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Sieriebriennikov B, Sieber KR, Kolumba O, Mlejnek J, Jafari S, Yan H. Orco-dependent survival of odorant receptor neurons in ants. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2024; 10:eadk9000. [PMID: 38848359 PMCID: PMC11160473 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adk9000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2023] [Accepted: 05/03/2024] [Indexed: 06/09/2024]
Abstract
Olfaction is essential for complex social behavior in insects. To discriminate complex social cues, ants evolved an expanded number of odorant receptor (Or) genes. Mutations in the obligate odorant co-receptor gene orco lead to the loss of ~80% of the antennal lobe glomeruli in the jumping ant Harpegnathos saltator. However, the cellular mechanism remains unclear. Here, we demonstrate massive apoptosis of odorant receptor neurons (ORNs) in the mid to late stages of pupal development, possibly due to ER stress in the absence of Orco. Further bulk and single-nucleus transcriptome analysis shows that, although most orco-expressing ORNs die in orco mutants, a small proportion of them survive: They express ionotropic receptor (Ir) genes that form IR complexes. In addition, we found that some Or genes are expressed in mechanosensory neurons and nonneuronal cells, possibly due to leaky regulation from nearby non-Or genes. Our findings provide a comprehensive overview of ORN development and Or expression in H. saltator.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bogdan Sieriebriennikov
- Department of Biology, New York University, New York, NY 10003, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
- Department of Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Kayli R. Sieber
- Department of Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
- Center for Smell and Taste, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Olena Kolumba
- Department of Biology, New York University, New York, NY 10003, USA
- New York University Abu Dhabi, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Jakub Mlejnek
- Department of Biology, New York University, New York, NY 10003, USA
| | - Shadi Jafari
- Department of Biology, New York University, New York, NY 10003, USA
| | - Hua Yan
- Department of Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
- Center for Smell and Taste, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
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2
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Sampson JM, Morrissey KA, Douek DC, Miller RD. A family of olfactory receptors uniquely expanded in marsupial and monotreme genomes are expressed by a T cell subset also unique to marsupials and monotremes. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2024; 154:105149. [PMID: 38340883 PMCID: PMC10926957 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2024.105149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2023] [Revised: 02/07/2024] [Accepted: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024]
Abstract
Olfactory receptors (OR), expressed on olfactory neurons, mediate the sense of smell. Recently, OR have also been shown to be expressed in non-olfactory tissues, including cells of the immune system. An analysis of single-cell transcriptomes of splenocytes of the grey short-tailed opossum (Monodelphis domestica) found OR are expressed on a subset of T cells, the γμ T cells, that are unique to marsupials and monotremes. A majority of opossum γμ T cells transcriptomes contain OR family 14 transcripts, specifically, from the OR14C subfamily. Amongst the mammals, the OR14 gene family is expanded in the genomes of marsupials and monotremes, and rarer or absent in placental mammals. In summary, here we demonstrate the intriguing correlation that a family of OR genes, abundant in the genomes of marsupials and monotremes, are ectopically expressed in a particular subset of T cells unique to the marsupials and monotremes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordan M Sampson
- Center for Evolutionary & Theoretical Immunology, Department of Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Kimberly A Morrissey
- Center for Evolutionary & Theoretical Immunology, Department of Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Daniel C Douek
- Human Immunology Section, Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Robert D Miller
- Center for Evolutionary & Theoretical Immunology, Department of Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, USA.
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3
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Beito MR, Ashraf S, Odogwu D, Harmancey R. Role of Ectopic Olfactory Receptors in the Regulation of the Cardiovascular-Kidney-Metabolic Axis. Life (Basel) 2024; 14:548. [PMID: 38792570 PMCID: PMC11122380 DOI: 10.3390/life14050548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2024] [Revised: 04/19/2024] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Olfactory receptors (ORs) represent one of the largest yet least investigated families of G protein-coupled receptors in mammals. While initially believed to be functionally restricted to the detection and integration of odors at the olfactory epithelium, accumulating evidence points to a critical role for ectopically expressed ORs in the regulation of cellular homeostasis in extranasal tissues. This review aims to summarize the current state of knowledge on the expression and physiological functions of ectopic ORs in the cardiovascular system, kidneys, and primary metabolic organs and emphasizes how altered ectopic OR signaling in those tissues may impact cardiovascular-kidney-metabolic health.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Romain Harmancey
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA; (M.R.B.); (S.A.); (D.O.)
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4
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Sharma A, Kumar R, Varadwaj P. Developing human olfactory network and exploring olfactory receptor-odorant interaction. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2023; 41:8941-8960. [PMID: 36310099 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2022.2138976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The Olfactory receptor (OR)-odorant interactions are perplexed. ORs can bind to structurally diverse odorants associated with one or more odor percepts. Various attempts have been made to understand the intricacies of OR-odorant interaction. In this study, experimentally documented OR-odorant interactions are investigated comprehensively to; (a) suggest potential odor percepts for ORs based on the OR-OR network; (b) determine how odorants interacting with specific ORs differ in terms of inherent pharmacophoric features and molecular properties, (c) identify molecular interactions that explained OR-odorant interactions of selective ORs; and (d) predict the probable role of ORs other than olfaction. Human olfactory receptor network (hORnet) is developed to study possible odor percepts for ORs. We identified six molecular properties which showed variation and significant patterns to differentiate odorants binding with five ORs. The pharmacophore analysis revealed that odorants subset of five ORs follow similar pharmacophore hypothesis, (one hydrogen acceptor and two hydrophobic regions) but differ in terms of distance and orientation of pharmacophoric features. To ascertain the binding site residues and key interactions between the selected ORs and their interacting odorants, 3D-structure modelling, docking and molecular dynamics studies were carried out. Lastly, the potential role of ORs beyond olfaction is explored. A human OR-OR network was developed to suggest possible odor percepts for ORs using empirically proven OR-odorant interactions. We sought to find out significant characteristics, molecular properties, and molecular interactions that could explain OR-odorant interactions and add to the understanding of the complex issue of odor perception.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anju Sharma
- Department of Applied Sciences, Indian Institute of Information Technology, Allahabad, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Rajnish Kumar
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Pritish Varadwaj
- Department of Applied Sciences, Indian Institute of Information Technology, Allahabad, Uttar Pradesh, India
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Ashraf S, Frazier OH, Carranza S, McPherson DD, Taegtmeyer H, Harmancey R. A Two-Step Transcriptome Analysis of the Human Heart Reveals Broad and Disease-Responsive Expression of Ectopic Olfactory Receptors. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:13709. [PMID: 37762009 PMCID: PMC10530704 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241813709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2023] [Revised: 08/31/2023] [Accepted: 08/31/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are critical regulators of cardiac physiology and a key therapeutic target for the treatment of heart disease. Ectopic olfactory receptors (ORs) are GPCRs expressed in extra-nasal tissues which have recently emerged as new mediators in the metabolic control of cardiac function. The goals of this study were to profile OR gene expression in the human heart, to identify ORs dysregulated by heart failure caused by ischemic cardiomyopathy, and to provide evidence suggestive of a role for those altered ORs in the pathogenesis of heart failure. Left ventricular tissue from heart failure patients (n = 18) and non-failing heart samples (n = 4) were subjected to a two-step transcriptome analysis consisting of the quantification of 372 distinct OR transcripts on real-time PCR arrays and simultaneous determination of global cardiac gene expression by RNA sequencing. This strategy led to the identification of >160 ORs expressed in the human heart, including 38 receptors differentially regulated with heart failure. Co-expression analyses predicted the involvement of dysregulated ORs in the alteration of mitochondrial function, extracellular matrix remodeling, and inflammation. We provide this dataset as a resource for investigating roles of ORs in the human heart, with the hope that it will assist in the identification of new therapeutic targets for the treatment of heart failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sadia Ashraf
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiology, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA; (S.A.)
| | - O. Howard Frazier
- Texas Heart Institute at Baylor St. Luke’s Medical Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Sylvia Carranza
- Texas Heart Institute at Baylor St. Luke’s Medical Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - David D. McPherson
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiology, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA; (S.A.)
| | - Heinrich Taegtmeyer
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiology, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA; (S.A.)
| | - Romain Harmancey
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiology, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA; (S.A.)
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Kim JM, Dziobaka S, Yoon YE, Lee HL, Jeong JH, Lee IR, Weidinger D, Yang C, Kim D, Gulperi Y, Lee CK, Sohn J, Song G, Hatt H, Lee SJ. OR2H2 Activates CAMKKβ-AMPK-Autophagy Signaling Axis and Suppresses Senescence in VK2/E6E7 Cells. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2023; 16:1221. [PMID: 37765029 PMCID: PMC10535153 DOI: 10.3390/ph16091221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2023] [Revised: 08/11/2023] [Accepted: 08/25/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Olfactory receptors are expressed in multiple extra-nasal tissues and these ectopic olfactory receptors mediate tissue-specific functions and regulate cellular physiology. Ectopic olfactory receptors may play key roles in tissues constantly exposed to odorants, thus the functionality of these receptors in genital tissues is of particular interest. The functionality of ectopic olfactory receptors expressed in VK2/E6E7 human vaginal epithelial cells was investigated. OR2H2 was the most highly expressed olfactory receptor expressed in VK2/E6E7 cells, and activation of OR2H2 by aldehyde 13-13, a ligand of OR2H2, increased the intracellular calcium and cAMP concentrations. Immunoblotting demonstrated that activation of OR2H2 by aldehyde 13-13 stimulated the CAMKKβ-AMPK-mTORC1-autophagy signaling axis, and that these effects were negated by OR2H2 knockdown. AMPK is known to regulate senescence; consequently, we investigated further the effect of aldehyde 13-13 on senescence. In H2O2-induced senescent cells, activation of OR2H2 by aldehyde 13-13 restored proliferation, and reduced the expression of senescence markers, P16 and P19. Additionally, aldehyde 13-13 induced apoptosis of H2O2-induced senescent cells, compared with non-senescent normal cells. In vivo, aldehyde 13-13 increased the lifespan of Caenorhabditis elegans and budding yeast. These findings demonstrate that OR2H2 is a functional receptor in VK2/E6E7 cells, and that activation of OR2H2 activates the AMPK-autophagy axis, and suppresses cellular aging and senescence, which may increase cellular health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Min Kim
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Life Science and Biotechnology for BK21 PLUS, Korea University, Seoul 02855, Republic of Korea; (J.M.K.); (Y.E.Y.); (H.L.L.); (J.H.J.); (I.-R.L.); (C.Y.); (D.K.); (Y.G.); (C.-K.L.)
| | - Sina Dziobaka
- Department of Cell Physiology, Ruhr-University Bochum, 44791 Bochum, Germany; (S.D.); (D.W.)
| | - Ye Eun Yoon
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Life Science and Biotechnology for BK21 PLUS, Korea University, Seoul 02855, Republic of Korea; (J.M.K.); (Y.E.Y.); (H.L.L.); (J.H.J.); (I.-R.L.); (C.Y.); (D.K.); (Y.G.); (C.-K.L.)
| | - Ha Lim Lee
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Life Science and Biotechnology for BK21 PLUS, Korea University, Seoul 02855, Republic of Korea; (J.M.K.); (Y.E.Y.); (H.L.L.); (J.H.J.); (I.-R.L.); (C.Y.); (D.K.); (Y.G.); (C.-K.L.)
| | - Ji Hyun Jeong
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Life Science and Biotechnology for BK21 PLUS, Korea University, Seoul 02855, Republic of Korea; (J.M.K.); (Y.E.Y.); (H.L.L.); (J.H.J.); (I.-R.L.); (C.Y.); (D.K.); (Y.G.); (C.-K.L.)
| | - In-Ryeong Lee
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Life Science and Biotechnology for BK21 PLUS, Korea University, Seoul 02855, Republic of Korea; (J.M.K.); (Y.E.Y.); (H.L.L.); (J.H.J.); (I.-R.L.); (C.Y.); (D.K.); (Y.G.); (C.-K.L.)
| | - Daniel Weidinger
- Department of Cell Physiology, Ruhr-University Bochum, 44791 Bochum, Germany; (S.D.); (D.W.)
| | - Changwon Yang
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Life Science and Biotechnology for BK21 PLUS, Korea University, Seoul 02855, Republic of Korea; (J.M.K.); (Y.E.Y.); (H.L.L.); (J.H.J.); (I.-R.L.); (C.Y.); (D.K.); (Y.G.); (C.-K.L.)
- Division of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul 02855, Republic of Korea
| | - Deokho Kim
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Life Science and Biotechnology for BK21 PLUS, Korea University, Seoul 02855, Republic of Korea; (J.M.K.); (Y.E.Y.); (H.L.L.); (J.H.J.); (I.-R.L.); (C.Y.); (D.K.); (Y.G.); (C.-K.L.)
- Division of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul 02855, Republic of Korea
| | - Yalcin Gulperi
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Life Science and Biotechnology for BK21 PLUS, Korea University, Seoul 02855, Republic of Korea; (J.M.K.); (Y.E.Y.); (H.L.L.); (J.H.J.); (I.-R.L.); (C.Y.); (D.K.); (Y.G.); (C.-K.L.)
