1
|
Atem JEC, Gan L, Yu W, Huang F, Wang Y, Baloch A, Nwafor CC, Barrie AU, Chen P, Zhang C. Bioinformatics and functional analysis of EDS1 genes in Brassica napus in response to Plasmodiophora brassicae infection. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2024; 347:112175. [PMID: 38986913 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2024.112175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2024] [Revised: 06/11/2024] [Accepted: 06/28/2024] [Indexed: 07/12/2024]
Abstract
Enhanced Disease Susceptibility 1 (EDS1) is a key regulator of plant-pathogen-associated molecular pattern-triggered immunity (PTI) and effector-triggered immunity (ETI) responses. In the Brassica napus genome, we identified six novel EDS1 genes, among which four were responsive to clubroot infection, a major rapeseed disease resistant to chemical control. Developing resistant cultivars is a potent and economically viable strategy to control clubroot infection. Bioinformatics analysis revealed conserved domains and structural uniformity in Bna-EDS1 homologs. Bna-EDS1 promoters harbored elements associated with diverse phytohormones and stress responses, highlighting their crucial roles in plant defense. A functional analysis was performed with Bna-EDS1 overexpression and RNAi transgenic lines. Bna-EDS1 overexpression boosted resistance to clubroot and upregulated defense-associated genes (PR1, PR2, ICS1, and CBP60), while Bna-EDS1 RNAi increased plant susceptibility, indicating suppression of the defense signaling pathway downstream of NBS-LRRs. RNA-Seq analysis identified key transcripts associated with clubroot resistance, including phenylpropanoid biosynthesis. Activation of SA regulator NPR1, defense signaling markers PR1 and PR2, and upregulation of MYC-TFs suggested that EDS1-mediated clubroot resistance potentially involves the SA pathway. Our findings underscore the pivotal role of Bna-EDS1-dependent mechanisms in resistance of B. napus to clubroot disease, and provide valuable insights for fortifying resistance against Plasmodiophora brassicae infection in rapeseed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jalal Eldeen Chol Atem
- College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China; Department of Crop Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Benin, Benin City, Nigeria
| | - Longcai Gan
- College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China; Department of Crop Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Benin, Benin City, Nigeria
| | - Wenlin Yu
- College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China; Department of Crop Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Benin, Benin City, Nigeria
| | - Fan Huang
- Center for Plant Science Innovation and Department of Biochemistry, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln NE68588, USA; Department of Crop Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Benin, Benin City, Nigeria
| | - Yanyan Wang
- College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China; Department of Crop Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Benin, Benin City, Nigeria
| | - Amanullah Baloch
- College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China; Department of Crop Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Benin, Benin City, Nigeria
| | - Chinedu Charles Nwafor
- Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China; Department of Crop Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Benin, Benin City, Nigeria
| | - Alpha Umaru Barrie
- College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China; Department of Crop Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Benin, Benin City, Nigeria
| | - Peng Chen
- College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China; Department of Crop Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Benin, Benin City, Nigeria
| | - Chunyu Zhang
- College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China; Department of Crop Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Benin, Benin City, Nigeria.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Ma M, Tang L, Sun R, Lyu X, Xie J, Fu Y, Li B, Chen T, Lin Y, Yu X, Chen W, Jiang D, Cheng J. An effector SsCVNH promotes the virulence of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum through targeting class III peroxidase AtPRX71. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2024; 25:e13464. [PMID: 38695733 PMCID: PMC11064801 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.13464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2023] [Revised: 04/15/2024] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 05/05/2024]
Abstract
Many plant pathogens secrete effector proteins into the host plant to suppress host immunity and facilitate pathogen colonization. The necrotrophic pathogen Sclerotinia sclerotiorum causes severe plant diseases and results in enormous economic losses, in which secreted proteins play a crucial role. SsCVNH was previously reported as a secreted protein, and its expression is significantly upregulated at 3 h after inoculation on the host plant. Here, we further demonstrated that deletion of SsCVNH leads to attenuated virulence. Heterologous expression of SsCVNH in Arabidopsis enhanced pathogen infection, inhibited the host PAMP-triggered immunity (PTI) response and increased plant susceptibility to S. sclerotiorum. SsCVNH interacted with class III peroxidase AtPRX71, a positive regulator of innate immunity against plant pathogens. SsCVNH could also interact with other class III peroxidases, thus reducing peroxidase activity and suppressing plant immunity. Our results reveal a new infection strategy employed by S. sclerotiorum in which the fungus suppresses the function of class III peroxidases, the major component of PTI to promote its own infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ming Ma
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural MicrobiologyHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanHubeiChina
- The Provincial Key Lab of Plant Pathology of Hubei Province, College of Plant Science and TechnologyHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanHubeiChina
| | - Liguang Tang
- Wuhan Vegetable Research InstituteWuhan Academy of Agricultural ScienceWuhanHubeiChina
| | - Rui Sun
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural MicrobiologyHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanHubeiChina
- The Provincial Key Lab of Plant Pathology of Hubei Province, College of Plant Science and TechnologyHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanHubeiChina
| | - Xueliang Lyu
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural MicrobiologyHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanHubeiChina
- The Provincial Key Lab of Plant Pathology of Hubei Province, College of Plant Science and TechnologyHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanHubeiChina
| | - Jiatao Xie
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural MicrobiologyHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanHubeiChina
- The Provincial Key Lab of Plant Pathology of Hubei Province, College of Plant Science and TechnologyHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanHubeiChina
| | - Yanping Fu
- The Provincial Key Lab of Plant Pathology of Hubei Province, College of Plant Science and TechnologyHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanHubeiChina
| | - Bo Li
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural MicrobiologyHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanHubeiChina
- The Provincial Key Lab of Plant Pathology of Hubei Province, College of Plant Science and TechnologyHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanHubeiChina
| | - Tao Chen
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural MicrobiologyHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanHubeiChina
- The Provincial Key Lab of Plant Pathology of Hubei Province, College of Plant Science and TechnologyHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanHubeiChina
| | - Yang Lin
- The Provincial Key Lab of Plant Pathology of Hubei Province, College of Plant Science and TechnologyHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanHubeiChina
| | - Xiao Yu
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural MicrobiologyHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanHubeiChina
- The Provincial Key Lab of Plant Pathology of Hubei Province, College of Plant Science and TechnologyHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanHubeiChina
| | - Weidong Chen
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research ServiceWashington State UniversityPullmanWashingtonUSA
| | - Daohong Jiang
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural MicrobiologyHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanHubeiChina
- The Provincial Key Lab of Plant Pathology of Hubei Province, College of Plant Science and TechnologyHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanHubeiChina
| | - Jiasen Cheng
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural MicrobiologyHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanHubeiChina
- The Provincial Key Lab of Plant Pathology of Hubei Province, College of Plant Science and TechnologyHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanHubeiChina
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Bradley JM, Butlin RK, Scholes JD. Comparative secretome analysis of Striga and Cuscuta species identifies candidate virulence factors for two evolutionarily independent parasitic plant lineages. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2024; 24:251. [PMID: 38582844 PMCID: PMC10998327 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-024-04935-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2023] [Accepted: 03/20/2024] [Indexed: 04/08/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Many parasitic plants of the genera Striga and Cuscuta inflict huge agricultural damage worldwide. To form and maintain a connection with a host plant, parasitic plants deploy virulence factors (VFs) that interact with host biology. They possess a secretome that represents the complement of proteins secreted from cells and like other plant parasites such as fungi, bacteria or nematodes, some secreted proteins represent VFs crucial to successful host colonisation. Understanding the genome-wide complement of putative secreted proteins from parasitic plants, and their expression during host invasion, will advance understanding of virulence mechanisms used by parasitic plants to suppress/evade host immune responses and to establish and maintain a parasite-host interaction. RESULTS We conducted a comparative analysis of the secretomes of root (Striga spp.) and shoot (Cuscuta spp.) parasitic plants, to enable prediction of candidate VFs. Using orthogroup clustering and protein domain analyses we identified gene families/functional annotations common to both Striga and Cuscuta species that were not present in their closest non-parasitic relatives (e.g. strictosidine synthase like enzymes), or specific to either the Striga or Cuscuta secretomes. For example, Striga secretomes were strongly associated with 'PAR1' protein domains. These were rare in the Cuscuta secretomes but an abundance of 'GMC oxidoreductase' domains were found, that were not present in the Striga secretomes. We then conducted transcriptional profiling of genes encoding putatively secreted proteins for the most agriculturally damaging root parasitic weed of cereals, S. hermonthica. A significant portion of the Striga-specific secretome set was differentially expressed during parasitism, which we probed further to identify genes following a 'wave-like' expression pattern peaking in the early penetration stage of infection. We identified 39 genes encoding putative VFs with functions such as cell wall modification, immune suppression, protease, kinase, or peroxidase activities, that are excellent candidates for future functional studies. CONCLUSIONS Our study represents a comprehensive secretome analysis among parasitic plants and revealed both similarities and differences in candidate VFs between Striga and Cuscuta species. This knowledge is crucial for the development of new management strategies and delaying the evolution of virulence in parasitic weeds.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- James M Bradley
- School of Biosciences, University of Sheffield, Western Bank, Sheffield, S10 2TN, UK.
- Present address: Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5S 3B2, Canada.
| | - Roger K Butlin
- School of Biosciences, University of Sheffield, Western Bank, Sheffield, S10 2TN, UK
- Department of Marine Sciences, University of Gothenburg, 405 30, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Julie D Scholes
- School of Biosciences, University of Sheffield, Western Bank, Sheffield, S10 2TN, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Parada-Rojas CH, Stahr M, Childs KL, Quesada-Ocampo LM. Effector Repertoire of the Sweetpotato Black Rot Fungal Pathogen Ceratocystis fimbriata. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2024; 37:315-326. [PMID: 38353601 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-09-23-0146-fi] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
In 2015, sweetpotato producers in the United States experienced one of the worst outbreaks of black rot recorded in history, with up to 60% losses reported in the field and packing houses and at shipping ports. Host resistance remains the ideal management tool to decrease crop losses. Lack of knowledge of Ceratocystis fimbriata biology represents a critical barrier for the deployment of resistance to black rot in sweetpotato. In this study, we scanned the recent near chromosomal-level assembly for putative secreted effectors in the sweetpotato C. fimbriata isolate AS236 using a custom fungal effector annotation pipeline. We identified a set of 188 putative effectors on the basis of secretion signal and in silico prediction in EffectorP. We conducted a deep RNA time-course sequencing experiment to determine whether C. fimbriata modulates effectors in planta and to define a candidate list of effectors expressed during infection. We examined the expression profile of two C. fimbriata isolates, a pre-epidemic (1990s) isolate and a post-epidemic (2015) isolate. Our in planta expression profiling revealed clusters of co-expressed secreted effector candidates. Based on fold-change differences of putative effectors in both isolates and over the course of infection, we suggested prioritization of 31 effectors for functional characterization. Among this set, we identified several effectors that provide evidence for a marked biotrophic phase in C. fimbriata during infection of sweetpotato storage roots. Our study revealed a catalog of effector proteins that provide insight into C. fimbriata infection mechanisms and represent a core catalog to implement effector-assisted breeding in sweetpotato. [Formula: see text] Copyright © 2024 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Camilo H Parada-Rojas
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology and NC Plant Sciences Initiative, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27606, U.S.A
| | - Madison Stahr
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology and NC Plant Sciences Initiative, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27606, U.S.A
| | - Kevin L Childs
- Department of Plant Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, U.S.A
| | - Lina M Quesada-Ocampo
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology and NC Plant Sciences Initiative, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27606, U.S.A
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Liu X, Zhao H, Xie J, Fu Y, Li B, Yu X, Chen T, Lin Y, Jiang D, Cheng J. A Glycosyl Hydrolase 5 Family Protein Is Essential for Virulence of Necrotrophic Fungi and Can Suppress Plant Immunity. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:2693. [PMID: 38473940 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25052693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2024] [Revised: 01/30/2024] [Accepted: 02/13/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Phytopathogenic fungi normally secrete large amounts of CWDEs to enhance infection of plants. In this study, we identified and characterized a secreted glycosyl hydrolase 5 family member in Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (SsGH5, Sclerotinia sclerotiorum Glycosyl Hydrolase 5). SsGH5 was significantly upregulated during the early stages of infection. Knocking out SsGH5 did not affect the growth and acid production of S. sclerotiorum but resulted in decreased glucan utilization and significantly reduced virulence. In addition, Arabidopsis thaliana expressing SsGH5 became more susceptible to necrotrophic pathogens and basal immune responses were inhibited in these plants. Remarkably, the lost virulence of the ΔSsGH5 mutants was restored after inoculating onto SsGH5 transgenic Arabidopsis. In summary, these results highlight that S. sclerotiorum suppresses the immune responses of Arabidopsis through secreting SsGH5, and thus exerts full virulence for successful infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- The Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology of Hubei Province, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Huihui Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- The Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology of Hubei Province, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Jiatao Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- The Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology of Hubei Province, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Yanping Fu
- The Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology of Hubei Province, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Bo Li
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- The Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology of Hubei Province, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Xiao Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- The Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology of Hubei Province, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Tao Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- The Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology of Hubei Province, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Yang Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- The Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology of Hubei Province, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Daohong Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- The Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology of Hubei Province, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Jiasen Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- The Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology of Hubei Province, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Shang Q, Jiang D, Xie J, Cheng J, Xiao X. The schizotrophic lifestyle of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2024; 25:e13423. [PMID: 38407560 PMCID: PMC10895550 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.13423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2023] [Revised: 12/30/2023] [Accepted: 01/07/2024] [Indexed: 02/27/2024]
