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Zareinejad M, Faghih Z, Ramezani A, Safaei A, Ghaderi A. Exploring heterogeneous expression of beta-actin (ACTB) in bladder cancer by producing a monoclonal antibody 6D6. BMC Urol 2024; 24:124. [PMID: 38867273 PMCID: PMC11167769 DOI: 10.1186/s12894-024-01489-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2023] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 06/14/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND To predict outcomes and identify potential therapeutic targets for cancers, it is critical to find novel specific biomarkers. The objective of this study was to search for and explore novel bladder cancer-associated protein biomarkers. METHODS A library of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) against the JAM-ICR cell line was first generated, and clones with high affinity were selected. Hybridomas were screened using bladder cancer (BLCA) cell lines and normal cells. The target of the selected mAb was then characterized through immunoaffinity purification, western blotting, and mass spectrometry analysis. Expression of the target antigen was assessed by flow cytometry and IHC methods. Several databases were also used to evaluate the target antigen in BLCA and other types of cancers. RESULTS Based on screenings, a 6D6 clone was selected that recognized an isoform of beta-actin (ACTB). Our data showed that ACTB expression on different cell lines was heterogeneous and varied significantly from low to high intensity. 6D6 bound strongly to epithelial cells while showing weak to no reactivity to stromal, endothelial, and smooth muscle cells. There was no association between ACTB intensity and related prognostic factors in BLCA. In silico evaluations revealed a significant correlation between ACTB and overexpressed genes and biomarkers in BLCA. Additionally, the differential expression of ACTB in tumor and healthy tissue as well as its correlation with survival time in a number of cancers were shown. CONCLUSIONS The heterogeneous expression of ACTB may suggest the potential value of this marker in the diagnosis or prognosis of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammadrasul Zareinejad
- Shiraz Institute for Cancer Research, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Zahra Faghih
- Shiraz Institute for Cancer Research, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Amin Ramezani
- Shiraz Institute for Cancer Research, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Advanced Medical Sciences and Technologies, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Akbar Safaei
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Abbas Ghaderi
- Shiraz Institute for Cancer Research, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
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2
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Sheng M, Zhang Y, Wang Y, Liu W, Wang X, Ke T, Liu P, Wang S, Shao W. Decoding the role of aberrant RNA alternative splicing in hepatocellular carcinoma: a comprehensive review. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2023; 149:17691-17708. [PMID: 37898981 DOI: 10.1007/s00432-023-05474-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 10/31/2023]
Abstract
During eukaryotic gene expression, alternative splicing of messenger RNA precursors is critical in increasing protein diversity and regulatory complexity. Multiple transcript isoforms could be produced by alternative splicing from a single gene; they could eventually be translated into protein isoforms with deleted, added, or altered domains or produce transcripts containing premature termination codons that could be targeted by nonsense-mediated mRNA decay. Alternative splicing can generate proteins with similar, different, or even opposite functions. Increasingly strong evidence indicates that abnormal RNA splicing is a prevalent and crucial occurrence in cellular differentiation, tissue advancement, and the development and progression of cancer. Aberrant alternative splicing could affect cancer cell activities such as growth, apoptosis, invasiveness, drug resistance, angiogenesis, and metabolism. This systematic review provides a comprehensive overview of the impact of abnormal RNA alternative splicing on the development and progression of hepatocellular carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengfei Sheng
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Yuanyuan Zhang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Yaoyun Wang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Weiyi Liu
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Xingyu Wang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Tiaoying Ke
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Pingyang Liu
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Sihan Wang
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, China
| | - Wei Shao
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.