- Division of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul 02855, Republic of Korea
| | - Cheol-Koo Lee
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Life Science and Biotechnology for BK21 PLUS, Korea University, Seoul 02855, Republic of Korea; (J.M.K.); (Y.E.Y.); (H.L.L.); (J.H.J.); (I.-R.L.); (C.Y.); (D.K.); (Y.G.); (C.-K.L.)
- Division of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul 02855, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeongwon Sohn
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul 02842, Republic of Korea;
- Korea Institute of Molecular Medicine and Nutrition, Seoul 02842, Republic of Korea
| | - Gwonhwa Song
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Life Science and Biotechnology for BK21 PLUS, Korea University, Seoul 02855, Republic of Korea; (J.M.K.); (Y.E.Y.); (H.L.L.); (J.H.J.); (I.-R.L.); (C.Y.); (D.K.); (Y.G.); (C.-K.L.)
- Division of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul 02855, Republic of Korea
| | - Hanns Hatt
- Department of Cell Physiology, Ruhr-University Bochum, 44791 Bochum, Germany; (S.D.); (D.W.)
| | - Sung-Joon Lee
- Department of Food Bioscience and Technology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul 02855, Republic of Korea
- Interdisciplinary Program in Precision Public Health, Korea University, Seoul 02846, Republic of Korea
- BK21 Four Institute of Precision Public Health, Korea University, Seoul 02846, Republic of Korea
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Guardia GDA, Naressi RG, Buzzato VC, da Costa JB, Zalcberg I, Ramires J, Malnic B, Gutiyama LM, Galante PAF. Acute Myeloid Leukemia Expresses a Specific Group of Olfactory Receptors. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:3073. [PMID: 37370684 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15123073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2023] [Revised: 05/23/2023] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is the most common form of acute leukemia in adults, with a 5-year overall survival rate of approximately 30%. Despite recent advances in therapeutic options, relapse remains the leading cause of death and poor survival outcomes. New drugs benefit specific small subgroups of patients with actionable therapeutic targets. Thus, finding new targets with greater applicability should be pursued. Olfactory receptors (ORs) are seven transmembrane G-protein coupled receptors preferentially expressed in sensory neurons with a critical role in recognizing odorant molecules. Recent studies have revealed ectopic expression and putative function of ORs in nonolfactory tissues and pathologies, including AML. Here, we investigated OR expression in 151 AML samples, 6400 samples of 15 other cancer types, and 11,200 samples of 51 types of healthy tissues. First, we identified 19 ORs with a distinct and major expression pattern in AML, which were experimentally validated by RT-PCR in an independent set of 13 AML samples, 13 healthy donors, and 8 leukemia cell lines. We also identified an OR signature with prognostic potential for AML patients. Finally, we found cancer-related genes coexpressed with the ORs in the AML samples. In summary, we conducted an extensive study to identify ORs that can be used as novel biomarkers for the diagnosis of AML and as potential drug targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela D A Guardia
- Centro de Oncologia Molecular, Hospital Sírio-Libanês, São Paulo 01308-060, SP, Brazil
| | - Rafaella G Naressi
- Centro de Transplante de Medula Óssea, Instituto Nacional do Câncer, Rio de Janeiro 20230-130, RJ, Brazil
- Department of Biochemistry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-000, SP, Brazil
| | - Vanessa C Buzzato
- Centro de Oncologia Molecular, Hospital Sírio-Libanês, São Paulo 01308-060, SP, Brazil
| | - Juliana B da Costa
- Centro de Transplante de Medula Óssea, Instituto Nacional do Câncer, Rio de Janeiro 20230-130, RJ, Brazil
| | - Ilana Zalcberg
- Centro de Transplante de Medula Óssea, Instituto Nacional do Câncer, Rio de Janeiro 20230-130, RJ, Brazil
| | - Jordana Ramires
- Centro de Transplante de Medula Óssea, Instituto Nacional do Câncer, Rio de Janeiro 20230-130, RJ, Brazil
| | - Bettina Malnic
- Department of Biochemistry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-000, SP, Brazil
| | - Luciana M Gutiyama
- Centro de Transplante de Medula Óssea, Instituto Nacional do Câncer, Rio de Janeiro 20230-130, RJ, Brazil
| | - Pedro A F Galante
- Centro de Oncologia Molecular, Hospital Sírio-Libanês, São Paulo 01308-060, SP, Brazil
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Nakanishi S, Tsutsui T, Itai N, Denda M. Distinct sets of olfactory receptors highly expressed in different human tissues evaluated by meta-transcriptome analysis: Association of OR10A6 in skin with keratinization. Front Cell Dev Biol 2023; 11:1102585. [PMID: 36776557 PMCID: PMC9909485 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2023.1102585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2022] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Olfactory receptors (ORs) are expressed in many tissues and have multiple functions. However, most studies have focused on individual ORs. Here, we aimed to conduct a comprehensive meta-transcriptome analysis of OR gene expression in human tissues by using open-source tools to search a large, publicly available genotype-tissue expression (GTEx) data set. Analysis of RNA-seq data from GTEx revealed that OR expression patterns were tissue-dependent, and we identified distinct sets of ORs that were highly expressed in 12 tissues, involving 97 ORs in total. Among them, OR5P2, OR5P3 and OR10A6 were associated with skin. We further examined the roles of these ORs in skin by performing weighted gene correlation network analysis (WGCNA) and c3net analysis. WGCNA suggested that the three ORs are involved in epidermal differentiation and water-impermeable barrier homeostasis, and OR10A6 showed the largest gene sub-network in the c3net network. Immunocytochemical examination of human skin keratinocytes revealed a sparse expression pattern of OR10A6, suggesting that it is not uniformly distributed among all keratinocytes. An OR10A6 agonist, 3-phenylpropyl propionate (3PPP), transiently increased intracellular Ca2+ concentration and increased cornified envelope (CE) production in cultured keratinocytes. Knock-down of OR10A6 diminished the effect of 3PPP. Overall, integration of meta-transcriptome analysis and functional analysis uncovered distinct expression patterns of ORs in various human tissues, providing basic data for future studies of the biological functions of highly expressed ORs in individual tissues. Our results further suggest that expression of OR10A6 in skin is related to epidermal differentiation, and OR10A6 may be a potential target for modulation of keratinization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinobu Nakanishi
- Shiseido Global Innovation Center, Yokohama, Japan,*Correspondence: Shinobu Nakanishi, ; Taiki Tsutsui,
| | - Taiki Tsutsui
- Shiseido Global Innovation Center, Yokohama, Japan,*Correspondence: Shinobu Nakanishi, ; Taiki Tsutsui,
| | - Nao Itai
- Shiseido Global Innovation Center, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Mitsuhiro Denda
- Institute for Advanced Study of Mathematical Sciences, Meiji University, Tokyo, Japan
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Wang J, Conlon D, Rivellese F, Nerviani A, Lewis MJ, Housley W, Levesque MC, Cao X, Cuff C, Long A, Pitzalis C, Ruzek MC. Synovial Inflammatory Pathways Characterize Anti-TNF-Responsive Rheumatoid Arthritis Patients. Arthritis Rheumatol 2022; 74:1916-1927. [PMID: 35854416 DOI: 10.1002/art.42295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Revised: 05/16/2022] [Accepted: 06/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study was undertaken to understand the mechanistic basis of response to anti-tumor necrosis factor (anti-TNF) therapies and to determine whether transcriptomic changes in the synovium are reflected in peripheral protein markers. METHODS Synovial tissue from 46 rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients was profiled with RNA sequencing before and 12 weeks after treatment with anti-TNF therapies. Pathway and gene signature analyses were performed on RNA expression profiles of synovial biopsies to identify mechanisms that could discriminate among patients with a good response, a moderate response, or no response, according to the American College of Rheumatology (ACR)/EULAR response criteria. Serum proteins encoded by synovial genes that were differentially expressed between ACR/EULAR response groups were measured in the same patients. RESULTS Gene signatures predicted which patients would have good responses, and pathway analysis identified elevated immune pathways, including chemokine signaling, Th1/Th2 cell differentiation, and Toll-like receptor signaling, uniquely in good responders. These inflammatory pathways were correspondingly down-modulated by anti-TNF therapy only in good responders. Based on cell signature analysis, lymphocyte, myeloid, and fibroblast cell populations were elevated in good responders relative to nonresponders, consistent with the increased inflammatory pathways. Cell signatures that decreased following anti-TNF treatment were predominately associated with lymphocytes, and fewer were associated with myeloid and fibroblast populations. Following anti-TNF treatment, and only in good responders, several peripheral inflammatory proteins decreased in a manner that was consistent with corresponding synovial gene changes. CONCLUSION Collectively, these data suggest that RA patients with robust responses to anti-TNF therapies are characterized at baseline by immune pathway activation, which decreases following anti-TNF treatment. Understanding mechanisms that define patient responsiveness to anti-TNF treatment may assist in development of predictive markers of patient response and earlier treatment options.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Wang
- Immunology Systems Computational Biology, Genomic Research Center, AbbVie, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Donna Conlon
- Immunology Discovery, AbbVie Research Center, Worcester, Massachusetts
| | - Felice Rivellese
- Centre for Experimental Medicine & Rheumatology, William Harvey Research Institute and Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Alessandra Nerviani
- Centre for Experimental Medicine & Rheumatology, William Harvey Research Institute and Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Myles J Lewis
- Centre for Experimental Medicine & Rheumatology, William Harvey Research Institute and Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - William Housley
- Immunology Discovery, AbbVie Research Center, Worcester, Massachusetts
| | - Marc C Levesque
- Immunology Discovery, Cambridge Research Center, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Xiaohong Cao
- Immunology Systems Computational Biology, Genomic Research Center, AbbVie, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Carolyn Cuff
- Immunology Discovery, AbbVie Research Center, Worcester, Massachusetts
| | - Andrew Long
- Immunology Discovery, AbbVie Research Center, Worcester, Massachusetts
| | - Costantino Pitzalis
- Centre for Experimental Medicine & Rheumatology, William Harvey Research Institute and Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Melanie C Ruzek
- Immunology Discovery, AbbVie Research Center, Worcester, Massachusetts
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Teveroni E, Di Nicuolo F, Vergani E, Bruno C, Maulucci G, Bianchetti G, Astorri AL, Grande G, Gervasoni J, Santucci L, De Spirito M, Urbani A, Pontecorvi A, Mancini F, Milardi D. Short-Chain Fatty Acids Modulate Sperm Migration through Olfactory Receptor 51E2 Activity. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232112726. [PMID: 36361515 PMCID: PMC9658011 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232112726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2022] [Revised: 10/18/2022] [Accepted: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The non-orthotopic expression of olfactory receptors (ORs) includes the male reproductive system, and in particular spermatozoa; their active ligands could be essential to sperm chemotaxis and chemical sperm-oocyte communication. OR51E2 expression has been previously reported on sperm cells' surface. It has been demonstrated in different cellular models that olfactory receptor 51E2 (OR51E2) binds volatile short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) as specific ligands. In the present research, we make use of Western blot, confocal microscopy colocalization analysis, and the calcium-release assay to demonstrate the activation of sperm cells through OR51E2 upon SCFAs stimulus. Moreover, we perform a novel modified swim-up assay to study the involvement of OR51E2/SCFAs in sperm migration. Taking advantage of computer-assisted sperm analysis (CASA system), we determine the kinematics parameters of sperm cells migrating towards SCFAs-enriched medium, revealing that these ligands are able to promote a more linear sperm-cell orientation. Finally, we obtain SCFAs by mass spectrometry in cervico-vaginal mucus and show for the first time that a direct incubation between cervical mucus and sperm cells could promote their activation. This study can shed light on the possible function of chemosensory receptors in successful reproduction activity, laying the foundation for the development of new strategies for the treatment of infertile individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emanuela Teveroni
- International Scientific Institute “Paul VI”, ISI, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy
| | - Fiorella Di Nicuolo
- International Scientific Institute “Paul VI”, ISI, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy
| | - Edoardo Vergani
- Division of Endocrinology, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy
| | - Carmine Bruno
- Division of Endocrinology, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Maulucci
- Department of Neuroscience, Section of Biophysics, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Roma, Italy
- Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy
| | - Giada Bianchetti
- Department of Neuroscience, Section of Biophysics, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Roma, Italy
- Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy
| | - Anna Laura Astorri
- International Scientific Institute “Paul VI”, ISI, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Grande
- Unit of Andrology and Reproductive Medicine, University Hospital Padua, 35121 Padua, Italy
| | - Jacopo Gervasoni
- Department of Laboratory and Infectious Diseases, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy
| | - Lavinia Santucci
- Metabolomics Research Core Facility, Gemelli Science and Technology Park (GSteP), Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy
| | - Marco De Spirito
- Department of Neuroscience, Section of Biophysics, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Roma, Italy
- Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy
| | - Andrea Urbani
- Department of Laboratory and Infectious Diseases, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy
| | - Alfredo Pontecorvi
- International Scientific Institute “Paul VI”, ISI, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy
- Division of Endocrinology, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy
- Correspondence: or
| | - Francesca Mancini
- International Scientific Institute “Paul VI”, ISI, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy
| | - Domenico Milardi
- Division of Endocrinology, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy
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11
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Orecchioni M, Matsunami H, Ley K. Olfactory receptors in macrophages and inflammation. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1029244. [PMID: 36311776 PMCID: PMC9606742 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1029244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2022] [Accepted: 09/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Olfactory receptors (ORs) that bind odorous ligands are the largest family of G-protein-coupled receptors. In the olfactory epithelium, approximately 400 and 1,100 members are expressed in humans and mice, respectively. Growing evidence suggests the extranasal functions of ORs. Here, we review OR expression and function in macrophages, specialized innate immune cells involved in the detection, phagocytosis, and destruction of cellular debris and pathogens as well as the initiation of inflammatory responses. RNA sequencing data in mice suggest that up to 580 ORs may be expressed in macrophages. Macrophage OR expression is increased after treatment with the Toll-like receptor 4 ligand lipopolysaccharide, which also induces the transcription of inflammasome components. Triggering human OR6A2 or its mouse orthologue Olfr2 with their cognate ligand octanal induces inflammasome assembly and the secretion of IL-1β, which exacerbates atherosclerosis. Octanal is positively correlated with blood lipids like low-density lipoprotein -cholesterol in humans. Another OR, Olfr78, is activated by lactate, which promotes the generation of tumor-associated macrophages that dampen the immune response and promote tumor progression. Olfactory receptors in macrophages are a rich source of untapped opportunity for modulating inflammation. It is not known which of the many ORs expressed in macrophages promote or modulate inflammation. Progress in this area also requires deorphanizing more ORs and determining the sources of their ligands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Orecchioni
- Department of Inflammation Biology, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA, United States,*Correspondence: Marco Orecchioni, ; Klaus Ley,
| | - Hiroaki Matsunami
- Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Klaus Ley
- Department of Inflammation Biology, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA, United States,Immunology Center of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, United States,*Correspondence: Marco Orecchioni, ; Klaus Ley,
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12
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Yang Z, Cheng J, Shang P, Sun JP, Yu X. Emerging roles of olfactory receptors in glucose metabolism. Trends Cell Biol 2022; 33:463-476. [PMID: 36229334 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2022.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2022] [Revised: 09/14/2022] [Accepted: 09/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Olfactory receptors (ORs) are widely expressed in extra-nasal tissues, where they participate in the regulation of divergent physiological processes. An increasing body of evidence over the past decade has revealed important regulatory roles for extra-nasal ORs in glucose metabolism. Recently, nonodorant endogenous ligands of ORs with metabolic significance have been identified, implying the therapeutic potential of ORs in the treatment of metabolic diseases, such as diabetes and obesity. In this review, we summarize current understanding of the expression patterns and functions of ORs in key tissues involved in glucose metabolism modulation, describe odorant and endogenous OR ligands, explain the biased signaling downstream of ORs, and outline OR therapeutic potential.