Abstract
Sclerotinia sclerotiorum is a cosmopolitan and typical necrotrophic phytopathogenic fungus that infects hundreds of plant species. Because no cultivars highly resistant to S. sclerotiorum are available, managing Sclerotinia disease caused by S. sclerotiorum is still challenging. However, recent studies have demonstrated that S. sclerotiorum has a beneficial effect and can live mutualistically as an endophyte in graminaceous plants, protecting the plants against major fungal diseases. An in-depth understanding of the schizotrophic lifestyle of S. sclerotiorum during interactions with plants under different environmental conditions will provide new strategies for controlling fungal disease. In this review, we summarize the pathogenesis mechanisms of S. sclerotiorum during its attack of host plants as a destructive pathogen and discuss its lifestyle as a beneficial endophytic fungus.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qingna Shang
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural MicrobiologyHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
- Hubei Hongshan LaboratoryWuhanChina
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Science and TechnologyHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
| | - Daohong Jiang
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural MicrobiologyHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
- Hubei Hongshan LaboratoryWuhanChina
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Science and TechnologyHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
| | - Jiatao Xie
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural MicrobiologyHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
- Hubei Hongshan LaboratoryWuhanChina
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Science and TechnologyHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
| | - Jiasen Cheng
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural MicrobiologyHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
- Hubei Hongshan LaboratoryWuhanChina
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Science and TechnologyHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
| | - Xueqiong Xiao
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural MicrobiologyHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Science and TechnologyHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Tian B, Chen Z, Yu Y, Yang Y, Fang A, Bi C, Qu Z, Fu Y, Mehmood MA, Zhou C, Jiang D. Transcriptional plasticity of schizotrophic Sclerotinia sclerotiorum responds to symptomatic rapeseed and endophytic wheat hosts. Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0261223. [PMID: 37905914 PMCID: PMC10714719 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.02612-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2023] [Accepted: 09/14/2023] [Indexed: 11/02/2023] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE The broad host range of fungi with differential fungal responses leads to either a pathogenic or an endophytic lifestyle in various host plants. Yet, the molecular basis of schizotrophic fungal responses to different plant hosts remains unexplored. Here, we observed a general increase in the gene expression of S. sclerotiorum associated with pathogenicity in symptomatic rapeseed, including small protein secretion, appressorial formation, and oxalic acid toxin production. Conversely, in wheat, many carbohydrate metabolism and transport-associated genes were induced, indicating a general increase in processes associated with carbohydrate acquisition. Appressorium is required for S. sclerotiorum during colonization in symptomatic hosts but not in endophytic wheat. These findings provide new clues for understanding schizotrophic fungi, fungal evolution, and the emergence pathways of new plant diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Binnian Tian
- College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Biosafety and Green Production of Upper Yangtze River (Ministry of Education), Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Ziyang Chen
- College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Biosafety and Green Production of Upper Yangtze River (Ministry of Education), Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yang Yu
- College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Biosafety and Green Production of Upper Yangtze River (Ministry of Education), Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yuheng Yang
- College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Biosafety and Green Production of Upper Yangtze River (Ministry of Education), Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Anfei Fang
- College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Biosafety and Green Production of Upper Yangtze River (Ministry of Education), Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Chaowei Bi
- College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Biosafety and Green Production of Upper Yangtze River (Ministry of Education), Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Zheng Qu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yanping Fu
- The Provincial Key Lab of Plant Pathology of Hubei Province, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Mirza Abid Mehmood
- Plant Pathology, Institute of Plant Protection, Muhammad Nawaz Shareef University of Agriculture, Multan, Pakistan
| | - Changyong Zhou
- College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Biosafety and Green Production of Upper Yangtze River (Ministry of Education), Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Daohong Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- The Provincial Key Lab of Plant Pathology of Hubei Province, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Pedersen C, Marzano SYL. Mechanisms of Primed Defense: Plant Immunity Induced by Endophytic Colonization of a Mycovirus-Induced Hypovirulent Fungal Pathogen. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2023; 36:726-736. [PMID: 37459471 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-06-23-0083-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
How mycovirus-induced hypovirulence in fungi activates plant defense is still poorly understood. The changes in plant fitness and gene expression caused by the inoculation of the fungus Sclerotinia sclerotiorum harboring and made hypovirulent by the mycovirus soybean leaf-associated gemygorvirus-1 (SlaGemV-1) of the species Gemycircularvirus soybe1 were examined in this study. As the hypovirulent fungus (DK3V) colonized soybean Glycine max, plant transcriptomic analysis indicated changes in defense responses and photosynthetic activity, supported by an upregulation of individual genes and overrepresentation of photosystem gene ontology groups. The upregulated genes include genes relating to both pathogen-associated molecular pattern-triggered immunity and effector-triggered immunity as well as various genes relating to the induction of systemic acquired resistance and the biosynthesis of jasmonic acid. Plants colonized with DK3V showed a resistant phenotype to virulent S. sclerotiorum infection. Plant height and leaf area were also determined to be larger in plants grown with the virus-infected fungus. Here, we hypothesize that inoculation of soybean with DK3V can result in the triggering of a wide range of defense mechanisms to prime against later infection. The knowledge gained from this study about plant transcriptomics and phenotype will help prime plant immunity with mycovirus-infected hypovirulent fungal strains more effectively. [Formula: see text] Copyright © 2023 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Connor Pedersen
- United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Toledo, OH 43606, U.S.A
| | - Shin-Yi Lee Marzano
- United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Toledo, OH 43606, U.S.A
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Sarkar D, Majumder S, Giri K, Sabnam N. In silico characterization, molecular docking, and dynamic simulation of a novel fungal cell-death suppressing effector, MoRlpA as potential cathepsin B-like cysteine protease inhibitor during rice blast infection. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2023; 41:9039-9056. [PMID: 36345772 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2022.2139763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2022] [Accepted: 10/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The blast fungus Magnaporthe oryzae is one of the most notorious pathogens affecting rice production worldwide. The cereal killer employs a special class of small secreted proteins called effectors to manipulate and perturb the host metabolism. In turn, the host plants trigger effector-triggered immunity (ETI) via localized cell death and hypersensitive response (HR). We have identified and characterized a novel secreted effector MoRlpA from M. oryzae by extensive in silico methods. The localization studies suggested that it is exclusively secreted in the host apoplasts. Interestingly, MoRlpA interacts with a protease, cathepsin B from rice with highest affinity. The 3D structural models of both the proteins were generated. Cathepsin B-like cysteine proteases are usually involved in programmed cell death (PCD) and autophagy in plants which lead to generation of HR upon infection. Our results suggest that MoRlpA interacts with rice cathepsin B-like cysteine protease and demolish the host counter-attack by suppressing cell death and HR during an active blast infection. This was further validated by molecular docking and molecular dynamic simulation analyses. The important residues involved in the rice-blast pathogen interactions were deciphered. Overall, this research highlights stable interactions between MoRlpA-OsCathB during rice blast pathogenesis and providing an insight into how this novel RlpA protease inhibitor-cum-effector modulates the host's apoplast to invade the host tissues and establish a successful infection. Thus, this research will help to develop potential fungicide to block the binding region of MoRlpA target so that the cryptic pathogen would be recognized by the host. HIGHLIGHTSFor the first time, a novel secreted effector protein, MoRlpA has been identified and characterised from M. oryzae in silicoMoRlpA contains a rare lipoprotein A-like DPBB domain which is often an enzymatic domain in other systemsMoRlpA as an apoplastic effector interacts with the rice protease OsCathB to suppress the cell death and hypersensitive response during rice blast infectionThe three-dimensional structures of both the MoRlpA and OsCathB proteins were predictedMoRlpA-OsCathB interactions were analysed by molecular docking and molecular dynamic simulation studiesCommunicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Debrup Sarkar
- Department of Life Sciences, Presidency University, Kolkata, India
| | | | - Kalyan Giri
- Department of Life Sciences, Presidency University, Kolkata, India
| | - Nazmiara Sabnam
- Department of Life Sciences, Presidency University, Kolkata, India
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Poudel RS, Belay K, Nelson B, Brueggeman R, Underwood W. Population and genome-wide association studies of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum isolates collected from diverse host plants throughout the United States. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1251003. [PMID: 37829452 PMCID: PMC10566370 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1251003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 10/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Sclerotinia sclerotiorum is a necrotrophic fungal pathogen causing disease and economic loss on numerous crop plants. This fungus has a broad host range and can infect over 400 plant species, including important oilseed crops such as soybean, canola, and sunflower. S. sclerotiorum isolates vary in aggressiveness of lesion formation on plant tissues. However, the genetic basis for this variation remains to be determined. The aims of this study were to evaluate a diverse collection of S. sclerotiorum isolates collected from numerous hosts and U.S. states for aggressiveness of stem lesion formation on sunflower, to evaluate the population characteristics, and to identify loci associated with isolate aggressiveness using genome-wide association mapping. Methods A total of 219 S. sclerotiorum isolates were evaluated for stem lesion formation on two sunflower inbred lines and genotyped using genotyping-by-sequencing. DNA markers were used to assess population differentiation across hosts, regions, and climatic conditions and to perform a genome-wide association study of isolate aggressiveness. Results and discussion We observed a broad range of aggressiveness for lesion formation on sunflower stems, and only a moderate correlation between aggressiveness on the two lines. Population genetic evaluations revealed differentiation between populations from warmer climate regions compared to cooler regions. Finally, a genome-wide association study of isolate aggressiveness identified three loci significantly associated with aggressiveness on sunflower. Functional characterization of candidate genes at these loci will likely improve our understanding of the virulence strategies used by this pathogen to cause disease on a wide array of agriculturally important host plants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Roshan Sharma Poudel
- Department of Plant Pathology, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, United States
| | - Kassaye Belay
- Department of Plant Pathology, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, United States
| | - Berlin Nelson
- Department of Plant Pathology, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, United States
| | - Robert Brueggeman
- Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, United States
| | - William Underwood
- Edward T. Schafer Agricultural Research Center, Sunflower and Plant Biology Research Unit, USDA Agricultural Research Service, Fargo, ND, United States
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Derbyshire MC, Raffaele S. Surface frustration re-patterning underlies the structural landscape and evolvability of fungal orphan candidate effectors. Nat Commun 2023; 14:5244. [PMID: 37640704 PMCID: PMC10462633 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-40949-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2023] [Accepted: 08/09/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Pathogens secrete effector proteins to subvert host physiology and cause disease. Effectors are engaged in a molecular arms race with the host resulting in conflicting evolutionary constraints to manipulate host cells without triggering immune responses. The molecular mechanisms allowing effectors to be at the same time robust and evolvable remain largely enigmatic. Here, we show that 62 conserved structure-related families encompass the majority of fungal orphan effector candidates in the Pezizomycotina subphylum. These effectors diversified through changes in patterns of thermodynamic frustration at surface residues. The underlying mutations tended to increase the robustness of the overall effector protein structure while switching potential binding interfaces. This mechanism could explain how conserved effector families maintained biological activity over long evolutionary timespans in different host environments and provides a model for the emergence of sequence-unrelated effector families with conserved structures.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mark C Derbyshire
- Centre for Crop and Disease Management, School of Molecular and Life Sciences, Curtin University, Perth, Australia
| | - Sylvain Raffaele
- Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes Micro-organismes Environnement (LIPME), INRAE, CNRS, Université de Toulouse, 31326, Castanet-Tolosan, France.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Xiao L, Liu Q, Cao X, Chen M, Zhang L, Yao Z, Zhao S. Detection of Secreted Effector Proteins from Phelipanche aegyptiaca During Invasion of Melon Roots. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2023; 113:1548-1559. [PMID: 37454086 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-11-22-0441-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
Parasites can interact with their host plants through the induction and delivery of secreted effector proteins that facilitate plant colonization by decomposing plant cell walls and inhibiting plant immune response to weaken the defense ability of the host. Yet effectors mediating parasitic plant-host interactions are poorly understood. Phelipanche aegyptiaca is an obligate root parasite plant causing severe yield and economic losses in agricultural fields worldwide. Host resistance against P. aegyptiaca occurred during the attachment period of parasitism. Comparative transcriptomics was used to assess resistant and susceptible interactions simultaneously between P. aegyptiaca and two contrasting melon cultivars. In total, 2,740 secreted proteins from P. aegyptiaca were identified here. Combined with transcriptome profiling, 209 candidate secreted effector proteins (CSEPs) were predicted, with functional annotations such as cell wall degrading enzymes, protease inhibitors, transferases, kinases, and elicitor proteins. A heterogeneous expression system in Nicotiana benthamiana was used to investigate the functions of 20 putatively effector genes among the CSEPs. Cluster 15140.0 can suppress BAX-triggered programmed cell death in N. benthamiana. These findings showed that the prediction of P. aegyptiaca effector proteins based on transcriptomic analysis and multiple bioinformatics software is effective and more accurate, providing insights into understanding the essential molecular nature of effectors and laying the foundation of revealing the parasite mechanism of P. aegyptiaca, which is helpful in understanding parasite-host plant interaction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lifeng Xiao
- Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps, Key Laboratory of Special Fruits and Vegetables Cultivation Physiology and Germplasm Resources Utilization, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang 832003, China
- Key Laboratory of Oasis Agricultural Pest Management and Plant Protection Resources Utilization, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang 832003, China
| | - Qianqian Liu
- Key Laboratory of Oasis Agricultural Pest Management and Plant Protection Resources Utilization, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang 832003, China
| | - Xiaolei Cao
- Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps, Key Laboratory of Special Fruits and Vegetables Cultivation Physiology and Germplasm Resources Utilization, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang 832003, China
| | - Meixiu Chen
- Key Laboratory of Oasis Agricultural Pest Management and Plant Protection Resources Utilization, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang 832003, China
| | - Lu Zhang
- Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps, Key Laboratory of Special Fruits and Vegetables Cultivation Physiology and Germplasm Resources Utilization, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang 832003, China
