra. Tissue-specific manipulation of Notch signaling in sheath cells produces notochord segmentation defects that are mirrored in the spine. Together, our findings demonstrate that notochord sheath segmentation provides a template for vertebral patterning in the zebrafish spine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan Wopat
- Department of Cell Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Jennifer Bagwell
- Department of Cell Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Kaelyn D Sumigray
- Department of Cell Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA; Department of Dermatology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Amy L Dickson
- Department of Cell Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA; Regeneration Next, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Leonie F A Huitema
- Hubrecht Institute - KNAW & UMC Utrecht, 3584 CT, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Kenneth D Poss
- Department of Cell Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA; Regeneration Next, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Stefan Schulte-Merker
- Hubrecht Institute - KNAW & UMC Utrecht, 3584 CT, Utrecht, the Netherlands; Institute for Cardiovascular Organogenesis and Regeneration, Faculty of Medicine, WWU Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany; CiM Cluster of Excellence (EXC1003-CiM), 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Michel Bagnat
- Department of Cell Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA; Regeneration Next, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA.
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15
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Dietary fatty acid source has little effect on the development of the immune system in the pyloric caeca of Atlantic salmon fry. Sci Rep 2019; 9:27. [PMID: 30631091 PMCID: PMC6328623 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-37266-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2018] [Accepted: 11/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The quality and relative amounts of dietary lipids may affect the health and growth of cultured Atlantic salmon. So far, little is known about their effects on the performance of the fish immune system during early life stages and, in particular their importance in the transition from endogenous nutrition (yolk) in the alevin stage to exogenous nutrition in the later fry stage. We investigated the immunomodulatory effects of fish oil, vegetable oil and phospholipid-rich oil in feeds for farmed Atlantic salmon using a transcriptomic approach. The experiment allowed a fine-scale monitoring of gene expression profiles in two tissues, the pyloric caeca of the intestine and the liver, in a 94 days-long first feeding experiment. The analysis of transcriptional profiles revealed that first feeding induced a strong immunomodulation in the pyloric caeca after 48 days of feeding, lasting up to day 94 and possibly beyond. On the other hand, the differential effect of the three dietary regimes was negligible. We interpret this upregulation, undetectable in liver, as a potentiation of the immune system upon the first contact of the digestive system with exogenous feed. This process involved a complex network of gene products involved in both cellular and humoral immunity. We identified the classical pathway of the complement system, acting at the crossroads between innate and adaptive immunity, as a key process modulated in response to the switch from endogenous to exogenous nutrition.
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16
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Mohamed AR, King H, Evans B, Reverter A, Kijas JW. Multi-Tissue Transcriptome Profiling of North American Derived Atlantic Salmon. Front Genet 2018; 9:369. [PMID: 30271423 PMCID: PMC6146974 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2018.00369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2018] [Accepted: 08/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The availability of a reference genome assembly for Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar, SNP genotyping platforms and low cost sequencing are enhancing the understanding of both life history and production-related traits in this important commercial species. We collected and analyzed transcriptomes from selected tissues of Atlantic salmon to inform future functional and comparative genomics studies. Messenger RNA (mRNA) was isolated from pituitary gland, brain, ovary, and liver before Illumina sequencing produced a total of 640 million 150-bp paired-end reads. Following read mapping, feature counting, and normalization, cluster analysis identified genes highly expressed in a tissue-specific manner. We identified a cluster of 508 tissue specific genes for pituitary gland, 3395 for brain, 2939 for ovary, and 539 for liver. Functional profiling identified gene clusters describing the unique functions of each tissue. Moreover, highly-expressed transcription factors (TFs) present in each tissue-specific gene cluster were identified. TFs belonging to homeobox and bhlh families were identified for pituitary gland, pou and zf-c2h2 families for brain, arid, and zf-c2h2 for ovary and rxr-like family for liver. The data and analysis presented are relevant to the emerging Functional Annotation of All Salmonid Genomes (FAASG) initiative that is seeking to develop a detailed understanding of both salmonid evolution and the genomic elements that drive gene expression and regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amin R Mohamed
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation Agriculture and Food, Queensland Bioscience Precinct, St Lucia, QLD, Australia.,Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Benha University, Benha, Egypt
| | - Harry King
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation Agriculture, Hobart, TAS, Australia
| | | | - Antonio Reverter
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation Agriculture and Food, Queensland Bioscience Precinct, St Lucia, QLD, Australia
| | - James W Kijas
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation Agriculture and Food, Queensland Bioscience Precinct, St Lucia, QLD, Australia
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17
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Criswell KE, Coates MI, Gillis JA. Embryonic origin of the gnathostome vertebral skeleton. Proc Biol Sci 2018; 284:rspb.2017.2121. [PMID: 29167367 PMCID: PMC5719183 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2017.2121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2017] [Accepted: 10/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The vertebral column is a key component of the jawed vertebrate (gnathostome) body plan, but the primitive embryonic origin of this skeleton remains unclear. In tetrapods, all vertebral components (neural arches, haemal arches and centra) derive from paraxial mesoderm (somites). However, in teleost fishes, vertebrae have a dual embryonic origin, with arches derived from somites, but centra formed, in part, by secretion of bone matrix from the notochord. Here, we test the embryonic origin of the vertebral skeleton in a cartilaginous fish (the skate, Leucoraja erinacea) which serves as an outgroup to tetrapods and teleosts. We demonstrate, by cell lineage tracing, that both arches and centra are somite-derived. We find no evidence of cellular or matrix contribution from the notochord to the skate vertebral skeleton. These findings indicate that the earliest gnathostome vertebral skeleton was exclusively of somitic origin, with a notochord contribution arising secondarily in teleosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharine E Criswell
- Department of Organismal Biology and Anatomy, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA .,Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.,Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, MA, USA
| | - Michael I Coates
- Department of Organismal Biology and Anatomy, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - J Andrew Gillis
- Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.,Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, MA, USA
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18
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Ward L, Pang ASW, Evans SE, Stern CD. The role of the notochord in amniote vertebral column segmentation. Dev Biol 2018; 439:3-18. [PMID: 29654746 PMCID: PMC5971204 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2018.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2018] [Revised: 04/05/2018] [Accepted: 04/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The vertebral column is segmented, comprising an alternating series of vertebrae and intervertebral discs along the head-tail axis. The vertebrae and outer portion (annulus fibrosus) of the disc are derived from the sclerotome part of the somites, whereas the inner nucleus pulposus of the disc is derived from the notochord. Here we investigate the role of the notochord in vertebral patterning through a series of microsurgical experiments in chick embryos. Ablation of the notochord causes loss of segmentation of vertebral bodies and discs. However, the notochord cannot segment in the absence of the surrounding sclerotome. To test whether the notochord dictates sclerotome segmentation, we grafted an ectopic notochord. We find that the intrinsic segmentation of the sclerotome is dominant over any segmental information the notochord may possess, and no evidence that the chick notochord is intrinsically segmented. We propose that the segmental pattern of vertebral bodies and discs in chick is dictated by the sclerotome, which first signals to the notochord to ensure that the nucleus pulposus develops in register with the somite-derived annulus fibrosus. Later, the notochord is required for maintenance of sclerotome segmentation as the mature vertebral bodies and intervertebral discs form. These results highlight differences in vertebral development between amniotes and teleosts including zebrafish, where the notochord dictates the segmental pattern. The relative importance of the sclerotome and notochord in vertebral patterning has changed significantly during evolution. The chick notochord has no intrinsic segmentation. Neither notochord or sclerotome can segment normally without the other. The notochord attracts sclerotome cells to the midline. Vertebral segmentation involves reciprocal signals between notochord and sclerotome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lizzy Ward
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, U.K
| | - Angel S W Pang
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, U.K
| | - Susan E Evans
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, U.K
| | - Claudio D Stern
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, U.K..