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13
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Iarovaia OV, Ulianov SV, Ioudinkova ES, Razin SV. Segregation of α- and β-Globin Gene Cluster in Vertebrate Evolution: Chance or Necessity? BIOCHEMISTRY. BIOKHIMIIA 2022; 87:1035-1049. [PMID: 36180994 DOI: 10.1134/s0006297922090140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2022] [Revised: 08/18/2022] [Accepted: 08/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The review is devoted to the patterns of evolution of α- and β-globin gene domains. A hypothesis is presented according to which segregation of the ancestral cluster of α/β-globin genes in Amniota occurred due to the performance by α-globins and β-globins of non-canonical functions not related to oxygen transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga V Iarovaia
- Institute of Gene Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 119334, Russia.
| | - Sergey V Ulianov
- Institute of Gene Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 119334, Russia
- Faculty of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, 119234, Russia
| | - Elena S Ioudinkova
- Institute of Gene Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 119334, Russia
| | - Sergey V Razin
- Institute of Gene Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 119334, Russia
- Faculty of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, 119234, Russia
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14
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Gillnäs S, Gallini R, He L, Betsholtz C, Andrae J. Severe cerebellar malformations in mutant mice demonstrate a role for PDGF-C/PDGFRα signalling in cerebellar development. Biol Open 2022; 11:275997. [PMID: 35876806 PMCID: PMC9382116 DOI: 10.1242/bio.059431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2022] [Accepted: 07/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Formation of the mouse cerebellum is initiated in the embryo and continues for a few weeks after birth. Double mutant mice lacking platelet-derived growth factor-C and that are heterozygous for platelet-derived growth factor receptor alpha (Pdgfc-/-; PdgfraGFP/+) develop cerebellar hypoplasia and malformation with loss of cerebellar lobes in the posterior vermis. This phenotype is similar to those observed in Foxc1 mutant mice and in a human neuroimaging pattern called Dandy Walker malformation. Pdgfc-Pdgfra mutant mice also display ependymal denudation in the 4th ventricle and gene expression changes in cerebellar meninges, which coincide with the first visible signs of cerebellar malformation. Here we show that PDGF-C/PDGFRα signalling is a critical component in the network of molecular and cellular interactions that take place between the developing meninges and neural tissues, and which are required to build a fully functioning cerebellum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Gillnäs
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Rudbeck Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Radiosa Gallini
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Rudbeck Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Liqun He
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Rudbeck Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Christer Betsholtz
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Rudbeck Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Johanna Andrae
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Rudbeck Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
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15
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Kiselev IS, Kulakova OG, Danilova LV, Baturina OA, Kabilov MR, Popova EV, Boyko AN, Favorova OO. Genome-Wide Analysis of DNA Methylation in Cd4+ T Lymphocytes of Patients with Primary Progressive Multiple Sclerosis Indicates Involvement of This Epigenetic Process in the Disease Immunopathogenesis. Mol Biol 2022. [DOI: 10.1134/s0026893322030074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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16
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An In Vitro HL-1 Cardiomyocyte-Based Olfactory Biosensor for Olfr558-Inhibited Efficiency Detection. CHEMOSENSORS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/chemosensors10060200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Some short-chain fatty acids with a pungent or unpleasant odor are important components of human body odor. These malodors severely threaten human health. The antagonists of malodors would help to improve odor perception by affecting the interaction between odors and their receptors. However, the traditional odor detection and analysis methods, such as MOS, electrochemical, conductive polymer gas sensors, or chromatography-mass spectrometry are not suitable for screening the antagonists since they are unable to detect the ligand efficacy after odor-receptor binding. In this study, RT-PCR results showed that HL-1 cardiomyocytes endogenously express the olfactory receptor 558 (Olfr558) which can be activated by several malodorous short-chain fatty acids. Therefore, an in vitro HL-1 cardiomyocyte-based olfactory biosensor (HCBO-biosensor) was developed by combining cardiomyocytes and microelectrode array (MEA) chips for screening the potential antagonists of the Olfr558. Firstly, it showed that the biosensor specifically responded to ligands of Olfr558 through odor stimulation experiments. Then, an odor response model of HL-1 cardiomyocytes was constructed by a ligand of Olfr558 (isovaleric acid). The response feature of the in vitro HCBO-biosensor to individual odors and mixtures with a potential antagonist (citral or β-damascenone) were extracted and compared. Finally, the Olfr558-inhibited efficiency was indirectly detected by comparing the half-maximal inhibitory concentration of isovaleric acid. The results showed that β-damascenone greatly inhibited Olfr558 while citral showed no significant inhibitory effect. In conclusion, we built a novel screening method for the antagonists of Olfr558 based on HL-1 cardiomyocytes and the MEA chip which will assist odor-related companies to develop novel antagonists of Olfr558.
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17
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Functional analysis of human olfactory receptors with a high basal activity using LNCaP cell line. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0267356. [PMID: 35446888 PMCID: PMC9022881 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0267356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2021] [Accepted: 04/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Humans use a family of more than 400 olfactory receptors (ORs) to detect odorants. However, deorphanization of ORs is a critical issue because the functional properties of more than 80% of ORs remain unknown, thus, hampering our understanding of the relationship between receptor function and perception. HEK293 cells are the most commonly used heterologous expression system to determine the function of a given OR; however, they cannot functionally express a majority of ORs probably due to a lack of factor(s) required in cells in which ORs function endogenously. Interestingly, ORs have been known to be expressed in a variety of cells outside the nose and play critical physiological roles. These findings prompted us to test the capacity of cells to functionally express a specific repertoire of ORs. In this study, we selected three cell lines that endogenously express functional ORs. We demonstrated that human prostate carcinoma (LNCaP) cell lines successfully identified novel ligands for ORs that were not recognized when expressed in HEK293 cells. Further experiments suggested that the LNCaP cell line was effective for functional expression of ORs, especially with a high basal activity, which impeded the sensitive detection of ligand-mediated activity of ORs. This report provides an efficient functional assay system for a specific repertoire of ORs that cannot be characterized in current cell systems.
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18
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Olfactory receptors contribute to progression of kidney fibrosis. NPJ Syst Biol Appl 2022; 8:8. [PMID: 35181660 PMCID: PMC8857310 DOI: 10.1038/s41540-022-00217-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2021] [Accepted: 01/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Olfactory receptors (ORs) which are mainly known as odor-sensors in the olfactory epithelium are shown to be expressed in several non-sensory tissues. Despite the specified role of some of these receptors in normal physiology of the kidney, little is known about their potential effect in renal disorders. In this study, using the holistic view of systems biology, it was determined that ORs are significantly changed during the progression of kidney fibrosis. For further validation, common differentially expressed ORs resulted from reanalysis of two time-course microarray datasets were selected for experimental evaluation in a validated murine model of unilateral ureteral obstruction (UUO). Transcriptional analysis by real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction demonstrated considerable changes in the expression pattern of Olfr433, Olfr129, Olfr1393, Olfr161, and Olfr622 during the progression of kidney fibrosis. For localization of these ORs, single-cell RNA-sequencing datasets of normal and UUO mice were reanalyzed. Results showed that Olfr433 is highly expressed in macrophages in day-2 and 7 post-injury in UUO mice and not in normal subgroups. Besides, like previous findings, Olfr1393 was shown to be expressed prominently in the proximal tubular cells of the kidney. In conclusion, our combinatorial temporal approach to the underlying mechanisms of chronic kidney disease highlighted the potential role of ORs in progression of fibrosis. The expression of Olfr433 in the macrophages provides some clue about its relation to molecular mechanisms promoted in the fibrotic kidney. The proposed ORs in this study could be the subject of further functional assessments in the future.
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19
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A Multi-Technique Approach to Exploring the Main Influences of Information Exchange Monitoring Tolerance. ELECTRONICS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/electronics11040528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The privacy and security of online transactions and information exchange has always been a critical issue of e-commerce. However, there is a certain level of tolerance (a share of 36%) when it comes to so-called governments’ rights to monitor electronic mail messages and other information exchange as resulting from the answers of respondents from 51 countries in the latest wave (2017–2020) of the World Values Survey. Consequently, the purpose of this study is to discover the most significant influences associated with this type of tolerance and even causal relationships. The variables have been selected and analyzed in many rounds (Adaptive Boosting, LASSO, mixed-effects modeling, and different regressions) with the aid of a private cloud. The results confirmed most hypotheses regarding the overwhelming role of trust, public surveillance acceptance, and some attitudes indicating conscientiousness, altruistic behavior, and gender discrimination acceptance in models with good-to-excellent classification accuracy. A generated prediction nomogram included 10 ten most resilient influences. Another one contained only 5 of these 10 that acted more as determinants resisting reverse causality checks. In addition, some sociodemographic controls indicated significant variables afferent to the highest education level attained, settlement size, and marital status. The paper’s novelty stands on many robust techniques supporting randomly and nonrandomly cross-validated and fully reproducible results based on a large amount and variety of evidence. The findings also represent a step forward in research related to privacy and security issues in e-commerce.
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20
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Identification of key biomarkers and immune infiltration in sporadic vestibular schwannoma basing transcriptome-wide profiling. World Neurosurg 2022; 160:e591-e600. [PMID: 35092815 DOI: 10.1016/j.wneu.2022.01.077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2022] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Vestibular schwannoma (VS) is a common intracranial tumor, with 95% of the cases being sporadic vestibular schwannoma (SVS). The purposed of this study was identifying genes responsible for inflammation in SVS and clarifying its underlying immune mechanisms. METHODS Transcriptional sequencing datasets (GSE141801 and GSE108237) from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database were used in this study. The candidate modules closely related to SVS and hub genes were screened out by weighted gene co-expression network analysis. Τhe sensitivity and specificity of the hub genes for SVS prediction were evaluated by ROC curve analysis. The CIBERSORT algorithm was subsequently applied to analyze the immune infiltration between SVS and controls. Finally, biological signaling pathways involved in the hub genes were identified via gene set enrichment analysis. RESULTS A total of 39 significantly enriched in myelination and collagen-containing extracellular matrix DEGs were identified at the screening step. Three hub genes (MAPK8IP1, SLC36A2, and OR2AT4) were identified, which mainly enriched in pathways of melanogenesis, GnRH, and calcium signaling pathways. Compared with normal nerves, SVS tissue contained a higher proportion of T cells, monocytes and activated dendritic cells, whereas proportions of M2 macrophages were lower. CONCLUSIONS The intergrated analysis revealed the pattern of immune cell infiltration in SVS and provided a crucial molecular foundation to enhance understanding of SVS. Hub genes MAPK8IP1, SLC36A2 and OR2AT4 are potential biomarkers and therapeutic targets to facilitate the accurate diagnosis, prognosis and therapy of SVS.