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3
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Ferreira MJ, Silva J, Pinto SC, Coimbra S. I Choose You: Selecting Accurate Reference Genes for qPCR Expression Analysis in Reproductive Tissues in Arabidopsis thaliana. Biomolecules 2023; 13:biom13030463. [PMID: 36979397 PMCID: PMC10046263 DOI: 10.3390/biom13030463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2023] [Revised: 02/24/2023] [Accepted: 02/26/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) is a widely used method to analyse the gene expression pattern in the reproductive tissues along with detecting gene levels in mutant backgrounds. This technique requires stable reference genes to normalise the expression level of target genes. Nonetheless, a considerable number of publications continue to present qPCR results normalised to a single reference gene and, to our knowledge, no comparative evaluation of multiple reference genes has been carried out in specific reproductive tissues of Arabidopsis thaliana. Herein, we assessed the expression stability levels of ten candidate reference genes (UBC9, ACT7, GAPC-2, RCE1, PP2AA3, TUA2, SAC52, YLS8, SAMDC and HIS3.3) in two conditional sets: one across flower development and the other using inflorescences from different genotypes. The stability analysis was performed using the RefFinder tool, which combines four statistical algorithms (geNorm, NormFinder, BestKeeper and the comparative ΔCt method). Our results showed that RCE1, SAC52 and TUA2 had the most stable expression in different flower developmental stages while YLS8, HIS3.3 and ACT7 were the top-ranking reference genes for normalisation in mutant studies. Furthermore, we validated our results by analysing the expression pattern of genes involved in reproduction and examining the expression of these genes in published mutant backgrounds. Overall, we provided a pool of appropriate reference genes for expression studies in reproductive tissues of A. thaliana, which will facilitate further gene expression studies in this context. More importantly, we presented a framework that will promote a consistent and accurate analysis of gene expression in any scientific field. Simultaneously, we highlighted the relevance of clearly defining and describing the experimental conditions associated with qPCR to improve scientific reproducibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria João Ferreira
- LAQV/REQUIMTE, Biology Department, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre s/n, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
| | - Jessy Silva
- LAQV/REQUIMTE, Biology Department, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre s/n, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
- School of Sciences, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
| | - Sara Cristina Pinto
- LAQV/REQUIMTE, Biology Department, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre s/n, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
| | - Sílvia Coimbra
- LAQV/REQUIMTE, Biology Department, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre s/n, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
- Correspondence:
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4
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Ito M, Hiwasa T, Yajima S, Suzuki T, Oshima Y, Nanami T, Sumazaki M, Shiratori F, Li SY, Iwadate Y, Sugimoto K, Mori M, Kuwabara S, Takizawa H, Shimada H. Low anti-CFL1 antibody with high anti-ACTB antibody is a poor prognostic factor in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. Esophagus 2022; 19:617-625. [PMID: 35780443 DOI: 10.1007/s10388-022-00939-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2022] [Accepted: 06/19/2022] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cofilin (CFL1, actin-binding protein) and β-actin (ACTB) are key molecules in the polymerization and depolymerization of actin microfilaments. The levels of these antibodies were analyzed, and the clinicopathological significance in patients with esophageal carcinoma were evaluated. METHODS The levels of anti-CFL1 and anti-ACTB antibodies were analyzed in serum samples of patients with esophageal carcinoma and of healthy donors. Eighty-seven cases underwent radical surgery and the clinicopathological characteristics and prognosis was examined. RESULTS Serum anti-CFL1 antibody (s-CFL1-Ab) levels and anti-ACTB antibody (s-ACTB-Ab) levels were significantly higher in patients with esophageal carcinoma than in healthy donors. Following the receiver operating characteristic curve analysis between healthy donors and esophageal carcinoma, the sensitivity and specificity for serum anti-CFL1 antibody (s-CFL1-Ab) were 53.3% and 68.8%. The sensitivity and specificity for serum anti-ACTB antibody (s-ACTB-Ab) were 54.9% and 67.7%, respectively. Univariate and multivariate analysis showed that s-CFL1-Ab and s-ACTB-Ab levels were not associated with sex, age, tumor depth, lymph node metastasis, or anti-p53-antibody levels. s-ACTB-Ab levels but not s-CFL1-Ab levels significantly correlated with squamous cell carcinoma antigen. Neither s-CFL1-Ab nor s-ACTB-Ab levels alone were obviously related to overall survival. However, patients with low s-CFL1-Ab levels and high s-ACTB-Ab levels exhibited significantly more unfavorable prognoses than those with high s-CFL1-Ab and low s-ACTB-Ab levels. CONCLUSIONS Serum levels of anti-CFL1 and anti-ACTB antibodies were significantly higher in patients with esophageal carcinoma than in healthy donors. A combination of low anti-CFL1 and high anti-ACTB antibodies is a poor prognostic factor in esophageal carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaaki Ito
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery and Clinical Oncology, Toho University Graduate School of Medicine, 6-11-1 Omori-Nishi, Ota-ku, Tokyo, 143-8541, Japan
| | - Takaki Hiwasa
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery and Clinical Oncology, Toho University Graduate School of Medicine, 6-11-1 Omori-Nishi, Ota-ku, Tokyo, 143-8541, Japan.,Department of Neurological Surgery, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba, 260-8670, Japan
| | - Satoshi Yajima
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Toho University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takashi Suzuki
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Toho University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoko Oshima
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Toho University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tatsuki Nanami
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Toho University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Makoto Sumazaki
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Toho University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Fumiaki Shiratori
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Toho University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shu-Yang Li
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba, 260-8670, Japan
| | - Yasuo Iwadate
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba, 260-8670, Japan
| | - Kazuo Sugimoto
- Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, 260-8670, Japan
| | - Masahiro Mori
- Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, 260-8670, Japan
| | - Satoshi Kuwabara
- Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, 260-8670, Japan
| | - Hirotaka Takizawa
- Port Square Kashiwado Clinic, Kashiwado Memorial Foundation, Chiba, 260-0025, Japan
| | - Hideaki Shimada
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery and Clinical Oncology, Toho University Graduate School of Medicine, 6-11-1 Omori-Nishi, Ota-ku, Tokyo, 143-8541, Japan. .,Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Toho University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.