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19
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Eshaghzadeh H, Akbarzadeh A, Yarmohammadi M, Gisbert E. Skeletogenesis in the Persian sturgeon Acipenser persicus and its correlation with gene expression of vitamin K-dependent proteins during larval development. JOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY 2018; 92:452-469. [PMID: 29349779 DOI: 10.1111/jfb.13527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2017] [Accepted: 12/02/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The present study describes morphological development of the skeleton in the Persian sturgeon Acipenser persicus and discusses the hypothesis that expression of genes encoding vitamin K-dependent proteins (VKDP) might be correlated with the mineralization of skeletal tissues during early development in sturgeons. Results showed that development of cartilage started just after hatching (mean ± S.D., 10·9 ± 0·7 mm in total length, LT ) in the head and notochord, whereas the first signs of mineralization occurred in the dentary and in the dermopalatine and palatopterygoid elements of the upper jaw, coinciding with the onset of exogenous feeding (20·1 ± 1·5 mm LT ). All branchial arch elements developed between 19·3 and 22·3 mm LT , whereas mineralization was only observed in tooth plates associated with the hypobranchial 1 and gill rakers at 20·8 ± 1·5 mm LT and 48·4 ± 6·4 mm LT , respectively. Quantitative real-time PCR showed that transcripts of VKDP genes including bone Gla protein (bgp), matrix Gla protein (mgp) and Gla rich protein (grp) genes were significantly up-regulated during the transition to exogenous feeding, supporting hypotheses about relevance of the above-mentioned genes in chondrogenesis at early developmental stages. The strong mineralization of skeletal elements from 21·5 to 27·3 mm LT (20 days post hatch) was in accordance with the maximal levels of bgp, mgp and grp expression indicating a correlation between development of the skeleton and the expression of VKDP genes. These data are important for evaluating A. persicus larval quality, understanding the influence of rearing biotic and abiotic factors on skeletogenesis and recognizing the occurrence of skeletal deformities in this species.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Eshaghzadeh
- Department of Fisheries, Faculty of Marine Science and Technology, University of Hormozgan, P.O. Box 3995, Bandar Abbas, Iran
| | - A Akbarzadeh
- Department of Fisheries, Faculty of Marine Science and Technology, University of Hormozgan, P.O. Box 3995, Bandar Abbas, Iran
| | - M Yarmohammadi
- Department of Genetics, International Sturgeon Research Institute, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization, P.O. Box 41635-3464, Rasht, Iran
| | - E Gisbert
- Institut de Recerca i Tecnologia Agroalimentàries, IRTA-SRC, Unitat de Cultius Aqüícoles, Sant Carles de la Ràpita, Spain
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20
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Morais RDVS, Crespo D, Nóbrega RH, Lemos MS, van de Kant HJG, de França LR, Male R, Bogerd J, Schulz RW. Antagonistic regulation of spermatogonial differentiation in zebrafish (Danio rerio) by Igf3 and Amh. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2017. [PMID: 28645700 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2017.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Fsh-mediated regulation of zebrafish spermatogenesis includes modulating the expression of testicular growth factors. Here, we study if and how two Sertoli cell-derived Fsh-responsive growth factors, anti-Müllerian hormone (Amh; inhibiting steroidogenesis and germ cell differentiation) and insulin-like growth factor 3 (Igf3; stimulating germ cell differentiation), cooperate in regulating spermatogonial development. In dose response and time course experiments with primary testis tissue cultures, Fsh up-regulated igf3 transcript levels and down-regulated amh transcript levels; igf3 transcript levels were more rapidly up-regulated and responded to lower Fsh concentrations than were required to decrease amh mRNA levels. Quantification of immunoreactive Amh and Igf3 on testis sections showed that Fsh increased slightly Igf3 staining but decreased clearly Amh staining. Studying the direct interaction of the two growth factors showed that Amh compromised Igf3-stimulated proliferation of type A (both undifferentiated [Aund] and differentiating [Adiff]) spermatogonia. Also the proliferation of those Sertoli cells associated with Aund spermatogonia was reduced by Amh. To gain more insight into how Amh inhibits germ cell development, we examined Amh-induced changes in testicular gene expression by RNA sequencing. The majority (69%) of the differentially expressed genes was down-regulated by Amh, including several stimulators of spermatogenesis, such as igf3 and steroidogenesis-related genes. At the same time, Amh increased the expression of inhibitory signals, such as inha and id3, or facilitated prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) signaling. Evaluating one of the potentially inhibitory signals, we indeed found in tissue culture experiments that PGE2 promoted the accumulation of Aund at the expense of Adiff and B spermatogonia. Our data suggest that an important aspect of Fsh bioactivity in stimulating spermatogenesis is implemented by restricting the different inhibitory effects of Amh and by counterbalancing them with stimulatory signals, such as Igf3.