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21
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Cho HJ, Koo J. Odorant G protein-coupled receptors as potential therapeutic targets for adult diffuse gliomas: a systematic analysis and review. BMB Rep 2021. [PMID: 34847986 PMCID: PMC8728539 DOI: 10.5483/bmbrep.2021.54.12.165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Odorant receptors (ORs) account for about 60% of all human G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs). OR expression outside of the nose has functions distinct from odor perception, and may contribute to the pathogenesis of disorders including brain diseases and cancers. Glioma is the most common adult malignant brain tumor and requires novel therapeutic strategies to improve clinical outcomes. Here, we outlined the expression of brain ORs and investigated OR expression levels in glioma. Although most ORs were not ubiquitously expressed in gliomas, a subset of ORs displayed glioma subtype-specific expression. Moreover, through systematic survival analysis on OR genes, OR51E1 (mouse Olfr558) was identified as a potential biomarker of unfavorable overall survival, and OR2C1 (mouse Olfr15) was identified as a potential biomarker of favorable overall survival in isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH) wild-type glioma. In addition to transcriptomic analysis, mutational profiles revealed that somatic mutations in OR genes were detected in > 60% of glioma samples. OR5D18 (mouse Olfr1155) was the most frequently mutated OR gene, and OR5AR1 (mouse Olfr1019) showed IDH wild-type-specific mutation. Based on this systematic analysis and review of the genomic and transcriptomic profiles of ORs in glioma, we suggest that ORs are potential biomarkers and therapeutic targets for glioma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hee Jin Cho
- Department of Biomedical Convergence Science and Technology, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Korea
- Cell and Matrix Research Institute, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41944, Korea
| | - JaeHyung Koo
- Department of New Biology, DGIST, Daegu 42988, Korea
- 4New Biology Research Center (NBRC), DGIST, Daegu 42988, 5Korea Brain Research Institute (KBRI), Daegu 41062, Korea
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22
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Zhang S, Li L, Li H. Role of ectopic olfactory receptors in glucose and lipid metabolism. Br J Pharmacol 2021; 178:4792-4807. [PMID: 34411276 DOI: 10.1111/bph.15666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2020] [Revised: 05/25/2021] [Accepted: 08/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The metabolic syndrome has become one of the major public health challenges in the world, and adjusting glucose and lipid levels to their normal values is crucial for treating the metabolic syndrome. Olfactory receptors (ORs) expressed in extra-nasal tissues participate in diverse biological processes, including the regulation of glucose and lipid metabolism. Ectopic ORs can regulate a variety of metabolic events including insulin secretion, glucagon secretion, fatty acid oxidation, lipogenesis and thermogenesis. Understanding the physiological function and deciphering the olfactory recognition code by suitable ligands make ectopic ORs potential targets for the treatment of the metabolic syndrome. In this review, we delineate the roles and mechanisms of ectopic ORs in the regulation of glucose and lipid metabolism, summarize the corresponding natural ligands, and discuss existing problems and the therapeutic potential of targeting ORs in the metabolic syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siyu Zhang
- Institute of Pharmacology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, China
| | - Linghuan Li
- Institute of Pharmacology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, China
| | - Hanbing Li
- Institute of Pharmacology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, China.,Section of Endocrinology, School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
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23
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Weidinger D, Jovancevic N, Zwanziger D, Theurer S, Hönes J, Führer D, Hatt H. Functional Characterization of Olfactory Receptors in the Thyroid Gland. Front Physiol 2021; 12:676907. [PMID: 34385931 PMCID: PMC8353271 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.676907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2021] [Accepted: 07/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Olfactory receptors (ORs) are almost ubiquitously expressed in the human body. However, information about their functions in these tissues is lacking. To date, no functional characterization of expressed ORs in the human thyroid has been performed. In this study, we detected and compared the expression of OR2H2 and OR2W3 in healthy and malignant cell lines and their corresponding tissues, respectively. We demonstrated that stimulation of ORs by their specific ligand resulted in a transient increase in intracellular calcium and cAMP concentrations. In the case of OR2H2, the downstream signaling cascade analysis revealed that adenylate cyclase (AC) and phosphoinositide phospholipase C (PLC) were involved. Furthermore, OR2H2 and OR2W3 activation affected migration, proliferation, and invasion. These are the first insights that ORs influence physiology-relevant processes in the healthy and malignant thyroid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Weidinger
- Department of Cell Physiology, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | | | - Denise Zwanziger
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Sarah Theurer
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Judith Hönes
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Dagmar Führer
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Hanns Hatt
- Department of Cell Physiology, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
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24
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Gupta R, Mittal A, Agrawal V, Gupta S, Gupta K, Jain RR, Garg P, Mohanty SK, Sogani R, Chhabra HS, Gautam V, Mishra T, Sengupta D, Ahuja G. OdoriFy: A conglomerate of artificial intelligence-driven prediction engines for olfactory decoding. J Biol Chem 2021; 297:100956. [PMID: 34265305 PMCID: PMC8342790 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2021.100956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Revised: 06/24/2021] [Accepted: 07/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
The molecular mechanisms of olfaction, or the sense of smell, are relatively underexplored compared with other sensory systems, primarily because of its underlying molecular complexity and the limited availability of dedicated predictive computational tools. Odorant receptors (ORs) allow the detection and discrimination of a myriad of odorant molecules and therefore mediate the first step of the olfactory signaling cascade. To date, odorant (or agonist) information for the majority of these receptors is still unknown, limiting our understanding of their functional relevance in odor-induced behavioral responses. In this study, we introduce OdoriFy, a Web server featuring powerful deep neural network–based prediction engines. OdoriFy enables (1) identification of odorant molecules for wildtype or mutant human ORs (Odor Finder); (2) classification of user-provided chemicals as odorants/nonodorants (Odorant Predictor); (3) identification of responsive ORs for a query odorant (OR Finder); and (4) interaction validation using Odorant–OR Pair Analysis. In addition, OdoriFy provides the rationale behind every prediction it makes by leveraging explainable artificial intelligence. This module highlights the basis of the prediction of odorants/nonodorants at atomic resolution and for the ORs at amino acid levels. A key distinguishing feature of OdoriFy is that it is built on a comprehensive repertoire of manually curated information of human ORs with their known agonists and nonagonists, making it a highly interactive and resource-enriched Web server. Moreover, comparative analysis of OdoriFy predictions with an alternative structure-based ligand interaction method revealed comparable results. OdoriFy is available freely as a web service at https://odorify.ahujalab.iiitd.edu.in/olfy/.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ria Gupta
- Department of Computational Biology, Indraprastha Institute of Information Technology-Delhi (IIIT-Delhi), New Delhi, India
| | - Aayushi Mittal
- Department of Computational Biology, Indraprastha Institute of Information Technology-Delhi (IIIT-Delhi), New Delhi, India
| | - Vishesh Agrawal
- Department of Computational Biology, Indraprastha Institute of Information Technology-Delhi (IIIT-Delhi), New Delhi, India
| | - Sushant Gupta
- Department of Computational Biology, Indraprastha Institute of Information Technology-Delhi (IIIT-Delhi), New Delhi, India
| | - Krishan Gupta
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Indraprastha Institute of Information Technology-Delhi (IIIT-Delhi), New Delhi, India
| | - Rishi Raj Jain
- Department of Computer Science and Design, Indraprastha Institute of Information Technology-Delhi (IIIT-Delhi), New Delhi, India
| | - Prakriti Garg
- Department of Computational Biology, Indraprastha Institute of Information Technology-Delhi (IIIT-Delhi), New Delhi, India
| | - Sanjay Kumar Mohanty
- Department of Computational Biology, Indraprastha Institute of Information Technology-Delhi (IIIT-Delhi), New Delhi, India
| | - Riya Sogani
- Department of Computational Biology, Indraprastha Institute of Information Technology-Delhi (IIIT-Delhi), New Delhi, India
| | - Harshit Singh Chhabra
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Indraprastha Institute of Information Technology-Delhi (IIIT-Delhi), New Delhi, India
| | - Vishakha Gautam
- Department of Computational Biology, Indraprastha Institute of Information Technology-Delhi (IIIT-Delhi), New Delhi, India
| | - Tripti Mishra
- Pathfinder Research and Training Foundation, Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Debarka Sengupta
- Department of Computational Biology, Indraprastha Institute of Information Technology-Delhi (IIIT-Delhi), New Delhi, India; Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Indraprastha Institute of Information Technology-Delhi (IIIT-Delhi), New Delhi, India; Centre for Artificial Intelligence, Indraprastha Institute of Information Technology, New Delhi, India; Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Gaurav Ahuja
- Department of Computational Biology, Indraprastha Institute of Information Technology-Delhi (IIIT-Delhi), New Delhi, India.
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25
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Gaudel F, Guiraudie-Capraz G, Féron F. Limbic Expression of mRNA Coding for Chemoreceptors in Human Brain-Lessons from Brain Atlases. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22136858. [PMID: 34202385 PMCID: PMC8267617 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22136858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2021] [Revised: 06/15/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Animals strongly rely on chemical senses to uncover the outside world and adjust their behaviour. Chemical signals are perceived by facial sensitive chemosensors that can be clustered into three families, namely the gustatory (TASR), olfactory (OR, TAAR) and pheromonal (VNR, FPR) receptors. Over recent decades, chemoreceptors were identified in non-facial parts of the body, including the brain. In order to map chemoreceptors within the encephalon, we performed a study based on four brain atlases. The transcript expression of selected members of the three chemoreceptor families and their canonical partners was analysed in major areas of healthy and demented human brains. Genes encoding all studied chemoreceptors are transcribed in the central nervous system, particularly in the limbic system. RNA of their canonical transduction partners (G proteins, ion channels) are also observed in all studied brain areas, reinforcing the suggestion that cerebral chemoreceptors are functional. In addition, we noticed that: (i) bitterness-associated receptors display an enriched expression, (ii) the brain is equipped to sense trace amines and pheromonal cues and (iii) chemoreceptor RNA expression varies with age, but not dementia or brain trauma. Extensive studies are now required to further understand how the brain makes sense of endogenous chemicals.
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26
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Shepard BD. The Sniffing Kidney: Roles for Renal Olfactory Receptors in Health and Disease. KIDNEY360 2021; 2:1056-1062. [PMID: 35373087 PMCID: PMC8791376 DOI: 10.34067/kid.0000712021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
AbstractOlfactory receptors (ORs) represent the largest gene family in the human genome. Despite their name, functions exist for these receptors outside of the nose. Among the tissues known to take advantage of OR signaling is the kidney. From mouse to man, the list of renal ORs continues to expand, and they have now been linked to a variety of processes involved in the maintenance of renal homeostasis, including the modulation of blood pressure, response to acidemia, and the development of diabetes. In this review, we highlight the recent progress made on the growing appreciation for renal ORs in physiology and pathophysiology.
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27
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Ali MA, Wang Y, Qin Z, Yuan X, Zhang Y, Zeng C. Odorant and Taste Receptors in Sperm Chemotaxis and Cryopreservation: Roles and Implications in Sperm Capacitation, Motility and Fertility. Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:genes12040488. [PMID: 33801624 PMCID: PMC8065900 DOI: 10.3390/genes12040488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2021] [Revised: 03/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Sperm chemotaxis, which guide sperm toward oocyte, is tightly associated with sperm capacitation, motility, and fertility. However, the molecular mechanism of sperm chemotaxis is not known. Reproductive odorant and taste receptors, belong to G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCR) super-family, cause an increase in intracellular Ca2+ concentration which is pre-requisite for sperm capacitation and acrosomal reaction, and result in sperm hyperpolarization and increase motility through activation of Ca2+-dependent Cl¯ channels. Recently, odorant receptors (ORs) in olfactory transduction pathway were thought to be associated with post-thaw sperm motility, freeze tolerance or freezability and cryo-capacitation-like change during cryopreservation. Investigation of the roles of odorant and taste receptors (TRs) is important for our understanding of the freeze tolerance or freezability mechanism and improve the motility and fertility of post-thaw sperm. Here, we reviewed the roles, mode of action, impact of odorant and taste receptors on sperm chemotaxis and post-thaw sperm quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malik Ahsan Ali
- College of Animal Science and Technology and Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China; (Y.W.); (Z.Q.); (X.Y.); (Y.Z.)