| | - Zhaoqun Yao
- Key Laboratory of Oasis Agricultural Pest Management and Plant Protection Resources Utilization, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang 832003, China
| | - Sifeng Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Oasis Agricultural Pest Management and Plant Protection Resources Utilization, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang 832003, China
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Newman TE, Kim H, Khentry Y, Sohn KH, Derbyshire MC, Kamphuis LG. The broad host range pathogen Sclerotinia sclerotiorum produces multiple effector proteins that induce host cell death intracellularly. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2023; 24:866-881. [PMID: 37038612 PMCID: PMC10346375 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.13333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2022] [Revised: 03/19/2023] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Sclerotinia sclerotiorum is a broad host range necrotrophic fungal pathogen, which causes disease on many economically important crop species. S. sclerotiorum has been shown to secrete small effector proteins to kill host cells and acquire nutrients. We set out to discover novel necrosis-inducing effectors and characterize their activity using transient expression in Nicotiana benthamiana leaves. Five intracellular necrosis-inducing effectors were identified with differing host subcellular localization patterns, which were named intracellular necrosis-inducing effector 1-5 (SsINE1-5). We show for the first time a broad host range pathogen effector, SsINE1, that uses an RxLR-like motif to enter host cells. Furthermore, we provide preliminary evidence that SsINE5 induces necrosis via an NLR protein. All five of the identified effectors are highly conserved in globally sourced S. sclerotiorum isolates. Taken together, these results advance our understanding of the virulence mechanisms employed by S. sclerotiorum and reveal potential avenues for enhancing genetic resistance to this damaging fungal pathogen.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Toby E. Newman
- Centre for Crop and Disease Management, School of Molecular and Life SciencesCurtin UniversityBentleyWestern AustraliaAustralia
| | - Haseong Kim
- Plant Immunity Research CenterSeoul National UniversitySeoul08826Republic of Korea
| | - Yuphin Khentry
- Centre for Crop and Disease Management, School of Molecular and Life SciencesCurtin UniversityBentleyWestern AustraliaAustralia
| | - Kee Hoon Sohn
- Plant Immunity Research CenterSeoul National UniversitySeoul08826Republic of Korea
- Department of Agricultural BiotechnologySeoul National UniversitySeoul08826Republic of Korea
- Research Institute of Agriculture and Life SciencesSeoul National UniversitySeoul08826Republic of Korea
| | - Mark C. Derbyshire
- Centre for Crop and Disease Management, School of Molecular and Life SciencesCurtin UniversityBentleyWestern AustraliaAustralia
| | - Lars G. Kamphuis
- Centre for Crop and Disease Management, School of Molecular and Life SciencesCurtin UniversityBentleyWestern AustraliaAustralia
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
MacCready JS, Roggenkamp EM, Gdanetz K, Chilvers MI. Elucidating the Obligate Nature and Biological Capacity of an Invasive Fungal Corn Pathogen. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2023; 36:411-424. [PMID: 36853195 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-10-22-0213-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Tar spot is a devasting corn disease caused by the obligate fungal pathogen Phyllachora maydis. Since its initial identification in the United States in 2015, P. maydis has become an increasing threat to corn production. Despite this, P. maydis has remained largely understudied at the molecular level, due to difficulties surrounding its obligate lifestyle. Here, we generated a significantly improved P. maydis nuclear and mitochondrial genome, using a combination of long- and short-read technologies, and also provide the first transcriptomic analysis of primary tar spot lesions. Our results show that P. maydis is deficient in inorganic nitrogen utilization, is likely heterothallic, and encodes for significantly more protein-coding genes, including secreted enzymes and effectors, than previous determined. Furthermore, our expression analysis suggests that, following primary tar spot lesion formation, P. maydis might reroute carbon flux away from DNA replication and cell division pathways and towards pathways previously implicated in having significant roles in pathogenicity, such as autophagy and secretion. Together, our results identified several highly expressed unique secreted factors that likely contribute to host recognition and subsequent infection, greatly increasing our knowledge of the biological capacity of P. maydis, which have much broader implications for mitigating tar spot of corn. [Formula: see text] Copyright © 2023 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joshua S MacCready
- Department of Plant, Soil and Microbial Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, U.S.A
| | - Emily M Roggenkamp
- Department of Plant, Soil and Microbial Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, U.S.A
| | - Kristi Gdanetz
- Department of Plant, Soil and Microbial Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, U.S.A
| | - Martin I Chilvers
- Department of Plant, Soil and Microbial Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, U.S.A
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Singh S, Sarki YN, Marwein R, Singha DL, Velmurugan N, Chikkaputtaiah C. Unraveling the role of effector proteins in Bipolaris oryzae infecting North East Indian rice cultivars through time-course transcriptomics analysis. Fungal Biol 2023; 127:1098-1110. [PMID: 37495300 DOI: 10.1016/j.funbio.2023.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2022] [Revised: 04/29/2023] [Accepted: 05/21/2023] [Indexed: 07/28/2023]
Abstract
Bipolaris oryzae, causing brown spot disease in rice, is one of the neglected diseases reducing rice productivity. Limited knowledge is available on the genetics of host-pathogen interaction. Here, we used time-course transcriptome sequencing to elucidate the differential transcriptional responses of the pathogen genes in two contradictory infection-responsive rice hosts. Evaluation of transcriptome data showed similar regulation of fungal genes within susceptible (1733) and resistant (1846) hosts at an early stage however, in the later stage, the number was significantly higher in susceptible (2877) compared to resistant (1955) hosts. GO enrichment terms for upregulated genes showed a similar pattern in both the hosts at an early stage, but in the later stage terms related to degradation of carbohydrates, carbohydrate transport, and pathogenesis are enriched extensively within the susceptible host. Likewise, similar expression responses were observed with the secretory and effector proteins. Plant pathogenic homologs genes such as those involved in appressorium and conidia formation, host cell wall degradative enzymes, etc. were reported to be highly upregulated within the susceptible host. This study predicts the successful establishment of B. oryzae BO1 in both the host surfaces at an early stage, while disease progression only occurs in the susceptible host in later stage.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sanjay Singh
- Biological Sciences and Technology Division, CSIR-North East Institute of Science and Technology (CSIR-NEIST), Jorhat, 785006, Assam, India
| | - Yogita N Sarki
- Biological Sciences and Technology Division, CSIR-North East Institute of Science and Technology (CSIR-NEIST), Jorhat, 785006, Assam, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201 002, India
| | - Riwandahun Marwein
- Biological Sciences and Technology Division, CSIR-North East Institute of Science and Technology (CSIR-NEIST), Jorhat, 785006, Assam, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201 002, India
| | - Dhanawantari L Singha
- Biological Sciences and Technology Division, CSIR-North East Institute of Science and Technology (CSIR-NEIST), Jorhat, 785006, Assam, India
| | - Natarajan Velmurugan
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201 002, India; Biological Sciences Division, Branch Laboratory-Itanagar, CSIR-NEIST, Naharlagun, 791110, Arunachal Pradesh, India
| | - Channakeshavaiah Chikkaputtaiah
- Biological Sciences and Technology Division, CSIR-North East Institute of Science and Technology (CSIR-NEIST), Jorhat, 785006, Assam, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201 002, India.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Zhang J, Wang L, Ren A, Sheng Y, Chang X, Li X, Guan M, Shang N, Zhao P, Sun S. Prediction of Effector Proteins from Trichoderma longibrachiatum Through Transcriptome Sequencing. Curr Microbiol 2023; 80:259. [PMID: 37358649 DOI: 10.1007/s00284-023-03296-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2022] [Accepted: 04/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/27/2023]
Abstract
Trichoderma longibrachiatum SMF2 is an important biocontrol strain isolated by our group that can promote plant growth and induce plant disease resistance. To further study its biocontrol mechanism, the effector proteins secreted by T. longibrachiatum SMF2 were analyzed through bioinformatics and transcriptome sequencing. Overall, 478 secretory proteins produced by T. longibrachiatum were identified, of which 272 were upregulated after treatment with plants. Functional annotation showed that 36 secretory proteins were homologous with different groups of effectors from pathogenic microorganisms. Moreover, the quantitative PCR results of six putative effector proteins were consistent with those of transcriptome sequencing. Taken together, these findings indicate that the secretory proteins secreted by T. longibrachiatum SMF2 may act as effectors to facilitate its own growth and colonization or to induce plant immunity response.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Lijun Wang
- Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, 252000, China
| | - Aizhi Ren
- Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, 252000, China
| | | | - Xue Chang
- Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, 252000, China
- Liaocheng Land and Resources Bureau, Liaocheng, 252000, China
| | - Xiaolong Li
- Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, 252000, China
| | | | - Na Shang
- Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, 252000, China
- Liaocheng Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Liaocheng, 252000, China
| | - Peibao Zhao
- Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, 252000, China.
| | - Shulei Sun
- Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, 252000, China.
- University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, 92121, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Pineda-Fretez A, Orrego A, Iehisa JCM, Flores-Giubi ME, Barúa JE, Sánchez-Lucas R, Jorrín-Novo J, Romero-Rodríguez MC. Secretome analysis of the phytopathogen Macrophomina phaseolina cultivated in liquid medium supplemented with and without soybean leaf infusion. Fungal Biol 2023; 127:1043-1052. [PMID: 37142363 DOI: 10.1016/j.funbio.2023.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2022] [Revised: 03/23/2023] [Accepted: 04/03/2023] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Macrophomina phaseolina (Tassi) Goid. is a fungal pathogen that causes root and stem rot in several economically important crops. However, most of disease control strategies have shown limited effectiveness. Despite its impact on agriculture, molecular mechanisms involved in the interaction with host plant remains poorly understood. Nevertheless, it has been proven that fungal pathogens secrete a variety of proteins and metabolites to successfully infect their host plants. In this study, a proteomic analysis of proteins secreted by M. phaseolina in culture media supplemented with soybean leaf infusion was performed. A total of 250 proteins were identified with a predominance of hydrolytic enzymes. Plant cell wall degrading enzymes together peptidases were found, probably involved in the infection process. Predicted effector proteins were also found that could induce plant cell death or suppress plant immune response. Some of the putative effectors presented similarities to known fungal virulence factors. Expression analysis of ten selected protein-coding genes showed that these genes are induced during host tissue infection and suggested their participation in the infection process. The identification of secreted proteins of M. phaseolina could be used to improve the understanding of the biology and pathogenesis of this fungus. Although leaf infusion was able to induce changes at the proteome level, it is necessary to study the changes induced under conditions that mimic the natural infection process of the soil-borne pathogen M. phaseolina to identify virulence factors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amiliana Pineda-Fretez
- Department of Chemical Biology, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Asunción, San Lorenzo, Paraguay
| | - Adriana Orrego
- Department of Biotechnology, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Asunción, San Lorenzo, Paraguay
| | - Julio César Masaru Iehisa
- Department of Biotechnology, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Asunción, San Lorenzo, Paraguay.
| | - María Eugenia Flores-Giubi
- Department of Chemical Biology, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Asunción, San Lorenzo, Paraguay
| | - Javier E Barúa
- Department of Chemical Biology, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Asunción, San Lorenzo, Paraguay
| | - Rosa Sánchez-Lucas
- Birmingham Institute of Forest Research, School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston Campus, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Jesús Jorrín-Novo
- Agroforestry and Plant Biochemistry, Proteomics and Systems Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Cordoba, UCO-CeiA3, 14014, Cordoba, Spain
| | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
De Vallée A, Dupuy JW, Moriscot C, Gallet B, Vanderperre S, Guignard G, Rascle C, Calvar G, Malbert B, Gillet FX, Dieryckx C, Choquer M, Girard V, Poussereau N, Bruel C. Extracellular Vesicles of the Plant Pathogen Botrytis cinerea. J Fungi (Basel) 2023; 9:jof9040495. [PMID: 37108947 PMCID: PMC10146736 DOI: 10.3390/jof9040495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2023] [Revised: 04/14/2023] [Accepted: 04/17/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Fungal secretomes are known to contain a multitude of components involved in nutrition, cell growth or biotic interactions. Recently, extra-cellular vesicles have been identified in a few fungal species. Here, we used a multidisciplinary approach to identify and characterize extracellular vesicles produced by the plant necrotroph Botrytis cinerea. Transmission electron microscopy of infectious hyphae and hyphae grown in vitro revealed extracellular vesicles of various sizes and densities. Electron tomography showed the co-existence of ovoid and tubular vesicles and pointed to their release via the fusion of multi-vesicular bodies with the cell plasma membrane. The isolation of these vesicles and exploration of their protein content using mass spectrometry led to the identification of soluble and membrane proteins involved in transport, metabolism, cell wall synthesis and remodeling, proteostasis, oxidoreduction and traffic. Confocal microscopy highlighted the capacity of fluorescently labeled vesicles to target cells of B. cinerea, cells of the fungus Fusarium graminearum, and onion epidermal cells but not yeast cells. In addition, a specific positive effect of these vesicles on the growth of B. cinerea was quantified. Altogether, this study broadens our view on the secretion capacity of B. cinerea and its cell-to-cell communication.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amelie De Vallée
- Univ. Lyon, UCBL, INSA Lyon, CNRS, MAP, UMR5240, 69622 Villeurbanne, France
| | | | | | - Benoit Gallet
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CEA, CNRS, IBS, F-38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Solène Vanderperre
- Centre Technologique des Microstructures, Université Lyon 1, 69622 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Gaëtan Guignard
- Univ. Lyon, Université Lyon 1, CNRS, ENTPE, UMR 5023 LEHNA, 69622 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Christine Rascle
- Univ. Lyon, UCBL, INSA Lyon, CNRS, MAP, UMR5240, 69622 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Glen Calvar
- Univ. Lyon, UCBL, INSA Lyon, CNRS, MAP, UMR5240, 69622 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Bastien Malbert
- Bayer SAS, Crop Science Division Centre de Recherche La Dargoire, 69009 Lyon, France
| | | | - Cindy Dieryckx
- Univ. Lyon, UCBL, INSA Lyon, CNRS, MAP, UMR5240, 69622 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Mathias Choquer
- Univ. Lyon, UCBL, INSA Lyon, CNRS, MAP, UMR5240, 69622 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Vincent Girard
- Univ. Lyon, UCBL, INSA Lyon, CNRS, MAP, UMR5240, 69622 Villeurbanne, France
| | | | - Christophe Bruel
- Univ. Lyon, UCBL, INSA Lyon, CNRS, MAP, UMR5240, 69622 Villeurbanne, France
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Hossain MM, Sultana F, Li W, Tran LSP, Mostofa MG. Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (Lib.) de Bary: Insights into the Pathogenomic Features of a Global Pathogen. Cells 2023; 12:cells12071063. [PMID: 37048136 PMCID: PMC10093061 DOI: 10.3390/cells12071063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2023] [Revised: 03/11/2023] [Accepted: 03/23/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (Lib.) de Bary is a broad host-range fungus that infects an inclusive array of plant species and afflicts significant yield losses globally. Despite being a notorious pathogen, it has an uncomplicated life cycle consisting of either basal infection from myceliogenically germinated sclerotia or aerial infection from ascospores of carpogenically germinated sclerotia. This fungus is unique among necrotrophic pathogens in that it inevitably colonizes aging tissues to initiate an infection, where a saprophytic stage follows the pathogenic phase. The release of cell wall-degrading enzymes, oxalic acid, and effector proteins are considered critical virulence factors necessary for the effective pathogenesis of S. sclerotiorum. Nevertheless, the molecular basis of S. sclerotiorum pathogenesis is still imprecise and remains a topic of continuing research. Previous comprehensive sequencing of the S. sclerotiorum genome has revealed new insights into its genome organization and provided a deeper comprehension of the sophisticated processes involved in its growth, development, and virulence. This review focuses on the genetic and genomic aspects of fungal biology and molecular pathogenicity to summarize current knowledge of the processes utilized by S. sclerotiorum to parasitize its hosts. Understanding the molecular mechanisms regulating the infection process of S. sclerotiorum will contribute to devising strategies for preventing infections caused by this destructive pathogen.