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Affiliation(s)
- R D V S Morais
- Reproductive Biology Group (R.D.V.S.M., D.C., R.H.N., H.J.G.v.d.K., J.B., R.W.S.), Division of Developmental Biology, Institute for Biodynamics and Biocomplexity, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - D Crespo
- Reproductive Biology Group (R.D.V.S.M., D.C., R.H.N., H.J.G.v.d.K., J.B., R.W.S.), Division of Developmental Biology, Institute for Biodynamics and Biocomplexity, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - R H Nóbrega
- Reproductive Biology Group (R.D.V.S.M., D.C., R.H.N., H.J.G.v.d.K., J.B., R.W.S.), Division of Developmental Biology, Institute for Biodynamics and Biocomplexity, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands; Department of Morphology (R.H.N.), Institute of Bioscience, São Paulo State University, 18618-970 Botucatu, Brazil
| | - M S Lemos
- Laboratory of Cellular Biology (L.R.F., M.S.L.), Department of Morphology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, 31270-901 Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - H J G van de Kant
- Reproductive Biology Group (R.D.V.S.M., D.C., R.H.N., H.J.G.v.d.K., J.B., R.W.S.), Division of Developmental Biology, Institute for Biodynamics and Biocomplexity, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - L R de França
- Laboratory of Cellular Biology (L.R.F., M.S.L.), Department of Morphology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, 31270-901 Belo Horizonte, Brazil; National Institute of Amazonian Research (L.R.F.), Manaus, Brazil
| | - R Male
- Department of Molecular Biology (R.M.), University of Bergen, 5020 Bergen, Norway
| | - J Bogerd
- Reproductive Biology Group (R.D.V.S.M., D.C., R.H.N., H.J.G.v.d.K., J.B., R.W.S.), Division of Developmental Biology, Institute for Biodynamics and Biocomplexity, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | - R W Schulz
- Reproductive Biology Group (R.D.V.S.M., D.C., R.H.N., H.J.G.v.d.K., J.B., R.W.S.), Division of Developmental Biology, Institute for Biodynamics and Biocomplexity, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands; Research Group Reproduction and Developmental Biology (R.W.S.), Institute of Marine Research, 5817 Bergen, Norway.
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21
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Kryvi H, Rusten I, Fjelldal PG, Nordvik K, Totland GK, Karlsen T, Wiig H, Long JH. The notochord in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) undergoes profound morphological and mechanical changes during development. J Anat 2017; 231:639-654. [PMID: 28786202 PMCID: PMC5643922 DOI: 10.1111/joa.12679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
We present the development of the notochord of the Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.), from early embryo to sexually mature fish. Over the salmon's lifespan, profound morphological changes occur. Cells and gross structures of the notochord reorganize twice. In the embryo, the volume of the notochord is dominated by large, vacuolated chordocytes; each cell can be modeled as a hydrostat organized into a larger cellular-hydrostat network, structurally bound together with desmosomes. After the embryo hatches and grows into a fry, vacuolated chordocytes disappear, replaced by extracellular lacunae. The formation of mineralized, segmental chordacentra stiffens the notochord and creates intervertebral joints, where tissue strain during lateral bending is now focused. As development proceeds towards the parr stage, a process of devacuolization and intracellular filament accumulation occur, forming highly dense, non-vacuolated chordocytes. As extracellular lacunae enlarge, they are enclosed by dense filamentous chordocytes that form transverse intervertebral septa, which are connected to the intervertebral ligaments, and a longitudinal notochordal strand. In the vertebral column of pelagic adults, large vacuolated chordocytes reappear; cells of this secondary population have a volume up to 19 000 times larger than the primary vacuolated chordocytes of the early notochord. In adults the lacunae have diminished in relative size. Hydrostatic pressure within the notochord increases significantly during growth, from 525 Pa in the alevins to 11 500 Pa in adults, at a rate of increase with total body length greater than that expected by static stress similarity. Pressure and morphometric measurements were combined to estimate the stress in the extracellular material of the notochordal sheath and intervertebral ligaments and the flexural stiffness of the axial skeleton. The functional significance of the morphological changes in the axial skeleton is discussed in relation to the different developmental stages and locomotor behavior changes over the lifespan of the fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harald Kryvi
- Department of Biology, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Iselin Rusten
- Department of Biology, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | | | - Kari Nordvik
- Department of Biology, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Geir K Totland
- Department of Biology, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Tine Karlsen
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Helge Wiig
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - John H Long
- Department of Biology, Department of Cognitive Science, Vassar College, Poughkeepsie, NY, USA
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22
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Zhang Y, Zhang SF, Lin L, Wang DZ. Whole Transcriptomic Analysis Provides Insights into Molecular Mechanisms for Toxin Biosynthesis in a Toxic Dinoflagellate Alexandrium catenella (ACHK-T). Toxins (Basel) 2017; 9:E213. [PMID: 28678186 PMCID: PMC5535160 DOI: 10.3390/toxins9070213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2017] [Revised: 06/30/2017] [Accepted: 07/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Paralytic shellfish toxins (PSTs), a group of neurotoxic alkaloids, are the most potent biotoxins for aquatic ecosystems and human health. Marine dinoflagellates and freshwater cyanobacteria are two producers of PSTs. The biosynthesis mechanism of PSTs has been well elucidated in cyanobacteria; however, it remains ambiguous in dinoflagellates. Here, we compared the transcriptome profiles of a toxin-producing dinoflagellate Alexandrium catenella (ACHK-T) at different toxin biosynthesis stages within the cell cycle using RNA-seq. The intracellular toxin content increased gradually in the middle G1 phase and rapidly in the late G1 phase, and then remained relatively stable in other phases. Samples from four toxin biosynthesis stages were selected for sequencing, and finally yielded 110,370 unigenes, of which 66,141 were successfully annotated in the known databases. An analysis of differentially expressed genes revealed that 2866 genes altered significantly and 297 were co-expressed throughout the four stages. These genes participated mainly in protein metabolism, carbohydrate metabolism, and the oxidation-reduction process. A total of 138 homologues of toxin genes were identified, but they altered insignificantly among different stages, indicating that toxin biosynthesis might be regulated translationally or post-translationally. Our results will serve as an important transcriptomic resource to characterize key molecular processes underlying dinoflagellate toxin biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science/College of the Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China.