- Department of Theriogenology, Riphah College of Veterinary Sciences, Lahore 54000, Punjab, Pakistan;
- Department of Theriogenology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad 38000, Punjab, Pakistan
| | - Yihan Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology and Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China; (Y.W.); (Z.Q.); (X.Y.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Ziyue Qin
- College of Animal Science and Technology and Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China; (Y.W.); (Z.Q.); (X.Y.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Xiang Yuan
- College of Animal Science and Technology and Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China; (Y.W.); (Z.Q.); (X.Y.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Yan Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology and Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China; (Y.W.); (Z.Q.); (X.Y.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Changjun Zeng
- College of Animal Science and Technology and Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China; (Y.W.); (Z.Q.); (X.Y.); (Y.Z.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel./Fax: +86-28-86291010
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28
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Ribon-Demars A, Jochmans-Lemoine A, Ganouna-Cohen G, Boreau A, Marcouiller F, Bairam A, Pialoux V, Joseph V. Lung oxidative stress and transcriptional regulations induced by estradiol and intermittent hypoxia. Free Radic Biol Med 2021; 164:119-129. [PMID: 33385539 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2020.12.433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Revised: 12/03/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
We determined the effects of chronic intermittent hypoxia (CIH) and estradiol (E2) on oxidative stress and gene expression in the lungs. Female Sprague-Dawley rats were left intact (sham) or ovariectomized (OVX) and implanted with pumps delivering vehicle or E2 (0.5 mg/kg/day). Two weeks following surgery, the rats were exposed to room air (RA) or CIH for 7 days (10% O2, 10 cycles/hour, 8 h/day). Lung samples were used to measure the activities of pro- (NADPH and xanthine oxidases) and antioxidant (superoxide dismutase, catalase and glutathione peroxidase) enzymes, and concentrations of advanced oxidation of protein products (AOPP). We determined gene expression with an RNA microarray and enrichment analysis of differentially expressed genes. In rats exposed to RA, OVX and E2 supplementation increased pro- and antioxidant activities and AOPP concentration. In rats exposed to CIH, AOPP concentration, pro- and antioxidant enzymes activities increased in sham, did not changed in OVX-Veh rats, and were reduced in OVX-E2 rats. In rats exposed to RA, genes involved in extracellular matrix were up-regulated by OVX and down-regulated by E2, while E2 up-regulated genes involved in cell mobility/adherence and leukocytes migration. OVX downregulated expression of roughly 200 olfactory receptor genes without effect of E2. CIH altered gene expression in sham and OVX-E2, but not in OVX-Veh rats. Enrichment analysis confirmed the antioxidant effects of E2 under CIH. There are important interactions between ovarian hormones and CIH that can be relevant to better understand the consequences of sleep apnea (i.e. CIH) on the occurrence of lung pathologies in women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Ribon-Demars
- Centre de Recherche de L'Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie Du Québec, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada; Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Laboratoire Inter-Universitaire de Biologie de La Motricité, Lyon, France
| | - Alexandra Jochmans-Lemoine
- Centre de Recherche de L'Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie Du Québec, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Gauthier Ganouna-Cohen
- Centre de Recherche de L'Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie Du Québec, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Anaëlle Boreau
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Laboratoire Inter-Universitaire de Biologie de La Motricité, Lyon, France
| | - François Marcouiller
- Centre de Recherche de L'Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie Du Québec, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Aida Bairam
- Centre de Recherche de L'Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie Du Québec, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Vincent Pialoux
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Laboratoire Inter-Universitaire de Biologie de La Motricité, Lyon, France; Institut Universitaire de France, Paris, France
| | - Vincent Joseph
- Centre de Recherche de L'Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie Du Québec, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada.
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29
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Raka RN, Wu H, Xiao J, Hossen I, Cao Y, Huang M, Jin J. Human ectopic olfactory receptors and their food originated ligands: a review. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2021; 62:5424-5443. [PMID: 33605814 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2021.1885007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Ectopic olfactory receptors (EORs) are expressed in non-nasal tissues of human body. They belong to the G-protein coupled receptor (GPCR) superfamily. EORs may not be capable of differentiating odorants as nasal olfactory receptors (ORs), but still can be triggered by odorants and are involved in different biological processes such as anti-inflammation, energy metabolism, apoptosis etc. Consumption of strong flavored foods like celery, oranges, onions, and spices, is a good aid to attenuate inflammation and boost our immune system. During the digestion of these foods in human digestive system and the metabolization by gut microbiota, the odorants closely interacting with EORs, may play important roles in various bio-functions like serotonin release, appetite regulation etc., and ultimately impact health and diseases. Thus, EORs could be a potential target linking the ligands from food and their bioactivities. There have been related studies in different research fields of medicine and physiology, but still no systematic food oriented review. Our review portrays that EORs could be a potential target for functional food development. In this review, we summarized the EORs found in human tissues, their impacts on health and disease, ligands interacting with EORs exerting specific biological effects, and the mechanisms involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rifat Nowshin Raka
- Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of Brewing Molecular Engineering of China Light Industry, Beijing, China.,Beijing Engineering and Technology Research Center of Food Additives, Beijing, China.,Beijing Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety, Beijing, China.,Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Beijing, China
| | - Hua Wu
- Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of Brewing Molecular Engineering of China Light Industry, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Lab of Plant Resource Research and Development, Beijing, China
| | - Junsong Xiao
- Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of Brewing Molecular Engineering of China Light Industry, Beijing, China.,Beijing Engineering and Technology Research Center of Food Additives, Beijing, China.,Beijing Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety, Beijing, China.,Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Beijing, China
| | - Imam Hossen
- Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of Brewing Molecular Engineering of China Light Industry, Beijing, China.,Beijing Engineering and Technology Research Center of Food Additives, Beijing, China.,Beijing Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety, Beijing, China.,Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Beijing, China
| | - Yanping Cao
- Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, China.,Beijing Engineering and Technology Research Center of Food Additives, Beijing, China
| | - Mingquan Huang
- Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of Brewing Molecular Engineering of China Light Industry, Beijing, China
| | - Jianming Jin
- Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Lab of Plant Resource Research and Development, Beijing, China
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30
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Aloum L, Alefishat E, Adem A, Petroianu G. Ionone Is More than a Violet's Fragrance: A Review. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25245822. [PMID: 33321809 PMCID: PMC7764282 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25245822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2020] [Revised: 12/07/2020] [Accepted: 12/08/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The term ionone is derived from “iona” (Greek for violet) which refers to the violet scent and “ketone” due to its structure. Ionones can either be chemically synthesized or endogenously produced via asymmetric cleavage of β-carotene by β-carotene oxygenase 2 (BCO2). We recently proposed a possible metabolic pathway for the conversion of α-and β-pinene into α-and β-ionone. The differences between BCO1 and BCO2 suggest a unique physiological role of BCO2; implying that β-ionone (one of BCO2 products) is involved in a prospective biological function. This review focuses on the effects of ionones and the postulated mechanisms or signaling cascades involved mediating these effects. β-Ionone, whether of an endogenous or exogenous origin possesses a range of pharmacological effects including anticancer, chemopreventive, cancer promoting, melanogenesis, anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial actions. β-Ionone mediates these effects via activation of olfactory receptor (OR51E2) and regulation of the activity or expression of cell cycle regulatory proteins, pro-apoptotic and anti-apoptotic proteins, HMG-CoA reductase and pro-inflammatory mediators. α-Ionone and β-ionone derivatives exhibit anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial and anticancer effects, however the corresponding structure activity relationships are still inconclusive. Overall, data demonstrates that ionone is a promising scaffold for cancer, inflammation and infectious disease research and thus is more than simply a violet’s fragrance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lujain Aloum
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Khalifa University of Science and Technology, Abu Dhabi 127788, UAE; (L.A.); (E.A.); (A.A.)
| | - Eman Alefishat
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Khalifa University of Science and Technology, Abu Dhabi 127788, UAE; (L.A.); (E.A.); (A.A.)
- Center for Biotechnology, Khalifa University of Science and Technology, Abu Dhabi 127788, UAE
| | - Abdu Adem
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Khalifa University of Science and Technology, Abu Dhabi 127788, UAE; (L.A.); (E.A.); (A.A.)
| | - Georg Petroianu
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Khalifa University of Science and Technology, Abu Dhabi 127788, UAE; (L.A.); (E.A.); (A.A.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +971-50-413-4525
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31
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Lachén-Montes M, Mendizuri N, Ausín K, Pérez-Mediavilla A, Azkargorta M, Iloro I, Elortza F, Kondo H, Ohigashi I, Ferrer I, de la Torre R, Robledo P, Fernández-Irigoyen J, Santamaría E. Smelling the Dark Proteome: Functional Characterization of PITH Domain-Containing Protein 1 (C1orf128) in Olfactory Metabolism. J Proteome Res 2020; 19:4826-4843. [PMID: 33185454 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.0c00452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The Human Proteome Project (HPP) consortium aims to functionally characterize the dark proteome. On the basis of the relevance of olfaction in early neurodegeneration, we have analyzed the dark proteome using data mining in public resources and omics data sets derived from the human olfactory system. Multiple dark proteins localize at synaptic terminals and may be involved in amyloidopathies such as Alzheimer's disease (AD). We have characterized the dark PITH domain-containing protein 1 (PITHD1) in olfactory metabolism using bioinformatics, proteomics, in vitro and in vivo studies, and neuropathology. PITHD1-/- mice exhibit olfactory bulb (OB) proteome changes related to synaptic transmission, cognition, and memory. OB PITHD1 expression increases with age in wild-type (WT) mice and decreases in Tg2576 AD mice at late stages. The analysis across 6 neurological disorders reveals that olfactory tract (OT) PITHD1 is specifically upregulated in human AD. Stimulation of olfactory neuroepithelial (ON) cells with PITHD1 alters the ON phosphoproteome, modifies the proliferation rate, and induces a pro-inflammatory phenotype. This workflow applied by the Spanish C-HPP and Human Brain Proteome Project (HBPP) teams across the ON-OB-OT axis can be adapted as a guidance to decipher functional features of dark proteins. Data are available via ProteomeXchange with identifiers PXD018784 and PXD021634.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mercedes Lachén-Montes
- Clinical Neuroproteomics Unit, Navarrabiomed, Complejo Hospitalario de Navarra (CHN), Universidad Pública de Navarra (UPNA), Irunlarrea 3, 31008 Pamplona, Spain.,Proteored-ISCIII, Proteomics Platform, Navarrabiomed, Complejo Hospitalario de Navarra (CHN), Universidad Pública de Navarra (UPNA), Irunlarrea 3, 31008 Pamplona, Spain.,IdiSNA, Navarra Institute for Health Research, Irunlarrea 3, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
| | - Naroa Mendizuri
- Clinical Neuroproteomics Unit, Navarrabiomed, Complejo Hospitalario de Navarra (CHN), Universidad Pública de Navarra (UPNA), Irunlarrea 3, 31008 Pamplona, Spain.,Proteored-ISCIII, Proteomics Platform, Navarrabiomed, Complejo Hospitalario de Navarra (CHN), Universidad Pública de Navarra (UPNA), Irunlarrea 3, 31008 Pamplona, Spain.,IdiSNA, Navarra Institute for Health Research, Irunlarrea 3, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
| | - Karina Ausín
- Clinical Neuroproteomics Unit, Navarrabiomed, Complejo Hospitalario de Navarra (CHN), Universidad Pública de Navarra (UPNA), Irunlarrea 3, 31008 Pamplona, Spain.,Proteored-ISCIII, Proteomics Platform, Navarrabiomed, Complejo Hospitalario de Navarra (CHN), Universidad Pública de Navarra (UPNA), Irunlarrea 3, 31008 Pamplona, Spain.,IdiSNA, Navarra Institute for Health Research, Irunlarrea 3, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
| | - Alberto Pérez-Mediavilla
- IdiSNA, Navarra Institute for Health Research, Irunlarrea 3, 31008 Pamplona, Spain.,Neurobiology of Alzheimer's Disease, Department of Biochemistry, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), Neurosciences Division, University of Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
| | - Mikel Azkargorta
- Proteomics Platform, CIC bioGUNE, CIBERehd, ProteoRed-ISCIII, Bizkaia Science and Technology Park, 48160 Derio, Spain
| | - Ibon Iloro
- Proteomics Platform, CIC bioGUNE, CIBERehd, ProteoRed-ISCIII, Bizkaia Science and Technology Park, 48160 Derio, Spain
| | - Felix Elortza
- Proteomics Platform, CIC bioGUNE, CIBERehd, ProteoRed-ISCIII, Bizkaia Science and Technology Park, 48160 Derio, Spain
| | - Hiroyuki Kondo
- Division of Experimental Immunology, Institute of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tokushima University, Tokushima 770-8503, Japan
| | - Izumi Ohigashi
- Division of Experimental Immunology, Institute of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tokushima University, Tokushima 770-8503, Japan
| | - Isidre Ferrer
- Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), 08908 Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain.,CIBERNED (Network Centre of Biomedical Research of Neurodegenerative Diseases), Institute of Health Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain.,Department of Pathology and Experimental Therapeutics, University of Barcelona, 08908 Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain.,Institute of Neurosciences, University of Barcelona, 08007 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Rafael de la Torre
- Integrative Pharmacology and Systems Neuroscience Research Group, Neurosciences Research Program, IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute), 08003 Barcelona, Spain.,Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Pompeu Fabra University (CEXS-UPF), 08002 Barcelona, Spain.,School of Medicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain.,CIBER de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CB06/03), CIBEROBN, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Patricia Robledo
- Integrative Pharmacology and Systems Neuroscience Research Group, Neurosciences Research Program, IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute), 08003 Barcelona, Spain.,Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Pompeu Fabra University (CEXS-UPF), 08002 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Joaquín Fernández-Irigoyen
- Clinical Neuroproteomics Unit, Navarrabiomed, Complejo Hospitalario de Navarra (CHN), Universidad Pública de Navarra (UPNA), Irunlarrea 3, 31008 Pamplona, Spain.,Proteored-ISCIII, Proteomics Platform, Navarrabiomed, Complejo Hospitalario de Navarra (CHN), Universidad Pública de Navarra (UPNA), Irunlarrea 3, 31008 Pamplona, Spain.,IdiSNA, Navarra Institute for Health Research, Irunlarrea 3, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