Collapse
|
20
|
The use of evolutionary analyses to predict functionally relevant traits in filamentous plant pathogens. Curr Opin Microbiol 2023; 73:102244. [PMID: 36889024 DOI: 10.1016/j.mib.2022.102244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2022] [Revised: 10/27/2022] [Accepted: 11/03/2022] [Indexed: 03/08/2023]
Abstract
Identifying traits involved in plant-pathogen interactions is one of the major objectives in molecular plant pathology. Evolutionary analyses may assist in the identification of genes encoding traits that are involved in virulence and local adaptation, including adaptation to agricultural intervention strategies. In the past decades, the number of available genome sequences of fungal plant pathogens has rapidly increased, providing a rich source for the discovery of functionally important genes as well as inference of species histories. Positive selection in the form of diversifying or directional selection leaves particular signatures in genome alignments and can be identified with statistical genetics methods. This review summarises the concepts and approaches used in evolutionary genomics and lists major discoveries related to plant-pathogen adaptative evolution. We underline the significant contribution of evolutionary genomics in discovering virulence-related traits and the study of plant-pathogen ecology and adaptive evolution.
Collapse
|
21
|
Secretomic Insights into the Pathophysiology of Venturia inaequalis: The Causative Agent of Scab, a Devastating Apple Tree Disease. Pathogens 2022; 12:pathogens12010066. [PMID: 36678413 PMCID: PMC9860705 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12010066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2022] [Revised: 12/10/2022] [Accepted: 12/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Apple scab, caused by Venturia inaequalis, is one of the world's most commercially significant apple diseases. The fungi have a catastrophic impact on apples, causing considerable losses in fruit quality and productivity in many apple-growing locations despite numerous control agents. Fungi secrete various effectors and other virulence-associated proteins that suppress or alter the host's immune system, and several such proteins were discovered in this work. Using state-of-the-art bioinformatics techniques, we examined the V. inaequalis reference genome (EU-B04), resulting in the identification of 647 secreted proteins, of which 328 were classified as small secreted proteins (SSPs), with 76.52% of SSPs identified as anticipated effector proteins. The more prevalent CAZyme proteins were the enzymes engaged in plant cell wall disintegration (targeting pectin and xylanase), adhesion and penetration (Cutinases/acetyl xylan esterase), and reactive oxygen species formation (multicopper oxidases). Furthermore, members of the S9 prolyl oligopeptidase family were identified as the most abundant host defense peptidases. Several known effector proteins were discovered to be expressed during the V. inaequalis infection process on apple leaves. The present study provides valuable data that can be used to develop new strategies for controlling apple scab.
Collapse
|
22
|
Li X, Zeng S, Wisniewski M, Droby S, Yu L, An F, Leng Y, Wang C, Li X, He M, Liao Q, Liu J, Wang Y, Sui Y. Current and future trends in the biocontrol of postharvest diseases. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2022; 64:5672-5684. [PMID: 36530065 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2022.2156977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Postharvest diseases of fruits and vegetables cause significant economic losses to producers and marketing firms. Many of these diseases are caused by necrotrophic fungal pathogens that require wounded or injured tissues to establish an infection. Biocontrol of postharvest diseases is an evolving science that has moved from the traditional paradigm of one organism controlling another organism to viewing biocontrol as a system involving the biocontrol agent, the pathogen, the host, the physical environment, and most recently the resident microflora. Thus, the paradigm has shifted from one of simplicity to complexity. The present review provides an overview of how the field of postharvest biocontrol has evolved over the past 40 years, a brief review of the biology of necrotrophic pathogens, the discovery of BCAs, their commercialization, and mechanisms of action. Most importantly, current research on the use of marker-assisted-selection, the fruit microbiome and its relationship to the pathobiome, and the use of double-stranded RNA as a biocontrol strategy is discussed. These latter subjects represent evolving trends in postharvest biocontrol research and suggestions for future research are presented.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojiao Li
- School of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, West Yunnan University, Lincang, China
| | - Shixian Zeng
- College of Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology of Guizhou Province, Guizhou University, Guiyang, Guizhou, China
| | - Michael Wisniewski
- Department of Biological Sciences, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA
| | - Samir Droby
- Department of Postharvest Science, ARO, the Volcani Center, Rishon LeZion, Israel
| | - Longfeng Yu
- School of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, West Yunnan University, Lincang, China
| | - Fuquan An
- School of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, West Yunnan University, Lincang, China
| | - Yan Leng
- School of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, West Yunnan University, Lincang, China
| | - Chaowen Wang
- School of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, West Yunnan University, Lincang, China
| | - Xiaojun Li
- School of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, West Yunnan University, Lincang, China
| | - Min He
- School of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, West Yunnan University, Lincang, China
| | - Qinhong Liao
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Economic Plant Biotechnology, College of Landscape Architecture and Life Science/Institute of Special Plants, Chongqing University of Arts and Sciences, Chongqing, China
| | - Jia Liu
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Economic Plant Biotechnology, College of Landscape Architecture and Life Science/Institute of Special Plants, Chongqing University of Arts and Sciences, Chongqing, China
| | - Yong Wang
- College of Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology of Guizhou Province, Guizhou University, Guiyang, Guizhou, China
| | - Yuan Sui
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Economic Plant Biotechnology, College of Landscape Architecture and Life Science/Institute of Special Plants, Chongqing University of Arts and Sciences, Chongqing, China
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Gupta NC, Yadav S, Arora S, Mishra DC, Budhlakoti N, Gaikwad K, Rao M, Prasad L, Rai PK, Sharma P. Draft genome sequencing and secretome profiling of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum revealed effector repertoire diversity and allied broad-host range necrotrophy. Sci Rep 2022; 12:21855. [PMID: 36528657 PMCID: PMC9759525 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-22028-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2022] [Accepted: 10/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
White mold commonly known as Sclerotinia sclerotiorum causes stem rot disease and has emerged as one of the major fungal pathogens of oilseed Brassica across the world. In the present study, consistently virulent S. sclerotiorum isolate "ESR-01" was sequenced and an assembly size of ~ 41 Mb with 328 scaffolds having N50 of 447,128 was obtained. Additionally, 27,450 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were identified from 155 scaffolds against S. sclerotiorum 1980 isolate, with an average SNP density of ~ 1.5 per kb genome. 667 repetitive elements were identified and approximately comprised 7% of the total annotated genes. The DDE_1 with 454 in numbers was found to be the most abundant and accounts for 68% of the total predicted repetitive elements. In total, 3844 simple sequence repeats are identified in the 328 scaffolds. A total of 9469 protein-coding genes were predicted from the whole genome assembly with an average gene length of 1587 bp and their distribution as 230.95 genes per Mb in the genome. Out of 9469 predicted protein-coding genes, 529 genes were observed encoding the CAZymes (Carbohydrate-Active enzymes) capable of degradation of the complex polysaccharides. Glycosyltransferase (GT) families were most abundant (49.71%) among the predicted CAZymes and GT2 (23%), GT4 (20%), and glycoside hydrolase (GH) 23% with GH18 (11%) were the prominent cell wall degrading enzyme families in the ESR-01 secretome. Besides this, 156 genes essential for the pathogen-host interactions were also identified. The effector analysis in the whole genome proteomics dataset revealed a total of 57 effector candidates (ECs) and 27 of them were having their analogs whereas the remaining 30 were novel ones. Eleven selected ECs were validated experimentally by analyzing the expression profile of the ESR-01 isolate of S. sclerotiorum. Together, the present investigation offers a better understanding of the S. sclerotiorum genome, secretome, and its effector repertoire which will help in refining the present knowledge on S. sclerotiorum-Brassica interactions and necrotrophic lifestyle of the phytopathogen in general.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Navin C. Gupta
- grid.418105.90000 0001 0643 7375ICAR-National Institute for Plant Biotechnology, New Delhi, India
| | - Sunita Yadav
- grid.463150.50000 0001 2218 1322Division of Agricultural Bioinformatics, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Statistics Research Institute, New Delhi, India
| | - Shaweta Arora
- grid.418105.90000 0001 0643 7375ICAR-National Institute for Plant Biotechnology, New Delhi, India
| | - Dwijesh C. Mishra
- grid.463150.50000 0001 2218 1322Division of Agricultural Bioinformatics, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Statistics Research Institute, New Delhi, India
| | - Neeraj Budhlakoti
- grid.463150.50000 0001 2218 1322Division of Agricultural Bioinformatics, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Statistics Research Institute, New Delhi, India
| | - Kishore Gaikwad
- grid.418105.90000 0001 0643 7375ICAR-National Institute for Plant Biotechnology, New Delhi, India
| | - Mahesh Rao
- grid.418105.90000 0001 0643 7375ICAR-National Institute for Plant Biotechnology, New Delhi, India
| | - Lakshman Prasad
- grid.418196.30000 0001 2172 0814ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, Pusa, New Delhi, India
| | - Pramod K. Rai
- grid.505951.d0000 0004 1768 6555ICAR-Directorate of Rapeseed-Mustard Research, Bharatpur, Rajasthan India
| | - Pankaj Sharma
- grid.505951.d0000 0004 1768 6555ICAR-Directorate of Rapeseed-Mustard Research, Bharatpur, Rajasthan India
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Zhang H, Cheng Q, Wang X, Jia W, Xie J, Fan G, Han C, Zhao X. Selenium Improved Phenylacetic Acid Content in Oilseed Rape and Thus Enhanced the Prevention of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum by Dimethachlon. J Fungi (Basel) 2022; 8:1193. [PMID: 36422013 PMCID: PMC9694027 DOI: 10.3390/jof8111193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2022] [Revised: 11/03/2022] [Accepted: 11/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Sclerotinia sclerotiorum is a broad-spectrum necrotrophic phytopathogen that can infect many plant species worldwide. The application of fungicides is a common measure for controlling Sclerotinia sclerotiorum. Due to the risk of developing resistance to fungicides, it is imperative to find ways to be environmentally friendly and even effective. Using bioactive compounds in plants to reduce the amounts of fungicides has become a clean and sustainable strategy of controlling Sclerotinia sclerotiorum. Our study found that selenium in soil mediated the phenylacetic acid-related metabolic pathway in oilseed rape and reduced the incidence rate of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum. The growth-inhibition rates of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum were observed at 25.82%, 19.67%, and 52.61% for treatments of 0.8 mg·L-1 dimethachlon, 0.1 mg·mL-1 phenylacetic acid, and dimethachlon (0.8 mg·L-1) + phenylacetic acid (0.1 mg·mL-1), respectively. Phenylacetic acid reduced the application amount of dimethachlon and enhanced the inhibition effect for Sclerotinia sclerotiorum. Results also suggested that phenylacetic acid severely damaged the morphological structure, changed the electrical conductivity, and reduced the capacity of acid production and oxalic acid secretion of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum mycelium. Further studies revealed that phenylacetic acid increased the gene-expression level of Ssodc1, Ssodc2, CWDE2 and CWDE10 in mycelium while decreasing the expression level of SsGgt1, and phenylacetic acid + dimethachlon reduced the relative expression level of SsBil. These findings verified that phenylacetic acid could partially replace the amount of dimethachlon, as well as enhance the prevention of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum by dimethachlon, which provides evidence for developing an environment-friendly method for Sclerotinia sclerotiorum control.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Huan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Resources and Environment, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Institute of Quality Standard and Monitoring Technology for Agro-Products of Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Qin Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Resources and Environment, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Xu Wang
- Institute of Quality Standard and Monitoring Technology for Agro-Products of Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Wei Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Resources and Environment, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Jiatao Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Resources and Environment, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Guocheng Fan
- Fujian Key Laboratory for Monitoring and Integrated Management of Crop Pests, Fuzhou 350003, China
| | - Chuang Han
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Resources and Environment, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Xiaohu Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Resources and Environment, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Qian Y, Zheng X, Wang X, Yang J, Zheng X, Zeng Q, Li J, Zhuge Q, Xiong Q. Systematic identification and functional characterization of the CFEM proteins in poplar fungus Marssonina brunnea. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:1045615. [PMID: 36439212 PMCID: PMC9684206 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.1045615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2022] [Accepted: 10/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Proteins containing Common in Fungal Extracellular Membrane (CFEM) domains uniquely exist in fungi and play significant roles in their whole life history. In this study, a total of 11 MbCFEM proteins were identified from Marssonina brunnea f. sp. multigermtubi (MULT), a hemibiotrophic pathogenic fungus on poplars that causes severe leaf diseases. Phylogenic analysis showed that the 11 proteins (MbCFEM1-11) were divided into three clades based on the trans-membrane domain and the CFEM domain. Sequence alignment and WebLogo analysis of CFEM domains verified the amino acids conservatism therein. All of them possess eight cysteines except MbCFEM4 and MbCFEM11, which lack two cysteines each. Six MbCFEM proteins with a signal peptide and without trans-membrane domain were considered as candidate effectors for further functional analysis. Three-dimensional (3D) models of their CFEM domains presented a helical-basket structure homologous to the crucial virulence factor Csa2 of Candida albicans. Afterward, four (MbCFEM1, 6, 8, and 9) out of six candidate effectors were successfully cloned and a yeast signal sequence trap (YSST) assay confirmed their secretion activity. Pathogen challenge assays demonstrated that the transient expression of four candidate MbCFEM effectors in Nicotiana benthamiana promoted Fusarium proliferatum infection, respectively. In an N. benthamiana heterogeneous expression system, MbCFEM1, MbCFEM6, and MbCFEM9 appeared to suppress both BAX/INF1-triggered PCD, whereas MbCFEM8 could only defeat BAX-triggered PCD. Additionally, subcellular localization analysis indicated that the four candidate MbCFEM effectors accumulate in the cell membrane, nucleus, chloroplast, and cytosolic bodies. These results demonstrate that MbCFEM1, MbCFEM6, MbCFEM8, and MbCFEM9 are effectors of M. brunnea and provide valuable targets for further dissection of the molecular mechanisms underlying the poplar-M. brunnea interaction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Qin Xiong