| | - Shu-Fei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science/College of the Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China.
| | - Lin Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science/College of the Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China.
| | - Da-Zhi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science/College of the Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China.
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23
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Lu XJ, Zhang H, Yang GJ, Li MY, Chen J. Comparative transcriptome analysis on the alteration of gene expression in ayu (Plecoglossus altivelis) larvae associated with salinity change. DONG WU XUE YAN JIU = ZOOLOGICAL RESEARCH 2017; 37:126-35. [PMID: 27265650 DOI: 10.13918/j.issn.2095-8137.2016.3.126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
Ayu (Plecoglossus altivelis) fish, which are an amphidromous species distributed in East Asia, live in brackish water (BW) during their larval stage and in fresh water (FW) during their adult stage. In this study, we found that FW-acclimated ayu larvae exhibited a slower growth ratio compared with that of BW-acclimated larvae. However, the mechanism underlying FW acclimation on growth suppression is poorly known. We employed transcriptome analysis to investigate the differential gene expression of FW acclimation by RNA sequencing. We identified 158 upregulated and 139 downregulated transcripts in FW-acclimated ayu larvae compared with that in BW-acclimated larvae. As determined by Gene Ontology annotation and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathway mapping, functional annotation of the genes covered diverse biological functions and processes, and included neuroendocrinology, osmotic regulation, energy metabolism, and the cytoskeleton. Transcriptional expression of several differentially expressed genes in response to FW acclimation was further confirmed by real-time quantitative PCR. In accordance with transcriptome analysis, iodothyronine deiodinase (ID), pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC), betaine-homocysteine S-methyltransferase 1(BHMT), fructose-bisphosphate aldolase B (aldolase B), tyrosine aminotransferase (TAT), and Na(+)-K(+) ATPase (NKA) were upregulated after FW acclimation. Furthermore, the mRNA expressions of b-type natriuretic peptide (BNP) and transgelin were downregulated after FW acclimation. Our data indicate that FW acclimation reduced the growth rate of ayu larvae, which might result from the expression alteration of genes related to endocrine hormones, energy metabolism, and direct osmoregulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin-Jiang Lu
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
| | - Hao Zhang
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
| | - Guan-Jun Yang
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
| | - Ming-Yun Li
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
| | - Jiong Chen
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China;Collaborative Innovation Center for Zhejiang Marine High-Efficiency and Healthy Aquaculture, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China.
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24
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Hughes A, Oxford AE, Tawara K, Jorcyk CL, Oxford JT. Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress and Unfolded Protein Response in Cartilage Pathophysiology; Contributing Factors to Apoptosis and Osteoarthritis. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18030665. [PMID: 28335520 PMCID: PMC5372677 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18030665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2017] [Revised: 03/15/2017] [Accepted: 03/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Chondrocytes of the growth plate undergo apoptosis during the process of endochondral ossification, as well as during the progression of osteoarthritis. Although the regulation of this process is not completely understood, alterations in the precisely orchestrated programmed cell death during development can have catastrophic results, as exemplified by several chondrodystrophies which are frequently accompanied by early onset osteoarthritis. Understanding the mechanisms that underlie chondrocyte apoptosis during endochondral ossification in the growth plate has the potential to impact the development of therapeutic applications for chondrodystrophies and associated early onset osteoarthritis. In recent years, several chondrodysplasias and collagenopathies have been recognized as protein-folding diseases that lead to endoplasmic reticulum stress, endoplasmic reticulum associated degradation, and the unfolded protein response. Under conditions of prolonged endoplasmic reticulum stress in which the protein folding load outweighs the folding capacity of the endoplasmic reticulum, cellular dysfunction and death often occur. However, unfolded protein response (UPR) signaling is also required for the normal maturation of chondrocytes and osteoblasts. Understanding how UPR signaling may contribute to cartilage pathophysiology is an essential step toward therapeutic modulation of skeletal disorders that lead to osteoarthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandria Hughes
- Department of Biological Sciences, Boise State University, Boise, ID 83725, USA.
- Biomolecular Research Center, Boise State University, Boise, ID 83725, USA.
| | - Alexandra E Oxford
- Department of Biological Sciences, Boise State University, Boise, ID 83725, USA.
- Biomolecular Research Center, Boise State University, Boise, ID 83725, USA.
| | - Ken Tawara
- Biomolecular Sciences Graduate Program, Boise State University, Boise, ID 83725, USA.
- Biomolecular Research Center, Boise State University, Boise, ID 83725, USA.
| | - Cheryl L Jorcyk
- Department of Biological Sciences, Boise State University, Boise, ID 83725, USA.
- Biomolecular Sciences Graduate Program, Boise State University, Boise, ID 83725, USA.
- Biomolecular Research Center, Boise State University, Boise, ID 83725, USA.
| | - Julia Thom Oxford
- Department of Biological Sciences, Boise State University, Boise, ID 83725, USA.
- Biomolecular Sciences Graduate Program, Boise State University, Boise, ID 83725, USA.
- Biomolecular Research Center, Boise State University, Boise, ID 83725, USA.