| | - Enrique Santamaría
- Clinical Neuroproteomics Unit, Navarrabiomed, Complejo Hospitalario de Navarra (CHN), Universidad Pública de Navarra (UPNA), Irunlarrea 3, 31008 Pamplona, Spain.,Proteored-ISCIII, Proteomics Platform, Navarrabiomed, Complejo Hospitalario de Navarra (CHN), Universidad Pública de Navarra (UPNA), Irunlarrea 3, 31008 Pamplona, Spain.,IdiSNA, Navarra Institute for Health Research, Irunlarrea 3, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
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32
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Kalra S, Mittal A, Bajoria M, Mishra T, Maryam S, Sengupta D, Ahuja G. Challenges and possible solutions for decoding extranasal olfactory receptors. FEBS J 2020; 288:4230-4241. [PMID: 33085840 DOI: 10.1111/febs.15606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2020] [Revised: 09/29/2020] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Olfactory receptors are primarily known to be expressed in the olfactory epithelium of the nasal cavity and therefore assist in odor perception. With the advent of high-throughput omics technologies such as tissue microarray or RNA sequencing, a large number of olfactory receptors have been reported to be expressed in the nonolfactory tissues. Although these technologies uncovered the expression of these olfactory receptors in the nonchemosensory tissues, unfortunately, they failed to reveal the information about their cell type of origin. Accurate characterization of the cell types should be the first step towards devising cell type-specific assays for their functional evaluation. Single-cell RNA-sequencing technology resolved some of these apparent limitations and opened new means to interrogate the expression of these extranasal olfactory receptors at the single-cell resolution. Moreover, the availability of large-scale, multi-organ/species single-cell expression atlases offer ample resources for the systematic reannotation of these receptors in a cell type-specific manner. In this Viewpoint article, we discuss some of the technical limitations that impede the in-depth understanding of these extranasal olfactory receptors, with a special focus on odorant receptors. Moreover, we also propose a list of single cell-based omics technologies that could further promulgate the opportunity to decipher the regulatory network that drives the odorant receptors expression at atypical locations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siddhant Kalra
- Department of Computational Biology, Indraprastha Institute of Information Technology, New Delhi, India, India
| | - Aayushi Mittal
- Department of Computational Biology, Indraprastha Institute of Information Technology, New Delhi, India, India
| | - Manisha Bajoria
- Department of Computational Biology, Indraprastha Institute of Information Technology, New Delhi, India, India
| | - Tripti Mishra
- Pathfinder Research and Training Foundation, Greater Noida, India
| | - Sidrah Maryam
- Department of Computational Biology, Indraprastha Institute of Information Technology, New Delhi, India, India
| | - Debarka Sengupta
- Department of Computational Biology, Indraprastha Institute of Information Technology, New Delhi, India, India.,Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Indraprastha Institute of Information Technology, New Delhi, India, India.,Centre for Artificial Intelligence, Indraprastha Institute of Information Technology, New Delhi, India.,Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Gaurav Ahuja
- Department of Computational Biology, Indraprastha Institute of Information Technology, New Delhi, India, India
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33
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Kurtz R, Steinberg LG, Betcher M, Fowler D, Shepard BD. The Sensing Liver: Localization and Ligands for Hepatic Murine Olfactory and Taste Receptors. Front Physiol 2020; 11:574082. [PMID: 33123030 PMCID: PMC7573564 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.574082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2020] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Sensory receptors, including olfactory receptors (ORs), taste receptors (TRs), and opsins (Opns) have recently been found in a variety of non-sensory tissues where they have distinct physiological functions. As G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), these proteins can serve as important chemosensors by sensing and interpreting chemical cues in the environment. We reasoned that the liver, the largest metabolic organ in the body, is primed to take advantage of some of these sensory receptors in order to sense and regulate blood content and metabolism. In this study, we report the expression of novel hepatic sensory receptors - including 7 ORs, 6 bitter TRs, and 1 Opn - identified through a systematic molecular biology screening approach. We further determined that several of these receptors are expressed within hepatocytes, the parenchymal cells of the liver. Finally, we uncovered several agonists of the previously orphaned hepatic ORs. These compounds fall under two classes: methylpyrazines and monoterpenes. In particular, the latter chemicals are plant and fungal-derived compounds with known hepatic protective effects. Collectively, this study sheds light on the chemosensory functions of the liver and unveils potentially important regulators of hepatic homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan Kurtz
- Department of Human Science, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, United States
| | - Lily G Steinberg
- Department of Human Science, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, United States
| | - Madison Betcher
- Department of Human Science, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, United States
| | - Dalton Fowler
- Department of Human Science, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, United States
| | - Blythe D Shepard
- Department of Human Science, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, United States
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Kalra S, Mittal A, Gupta K, Singhal V, Gupta A, Mishra T, Naidu S, Sengupta D, Ahuja G. Analysis of single-cell transcriptomes links enrichment of olfactory receptors with cancer cell differentiation status and prognosis. Commun Biol 2020; 3:506. [PMID: 32917933 PMCID: PMC7486295 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-020-01232-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Ectopically expressed olfactory receptors (ORs) have been linked with multiple clinically-relevant physiological processes. Previously used tissue-level expression estimation largely shadowed the potential role of ORs due to their overall low expression levels. Even after the introduction of the single-cell transcriptomics, a comprehensive delineation of expression dynamics of ORs in tumors remained unexplored. Our targeted investigation into single malignant cells revealed a complex landscape of combinatorial OR expression events. We observed differentiation-dependent decline in expressed OR counts per cell as well as their expression intensities in malignant cells. Further, we constructed expression signatures based on a large spectrum of ORs and tracked their enrichment in bulk expression profiles of tumor samples from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA). TCGA tumor samples stratified based on OR-centric signatures exhibited divergent survival probabilities. In summary, our comprehensive analysis positions ORs at the cross-road of tumor cell differentiation status and cancer prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siddhant Kalra
- Department of Computational Biology, Indraprastha Institute of Information Technology-Delhi (IIIT-Delhi), Okhla, Phase III, New Delhi, 110020, India
| | - Aayushi Mittal
- Department of Computational Biology, Indraprastha Institute of Information Technology-Delhi (IIIT-Delhi), Okhla, Phase III, New Delhi, 110020, India
| | - Krishan Gupta
- Department of Computational Biology, Indraprastha Institute of Information Technology-Delhi (IIIT-Delhi), Okhla, Phase III, New Delhi, 110020, India.,Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Indraprastha Institute of Information Technology-Delhi (IIIT-Delhi), Okhla, Phase III, New Delhi, 110020, India
| | - Vrinda Singhal
- Department of Computational Biology, Indraprastha Institute of Information Technology-Delhi (IIIT-Delhi), Okhla, Phase III, New Delhi, 110020, India
| | - Anku Gupta
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Indraprastha Institute of Information Technology-Delhi (IIIT-Delhi), Okhla, Phase III, New Delhi, 110020, India
| | - Tripti Mishra
- Pathfinder Research and Training Foundation, 30/7 and 8, Knowledge Park III, Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh, 201308, India
| | - Srivatsava Naidu
- Center for Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Ropar, Bara Phool, Birla Seed Farms, Rupnagar, Punjab, 140001, India
| | - Debarka Sengupta
- Department of Computational Biology, Indraprastha Institute of Information Technology-Delhi (IIIT-Delhi), Okhla, Phase III, New Delhi, 110020, India. .,Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Indraprastha Institute of Information Technology-Delhi (IIIT-Delhi), Okhla, Phase III, New Delhi, 110020, India. .,Centre for Artificial Intelligence, Indraprastha Institute of Information Technology, Okhla Phase III, New Delhi, 110020, India. .,Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia.
| | - Gaurav Ahuja
- Department of Computational Biology, Indraprastha Institute of Information Technology-Delhi (IIIT-Delhi), Okhla, Phase III, New Delhi, 110020, India.
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35
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Heimroth RD, Casadei E, Salinas I. Molecular Drivers of Lymphocyte Organization in Vertebrate Mucosal Surfaces: Revisiting the TNF Superfamily Hypothesis. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2020; 204:2697-2711. [PMID: 32238457 PMCID: PMC7872792 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1901059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2019] [Accepted: 02/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The adaptive immune system of all jawed vertebrates relies on the presence of B and T cell lymphocytes that aggregate in specific body sites to form primary and secondary lymphoid structures. Secondary lymphoid organs include organized MALT (O-MALT) such as the tonsils and Peyer patches. O-MALT became progressively organized during vertebrate evolution, and the TNF superfamily of genes has been identified as essential for the formation and maintenance of O-MALT and other secondary and tertiary lymphoid structures in mammals. Yet, the molecular drivers of O-MALT structures found in ectotherms and birds remain essentially unknown. In this study, we provide evidence that TNFSFs, such as lymphotoxins, are likely not a universal mechanism to maintain O-MALT structures in adulthood of teleost fish, sarcopterygian fish, or birds. Although a role for TNFSF2 (TNF-α) cannot be ruled out, transcriptomics suggest that maintenance of O-MALT in nonmammalian vertebrates relies on expression of diverse genes with shared biological functions in neuronal signaling. Importantly, we identify that expression of many genes with olfactory function is a unique feature of mammalian Peyer patches but not the O-MALT of birds or ectotherms. These results provide a new view of O-MALT evolution in vertebrates and indicate that different genes with shared biological functions may have driven the formation of these lymphoid structures by a process of convergent evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan D Heimroth
- Center for Evolutionary and Theoretical Immunology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131; and
- Department of Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131
| | - Elisa Casadei
- Center for Evolutionary and Theoretical Immunology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131; and
- Department of Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131
| | - Irene Salinas
- Center for Evolutionary and Theoretical Immunology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131; and
- Department of Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131
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Kırgezen T, Yücetaş U, Server EA, Övünç O, Yiğit Ö. Possible effects of low testosterone levels on olfactory function in males. Braz J Otorhinolaryngol 2020; 87:702-710. [PMID: 32345533 PMCID: PMC9422496 DOI: 10.1016/j.bjorl.2020.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2019] [Revised: 01/05/2020] [Accepted: 03/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Functions attributed to androgens have increased, ranging from the role in hypothalamic–pituitary–gonadal axis and reproductive behaviors to modulation of cognition, mood and some other functions. Sex differences and changes in circulating sex hormones affect human sensory function. In the literature, authors reported this kind of influence for olfaction predominantly in females. Objective To investigate the effects of low testosterone levels on olfactory functions in males, in this prospective clinical study. Methods Male patients diagnosed with prostate cancer were included. Thirty-nine patients with prostate cancer whose testosterone levels were lower than 50 ng/dL due to castration, were the study group. Thirty-one patients with prostate cancer who were not castrated with testosterone levels higher than 50 ng/dL were selected as the control group. Acoustic rhinometry and peak nasal inspiratory flow tests were performed for all participants; and for evaluation of olfactory function, both groups completed the Connecticut chemosensory clinical research center olfactory test. Results The mean ages of the patients and controls were 69.6 ± 7.2 (57–89) and 66.3 ± 5.8 (50–78) years, respectively (p = 0.039). There was a significant difference between groups in terms of testosterone levels (p < 0.0001). The multivariate logistic regression revealed testosterone level as the only predictive factor determining the difference between the groups. In terms of olfactory parameters, all scores were lower in the emasculated group (butanol threshold test p = 0.019, identification p = 0.059, and Connecticut center score p = 0.029) There was a significant correlation between testosterone levels and olfactory parameters (p = 0.023; p = 0.025 for identification and Connecticut center scores, respectively). Conclusion Low testosterone levels in males have negative effects on olfactory functions. Further molecular research is required to understand the connection between testosterone and olfaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tolga Kırgezen
- University of Health Sciences, Istanbul Training and Research Hospital, Department of Otorhinolaryngology/Head and Neck Surgery, Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - Uğur Yücetaş
- University of Health Sciences, Istanbul Training and Research Hospital, Department of Urology, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ela Araz Server
- University of Health Sciences, Istanbul Training and Research Hospital, Department of Otorhinolaryngology/Head and Neck Surgery, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Okan Övünç
- University of Health Sciences, Istanbul Training and Research Hospital, Department of Otorhinolaryngology/Head and Neck Surgery, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Özgür Yiğit
- University of Health Sciences, Istanbul Training and Research Hospital, Department of Otorhinolaryngology/Head and Neck Surgery, Istanbul, Turkey
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Marquet N, Cardoso JCR, Louro B, Fernandes SA, Silva SC, Canário AVM. Holothurians have a reduced GPCR and odorant receptor-like repertoire compared to other echinoderms. Sci Rep 2020; 10:3348. [PMID: 32098989 PMCID: PMC7042368 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-60167-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2019] [Accepted: 02/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Sea cucumbers lack vision and rely on chemical sensing to reproduce and survive. However, how they recognize and respond to environmental cues remains unknown. Possible candidates are the odorant receptors (ORs), a diverse family of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) involved in olfaction. The present study aimed at characterizing the chemosensory GPCRs in sea cucumbers. At least 246 distinct GPCRs, of which ca. 20% putative ORs, were found in a transcriptome assembly of putative chemosensory (tentacles, oral cavity, calcareous ring, and papillae/tegument) and reproductive (ovary and testis) tissues from Holothuria arguinensis (57 ORs) and in the Apostichopus japonicus genome (79 ORs). The sea cucumber ORs clustered with those of sea urchin and starfish into four main clades of gene expansions sharing a common ancestor and evolving under purifying selection. However, the sea cucumber ORs repertoire was the smallest among the echinoderms and the olfactory receptor signature motif LxxPxYxxxxxLxxxDxxxxxxxxP was better conserved in cluster OR-l1 which also had more members. ORs were expressed in tentacles, oral cavity, calcareous ring, and papillae/tegument, supporting their potential role in chemosensing. This study is the first comprehensive survey of chemosensory GPCRs in sea cucumbers, and provides the molecular basis to understand how they communicate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie Marquet
- CCMAR - Centre of Marine Sciences, University of Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, 8005-139, Faro, Portugal.