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, College of Biology and the Environment, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Quintanilha-Peixoto G, Marone MP, Raya FT, José J, Oliveira A, Fonseca PLC, Tomé LMR, Bortolini DE, Kato RB, Araújo DS, De-Paula RB, Cuesta-Astroz Y, Duarte EAA, Badotti F, de Carvalho Azevedo VA, Brenig B, Soares ACF, Carazzolle MF, Pereira GAG, Aguiar ERGR, Góes-Neto A. Phylogenomics and gene selection in Aspergillus welwitschiae: Possible implications in the pathogenicity in Agave sisalana. Genomics 2022; 114:110517. [PMID: 36306958 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygeno.2022.110517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2022] [Revised: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 10/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Aspergillus welwitschiae causes bole rot disease in sisal (Agave sisalana and related species) which affects the production of natural fibers in Brazil, the main worldwide producer of sisal fibers. This fungus is a saprotroph with a broad host range. Previous research established A. welwitschiae as the only causative agent of bole rot in the field, but little is known about the evolution of this species and its strains. In this work, we performed a comparative genomics analysis of 40 Aspergillus strains. We show the conflicting molecular identity of this species, with one sisal-infecting strain sharing its last common ancestor with Aspergillus niger, having diverged only 833 thousand years ago. Furthermore, our analysis of positive selection reveals sites under selection in genes coding for siderophore transporters, Sodium‑calcium exchangers, and Phosphatidylethanolamine-binding proteins (PEBPs). Herein, we discuss the possible impacts of these gene functions on the pathogenicity in sisal.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Marina Püpke Marone
- Department of Genetics, Evolution, Microbiology, and Immunology, University of Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Fábio Trigo Raya
- Department of Genetics, Evolution, Microbiology, and Immunology, University of Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Juliana José
- Department of Genetics, Evolution, Microbiology, and Immunology, University of Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Adriele Oliveira
- Department of Genetics, Evolution, Microbiology, and Immunology, University of Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | | | - Dener Eduardo Bortolini
- Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Bentes Kato
- Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Daniel S Araújo
- Program in Bioinformatics, Loyola University Chicago, Chicago, United States
| | - Ruth B De-Paula
- Department of Neurology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, United States
| | - Yesid Cuesta-Astroz
- Instituto Colombiano de Medicina Tropical, Universidad CES, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Elizabeth A A Duarte
- Centro Universitário Maria Milza, Cruz das Almas, Brazil; Center of Agricultural, Environmental and Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal do Recôncavo da Bahia, Cruz das Almas, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Badotti
- Department of Chemistry, Federal Center of Technological Education of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | | | - Bertram Brenig
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Ana Cristina Fermino Soares
- Center of Agricultural, Environmental and Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal do Recôncavo da Bahia, Cruz das Almas, Brazil
| | - Marcelo Falsarella Carazzolle
- Department of Genetics, Evolution, Microbiology, and Immunology, University of Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Eric Roberto Guimarães Rocha Aguiar
- Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil; Center of Biotechnology and Genetics, Department of Biological Science, Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz, Ilhéus, Brazil
| | - Aristóteles Góes-Neto
- Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Haidoulis JF, Nicholson P. Tissue-specific transcriptome responses to Fusarium head blight and Fusarium root rot. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:1025161. [PMID: 36352885 PMCID: PMC9637937 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.1025161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2022] [Accepted: 09/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Fusarium head blight (FHB) and Fusarium root rot (FRR) are important diseases of small-grain cereals caused by Fusarium species. While host response to FHB has been subject to extensive study, very little is known about response to FRR and the transcriptome responses of FHB and FRR have not been thoroughly compared. Brachypodium distachyon (Bd) is an effective model for investigating host responses to both FHB and FRR. In this study the transcriptome response of Bd to F. graminearum (Fg) infection of heads and roots was investigated. An RNA-seq analysis was performed on both Bd FHB and FRR during the early infection. Additionally, an RNA-seq analysis was performed on in vitro samples of Fg for comparison with Fg gene expression in planta. Differential gene expression and gene-list enrichment analyses were used to compare FHB and FRR transcriptome responses in both Bd and Fg. Differential expression of selected genes was confirmed using RT-qPCR. Most genes associated with receptor signalling, cell-wall modification, oxidative stress metabolism, and cytokinin and auxin biosynthesis and signalling genes were generally upregulated in FHB or were downregulated in FRR. In contrast, Bd genes involved in jasmonic acid and ethylene biosynthesis and signalling, and antimicrobial production were similarly differentially expressed in both tissues in response to infection. A transcriptome analysis of predicted Fg effectors with the same infected material revealed elevated expression of core tissue-independent genes including cell-wall degradation enzymes and the gene cluster for DON production but also several tissue-dependent genes including those for aurofusarin production and cutin degradation. This evidence suggests that Fg modulates its transcriptome to different tissues of the same host.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Paul Nicholson
- Department of Crop Genetics, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, England
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Proteomics analysis of the phytopathogenic fungus Sclerotinia sclerotiorum: a narrative review. JOURNAL OF BIO-X RESEARCH 2022. [DOI: 10.1097/jbr.0000000000000130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
|
29
|
Andronis CE, Jacques S, Lipscombe R, Tan KC. Comparative sub-cellular proteome analyses reveals metabolic differentiation and production of effector-like molecules in the dieback phytopathogen Phytophthora cinnamomi. J Proteomics 2022; 269:104725. [PMID: 36096432 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2022.104725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2022] [Revised: 05/23/2022] [Accepted: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Phytopathogenic oomycetes pose a significant threat to global biodiversity and food security. The proteomes of these oomycetes likely contain important factors that contribute to their pathogenic success, making their discovery crucial for elucidating pathogenicity. Phytophthora cinnamomi is a root pathogen that causes dieback in a wide variety of crops and native vegetation world-wide. Virulence proteins produced by P. cinnamomi are not well defined and a large-scale approach to understand the biochemistry of this pathogen has not been documented. Soluble mycelial, zoospore and secreted proteomes were obtained and label-free quantitative proteomics was used to compare the composition of the three sub-proteomes. A total of 4635 proteins were identified, validating 17.7% of the predicted gene set. The mycelia were abundant in transporters for nutrient acquisition, metabolism and cellular proliferation. The zoospores had less metabolic related ontologies but were abundant in energy generating, motility and signalling associated proteins. Virulence-associated proteins were identified in the secretome such as candidate effector and effector-like proteins, which interfere with the host immune system. These include hydrolases, cell wall degrading enzymes, putative necrosis-inducing proteins and elicitins. The secretome elicited a hypersensitive response on the roots of a model host and thus suggests evidence of effector activity. SIGNIFICANCE: Phytophthora cinnamomi is a phytopathogenic oomycete that causes dieback disease in native vegetation and several horticultural crops such as avocado, pineapple and macadamia. Whilst this pathogen has significance world-wide, its pathogenicity and virulence have not been described in depth. We carried out comparative label-free proteomics of the mycelia, zoospores and secretome of P. cinnamomi. This study highlights the differential metabolism and cellular processes between the sub-proteomes. Proteins associated with metabolism, nutrient transport and cellular proliferation were over represented in the mycelia. The zoospores have a specialised proteome showing increased energy generation geared towards motility. Candidate effectors and effector-like secreted proteins were also identified, which can be exploited for genetic resistance. This demonstrates a better understanding of the biology and pathogenicity of P. cinnamomi infection that can subsequently be used to develop effective methods of disease management.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christina E Andronis
- Centre for Crop and Disease Management, Curtin University, Bentley, WA, Australia; Proteomics International, Nedlands, WA, Australia.
| | - Silke Jacques
- Centre for Crop and Disease Management, Curtin University, Bentley, WA, Australia
| | | | - Kar-Chun Tan
- Centre for Crop and Disease Management, Curtin University, Bentley, WA, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Ding Y, Chen Y, Wu Z, Yang N, Rana K, Meng X, Liu B, Wan H, Qian W. SsCox17, a copper chaperone, is required for pathogenic process and oxidative stress tolerance of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2022; 322:111345. [PMID: 35691151 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2022.111345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2022] [Revised: 05/28/2022] [Accepted: 05/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Stem rot, caused by Sclerotinia sclerotiorum has emerged as one of the major fungal pathogens of oilseed Brassica across the world. The pathogenic development is exquisitely dependent on reactive oxygen species (ROS) modulation. Cox17 is a crucial factor that shuttles copper ions from the cytosol to the mitochondria for the cytochrome c oxidase (CCO) assembly. Currently, no data is available regarding the impact of Cox17 in fungal pathogenesis. The present research was carried out to functionally characterize the role of Cox17 in S. sclerotiorum pathogenesis. SsCox17 transcripts showed high expression levels during inoculation on rapeseed. Intramitochondrial copper content and CCO activity were decreased in SsCox17 gene-silenced strains. The SsCox17 gene expression was up-regulated in the hyphae under oxidative stress and a deficiency response to oxidative stress was detected in SsCox17 gene-silenced strains. Compared to the S. sclerotiorum wild-type strain, there was a concomitant reduction in the virulence of SsCox17 gene-silenced strains. The SsCox17 overexpression strain was further found to increase copper content, CCO activity, tolerance to oxidative stress and virulence. We also observed a certain correlation of appressoria formation and SsCox17. These results provide evidence that SsCox17 is positively associated with fungal virulence and oxidative detoxification.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yijuan Ding
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China; Engineering Research Center of South Upland Agriculture, Ministry of Education, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Yangui Chen
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China; Engineering Research Center of South Upland Agriculture, Ministry of Education, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Zhaohui Wu
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China; Engineering Research Center of South Upland Agriculture, Ministry of Education, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Nan Yang
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China; Engineering Research Center of South Upland Agriculture, Ministry of Education, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Kusum Rana
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China; Engineering Research Center of South Upland Agriculture, Ministry of Education, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Xiao Meng
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China; Engineering Research Center of South Upland Agriculture, Ministry of Education, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Bangyan Liu
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China; Engineering Research Center of South Upland Agriculture, Ministry of Education, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Huafang Wan
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China; Engineering Research Center of South Upland Agriculture, Ministry of Education, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Wei Qian
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China; Engineering Research Center of South Upland Agriculture, Ministry of Education, Chongqing 400715, China.
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Wei W, Wu X, Blahut-Beatty L, Simmonds DH, Clough SJ. Transcriptome Profiling Reveals Molecular Players in Early Soybean- Sclerotinia sclerotiorum Interaction. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2022; 112:1739-1752. [PMID: 35778800 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-08-21-0329-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Sclerotinia sclerotiorum causes Sclerotinia stem rot on soybean. Using RNA sequencing, the transcriptomes of the soybean host and the S. sclerotiorum pathogen were simultaneously determined at 4 and 8 h postinoculation (hpi). Two soybean genotypes were involved: a resistant oxalate oxidase (OxO)-transgenic line and its susceptible parent, AC Colibri (AC). Of the 594 genes that were significantly induced by S. sclerotiorum, both hosts expressed genes related to jasmonic acid, ethylene, oxidative burst, and phenylpropanoids. In all, 36% of the differentially expressed genes encoded genes associated with transcription factors, ubiquitination, or general signaling transduction such as receptor-like kinases, mitogen-activated protein kinase kinases, and hormones. No significant differentially expressed genes were identified between genotypes, suggesting that oxalic acid (OA) did not play a differential role in early disease development or primary lesion formation under the conditions used. Looking at pathogen behavior through its gene expression during infection, thousands of genes in S. sclerotiorum were induced at 8 hpi, compared with expression in culture. Many plant cell-wall-degrading enzymes (PCWDEs), sugar transport genes, and genes involved in secondary metabolism were upregulated and could contribute to early pathogenesis. When infecting the OxO plants, there was a higher induction of genes encoding OA, botcinic acid, PCWDEs, proteases, and potential effectors, revealing the wealth of virulence factors available to this pathogen as it attempts to colonize a host. Data presented identify hundreds of genes associated with the very early stages of infection for both the host and pathogen.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wei Wei
- Department of Crop Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801, U.S.A
| | - Xing Wu
- Department of Crop Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801, U.S.A
| | - Laureen Blahut-Beatty
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Ottawa Research and Development Centre, Ottawa, ON K1A 0C6, Canada
| | - Daina H Simmonds
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Ottawa Research and Development Centre, Ottawa, ON K1A 0C6, Canada
| | - Steven J Clough
- Department of Crop Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801, U.S.A
- United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Urbana, IL 61801, U.S.A
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Sun X, Fang X, Wang D, Jones DA, Ma L. Transcriptome Analysis of Fusarium–Tomato Interaction Based on an Updated Genome Annotation of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici Identifies Novel Effector Candidates That Suppress or Induce Cell Death in Nicotiana benthamiana. J Fungi (Basel) 2022; 8:jof8070672. [PMID: 35887429 PMCID: PMC9316272 DOI: 10.3390/jof8070672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2022] [Revised: 06/15/2022] [Accepted: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici (Fol) causes vascular wilt disease in tomato. Upon colonization of the host, Fol secretes many small effector proteins into the xylem sap to facilitate infection. Besides known SIX (secreted in xylem) proteins, the identity of additional effectors that contribute to Fol pathogenicity remains largely unexplored. We performed a deep RNA-sequencing analysis of Fol race 2-infected tomato, used the sequence data to annotate a published genome assembly generated via PacBio SMRT sequencing of the Fol race 2 reference strain Fol4287, and analysed the resulting transcriptome to identify Fol effector candidates among the newly annotated genes. We examined the Fol-infection expression profiles of all 13 SIX genes present in Fol race 2 and identified 27 new candidate effector genes that were likewise significantly upregulated upon Fol infection. Using Agrobacterium-mediated transformation, we tested the ability of 22 of the new candidate effector genes to suppress or induce cell death in leaves of Nicotiana benthamiana. One effector candidate designated Fol-EC19, encoding a secreted guanyl-specific ribonuclease, was found to trigger cell death and two effector candidates designated Fol-EC14 and Fol-EC20, encoding a glucanase and a secreted trypsin, respectively, were identified that can suppress Bax-mediated cell death. Remarkably, Fol-EC14 and Fol-EC20 were also found to suppress I-2/Avr2- and I/Avr1-mediated cell death. Using the yeast secretion trap screening system, we showed that these three biologically-active effector candidates each contain a functional signal peptide for protein secretion. Our findings provide a basis for further understanding the virulence functions of Fol effectors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xizhe Sun
- State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and Regulation, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071001, China; (X.S.); (D.W.)