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25
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Crespo D, Assis LHC, Furmanek T, Bogerd J, Schulz RW. Expression profiling identifies Sertoli and Leydig cell genes as Fsh targets in adult zebrafish testis. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2016; 437:237-251. [PMID: 27566230 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2016.08.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2016] [Revised: 07/27/2016] [Accepted: 08/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Spermatogonial stem cells are quiescent, undergo self-renewal or differentiating divisions, thereby forming the cellular basis of spermatogenesis. This cellular development is orchestrated by follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), through the production of Sertoli cell-derived factors, and by Leydig cell-released androgens. Here, we investigate the transcriptional events induced by Fsh in a steroid-independent manner on the restart of zebrafish (Danio rerio) spermatogenesis ex vivo, using testis from adult males where type A spermatogonia were enriched by estrogen treatment in vivo. Under these conditions, RNA sequencing preferentially detected differentially expressed genes in somatic/Sertoli cells. Fsh-stimulated spermatogonial proliferation was accompanied by modulating several signaling systems (i.e. Tgf-β, Hedgehog, Wnt and Notch pathways). In silico protein-protein interaction analysis indicated a role for Hedgehog family members potentially integrating signals from different pathways during fish spermatogenesis. Moreover, Fsh had a marked impact on metabolic genes, such as lactate and fatty acid metabolism, or on Sertoli cell barrier components. Fish Leydig cells express the Fsh receptor and one of the most robust Fsh-responsive genes was insulin-like 3 (insl3), a Leydig cell-derived growth factor. Follow-up work showed that recombinant zebrafish Insl3 mediated pro-differentiation effects of Fsh on spermatogonia in an androgen-independent manner. Our experimental approach allowed focusing on testicular somatic genes in zebrafish and showed that the activity of signaling systems known to be relevant in stem cells was modulated by Fsh, providing promising leads for future work, as exemplified by the studies on Insl3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Crespo
- Reproductive Biology Group, Division of Developmental Biology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Luiz H C Assis
- Reproductive Biology Group, Division of Developmental Biology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Tomasz Furmanek
- Research Group Reproduction and Developmental Biology, Institute of Marine Research, Bergen, Norway
| | - Jan Bogerd
- Reproductive Biology Group, Division of Developmental Biology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Rüdiger W Schulz
- Reproductive Biology Group, Division of Developmental Biology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands; Research Group Reproduction and Developmental Biology, Institute of Marine Research, Bergen, Norway.
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26
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Polinski MP, Bradshaw JC, Inkpen SM, Richard J, Fritsvold C, Poppe TT, Rise ML, Garver KA, Johnson SC. De novo assembly of Sockeye salmon kidney transcriptomes reveal a limited early response to piscine reovirus with or without infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus superinfection. BMC Genomics 2016; 17:848. [PMID: 27806699 PMCID: PMC5094019 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-016-3196-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2016] [Accepted: 10/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Piscine reovirus (PRV) has been associated with the serious disease known as Heart and Skeletal Muscle Inflammation (HSMI) in cultured Atlantic salmon Salmo salar in Norway. PRV is also prevalent in wild and farmed salmon without overt disease manifestations, suggesting multifactorial triggers or PRV variant-specific factors are required to initiate disease. In this study, we explore the head kidney transcriptome of Sockeye salmon Oncorhynchus nerka during early PRV infection to identify host responses in the absence of disease in hopes of elucidating mechanisms by which PRV may directly alter host functions and contribute to the development of a disease state. We further investigate the role of PRV as a coinfecting agent following superinfection with infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus (IHNV) – a highly pathogenic rhabdovirus endemic to the west coast of North America. Results Challenge of Sockeye salmon with PRV resulted in high quantities of viral transcripts to become present in the blood and kidney of infected fish without manifestations of disease. De novo transcriptome assembly of over 2.3 billion paired RNA-seq reads from the head kidneys of 36 fish identified more than 320,000 putative unigenes, of which less than 20 were suggested to be differentially expressed in response to PRV at either 2 or 3 weeks post challenge by DESeq2 and edgeR analysis. Of these, only one, Ependymin, was confirmed to be differentially expressed by qPCR in an expanded sample set. In contrast, IHNV induced substantial transcriptional changes (differential expression of > 20,000 unigenes) which included transcripts involved in antiviral and inflammatory response pathways. Prior infection with PRV had no significant effect on host responses to superinfecting IHNV, nor did host responses initiated by IHNV exposure influence increasing PRV loads. Conclusions PRV does not substantially alter the head kidney transcriptome of Sockeye salmon during early (2 to 3 week) infection and dissemination in a period of significant increasing viral load, nor does the presence of PRV change the host transcriptional response to an IHNV superinfection. Further, concurrent infections of PRV and IHNV do not appear to significantly influence the infectivity or severity of IHNV associated disease, or conversely, PRV load. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12864-016-3196-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark P Polinski
- Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Pacific Biological Station, 3190 Hammond Bay Rd, Nanaimo, BC, V9T6N7, Canada.