| | - João C R Cardoso
- CCMAR - Centre of Marine Sciences, University of Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, 8005-139, Faro, Portugal
| | - Bruno Louro
- CCMAR - Centre of Marine Sciences, University of Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, 8005-139, Faro, Portugal
| | - Stefan A Fernandes
- CCMAR - Centre of Marine Sciences, University of Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, 8005-139, Faro, Portugal
| | - Sandra C Silva
- CCMAR - Centre of Marine Sciences, University of Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, 8005-139, Faro, Portugal
| | - Adelino V M Canário
- CCMAR - Centre of Marine Sciences, University of Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, 8005-139, Faro, Portugal
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38
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Zhang R, Wang P, Yu S, Hansbro P, Wang H. Computerized screening of G-protein coupled receptors to identify and characterize olfactory receptors. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART A 2020; 83:9-19. [PMID: 32019429 DOI: 10.1080/15287394.2019.1709305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Olfactory receptors (ORs) are a group of G protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) that initiate chemical odorant signals. Although ORs are predominantly located in nasal epithelia to detect smell, these receptors are also present in peripherally in non-nasal organs/tissues. Since the quality of life and cognitive and sensorial features of sense of smell are worsened in multiple chemical sensitivity due to the interaction of ORs with offending compounds, it is important to not only differentiate these receptors from other GPCRs but also characterize these organelles to understand the underlying mechanisms of smelling disorders. The aim of this study was develop computerized programs to differentiate ORs from GPCRs. The computer program was developed on the basis of widely accepted basic algorithms. It is noteworthy that an accuracy of 95.5% was attained, a level not achieved using other established techniques for screening of ORs from GPCRs. The high accuracy rate indicates that this method of differential identification appears reliable. Our findings indicate that this novel method may be considered as a tool for identification and characterization of receptors which might aid in therapeutic approaches to human chemical-mediated sensitization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Zhang
- Xinjiang Laboratory of Minority Speech and Language Information Processing, Xinjiang Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumchi, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Pu Wang
- School of Health Sciences, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, Australia
| | - Shunbang Yu
- School of Health Sciences, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, Australia
| | - Philip Hansbro
- Faculty of Health and Medicine, HMRI, School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, Callaghan, Australia
| | - He Wang
- School of Health Sciences, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, Australia
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39
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Kiser JN, Clancey E, Moraes JGN, Dalton J, Burns GW, Spencer TE, Neibergs HL. Identification of loci associated with conception rate in primiparous Holstein cows. BMC Genomics 2019; 20:840. [PMID: 31718557 PMCID: PMC6852976 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-019-6203-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2019] [Accepted: 10/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Subfertility is a major issue facing the dairy industry as the average US Holstein cow conception rate (CCR) is approximately 35%. The genetics underlying the physiological processes responsible for CCR, the proportion of cows able to conceive and maintain a pregnancy at each breeding, are not well characterized. The objectives of this study were to identify loci, positional candidate genes, and transcription factor binding sites (TFBS) associated with CCR and determine if there was a genetic correlation between CCR and milk production in primiparous Holstein cows. Cows were bred via artificial insemination (AI) at either observed estrus or timed AI and pregnancy status was determined at day 35 post-insemination. Additive, dominant, and recessive efficient mixed model association expedited (EMMAX) models were used in two genome-wide association analyses (GWAA). One GWAA focused on CCR at first service (CCR1) comparing cows that conceived and maintained pregnancy to day 35 after the first AI (n = 494) to those that were open after the first AI (n = 538). The second GWAA investigated loci associated with the number of times bred (TBRD) required for conception in cows that either conceived after the first AI (n = 494) or repeated services (n = 472). Results The CCR1 GWAA identified 123, 198, and 76 loci associated (P < 5 × 10− 08) in additive, dominant, and recessive models, respectively. The TBRD GWAA identified 66, 95, and 33 loci associated (P < 5 × 10− 08) in additive, dominant, and recessive models, respectively. Four of the top five loci were shared in CCR1 and TBRD for each GWAA model. Many of the associated loci harbored positional candidate genes and TFBS with putative functional relevance to fertility. Thirty-six of the loci were validated in previous GWAA studies across multiple breeds. None of the CCR1 or TBRD associated loci were associated with milk production, nor was their significance with phenotypic and genetic correlations to 305-day milk production. Conclusions The identification and validation of loci, positional candidate genes, and TFBS associated with CCR1 and TBRD can be utilized to improve, and further characterize the processes involved in cattle fertility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer N Kiser
- Department of Animal Sciences and Center for Reproductive Biology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, United States
| | - Erin Clancey
- Department of Animal Sciences and Center for Reproductive Biology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, United States
| | - Joao G N Moraes
- Division of Animal Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States
| | - Joseph Dalton
- Department of Animal and Veterinary Science, University of Idaho, Caldwell, ID, United States
| | - Gregory W Burns
- Division of Animal Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States
| | - Thomas E Spencer
- Division of Animal Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States
| | - Holly L Neibergs
- Department of Animal Sciences and Center for Reproductive Biology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, United States.
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40
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Li M, Wang X, Ma RR, Shi DB, Wang YW, Li XM, He JY, Wang J, Gao P. The Olfactory Receptor Family 2, Subfamily T, Member 6 (OR2T6) Is Involved in Breast Cancer Progression via Initiating Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition and MAPK/ERK Pathway. Front Oncol 2019; 9:1210. [PMID: 31781505 PMCID: PMC6859866 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2019.01210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2019] [Accepted: 10/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer is the most common female malignancy worldwide, however its molecular pathogenesis still needs in-depth investigation. Here we first revealed that the olfactory receptor family 2, subfamily T, member 6 (OR2T6) was significantly over-expressed in breast cancer tissues compared with normal breast tissues. OR2T6 expression was tightly correlated with higher TNM staging, positive lymph node metastasis, and associated with poorer patients' overall and disease-free survival. And OR2T6 enhanced the proliferation, invasion, and migration ability of breast cancer cell lines in vitro (MCF-7 and MDA-MD-231). Mechanically, it promoted the expression of mesenchymal markers (Vimentin, N-cadherin, and β-catenin) while inhibited E-cadherin expression, suggesting that OR2T6 played a key role in the regulation of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) process. Moreover, the human gene expression microarray clarified that MAPK/ERK pathway could be initiated by OR2T6 at mRNA level, which was further confirmed at protein level by western blot analysis. Thus, we concluded that OR2T6, as a novel oncogene, contributed to the progression of breast carcinoma by the initiation of EMT and MAPK/ERK pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Li
- Key Laboratory for Experimental Teratology of the Ministry of Education and Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China.,Department of Pathology, Dezhou People's Hospital, Dezhou, China
| | - Xiao Wang
- Key Laboratory for Experimental Teratology of the Ministry of Education and Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China.,Department of Pathology, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Ran-Ran Ma
- Key Laboratory for Experimental Teratology of the Ministry of Education and Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China.,Department of Pathology, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Duan-Bo Shi
- Key Laboratory for Experimental Teratology of the Ministry of Education and Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China.,Department of Pathology, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Ya-Wen Wang
- Key Laboratory for Experimental Teratology of the Ministry of Education and Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Xiao-Mei Li
- Key Laboratory for Experimental Teratology of the Ministry of Education and Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Jun-Yi He
- Key Laboratory for Experimental Teratology of the Ministry of Education and Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China.,Department of Pathology, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Jun Wang
- Key Laboratory for Experimental Teratology of the Ministry of Education and Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Peng Gao
- Key Laboratory for Experimental Teratology of the Ministry of Education and Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China.,Department of Pathology, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, China
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Abstract
Olfactory and taste receptors are expressed primarily in the nasal olfactory epithelium and gustatory taste bud cells, where they transmit real-time sensory signals to the brain. However, they are also expressed in multiple extra-nasal and extra-oral tissues, being implicated in diverse biological processes including sperm chemotaxis, muscle regeneration, bronchoconstriction and bronchodilatation, inflammation, appetite regulation and energy metabolism. Elucidation of the physiological roles of these ectopic receptors is revealing potential therapeutic and diagnostic applications in conditions including wounds, hair loss, asthma, obesity and cancers. This Review outlines current understanding of the diverse functions of ectopic olfactory and taste receptors and assesses their potential to be therapeutically exploited.
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Development and utilization of human decidualization reporter cell line uncovers new modulators of female fertility. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 116:19541-19551. [PMID: 31501330 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1907652116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Failure of embryo implantation accounts for a significant percentage of female infertility. Exquisitely coordinated molecular programs govern the interaction between the competent blastocyst and the receptive uterus. Decidualization, the rapid proliferation and differentiation of endometrial stromal cells into decidual cells, is required for implantation. Decidualization defects can cause poor placentation, intrauterine growth restriction, and early parturition leading to preterm birth. Decidualization has not yet been systematically studied at the genetic level due to the lack of a suitable high-throughput screening tool. Herein we describe the generation of an immortalized human endometrial stromal cell line that uses yellow fluorescent protein under the control of the prolactin promoter as a quantifiable visual readout of the decidualization response (hESC-PRLY cells). Using this cell line, we performed a genome-wide siRNA library screen, as well as a screen of 910 small molecules, to identify more than 4,000 previously unrecognized genetic and chemical modulators of decidualization. Ontology analysis revealed several groups of decidualization modulators, including many previously unappreciated transcription factors, sensory receptors, growth factors, and kinases. Expression studies of hits revealed that the majority of decidualization modulators are acutely sensitive to ovarian hormone exposure. Gradient treatment of exogenous factors was used to identify EC50 values of small-molecule hits, as well as verify several growth factor hits identified by the siRNA screen. The high-throughput decidualization reporter cell line and the findings described herein will aid in the development of patient-specific treatments for decidualization-based recurrent pregnancy loss, subfertility, and infertility.