- Division of Plant Science, Research School of Biology, the Australian National University, Canberra 2601, Australia
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Molecular Pathology, College of Life Science, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071001, China
| | - Xiangling Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-Ecosystems, Key Laboratory of Grassland Livestock Industry Innovation, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Pastoral Agriculture Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730020, China;
| | - Dongmei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and Regulation, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071001, China; (X.S.); (D.W.)
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Molecular Pathology, College of Life Science, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071001, China
| | - David A. Jones
- Division of Plant Science, Research School of Biology, the Australian National University, Canberra 2601, Australia
- Correspondence: (D.A.J.); (L.M.)
| | - Lisong Ma
- State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and Regulation, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071001, China; (X.S.); (D.W.)
- Division of Plant Science, Research School of Biology, the Australian National University, Canberra 2601, Australia
- College of Horticulture, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071001, China
- Correspondence: (D.A.J.); (L.M.)
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Li X, Yang S, Zhang M, Yang Y, Peng L. Identification of Pathogenicity-Related Effector Proteins and the Role of Piwsc1 in the Virulence of Penicillium italicum on Citrus Fruits. J Fungi (Basel) 2022; 8:jof8060646. [PMID: 35736129 PMCID: PMC9224591 DOI: 10.3390/jof8060646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2022] [Revised: 06/12/2022] [Accepted: 06/16/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Blue mold caused by Penicillium italicum is one of the two major postharvest diseases of citrus fruits. The interactions of pathogens with their hosts are complicated, and virulence factors that mediate pathogenicity have not yet been identified. In present study, a prediction pipeline approach based on bioinformatics and transcriptomic data is designed to determine the effector proteins of P. italicum. Three hundred and seventy-five secreted proteins of P. italicum were identified, many of which (29.07%) were enzymes for carbohydrate utilization. Twenty-nine candidates were further analyzed and the expression patterns of 12 randomly selected candidate effector genes were monitored during the early stages of growth on PDA and infection of Navel oranges for validation. Functional analysis of a cell wall integrity-related gene Piwsc1, a core candidate, was performed by gene knockout. The deletion of Piwsc1 resulted in reduced virulence on citrus fruits, as presented by an approximate 57% reduction in the diameter of lesions. In addition, the mycelial growth rate, spore germination rate, and sporulation of ΔPiwsc1 decreased. The findings provide us with new insights to understand the pathogenesis of P. italicum and develop an effective and sustainable control method for blue mold.
Collapse
|
34
|
Cong J, Xiao K, Jiao W, Zhang C, Zhang X, Liu J, Zhang Y, Pan H. The Coupling Between Cell Wall Integrity Mediated by MAPK Kinases and SsFkh1 Is Involved in Sclerotia Formation and Pathogenicity of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:816091. [PMID: 35547112 PMCID: PMC9081980 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.816091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The plant pathogenic fungus Sclerotinia sclerotiorum can survive on a wide range of hosts and cause significant losses on crop yields. FKH, a forkhead box (FOX)-containing protein, functions to regulate transcription and signal transduction. As a transcription factor (TF) with multiple biological functions in eukaryotic organisms, little research has been done on the role of FKH protein in pathogenic fungi. SsFkh1 encodes a protein which has been predicted to contain FOX domain in S. sclerotiorum. In this study, the deletion mutant of SsFkh1 resulted in severe defects in hyphal development, virulence, and sclerotia formation. Moreover, knockout of SsFkh1 lead to gene functional enrichment in mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathway in transcriptome analysis and SsFkh1 was found to be involved in the maintenance of the cell wall integrity (CWI) and the MAPK signaling pathway. Yeast two-hybrid and bimolecular fluorescence complementation assays showed that SsFkh1 interacts with SsMkk1. In addition, we explored the conserved MAPK signaling pathway components, including Bck1, Mkk1, Pkc1, and Smk3 in S. sclerotiorum. ΔSsmkk1, ΔSspkc1, ΔSsbck1, and ΔSssmk3knockout mutant strains together with ΔSsmkk1com, ΔSspkc1com, ΔSsbck1com, and ΔSssmk3com complementation mutant strains were obtained. The results indicated that ΔSsmkk1, ΔSspkc1, ΔSsbck1, and ΔSssmk3 displayed similar phenotypes to ΔSsfkh1 in sclerotia formation, compound appressorium development, and pathogenicity. Taken together, SsFkh1 may be the downstream substrate of SsMkk1 and involved in sclerotia formation, compound appressorium development, and pathogenicity in S. sclerotiorum.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jie Cong
- College of Plant Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Kunqin Xiao
- College of Plant Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Wenli Jiao
- College of Plant Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Cheng Zhang
- College of Resource and Environment, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Xianghui Zhang
- College of Plant Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Jinliang Liu
- College of Plant Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yanhua Zhang
- College of Plant Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Hongyu Pan
- College of Plant Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
De Miccolis Angelini RM, Landi L, Raguseo C, Pollastro S, Faretra F, Romanazzi G. Tracking of Diversity and Evolution in the Brown Rot Fungi Monilinia fructicola, Monilinia fructigena, and Monilinia laxa. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:854852. [PMID: 35356516 PMCID: PMC8959702 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.854852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 02/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Monilinia species are among the most devastating fungi worldwide as they cause brown rot and blossom blight on fruit trees. To understand the molecular bases of their pathogenic lifestyles, we compared the newly assembled genomes of single strains of Monilinia fructicola, M. fructigena and M. laxa, with those of Botrytis cinerea and Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, as the closest species within Sclerotiniaceae. Phylogenomic analysis of orthologous proteins and syntenic investigation suggest that M. laxa is closer to M. fructigena than M. fructicola, and is closest to the other investigated Sclerotiniaceae species. This indicates that M. laxa was the earliest result of the speciation process. Distinct evolutionary profiles were observed for transposable elements (TEs). M. fructicola and M. laxa showed older bursts of TE insertions, which were affected (mainly in M. fructicola) by repeat-induced point (RIP) mutation gene silencing mechanisms. These suggested frequent occurrence of the sexual process in M. fructicola. More recent TE expansion linked with low RIP action was observed in M. fructigena, with very little in S. sclerotiorum and B. cinerea. The detection of active non-syntenic TEs is indicative of horizontal gene transfer and has resulted in alterations in specific gene functions. Analysis of candidate effectors, biosynthetic gene clusters for secondary metabolites and carbohydrate-active enzymes, indicated that Monilinia genus has multiple virulence mechanisms to infect host plants, including toxins, cell-death elicitor, putative virulence factors and cell-wall-degrading enzymes. Some species-specific pathogenic factors might explain differences in terms of host plant and organ preferences between M. fructigena and the other two Monilinia species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Lucia Landi
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences, Marche Polytechnic University, Ancona, Italy
| | - Celeste Raguseo
- Department of Soil, Plant and Food Sciences, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
| | - Stefania Pollastro
- Department of Soil, Plant and Food Sciences, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
| | - Francesco Faretra
- Department of Soil, Plant and Food Sciences, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
| | - Gianfranco Romanazzi
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences, Marche Polytechnic University, Ancona, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Transcriptional response to host chemical cues underpins the expansion of host range in a fungal plant pathogen lineage. THE ISME JOURNAL 2022; 16:138-148. [PMID: 34282282 PMCID: PMC8692328 DOI: 10.1038/s41396-021-01058-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2020] [Revised: 06/26/2021] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The host range of parasites is an important factor in assessing the dynamics of disease epidemics. The evolution of pathogens to accommodate new hosts may lead to host range expansion, a process the molecular bases of which are largely enigmatic. The fungus Sclerotinia sclerotiorum has been reported to parasitize more than 400 plant species from diverse eudicot families while its close relative, S. trifoliorum, is restricted to plants from the Fabaceae family. We analyzed S. sclerotiorum global transcriptome reprogramming on hosts from six botanical families and reveal a flexible, host-specific transcriptional program. We generated a chromosome-level genome assembly for S. trifoliorum and found near-complete gene space conservation in two representative strains of broad and narrow host range Sclerotinia species. However, S. trifoliorum showed increased sensitivity to the Brassicaceae defense compound camalexin. Comparative analyses revealed a lack of transcriptional response to camalexin in the S. trifoliorum strain and suggest that regulatory variation in detoxification and effector genes at the population level may associate with the genetic accommodation of Brassicaceae in the Sclerotinia host range. Our work proposes transcriptional plasticity and the co-existence of signatures for generalist and polyspecialist adaptive strategies in the genome of a plant pathogen.
Collapse
|
37
|
Fan H, Yang W, Nie J, Lin C, Wu J, Wu D, Wang Y. Characterization of a Secretory YML079-like Cupin Protein That Contributes to Sclerotinia sclerotiorum Pathogenicity. Microorganisms 2021; 9:2519. [PMID: 34946121 PMCID: PMC8704077 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9122519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2021] [Revised: 11/28/2021] [Accepted: 12/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Sclerotinia sclerotiorum causes devastating diseases in many agriculturally important crops, including oilseed rape and sunflower. However, the mechanisms of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum pathogenesis remain poorly understood. In this study, we characterized a YML079-like cupin protein (SsYCP1) from Sclerotinia sclerotiorum. We showed that SsYCP1 is strongly expressed and secreted during Sclerotinia sclerotiorum infection. Sclerotinia sclerotiorum infection was promoted by SsYCP1 overexpression and inhibited by silencing this gene with synthetic double-stranded RNA. These results collectively indicate SsYCP1 as a putative effector protein that contributes to Sclerotinia sclerotiorum pathogenicity. These findings extend our understanding of effector-mediated Sclerotinia sclerotiorum pathogenesis and suggest a novel role for YML079-like cupin proteins in plant-pathogen interactions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hongxia Fan
- Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics of the Ministry of Education, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; (H.F.); (W.Y.); (J.N.); (C.L.); (J.W.)
| | - Wenwen Yang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics of the Ministry of Education, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; (H.F.); (W.Y.); (J.N.); (C.L.); (J.W.)
| | - Jiayue Nie
- Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics of the Ministry of Education, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; (H.F.); (W.Y.); (J.N.); (C.L.); (J.W.)
| | - Chen Lin
- Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics of the Ministry of Education, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; (H.F.); (W.Y.); (J.N.); (C.L.); (J.W.)
| | - Jian Wu
- Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics of the Ministry of Education, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; (H.F.); (W.Y.); (J.N.); (C.L.); (J.W.)
| | - Dewei Wu
- Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics of the Ministry of Education, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; (H.F.); (W.Y.); (J.N.); (C.L.); (J.W.)
| | - Youping Wang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics of the Ministry of Education, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; (H.F.); (W.Y.); (J.N.); (C.L.); (J.W.)