| | - Julia C Bradshaw
- Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Pacific Biological Station, 3190 Hammond Bay Rd, Nanaimo, BC, V9T6N7, Canada
| | - Sabrina M Inkpen
- Department of Ocean Sciences, Memorial University, St. John's, NF, A1C5S7, Canada
| | - Jon Richard
- Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Pacific Biological Station, 3190 Hammond Bay Rd, Nanaimo, BC, V9T6N7, Canada
| | - Camilla Fritsvold
- Department of Pathology, Norwegian Veterinary Institute, Oslo, NO-0106, Norway
| | - Trygve T Poppe
- Department of Pathology, Norwegian Veterinary Institute, Oslo, NO-0106, Norway.,Department of Basic Sciences and Aquatic Medicine (Basam), Norwegian University of Life Sciences, P.O. Box 8146, Dep, N-0033, Oslo, Norway
| | - Matthew L Rise
- Department of Ocean Sciences, Memorial University, St. John's, NF, A1C5S7, Canada
| | - Kyle A Garver
- Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Pacific Biological Station, 3190 Hammond Bay Rd, Nanaimo, BC, V9T6N7, Canada
| | - Stewart C Johnson
- Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Pacific Biological Station, 3190 Hammond Bay Rd, Nanaimo, BC, V9T6N7, Canada
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27
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Seemann F, Peterson DR, Witten PE, Guo BS, Shanthanagouda AH, Ye RR, Zhang G, Au DWT. Insight into the transgenerational effect of benzo[a]pyrene on bone formation in a teleost fish (Oryzias latipes). Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2015; 178:60-67. [PMID: 26456900 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2015.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2015] [Revised: 09/30/2015] [Accepted: 10/05/2015] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Recent cross-generational studies in teleost fish have raised the awareness that high levels of benzo[a]pyrene (BaP) could affect skeletal integrity in the directly exposed F0 and their F1-F2. However, no further details were provided about the causes for abnormalities on the molecular and cellular level and the persistence of such sub-organismal impairments at the transgenerational scale (beyond F2). Adult Oryzias latipes were exposed to 1μg/L BaP for 21days. The F1-F3 were examined for skeletal deformities, histopathological alterations of vertebral bodies and differential expression of key genes of bone metabolism. Significant increase of dorsal-ventral vertebral compression was evident in ancestrally exposed larvae. Histopathological analysis revealed abnormal loss of notochord sheath, a lack of notochord epithelial integrity, reduced bone tissue and decreased osteoblast abundance. A significant downregulation of ATF4 and/or osterix and a high biological variability of COL10, coupled with a significant deregulation of SOX9a/b in the F1-F3 suggest that ancestral BaP exposure most likely perturbed chordoblasts, chondroblast and osteoblast differentiation, resulting in defective notochord sheath repair and rendering the vertebral column more vulnerable to compression. The present findings provide novel molecular and cellular insights into BaP-induced transgenerational bone impairment in the unexposed F3. From the ecological risk assessment perspective, BaP needs to be regarded as a transgenerational skeletal toxicant, which exerts a far-reaching impact on fish survival and fitness. Given that basic mechanisms of cartilage/bone formation are conserved between medaka and mammals, the results may also shed light on the potential transgenerational effect of BaP on the genesis of skeletal diseases in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frauke Seemann
- State Key Laboratory in Marine Pollution, Department of Biology and Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Hong Kong
| | - Drew R Peterson
- State Key Laboratory in Marine Pollution, Department of Biology and Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Hong Kong
| | - P Eckhard Witten
- Department of Biology, Ghent University, Ledeganckstraat 35, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Bao-Sheng Guo
- Institute for Advancing Translational Medicine in Bone & Joint Diseases, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong
| | - Adamane H Shanthanagouda
- State Key Laboratory in Marine Pollution, Department of Biology and Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Hong Kong
| | - Rui R Ye
- State Key Laboratory in Marine Pollution, Department of Biology and Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Hong Kong
| | - Ge Zhang
- Institute for Advancing Translational Medicine in Bone & Joint Diseases, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong
| | - Doris W T Au
- State Key Laboratory in Marine Pollution, Department of Biology and Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Hong Kong; Shenzhen Key Laboratory for the Sustainable Use of Marine Biodiversity, Research Centre for the Oceans and Human Health, City University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen 518057, China.
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28
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Ayllon F, Kjærner-Semb E, Furmanek T, Wennevik V, Solberg MF, Dahle G, Taranger GL, Glover KA, Almén MS, Rubin CJ, Edvardsen RB, Wargelius A. The vgll3 Locus Controls Age at Maturity in Wild and Domesticated Atlantic Salmon (Salmo salar L.) Males. PLoS Genet 2015; 11:e1005628. [PMID: 26551894 PMCID: PMC4638356 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1005628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2015] [Accepted: 10/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Wild and domesticated Atlantic salmon males display large variation for sea age at sexual maturation, which varies between 1-5 years. Previous studies have uncovered a genetic predisposition for variation of age at maturity with moderate heritability, thus suggesting a polygenic or complex nature of this trait. The aim of this study was to identify associated genetic loci, genes and ultimately specific sequence variants conferring sea age at maturity in salmon. We performed a genome wide association study (GWAS) using a pool sequencing approach (20 individuals per river and phenotype) of male salmon returning to rivers as sexually mature either after one sea winter (2009) or three sea winters (2011) in six rivers in Norway. The study revealed one major selective sweep, which covered 76 significant SNPs in which 74 were found in a 370 kb region of chromosome 25. Genotyping other smolt year classes of wild and domesticated salmon confirmed this finding. Genotyping domesticated fish narrowed the haplotype region to four SNPs covering 2386 bp, containing the vgll3 gene, including two missense mutations explaining 33-36% phenotypic variation. A single locus was found to have a highly significant role in governing sea age at maturation in this species. The SNPs identified may be both used as markers to guide breeding for late maturity in salmon aquaculture and in monitoring programs of wild salmon. Interestingly, a SNP in proximity of the VGLL3 gene in humans (Homo sapiens), has previously been linked to age at puberty suggesting a conserved mechanism for timing of puberty in vertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Erik Kjærner-Semb
- Institute of Marine Research, Bergen, Norway
- Department of Biology, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | | | | | | | - Geir Dahle
- Institute of Marine Research, Bergen, Norway
| | | | - Kevin A. Glover
- Institute of Marine Research, Bergen, Norway
- Department of Biology, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Markus Sällman Almén
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Carl J Rubin
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
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29
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Marques CL, Cancela ML, Laizé V. Transcriptional regulation of gilthead seabream bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) 2 gene by bone- and cartilage-related transcription factors. Gene 2015; 576:229-36. [PMID: 26456102 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2015.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2014] [Revised: 09/04/2015] [Accepted: 10/04/2015] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) 2 belongs to the transforming growth factor β (TGFβ) superfamily of cytokines and growth factors. While it plays important roles in embryo morphogenesis and organogenesis, BMP2 is also critical to bone and cartilage formation. Protein structure and function have been remarkably conserved throughout evolution and BMP2 transcription has been proposed to be tightly regulated, although few data is available. In this work we report the cloning and functional analysis of gilthead seabream BMP2 promoter. As in other vertebrates, seabream BMP2 gene has a 5′ non-coding exon, a feature already present in DPP gene, the fruit fly ortholog of vertebrate BMP2 gene, and maintained throughout evolution. In silico analysis of seabream BMP2 promoter revealed several binding sites for bone and cartilage related transcription factors (TFs) and their functionality was evaluated using promoter-luciferase constructions and TF-expressing vectors. Runt-related transcription factor 3 (RUNX3) was shown to negatively regulate BMP2 transcription and combination with the core binding factor β (CBFβ) further reduced transcriptional activity of the promoter. Although to a lesser extent, myocyte enhancer factor 2C (MEF2C) had also a negative effect on the regulation of BMP2 gene transcription, when associated with SRY (sex determining region Y)-box 9 (SOX9b). Finally, v-ets avian erythroblastosis virus E26 oncogene homolog 1 (ETS1) was able to slightly enhance BMP2 transcription. Data reported here provides new insights toward the better understanding of the transcriptional regulation of BMP2 gene in a bone and cartilage context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cátia L Marques
- Centre of Marine Sciences (CCMAR), University of Algarve, Faro, Portugal; PhD Program in Biomedical Sciences, University of Algarve, Faro, Portugal; Department of Biomedical Sciences and Medicine (DCBM), University of Algarve, Faro, Portugal
| | - M Leonor Cancela
- Centre of Marine Sciences (CCMAR), University of Algarve, Faro, Portugal; Department of Biomedical Sciences and Medicine (DCBM), University of Algarve, Faro, Portugal
| | - Vincent Laizé
- Centre of Marine Sciences (CCMAR), University of Algarve, Faro, Portugal.