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Malik B, Elkaddi N, Turkistani J, Spielman AI, Ozdener MH. Mammalian Taste Cells Express Functional Olfactory Receptors. Chem Senses 2019; 44:289-301. [PMID: 31140574 PMCID: PMC6538964 DOI: 10.1093/chemse/bjz019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The peripheral taste and olfactory systems in mammals are separate and independent sensory systems. In the current model of chemosensation, gustatory, and olfactory receptors are genetically divergent families expressed in anatomically distinct locations that project to disparate downstream targets. Although information from the 2 sensory systems merges to form the perception of flavor, the first cross talk is thought to occur centrally, in the insular cortex. Recent studies have shown that gustatory and olfactory receptors are expressed throughout the body and serve as chemical sensors in multiple tissues. Olfactory receptor cDNA has been detected in the tongue, yet the presence of physiologically functional olfactory receptors in taste cells has not yet been demonstrated. Here we report that olfactory receptors are functionally expressed in taste papillae. We found expression of olfactory receptors in the taste papillae of green fluorescent protein-expressing transgenic mice and, using immunocytochemistry and real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction experiments, the presence of olfactory signal transduction molecules and olfactory receptors in cultured human fungiform taste papilla (HBO) cells. Both HBO cells and mouse taste papilla cells responded to odorants. Knockdown of adenylyl cyclase mRNA by specific small inhibitory RNA and pharmacological block of adenylyl cyclase eliminated these responses, leading us to hypothesize that the gustatory system may receive olfactory information in the periphery. These results provide the first direct evidence of the presence of functional olfactory receptors in mammalian taste cells. Our results also demonstrate that the initial integration of gustatory and olfactory information may occur as early as the taste receptor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bilal Malik
- Monell Chemical Senses Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Nadia Elkaddi
- Monell Chemical Senses Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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Adhikari S, Sharma S, Ahn SB, Baker MS. In Silico Peptide Repertoire of Human Olfactory Receptor Proteomes on High-Stringency Mass Spectrometry. J Proteome Res 2019; 18:4117-4123. [PMID: 31046287 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.8b00494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Human olfactory receptors (ORs) are seven-pass transmembrane G-protein coupled receptors (GPCR) involved in smell perception and many other signaling pathways. They are primarily expressed in the olfactory epithelium and ectopically expressed in several other organs and tissues. neXtProt contains 4 PE1 (protein existence 1, evidenced at the protein level) ORs, determined on the basis of either protein interaction data (i.e., OR1D4 and OR2AG1) or convincing genetic, haplotype, or biochemical data (i.e., OR1D2 and OR2J3). Not a single OR currently qualifies for neXtProt PE1 status based on mass spectrometry (MS) evidence. Many reasons for this absence of MS-based identification have been proposed, including (i) confined or spatiotemporal or developmental expression, (ii) low copy number, (iii) OR repertoire gene silencing, and (iv) limited tissue availability. OR transmembrane domains (TMDs) inherently limit MS identification because the hydrophobic nature restricts the access of trypsin to potential cleavage sites. Equally, the extremely low frequency or lack of accessible arginine and lysine residues in TMDs renders trypsin cleavage ineffective. Here, we demonstrate an analytical approach specifically focused on the hydrophilic (trypsin-accessible) domains of ORs [i.e., with all transmembrane segments and anchored peptides excluded). We predicted the ability of OR soluble (hydrophilic) domains to yield 2 or more >9 amino acids (aa) length unique mapping (unique to a protein only), non-nested (peptides with varying length at the N or C terminal but containing the same core sequence), leucine/isoleucine (I/L) switch examined (I and L have same mass and cannot be distinguished by MS) tryptic peptides. Our analysis showed that ∼58% of the human OR proteome could potentially generate tryptic peptides that satisfy current the Human Proteome Project data interpretation guidelines (version 2.1) when no missed cleavages are allowed and increases to ∼78% when one missed cleavage is allowed. The utilization of current biological data (adjuvant genomics, expression profile, transcriptomics, epigenome silencing data, etc.) and the adoption of a non-conventional proteomics approach (e.g., Confetti multiprotease digestion, CNBr cleavage of TMDs, and more-extreme chromatographic and MS methods) could aid in the detection of the remaining ORs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subash Adhikari
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine & Health Sciences , Macquarie University , Sydney , New South Wales 2109 , Australia
| | - Samridhi Sharma
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine & Health Sciences , Macquarie University , Sydney , New South Wales 2109 , Australia
| | - Seong Beom Ahn
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine & Health Sciences , Macquarie University , Sydney , New South Wales 2109 , Australia
| | - Mark S Baker
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine & Health Sciences , Macquarie University , Sydney , New South Wales 2109 , Australia
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Yuan S, Dahoun T, Brugarolas M, Pick H, Filipek S, Vogel H. Computational modeling of the olfactory receptor Olfr73 suggests a molecular basis for low potency of olfactory receptor-activating compounds. Commun Biol 2019; 2:141. [PMID: 31044166 PMCID: PMC6478719 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-019-0384-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2018] [Accepted: 03/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The mammalian olfactory system uses hundreds of specialized G-protein-coupled olfactory receptors (ORs) to discriminate a nearly unlimited number of odorants. Cognate agonists of most ORs have not yet been identified and potential non-olfactory processes mediated by ORs are unknown. Here, we used molecular modeling, fingerprint interaction analysis and molecular dynamics simulations to show that the binding pocket of the prototypical olfactory receptor Olfr73 is smaller, but more flexible, than binding pockets of typical non-olfactory G-protein-coupled receptors. We extended our modeling to virtual screening of a library of 1.6 million compounds against Olfr73. Our screen predicted 25 Olfr73 agonists beyond traditional odorants, of which 17 compounds, some with therapeutic potential, were validated in cell-based assays. Our modeling suggests a molecular basis for reduced interaction contacts between an odorant and its OR and thus the typical low potency of OR-activating compounds. These results provide a proof-of-principle for identifying novel therapeutic OR agonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuguang Yuan
- Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, 518055 China
- Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
- Laboratory of Biomodelling, Faculty of Chemistry & Biological and Chemical Research Centre, Uni-versity of Warsaw, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Thamani Dahoun
- Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Marc Brugarolas
- Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Horst Pick
- Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Slawomir Filipek
- Laboratory of Biomodelling, Faculty of Chemistry & Biological and Chemical Research Centre, Uni-versity of Warsaw, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Horst Vogel
- Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
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Yasi EA, Eisen SL, Wang H, Sugianto W, Minniefield AR, Hoover KA, Branham PJ, Peralta-Yahya P. Rapid Deorphanization of Human Olfactory Receptors in Yeast. Biochemistry 2019; 58:2160-2166. [PMID: 30977365 PMCID: PMC6482435 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.8b01208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Olfactory receptors are ectopically expressed (exORs) in more than 16 different tissues. Studying the role of exORs is hindered by the lack of known ligands that activate these receptors. Of particular interest are exORs in the colon, the section of the gastrointestinal tract with the greatest diversity of microbiota where ORs may be participating in host-microbiome communication. Here, we leverage a G-protein-coupled receptor (GPCR)-based yeast sensor strain to generate sensors for seven ORs highly expressed in the colon. We screen the seven colon ORs against 57 chemicals likely to bind ORs in olfactory tissue. We successfully deorphanize two colon exORs for the first time, OR2T4 and OR10S1, and find alternative ligands for OR2A7. The same OR deorphanization workflow can be applied to the deorphanization of other ORs and GPCRs in general. Identification of ligands for OR2T4, OR10S1, and OR2A7 will enable the study of these ORs in the colon. Additionally, the colon OR-based sensors will enable the elucidation of endogenous colon metabolites that activate these receptors. Finally, deorphanization of OR2T4 and OR10S1 supports studies of the neuroscience of olfaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily A Yasi
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry , Georgia Institute of Technology , Atlanta , Georgia 30332 , United States
| | - Sara L Eisen
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry , Georgia Institute of Technology , Atlanta , Georgia 30332 , United States
| | - Hanfei Wang
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry , Georgia Institute of Technology , Atlanta , Georgia 30332 , United States
| | - Widianti Sugianto
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry , Georgia Institute of Technology , Atlanta , Georgia 30332 , United States
| | - Anita R Minniefield
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry , Georgia Institute of Technology , Atlanta , Georgia 30332 , United States
| | - Kaitlyn A Hoover
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry , Georgia Institute of Technology , Atlanta , Georgia 30332 , United States
| | - Paul J Branham
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry , Georgia Institute of Technology , Atlanta , Georgia 30332 , United States
| | - Pamela Peralta-Yahya
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry , Georgia Institute of Technology , Atlanta , Georgia 30332 , United States.,School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering , Georgia Institute of Technology , Atlanta , Georgia 30332 , United States
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Di Pizio A, Behrens M, Krautwurst D. Beyond the Flavour: The Potential Druggability of Chemosensory G Protein-Coupled Receptors. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:E1402. [PMID: 30897734 PMCID: PMC6471708 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20061402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2019] [Revised: 03/08/2019] [Accepted: 03/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) belong to the largest class of drug targets. Approximately half of the members of the human GPCR superfamily are chemosensory receptors, including odorant receptors (ORs), trace amine-associated receptors (TAARs), bitter taste receptors (TAS2Rs), sweet and umami taste receptors (TAS1Rs). Interestingly, these chemosensory GPCRs (csGPCRs) are expressed in several tissues of the body where they are supposed to play a role in biological functions other than chemosensation. Despite their abundance and physiological/pathological relevance, the druggability of csGPCRs has been suggested but not fully characterized. Here, we aim to explore the potential of targeting csGPCRs to treat diseases by reviewing the current knowledge of csGPCRs expressed throughout the body and by analysing the chemical space and the drug-likeness of flavour molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonella Di Pizio
- Leibniz-Institute for Food Systems Biology at the Technical University of Munich, Freising, 85354, Germany.
| | - Maik Behrens
- Leibniz-Institute for Food Systems Biology at the Technical University of Munich, Freising, 85354, Germany.
| | - Dietmar Krautwurst
- Leibniz-Institute for Food Systems Biology at the Technical University of Munich, Freising, 85354, Germany.
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Genome-Wide Identification and Characterization of Olfactory Receptor Genes in Chinese Perch, Siniperca chuatsi. Genes (Basel) 2019; 10:genes10020178. [PMID: 30823620 PMCID: PMC6409572 DOI: 10.3390/genes10020178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2018] [Revised: 02/18/2019] [Accepted: 02/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Olfaction, which is mediated by olfactory receptor (OR) genes, is essential in the daily life of fish, especially in foraging. However, Chinese perch (Siniperca chuatsi) is believed to prey with reliance on vision and lateral sensation, but not on olfaction. Therefore, understanding the evolutionary dynamics of the Chinese perch OR repertoire could provide insights into genetic evidence for adapting to a decreasing reliance on olfaction. Here, we reported a whole-genome analysis of the Chinese perch OR repertoire. Our analysis identified a total of 152 OR genes, including 123 functional genes and 29 pseudogenes, and showed their genomic organization. A phylogenetic tree was constructed, and the phylogenetic relationships of teleosts ORs was illustrated. The dN/dS (global ratios of non-synonymous to synonymous) analysis demonstrated that OR groups all appeared to be under purifying selection. Among the five Percomorpha fishes, Chinese perch only had 22 subfamilies, suggesting a decrease in OR diversities. The species-specific loss of subfamily 56 and 66 in Chinese perch, of which the genes belonged to subfamily 66, were orthologs of OR51E2, which recognized the plant odorant β-ionone, indicating that extremely piscivorous fish which might lose those receptors responded to plant-related odors. Finally, the expression profiles of OR genes in the olfactory epithelium at different developmental stages were investigated using RNA-seq data. From the aforementioned results, the evolution of the OR repertoire may be shaped by the adaption of vision-dependent specializations for foraging in Chinese perch. The first systematic study of OR genes in Chinese perch could provide valuable genomic resources for the further investigation of olfactory function in teleosts.
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Sharma A, Kumar R, Aier I, Semwal R, Tyagi P, Varadwaj P. Sense of Smell: Structural, Functional, Mechanistic Advancements and Challenges in Human Olfactory Research. Curr Neuropharmacol 2019; 17:891-911. [PMID: 30520376 PMCID: PMC7052838 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x17666181206095626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2018] [Revised: 11/08/2018] [Accepted: 11/28/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Olfaction, the sense of smell detects and discriminate odors as well as social cues which influence our innate responses. The olfactory system in human beings is found to be weak as compared to other animals; however, it seems to be very precise. It can detect and discriminate millions of chemical moieties (odorants) even in minuscule quantities. The process initiates with the binding of odorants to specialized olfactory receptors, encoded by a large family of Olfactory Receptor (OR) genes belonging to the G-protein-coupled receptor superfamily. Stimulation of ORs converts the chemical information encoded in the odorants, into respective neuronal action-potentials which causes depolarization of olfactory sensory neurons. The olfactory bulb relays this signal to different parts of the brain for processing. Odors are encrypted using a combinatorial approach to detect a variety of chemicals and encode their unique identity. The discovery of functional OR genes and proteins provided an important information to decipher the genomic, structural and functional basis of olfaction. ORs constitute 17 gene families, out of which 4 families were reported to contain more than hundred members each. The olfactory machinery is not limited to GPCRs; a number of non- GPCRs is also employed to detect chemosensory stimuli. The article provides detailed information about such olfaction machinery, structures, transduction mechanism, theories of odor perception, and challenges in the olfaction research. It covers the structural, functional and computational studies carried out in the olfaction research in the recent past.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Pritish Varadwaj
- Address correspondence to this author at the Department of Applied Science, Indian Institute of Information Technology, Allahabad, Uttar Pradesh, India; E-mail:
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Maßberg D, Hatt H. Human Olfactory Receptors: Novel Cellular Functions Outside of the Nose. Physiol Rev 2018; 98:1739-1763. [PMID: 29897292 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00013.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Olfactory receptors (ORs) are not exclusively expressed in the olfactory sensory neurons; they are also observed outside of the olfactory system in all other human tissues tested to date, including the testis, lung, intestine, skin, heart, and blood. Within these tissues, certain ORs have been determined to be exclusively expressed in only one tissue, whereas other ORs are more widely distributed in many different tissues throughout the human body. For most of the ectopically expressed ORs, limited data are available for their functional roles. They have been shown to be involved in the modulation of cell-cell recognition, migration, proliferation, the apoptotic cycle, exocytosis, and pathfinding processes. Additionally, there is a growing body of evidence that they have the potential to serve as diagnostic and therapeutic tools, as ORs are highly expressed in different cancer tissues. Interestingly, in addition to the canonical signaling pathways activated by ORs in olfactory sensory neurons, alternative pathways have been demonstrated in nonolfactory tissues. In this review, the existing data concerning the expression, as well as the physiological and pathophysiological functions, of ORs outside of the nose are highlighted to provide insights into future lines of research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Désirée Maßberg
- Ruhr-University Bochum, Department of Cell Physiology , Bochum , Germany
| | - Hanns Hatt
- Ruhr-University Bochum, Department of Cell Physiology , Bochum , Germany
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