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genomics and Molecular Breeding, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Cao Z, Banniza S. Cross-Kingdom Gene Coexpression Analysis Using a Stemphylium botryosum-Lens ervoides System Revealed Plasticity of Intercommunication Between the Pathogen Secretome and the Host Immune Systems. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2021; 34:1365-1377. [PMID: 34890251 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-05-21-0112-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Necrotrophic pathogens are responsible for significant declines in crop yield and quality worldwide. During the infection process, a pathogen releases a series of secretory proteins to counteract the plant immune system, and this interaction of pathogen and host molecules determines whether the pathogen will successfully invade the host plant tissues. In this study, we adopted co-transcriptomic approaches to analyze the Lens ervoides-Stemphylium botryosum system, with a focus on 1,216 fungal genes coding for secretory proteins and 8,810 disease-responsive genes of the host 48, 96, and 144 h postinoculation, captured in two F9 recombinant inbred lines (RILs) displaying contrasting disease responses. By constructing in planta gene coexpression networks (GCNs) for S. botryosum, we found that the pathogen tended to co-upregulate genes regulating cell wall degradation enzymes, effectors, oxidoreductases, and peptidases to a much higher degree in the susceptible host LR-66-577 than in the resistant RIL LR-66-637, indicating that the promotion of these digestive enzymes and toxins increased S. botryosum virulence. Construction of cross-kingdom GCNs between pathogen and plant for the two RILs revealed that the co-upregulation of these fungal digestive enzymes and toxins simultaneously promoted a series of defense responses such as redox change, expression of membrane-related genes and serine/threonine kinase, and stress and disease responses in the susceptible RIL which was not observed in the resistant RIL, indicating that these activities exacerbated susceptibility to S. botryosum.[Formula: see text] Copyright © 2021 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhe Cao
- Crop Development Centre/Department of Plant Sciences, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5A8, Canada
| | - Sabine Banniza
- Crop Development Centre/Department of Plant Sciences, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5A8, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Ding Y, Chen Y, Yan B, Liao H, Dong M, Meng X, Wan H, Qian W. Host-Induced Gene Silencing of a Multifunction Gene Sscnd1 Enhances Plant Resistance Against Sclerotinia sclerotiorum. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:693334. [PMID: 34690946 PMCID: PMC8531507 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.693334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2021] [Accepted: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Sclerotinia sclerotiorum is a devastating necrotrophic fungal pathogen and has a substantial economic impact on crop production worldwide. Magnaporthe appressoria-specific (MAS) proteins have been suggested to be involved in the appressorium formation in Magnaporthe oryzae. Sscnd1, an MAS homolog gene, is highly induced at the early infection stage of S. sclerotiorum. Knock-down the expression of Sscnd1 gene severely reduced the virulence of S. sclerotiorum on intact rapeseed leaves, and their virulence was partially restored on wounded leaves. The Sscnd1 gene-silenced strains exhibited a defect in compound appressorium formation and cell integrity. The instantaneous silencing of Sscnd1 by tobacco rattle virus (TRV)-mediated host-induced gene silencing (HIGS) resulted in a significant reduction in disease development in tobacco. Three transgenic HIGS Arabidopsis lines displayed high levels of resistance to S. sclerotiorum and decreased Sscnd1 expression. Production of specific Sscnd1 siRNA in transgenic HIGS Arabidopsis lines was confirmed by stem-loop qRT-PCR. This study revealed that the compound appressorium-related gene Sscnd1 is required for cell integrity and full virulence in S. sclerotiorum and that Sclerotinia stem rot can be controlled by expressing the silencing constructs of Sscnd1 in host plants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yijuan Ding
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China.,Engineering Research Center of South Upland Agriculture, Ministry of Education, Chongqing, China
| | - Yangui Chen
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China.,Engineering Research Center of South Upland Agriculture, Ministry of Education, Chongqing, China
| | - Baoqin Yan
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China.,Engineering Research Center of South Upland Agriculture, Ministry of Education, Chongqing, China
| | - Hongmei Liao
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China.,Engineering Research Center of South Upland Agriculture, Ministry of Education, Chongqing, China
| | - Mengquan Dong
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China.,Engineering Research Center of South Upland Agriculture, Ministry of Education, Chongqing, China
| | - Xinran Meng
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China.,Engineering Research Center of South Upland Agriculture, Ministry of Education, Chongqing, China
| | - Huafang Wan
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China.,Engineering Research Center of South Upland Agriculture, Ministry of Education, Chongqing, China
| | - Wei Qian
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China.,Engineering Research Center of South Upland Agriculture, Ministry of Education, Chongqing, China
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Qu Z, Zhang H, Wang Q, Zhao H, Liu X, Fu Y, Lin Y, Xie J, Cheng J, Li B, Jiang D. Exploring the Symbiotic Mechanism of a Virus-Mediated Endophytic Fungus in Its Host by Dual Unique Molecular Identifier-RNA Sequencing. mSystems 2021; 6:e0081421. [PMID: 34519518 PMCID: PMC8547468 DOI: 10.1128/msystems.00814-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 08/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The symbiosis of endophytes and plants is universal in nature. However, how endophytes grow in plants is not entirely clear. Previously, we reported that a virus-infected fungal pathogen could grow in plants as an endophyte. In this study, we utilized Sclerotinia sclerotiorum strain DT-8, a virus-mediated endophyte, to investigate the mechanism of symbiosis with rapeseed by dual unique molecular identifier-RNA sequencing (dual-UMI RNA-seq). We found that the expressions of genes encoding S. sclerotiorum amylase/glucoamylase, glucose transporters, and rapeseed sugars will eventually be exported transporter 11 (SWEET11) were upregulated. It suggested that strain DT-8 might utilize plant starch as a nutrient. The defense systems of rapeseed were also activated, such as production of reactive oxygen species, phenylpropanoids, and brassinin, to control the growth of strain DT-8, while strain DT-8 counteracted host suppression by producing effector-like proteins, detoxification enzymes, and antioxidant components. Moreover, rapeseed also upregulated pectate lyase and pectinesterase genes to facilitate the colonization by strain DT-8. Our findings provide novel insights into the interaction of virus-mediated endophytes and their hosts that warrant further study. IMPORTANCE Although endophytes are widespread in nature, the interactions between endophytes and their hosts are still not fully understood. Members of a unique class of endophytes, the virus-mediated endophytic fungi, are continuously being discovered and have received wide attention. In this study, we investigated the interaction between a mycovirus-mediated endophytic fungus and its host rapeseed by using dual-UMI RNA-seq. According to the dual-UMI RNA-seq results, an aerial view of symbiotic mechanism under balanced regulation was suggested. This research expands our understanding of the symbiotic mechanisms of virus-fungus-plant interactions and could establish a foundation for the further development of practical application with virus-mediated hypovirulent fungi.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Qu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Hubei Province, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Hubei Province, Wuhan, China
| | - Hongxiang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Hubei Province, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Hubei Province, Wuhan, China
| | - Qianqian Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Hubei Province, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Hubei Province, Wuhan, China
| | - Huizhang Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Hubei Province, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Hubei Province, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiaofan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Hubei Province, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Hubei Province, Wuhan, China
| | - Yanping Fu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Hubei Province, Wuhan, China
| | - Yang Lin
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Hubei Province, Wuhan, China
| | - Jiatao Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Hubei Province, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Hubei Province, Wuhan, China
| | - Jiasen Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Hubei Province, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Hubei Province, Wuhan, China
| | - Bo Li
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Hubei Province, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Hubei Province, Wuhan, China
| | - Daohong Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Hubei Province, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Hubei Province, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan, China
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Amas J, Anderson R, Edwards D, Cowling W, Batley J. Status and advances in mining for blackleg (Leptosphaeria maculans) quantitative resistance (QR) in oilseed rape (Brassica napus). TAG. THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS. THEORETISCHE UND ANGEWANDTE GENETIK 2021; 134:3123-3145. [PMID: 34104999 PMCID: PMC8440254 DOI: 10.1007/s00122-021-03877-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 05/29/2021] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
KEY MESSAGE Quantitative resistance (QR) loci discovered through genetic and genomic analyses are abundant in the Brassica napus genome, providing an opportunity for their utilization in enhancing blackleg resistance. Quantitative resistance (QR) has long been utilized to manage blackleg in Brassica napus (canola, oilseed rape), even before major resistance genes (R-genes) were extensively explored in breeding programmes. In contrast to R-gene-mediated qualitative resistance, QR reduces blackleg symptoms rather than completely eliminating the disease. As a polygenic trait, QR is controlled by numerous genes with modest effects, which exerts less pressure on the pathogen to evolve; hence, its effectiveness is more durable compared to R-gene-mediated resistance. Furthermore, combining QR with major R-genes has been shown to enhance resistance against diseases in important crops, including oilseed rape. For these reasons, there has been a renewed interest among breeders in utilizing QR in crop improvement. However, the mechanisms governing QR are largely unknown, limiting its deployment. Advances in genomics are facilitating the dissection of the genetic and molecular underpinnings of QR, resulting in the discovery of several loci and genes that can be potentially deployed to enhance blackleg resistance. Here, we summarize the efforts undertaken to identify blackleg QR loci in oilseed rape using linkage and association analysis. We update the knowledge on the possible mechanisms governing QR and the advances in searching for the underlying genes. Lastly, we lay out strategies to accelerate the genetic improvement of blackleg QR in oilseed rape using improved phenotyping approaches and genomic prediction tools.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Junrey Amas
- School of Biological Sciences and The UWA Institute of Agriculture, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6001 Australia
| | - Robyn Anderson
- School of Biological Sciences and The UWA Institute of Agriculture, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6001 Australia
| | - David Edwards
- School of Biological Sciences and The UWA Institute of Agriculture, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6001 Australia
| | - Wallace Cowling
- School of Agriculture and Environment and The UWA Institute of Agriculture, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6009 Australia
| | - Jacqueline Batley
- School of Biological Sciences and The UWA Institute of Agriculture, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6001 Australia
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Fan H, Yang W, Nie J, Zhang W, Wu J, Wu D, Wang Y. A Novel Effector Protein SsERP1 Inhibits Plant Ethylene Signaling to Promote Sclerotinia sclerotiorum Infection. J Fungi (Basel) 2021; 7:jof7100825. [PMID: 34682246 PMCID: PMC8537369 DOI: 10.3390/jof7100825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2021] [Revised: 09/24/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Sclerotinia sclerotiorum is one of the most devastating pathogens in Brassica napus and causes huge economic loss worldwide. Though around one hundred putative effectors have been predicted in Sclerotinia sclerotiorum genome, their functions are largely unknown. In this study, we cloned and characterized a novel effector, SsERP1 (ethylene pathway repressor protein 1), in Sclerotinia sclerotiorum. SsERP1 is a secretory protein highly expressed at the early stages of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum infection. Ectopic overexpression of SsERP1 in plant leaves promoted Sclerotinia sclerotiorum infection, and the knockout mutants of SsERP1 showed reduced pathogenicity but retained normal mycelial growth and sclerotium formation, suggesting that SsERP1 specifically contributes to the pathogenesis of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum. Transcriptome analysis indicated that SsERP1 promotes Sclerotinia sclerotiorum infection by inhibiting plant ethylene signaling pathway. Moreover, we showed that knocking down SsERP1 by in vitro synthesized double-strand RNAs was able to effectively inhibit Sclerotinia sclerotiorum infection, which verifies the function of SsERP1 in Sclerotinia sclerotiorum pathogenesis and further suggests a potential strategy for Sclerotinia disease control.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hongxia Fan
- Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics of the Ministry of Education, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; (H.F.); (W.Y.); (J.N.); (W.Z.); (J.W.)
| | - Wenwen Yang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics of the Ministry of Education, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; (H.F.); (W.Y.); (J.N.); (W.Z.); (J.W.)
| | - Jiayue Nie
- Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics of the Ministry of Education, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; (H.F.); (W.Y.); (J.N.); (W.Z.); (J.W.)
| | - Wenjuan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics of the Ministry of Education, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; (H.F.); (W.Y.); (J.N.); (W.Z.); (J.W.)
| | - Jian Wu
- Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics of the Ministry of Education, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; (H.F.); (W.Y.); (J.N.); (W.Z.); (J.W.)
| | - Dewei Wu
- Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics of the Ministry of Education, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; (H.F.); (W.Y.); (J.N.); (W.Z.); (J.W.)
- Correspondence: (D.W.); (Y.W.)
| | - Youping Wang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics of the Ministry of Education, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; (H.F.); (W.Y.); (J.N.); (W.Z.); (J.W.)
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genomics and Molecular Breeding, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Correspondence: (D.W.); (Y.W.)
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Fu T, Han JH, Shin JH, Song H, Ko J, Lee YH, Kim KT, Kim KS. Homeobox Transcription Factors Are Required for Fungal Development and the Suppression of Host Defense Mechanisms in the Colletotrichum scovillei-Pepper Pathosystem. mBio 2021; 12:e0162021. [PMID: 34425710 PMCID: PMC8406175 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.01620-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Colletotrichum scovillei, an ascomycete phytopathogenic fungus, is the main causal agent of serious yield losses of economic crops worldwide. The fungus causes anthracnose disease on several fruits, including peppers. However, little is known regarding the underlying molecular mechanisms involved in the development of anthracnose caused by this fungus. In an initial step toward understanding the development of anthracnose on pepper fruits, we retrieved 624 transcription factors (TFs) from the whole genome of C. scovillei and comparatively analyzed the entire repertoire of TFs among phytopathogenic fungi. Evolution and proliferation of members of the homeobox-like superfamily, including homeobox (HOX) TFs that regulate the development of eukaryotic organisms, were demonstrated in the genus Colletotrichum. C. scovillei was found to contain 10 HOX TF genes (CsHOX1 to CsHOX10), which were functionally characterized using deletion mutants of each CsHOX gene. Notably, CsHOX1 was identified as a pathogenicity factor required for the suppression of host defense mechanisms, which represents a new role for HOX TFs in pathogenic fungi. CsHOX2 and CsHOX7 were found to play essential roles in conidiation and appressorium development, respectively, in a stage-specific manner in C. scovillei. Our study provides a molecular basis for understanding the mechanisms associated with the development of anthracnose on fruits caused by C. scovillei, which will aid in the development of novel approaches for disease management. IMPORTANCE The ascomycete phytopathogenic fungus, Colletotrichum scovillei, causes serious yield loss on peppers. However, little is known about molecular mechanisms involved in the development of anthracnose caused by this fungus. We analyzed whole-genome sequences of C. scovillei and isolated 624 putative TFs, revealing the existence of 10 homeobox (HOX) transcription factor (TF) genes. We found that CsHOX1 is a pathogenicity factor required for the suppression of host defense mechanism, which represents a new role for HOX TFs in pathogenic fungi. We also found that CsHOX2 and CsHOX7 play essential roles in conidiation and appressorium development, respectively, in a stage-specific manner in C. scovillei. Our study contributes to understanding the mechanisms associated with the development of anthracnose on fruits caused by C. scovillei, which will aid for initiating novel approaches for disease management.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Teng Fu
- Division of Bio-Resource Sciences, BioHerb Research Institute, and Interdisciplinary Program in Smart Agriculture, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, South Korea
| | - Joon-Hee Han
- Department of Research and Development, Chuncheon Bioindustry Foundation, Chuncheon, South Korea
| | - Jong-Hwan Shin
- Division of Bio-Resource Sciences, BioHerb Research Institute, and Interdisciplinary Program in Smart Agriculture, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, South Korea
| | - Hyeunjeong Song
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Interdisciplinary Program in Agricultural Genomics, Center for Fungal Genetic Resources, Plant Immunity Research Center, and Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jaeho Ko
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Interdisciplinary Program in Agricultural Genomics, Center for Fungal Genetic Resources, Plant Immunity Research Center, and Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Yong-Hwan Lee
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Interdisciplinary Program in Agricultural Genomics, Center for Fungal Genetic Resources, Plant Immunity Research Center, and Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Ki-Tae Kim
- Department of Agricultural Life Science, Sunchon National University, Suncheon, South Korea
| | - Kyoung Su Kim
- Division of Bio-Resource Sciences, BioHerb Research Institute, and Interdisciplinary Program in Smart Agriculture, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, South Korea
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Derbyshire MC, Harper LA, Lopez-Ruiz FJ. Positive Selection of Transcription Factors Is a Prominent Feature of the Evolution of a Plant Pathogenic Genus Originating in the Miocene. Genome Biol Evol 2021; 13:6325025. [PMID: 34289036 PMCID: PMC8379374 DOI: 10.1093/gbe/evab167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Tests based on the dN/dS statistic are used to identify positive selection of nonsynonymous polymorphisms. Using these tests on alignments of all orthologs from related species can provide insights into which gene categories have been most frequently positively selected. However, longer alignments have more power to detect positive selection, creating a detection bias that could create misleading results from functional enrichment tests. Most studies of positive selection in plant pathogens focus on genes with specific virulence functions, with little emphasis on broader molecular processes. Furthermore, no studies in plant pathogens have accounted for detection bias due to alignment length when performing functional enrichment tests. To address these research gaps, we analyze 12 genomes of the phytopathogenic fungal genus Botrytis, including two sequenced in this study. To establish a temporal context, we estimated fossil-calibrated divergence times for the genus. We find that Botrytis likely originated 16–18 Ma in the Miocene and underwent continuous radiation ending in the Pliocene. An untargeted scan of Botrytis single-copy orthologs for positive selection with three different statistical tests uncovered evidence for positive selection among proteases, signaling proteins, CAZymes, and secreted proteins. There was also a strong overrepresentation of transcription factors among positively selected genes. This overrepresentation was still apparent after two complementary controls for detection bias due to sequence length. Positively selected sites were depleted within DNA-binding domains, suggesting changes in transcriptional responses to internal and external cues or protein–protein interactions have undergone positive selection more frequently than changes in promoter fidelity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mark C Derbyshire
- Centre for Crop and Disease Management, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Lincoln A Harper
- Centre for Crop and Disease Management, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Francisco J Lopez-Ruiz
- Centre for Crop and Disease Management, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Mwape VW, Mobegi FM, Regmi R, Newman TE, Kamphuis LG, Derbyshire MC. Analysis of differentially expressed Sclerotinia sclerotiorum genes during the interaction with moderately resistant and highly susceptible chickpea lines. BMC Genomics 2021; 22:333. [PMID: 33964897 PMCID: PMC8106195 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-021-07655-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2020] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, the cause of Sclerotinia stem rot (SSR), is a host generalist necrotrophic fungus that can cause major yield losses in chickpea (Cicer arietinum) production. This study used RNA sequencing to conduct a time course transcriptional analysis of S. sclerotiorum gene expression during chickpea infection. It explores pathogenicity and developmental factors employed by S. sclerotiorum during interaction with chickpea. RESULTS During infection of moderately resistant (PBA HatTrick) and highly susceptible chickpea (Kyabra) lines, 9491 and 10,487 S. sclerotiorum genes, respectively, were significantly differentially expressed relative to in vitro. Analysis of the upregulated genes revealed enrichment of Gene Ontology biological processes, such as oxidation-reduction process, metabolic process, carbohydrate metabolic process, response to stimulus, and signal transduction. Several gene functional categories were upregulated in planta, including carbohydrate-active enzymes, secondary metabolite biosynthesis clusters, transcription factors and candidate secreted effectors. Differences in expression of four S. sclerotiorum genes on varieties with different levels of susceptibility were also observed. CONCLUSION These findings provide a framework for a better understanding of S. sclerotiorum interactions with hosts of varying susceptibility levels. Here, we report for the first time on the S. sclerotiorum transcriptome during chickpea infection, which could be important for further studies on this pathogen's molecular biology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Virginia W Mwape
- Centre for Crop and Disease Management, Curtin University, Bentley, WA, 6102, Australia. .,Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization, Agriculture and Food, Floreat, WA, Australia.