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30
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Ahi EP, Steinhäuser SS, Pálsson A, Franzdóttir SR, Snorrason SS, Maier VH, Jónsson ZO. Differential expression of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor pathway associates with craniofacial polymorphism in sympatric Arctic charr. EvoDevo 2015; 6:27. [PMID: 26388986 PMCID: PMC4574265 DOI: 10.1186/s13227-015-0022-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2015] [Accepted: 09/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The developmental basis of craniofacial morphology hinges on interactions of numerous signalling systems. Extensive craniofacial variation in the polymorphic Arctic charr, a member of the salmonid family, from Lake Thingvallavatn (Iceland), offers opportunities to find and study such signalling pathways and their key regulators, thereby shedding light on the developmental pathways, and the genetics of trophic divergence. Results To identify genes involved in the craniofacial differences between benthic and limnetic Arctic charr, we used transcriptome data from different morphs, spanning early development, together with data on craniofacial expression patterns and skeletogenesis in model vertebrate species. Out of 20 genes identified, 7 showed lower gene expression in benthic than in limnetic charr morphs. We had previously identified a conserved gene network involved in extracellular matrix (ECM) organization and skeletogenesis, showing higher expression in developing craniofacial elements of benthic than in limnetic Arctic charr morphs. The present study adds a second set of genes constituting an expanded gene network with strong, benthic–limnetic differential expression. To identify putative upstream regulators, we performed knowledge-based motif enrichment analyses on the regulatory sequences of the identified genes which yielded potential binding sites for a set of known transcription factors (TFs). Of the 8 TFs that we examined using qPCR, two (Ahr2b and Ap2) were found to be differentially expressed between benthic and limnetic charr. Expression analysis of several known AhR targets indicated higher activity of the AhR pathway during craniofacial development in benthic charr morphotypes. Conclusion These results suggest a key role of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) pathway in the observed craniofacial differences between distinct charr morphotypes. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13227-015-0022-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ehsan Pashay Ahi
- Institute of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Iceland, Sturlugata 7, 101 Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Sophie S Steinhäuser
- Biomedical Center, University of Iceland, Vatnsmýrarvegur 16, 101 Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Arnar Pálsson
- Institute of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Iceland, Sturlugata 7, 101 Reykjavik, Iceland ; Biomedical Center, University of Iceland, Vatnsmýrarvegur 16, 101 Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Sigrídur Rut Franzdóttir
- Institute of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Iceland, Sturlugata 7, 101 Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Sigurdur S Snorrason
- Institute of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Iceland, Sturlugata 7, 101 Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Valerie H Maier
- Institute of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Iceland, Sturlugata 7, 101 Reykjavik, Iceland ; Biomedical Center, University of Iceland, Vatnsmýrarvegur 16, 101 Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Zophonías O Jónsson
- Institute of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Iceland, Sturlugata 7, 101 Reykjavik, Iceland ; Biomedical Center, University of Iceland, Vatnsmýrarvegur 16, 101 Reykjavik, Iceland
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Gudbrandsson J, Ahi EP, Franzdottir SR, Kapralova KH, Kristjansson BK, Steinhaeuser SS, Maier VH, Johannesson IM, Snorrason SS, Jonsson ZO, Palsson A. The developmental transcriptome of contrasting Arctic charr (Salvelinus alpinus) morphs. F1000Res 2015; 4:136. [PMID: 27635217 PMCID: PMC5007756 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.6402.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Species and populations with parallel evolution of specific traits can help illuminate how predictable adaptations and divergence are at the molecular and developmental level. Following the last glacial period, dwarfism and specialized bottom feeding morphology evolved rapidly in several landlocked Arctic charrSalvelinus alpinuspopulations in Iceland. To study the genetic divergence between small benthic morphs and limnetic morphs, we conducted RNA-sequencing charr embryos at four stages in early development. We studied two stocks with contrasting morphologies: the small benthic (SB) charr from Lake Thingvallavatn and Holar aquaculture (AC) charr.The data reveal significant differences in expression of several biological pathways during charr development. There was also an expression difference between SB- and AC-charr in genes involved in energy metabolism and blood coagulation genes. We confirmed differing expression of five genes in whole embryos with qPCR, includinglysozymeandnatterin-likewhich was previously identified as a fish-toxin of a lectin family that may be a putative immunopeptide. We also verified differential expression of 7 genes in the developing head that associated consistently with benthic v.s.limnetic morphology (studied in 4 morphs). Comparison of single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) frequencies reveals extensive genetic differentiation between the SB and AC-charr (~1300 with more than 50% frequency difference). Curiously, three derived alleles in the otherwise conserved 12s and 16s mitochondrial ribosomal RNA genes are found in benthic charr.The data implicate multiple genes and molecular pathways in divergence of small benthic charr and/or the response of aquaculture charr to domestication. Functional, genetic and population genetic studies on more freshwater and anadromous populations are needed to confirm the specific loci and mutations relating to specific ecological traits in Arctic charr.