| | - Fredrick M Mobegi
- Centre for Crop and Disease Management, Curtin University, Bentley, WA, 6102, Australia
| | - Roshan Regmi
- Centre for Crop and Disease Management, Curtin University, Bentley, WA, 6102, Australia.,Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization, Agriculture and Food, Floreat, WA, Australia
| | - Toby E Newman
- Centre for Crop and Disease Management, Curtin University, Bentley, WA, 6102, Australia
| | - Lars G Kamphuis
- Centre for Crop and Disease Management, Curtin University, Bentley, WA, 6102, Australia. .,Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization, Agriculture and Food, Floreat, WA, Australia.
| | - Mark C Derbyshire
- Centre for Crop and Disease Management, Curtin University, Bentley, WA, 6102, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Lee DY, Jeon J, Kim KT, Cheong K, Song H, Choi G, Ko J, Opiyo SO, Correll JC, Zuo S, Madhav S, Wang GL, Lee YH. Comparative genome analyses of four rice-infecting Rhizoctonia solani isolates reveal extensive enrichment of homogalacturonan modification genes. BMC Genomics 2021; 22:242. [PMID: 33827423 PMCID: PMC8028249 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-021-07549-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2020] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Plant pathogenic isolates of Rhizoctonia solani anastomosis group 1-intraspecific group IA (AG1-IA) infect a wide range of crops causing diseases such as rice sheath blight (ShB). ShB has become a serious disease in rice production worldwide. Additional genome sequences of the rice-infecting R. solani isolates from different geographical regions will facilitate the identification of important pathogenicity-related genes in the fungus. Results Rice-infecting R. solani isolates B2 (USA), ADB (India), WGL (India), and YN-7 (China) were selected for whole-genome sequencing. Single-Molecule Real-Time (SMRT) and Illumina sequencing were used for de novo sequencing of the B2 genome. The genomes of the other three isolates were then sequenced with Illumina technology and assembled using the B2 genome as a reference. The four genomes ranged from 38.9 to 45.0 Mbp in size, contained 9715 to 11,505 protein-coding genes, and shared 5812 conserved orthogroups. The proportion of transposable elements (TEs) and average length of TE sequences in the B2 genome was nearly 3 times and 2 times greater, respectively, than those of ADB, WGL and YN-7. Although 818 to 888 putative secreted proteins were identified in the four isolates, only 30% of them were predicted to be small secreted proteins, which is a smaller proportion than what is usually found in the genomes of cereal necrotrophic fungi. Despite a lack of putative secondary metabolite biosynthesis gene clusters, the rice-infecting R. solani genomes were predicted to contain the most carbohydrate-active enzyme (CAZyme) genes among all 27 fungal genomes used in the comparative analysis. Specifically, extensive enrichment of pectin/homogalacturonan modification genes were found in all four rice-infecting R. solani genomes. Conclusion Four R. solani genomes were sequenced, annotated, and compared to other fungal genomes to identify distinctive genomic features that may contribute to the pathogenicity of rice-infecting R. solani. Our analyses provided evidence that genomic conservation of R. solani genomes among neighboring AGs was more diversified than among AG1-IA isolates and the presence of numerous predicted pectin modification genes in the rice-infecting R. solani genomes that may contribute to the wide host range and virulence of this necrotrophic fungal pathogen. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12864-021-07549-7.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Da-Young Lee
- Department of Plant Pathology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Jongbum Jeon
- Fungal Bioinformatics Laboratory, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, South Korea.,Interdisciplinary Program in Agricultural Genomics, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, South Korea
| | - Ki-Tae Kim
- Department of Agricultural Life Science, Sunchon National University, Suncheon, 57922, South Korea
| | - Kyeongchae Cheong
- Fungal Bioinformatics Laboratory, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, South Korea.,Interdisciplinary Program in Agricultural Genomics, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, South Korea
| | - Hyeunjeong Song
- Fungal Bioinformatics Laboratory, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, South Korea.,Interdisciplinary Program in Agricultural Genomics, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, South Korea
| | - Gobong Choi
- Fungal Bioinformatics Laboratory, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, South Korea.,Interdisciplinary Program in Agricultural Genomics, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, South Korea
| | - Jaeho Ko
- Fungal Bioinformatics Laboratory, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, South Korea.,Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, South Korea
| | - Stephen O Opiyo
- Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center (OARDC) Molecular & Cellular Imaging Center (MCIC)-Columbus, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - James C Correll
- Department of Entomology & Plant Pathology, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AK, 72701, USA
| | - Shimin Zuo
- Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics of the Ministry of Education/ Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genomics and Molecular Breeding, Agricultural College of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Sheshu Madhav
- Indian Council of Agricultural Research-Indian Institute of Rice Research (ICAR-IIRR), Hyderabad, 500030, Telangana, India
| | - Guo-Liang Wang
- Department of Plant Pathology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA.
| | - Yong-Hwan Lee
- Fungal Bioinformatics Laboratory, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, South Korea. .,Interdisciplinary Program in Agricultural Genomics, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, South Korea. .,Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, South Korea. .,Center for Fungal Genetic Resources, Plant Immunity Research Center, Plant Genomics and Breeding Institute, and Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, 08826, Seoul, South Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Garcia-Ceron D, Dawson CS, Faou P, Bleackley MR, Anderson MA. Size-exclusion chromatography allows the isolation of EVs from the filamentous fungal plant pathogen Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. vasinfectum (Fov). Proteomics 2021; 21:e2000240. [PMID: 33609009 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.202000240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2020] [Revised: 02/01/2021] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are nano-sized compartments involved in cell communication and macromolecule transport that are well characterized in mammalian organisms. Fungal EVs transport virulence-related cargo and modulate the host immune response, but most work has been focused on human yeast pathogens. Additionally, the study of EVs from filamentous fungi has been hindered by the lack of protein markers and efficient isolation methods. In this study we performed the isolation and proteomic characterization of EVs from the filamentous cotton pathogen Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. vasinfectum (Fov). EVs were recovered from two different growth media, Czapek Dox and Saboraud's dextrose broth, and purified by size-exclusion chromatography. Our results show that the EV proteome changes depending on the growth medium but EV production remains constant. EVs contained proteins involved in polyketide synthesis, cell wall modifications, proteases and potential effectors. These results support a role in modulation of host-pathogen interactions for Fov EVs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Donovan Garcia-Ceron
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia
| | - Charlotte S Dawson
- Cambridge Centre for Proteomics, Department of Biochemistry, Jeffrey Cheah Biomedical Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Pierre Faou
- La Trobe Comprehensive Proteomics Platform, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia
| | - Mark R Bleackley
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia
| | - Marilyn A Anderson
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Tian J, Chen C, Sun H, Wang Z, Steinkellner S, Feng J, Liang Y. Proteomic Analysis Reveals the Importance of Exudates on Sclerotial Development in Sclerotinia sclerotiorum. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2021; 69:1430-1440. [PMID: 33481591 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.0c06685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Sclerotinia sclerotiorum is a ubiquitous necrotrophic pathogenic fungus causing significant losses in a broad range of plant species. Sclerotia formed by S. sclerotiorum play important roles in both the fungal life cycle and the disease development cycle. Sclerotial exudation during sclerotial development is a characteristic feature of this fungus. In this study, a proteome-level investigation of proteins present in sclerotial exudates was conducted by high-throughput LC-MS/MS analysis. A total of 258 proteins were identified, in which 193 were annotated by GO annotation and 54 were classified by KEGG analysis. Four proteins related to plant cell wall degradation were further validated by measuring the corresponding enzymatic activity of the sclerotial exudates and/or by assessing the gene expression during sclerotial development. Results indicated that the proteins identified in sclerotial exudates help in the development of sclerotia and contribute to host cell necrosis caused by S. sclerotiorum. Furthermore, we proposed that sclerotial exudates can degrade plant cell walls to release carbohydrates that provide nutrition for fungal growth and possibly facilitate fungal cell wall assembly in developing sclerotia. This study also provides new insights on the morphogenesis and pathogenicity of other sclerotia-forming fungi.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiamei Tian
- College of Plant Protection, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110866, China
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110866, China
| | - Caixia Chen
- College of Plant Protection, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110866, China
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110866, China
| | - Huiying Sun
- College of Plant Protection, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110866, China
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110866, China
| | - Zehao Wang
- College of Plant Protection, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110866, China
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110866, China
| | - Siegrid Steinkellner
- Division of Plant Protection, Department of Crop Sciences, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna 1190, Austria
| | - Jie Feng
- Alberta Plant Health Lab, Alberta Agriculture and Forestry, Edmonton, Alberta T5Y 6H3, Canada
| | - Yue Liang
- College of Plant Protection, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110866, China
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110866, China
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Maximiano MR, Miranda VJ, de Barros EG, Dias SC. Validation of an in vitro system to trigger changes in the gene expression of effectors of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum. J Appl Microbiol 2021; 131:885-897. [PMID: 33331046 DOI: 10.1111/jam.14973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Revised: 12/11/2020] [Accepted: 12/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, the causal agent of white mold, can infect several host species, including economically important crops. In this study, we propose and validate a new in vitro system able to mimic the conditions of interaction with the host and promote the induction of S. sclerotiorum effectors. METHODS AND RESULTS For culture media production, we selected three plant species, common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L, cv. Requinte.), maize (Zea mays, cv. BRS1030) and beggarticks (Bidens pilosa). To validate this system as an in vitro inducer of effectors, the qRT-PCR technique was used to investigate the expression profile of some S. sclerotiorum effector genes in each growth medium at different times after inoculation. CONCLUSION The results obtained in this study provide a validation of a new method to study S. sclerotiorum during mimetic interaction with different hosts. Although leaf extract does not fully represent the plant environment, the presence of plant components in the culture medium seems to induce effector genes, mimicking in planta conditions. The use of MEVM is simpler than in planta growth, bypasses problems such as the amount of mycelium produced, as well as contamination of host cells during transcriptomic and proteomic analyses. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY We have devised MEVM media as a model mimicking the interaction of S. sclerotiorum and its hosts and used it to evaluate in vitro expression of effectors normally expressed only in planta.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M R Maximiano
- Centro de Análises Proteômicas e Bioquímicas, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Genômicas e Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica de Brasília, Brasília, Distrito Federal, Brazil
| | - V J Miranda
- Centro de Análises Proteômicas e Bioquímicas, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Genômicas e Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica de Brasília, Brasília, Distrito Federal, Brazil
| | - E G de Barros
- Centro de Análises Proteômicas e Bioquímicas, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Genômicas e Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica de Brasília, Brasília, Distrito Federal, Brazil
| | - S C Dias
- Centro de Análises Proteômicas e Bioquímicas, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Genômicas e Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica de Brasília, Brasília, Distrito Federal, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Zhu P, Kou M, Liu C, Zhang S, Lü R, Xia Z, Yu M, Zhao A. Genome Sequencing of Ciboria shiraiana Provides Insights into the Pathogenic Mechanisms of Hypertrophy Sorosis Scleroteniosis. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2021; 34:62-74. [PMID: 33021883 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-07-20-0201-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Ciboria shiraiana causes hypertrophy sorosis scleroteniosis in mulberry trees, resulting in huge economic losses, and exploring its pathogenic mechanism at a genomic level is important for developing new control methods. Here, genome sequencing of C. shiraiana based on PacBio RSII and Illumina HiSeq 2500 platform as well as manual gap filling was performed. Synteny analysis with Sclerotinia sclerotiorum revealed 16 putative chromosomes corresponding to 16 chromosomes of C. shiraiana. Screening of rapid-evolution genes revealed that 97 and 2.4% of genes had undergone purifying selection and positive selection, respectively. When compared with S. sclerotiorum, fewer secreted effector proteins were found in C. shiraiana. The number of genes involved in pathogenicity, including secondary metabolites, carbohydrate active enzymes, and P450s, in the C. shiraiana genome was comparable with that of other necrotrophs but higher than that of biotrophs and saprotrophs. The growth-related genes and plant cell-wall-degradation-related genes in C. shiraiana were expressed in different developmental and infection stages, and may be potential targets for prevention and control of this pathogen. These results provide new insights into C. shiraiana pathogenic mechanisms, especially host range and necrotrophy features, and lay the foundation for further study of the underlying molecular mechanisms.[Formula: see text] The author(s) have dedicated the work to the public domain under the Creative Commons CC0 "No Rights Reserved" license by waiving all of his or her rights to the work worldwide under copyright law, including all related and neighboring rights, to the extent allowed by law.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Panpan Zhu
- The State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, College of Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
| | - Min Kou
- The State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, College of Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Changying Liu
- The State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, College of Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Shuai Zhang
- The State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, College of Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Ruihua Lü
- The State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, College of Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- College of Medical Technology, Shanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang, Shanxi Province, China
| | - Zhongqiang Xia
- The State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, College of Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Maode Yu
- The State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, College of Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Aichun Zhao
- The State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, College of Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| |
Collapse
|