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Wargelius A, Furmanek T, Montfort J, Le Cam A, Kleppe L, Juanchich A, Edvardsen RB, Taranger GL, Bobe J. A comparison between egg trancriptomes of cod and salmon reveals species-specific traits in eggs for each species. Mol Reprod Dev 2015; 82:397-404. [PMID: 25908546 DOI: 10.1002/mrd.22487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2015] [Accepted: 04/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Fish in use in aquaculture display large variation in gamete biology. To reach better understanding around this issue, this study aims at identifying if species specific "egg life history traits" can be hidden in the unfertilized egg. This was done by investigating egg transcriptome differences between Atlantic salmon and Atlantic cod. Salmon and cod eggs were selected due to their largely differencing phenotypes. An oligo microarray analysis was performed on ovulated eggs from cod (n = 8) and salmon (n = 7). The arrays were normalized to a similar spectrum for both arrays. Both arrays were re-annotated with SWISS-Prot and KEGG genes to retrieve an official gene symbol and an orthologous KEGG annotation, in salmon and cod arrays this represented 14,009 and 7,437 genes respectively. The probe linked to the highest gene expression for that particular KEGG annotation was used to compare expression between species. Differential expression was calculated for genes that had an annotation with score >300, resulting in a total of 2,457 KEGG annotations (genes) being differently expressed between the species (FD > 2). This analysis revealed that immune, signal transduction and excretory related pathways were overrepresented in salmon compared to cod. The most overrepresented pathways in cod were related to regulation of genetic information processing and metabolism. To conclude this analysis clearly point at some distinct transcriptome repertoires for cod and salmon and that these differences may explain some of the species-specific biological features for salmon and cod eggs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Lene Kleppe
- Institute of Marine Research, Bergen, Norway
| | - Amelie Juanchich
- Institute of Marine Research, Bergen, Norway.,INRA, Campus de Beaulieu, Rennes, France
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Advances in European sea bass genomics and future perspectives. Mar Genomics 2014; 18 Pt A:71-5. [PMID: 25011579 DOI: 10.1016/j.margen.2014.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2014] [Revised: 06/24/2014] [Accepted: 06/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Only recently available sequenced and annotated teleost fish genomes were restricted to a few model species, none of which were for aquaculture. The application of marker assisted selection for improved production traits had been largely restricted to the salmon industry and genetic and Quantitative Trait Loci (QTL) maps were available for only a few species. With the advent of next generation sequencing the landscape is rapidly changing and today the genomes of several aquaculture species have been sequenced. The European sea bass, Dicentrarchus labrax, is a good example of a commercially important aquaculture species in Europe for which in the last decade a wealth of genomic resources, including a chromosomal scale genome assembly, physical and linkage maps as well as relevant QTL have been generated. The current challenge is to stimulate the uptake of the resources by the industry so that the full potential of this scientific endeavor can be exploited and produce benefits for producers and the public alike.
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Giorello FM, Feijoo M, D’Elía G, Valdez L, Opazo JC, Varas V, Naya DE, Lessa EP. Characterization of the kidney transcriptome of the South American olive mouse Abrothrix olivacea. BMC Genomics 2014; 15:446. [PMID: 24909751 PMCID: PMC4189146 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-15-446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2013] [Accepted: 05/27/2014] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The olive mouse Abrothrix olivacea is a cricetid rodent of the subfamily Sigmodontinae that inhabits a wide range of contrasting environments in southern South America, from aridlands to temperate rainforests. Along its distribution, it presents different geographic forms that make the olive mouse a good focal case for the study of geographical variation in response to environmental variation. We chose to characterize the kidney transcriptome because this organ has been shown to be associated with multiple physiological processes, including water reabsorption. RESULTS Transcriptomes of thirteen kidneys from individuals from Argentina and Chile were sequenced using Illumina technology in order to obtain a kidney reference transcriptome. After combining the reads produced for each sample, we explored three assembly strategies to obtain the best reconstruction of transcripts, TrinityNorm and DigiNorm, which include its own normalization algorithms for redundant reads removal, and Multireads, which simply consist on the assembly of the joined reads. We found that Multireads strategy produces a less fragmented assembly than normalization algorithms but recovers fewer number of genes. In general, about 15000 genes were annotated, of which almost half had at least one coding sequence reconstructed at 99% of its length. We also built a list of highly expressed genes, of which several are involved in water conservation under laboratory conditions using mouse models. CONCLUSION Based on our assembly results, Trinity's in silico normalization is the best algorithm in terms of cost-benefit returns; however, our results also indicate that normalization should be avoided if complete or nearly complete coding sequences of genes are desired. Given that this work is the first to characterize the transcriptome of any member of Sigmodontinae, a subfamily of cricetid rodents with about 400 living species, it will provide valuable resources for future ecological and evolutionary genomic analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Facundo M Giorello
- />Departamento de Ecología y Evolución, Facultad de
Ciencias, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Matias Feijoo
- />Departamento de Ecología y Evolución, Facultad de
Ciencias, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Guillermo D’Elía
- />Instituto de Ciencias Ambientales y Evolutivas, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Lourdes Valdez
- />Instituto de Ciencias Ambientales y Evolutivas, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Juan C Opazo
- />Instituto de Ciencias Ambientales y Evolutivas, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Valeria Varas
- />Instituto de Ciencias Ambientales y Evolutivas, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Daniel E Naya
- />Departamento de Ecología y Evolución, Facultad de
Ciencias, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Enrique P Lessa
- />Departamento de Ecología y Evolución, Facultad de
Ciencias, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
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