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5
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Casas AI, Hassan AA, Manz Q, Wiwie C, Kleikers P, Egea J, López MG, List M, Baumbach J, Schmidt HHHW. Un-biased housekeeping gene panel selection for high-validity gene expression analysis. Sci Rep 2022; 12:12324. [PMID: 35853974 PMCID: PMC9296577 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-15989-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2021] [Accepted: 07/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Differential gene expression normalised to a single housekeeping (HK) is used to identify disease mechanisms and therapeutic targets. HK gene selection is often arbitrary, potentially introducing systematic error and discordant results. Here we examine these risks in a disease model of brain hypoxia. We first identified the eight most frequently used HK genes through a systematic review. However, we observe that in both ex-vivo and in vivo, their expression levels varied considerably between conditions. When applying these genes to normalise expression levels of the validated stroke target gene, inducible Nox4, we obtained opposing results. As an alternative tool for unbiased HK gene selection, software tools exist but are limited to individual datasets lacking genome-wide search capability and user-friendly interfaces. We, therefore, developed the HouseKeepR algorithm to rapidly analyse multiple gene expression datasets in a disease-specific manner and rank HK gene candidates according to stability in an unbiased manner. Using a panel of de novo top-ranked HK genes for brain hypoxia, but not single genes, Nox4 induction was consistently reproduced. Thus, differential gene expression analysis is best normalised against a HK gene panel selected in an unbiased manner. HouseKeepR is the first user-friendly, bias-free, and broadly applicable tool to automatically propose suitable HK genes in a tissue- and disease-dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana I Casas
- Department of Neurology and Center for Translational Neuro- and Behavioural Sciences (C-TNBS), University Clinics Essen, Essen, Germany. .,Department of Pharmacology & Personalised Medicine, MeHNS, Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
| | - Ahmed A Hassan
- Department of Pharmacology & Personalised Medicine, MeHNS, Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Quirin Manz
- Faculty of Mathematics, Informatics and Natural Sciences, University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Christian Wiwie
- Department of Mathematics and Computer Science, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Pamela Kleikers
- Department of Pharmacology & Personalised Medicine, MeHNS, Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Javier Egea
- Molecular Neuroinflammation and Neuronal Plasticity Research Laboratory, Hospital Universitario Santa Cristina, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria-Hospital Universitario de la Princesa, Madrid, Spain.,Departamento de Farmacología, Instituto de I+D del Medicamento Teófilo Hernando (ITH), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Manuela G López
- Departamento de Farmacología, Instituto de I+D del Medicamento Teófilo Hernando (ITH), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Markus List
- Chair of Experimental Bioinformatics, TUM School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Jan Baumbach
- Faculty of Mathematics, Informatics and Natural Sciences, University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Harald H H W Schmidt
- Department of Pharmacology & Personalised Medicine, MeHNS, Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
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6
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Ahn HR, Baek GO, Yoon MG, Son JA, You D, Yoon JH, Cho HJ, Kim SS, Cheong JY, Eun JW. HMBS is the most suitable reference gene for RT-qPCR in human HCC tissues and blood samples. Oncol Lett 2021; 22:791. [PMID: 34584568 PMCID: PMC8461756 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2021.13052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Reverse transcription-quantitative (RT-q) PCR is the most feasible and useful technique for identifying and evaluating cancer biomarkers; however, the method requires suitable reference genes for gene expression analysis. The aim of the present study was to identify the most suitable reference gene for the normalization of relative gene expression in human hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) tissue and blood samples. First, 14 candidate reference genes were selected through a systematic literature search. The expression levels of these genes (ACTB, B2M, GAPDH, GUSB, HMBS, HPRT1, PGK1, PPIA, RPLP0, RPL13A, SDHA, TBP, TFRC and YWHAZ) were evaluated using human multistage HCC transcriptome data (dataset GSE114564), which included normal liver (n=15), chronic hepatitis (n=20), liver cirrhosis (n=10), and early (n=18) and advanced HCC (n=45). From the 14 selected genes, five genes, whose expression levels were stable in all liver disease statuses (ACTB, GAPDH, HMBS, PPIA and RPLP0), were further assessed using RT-qPCR in 40 tissues (20 paired healthy tissues and 20 tissues from patients with HCC) and 40 blood samples (20 healthy controls and 20 samples from patients with HCC). BestKeeper statistical algorithms were used to identify the most stable reference genes, of which HMBS was found to be the most stable in both HCC tissues and blood samples. Therefore, the results of the present study suggest HMBS as a promising reference gene for the normalization of relative RT-qPCR techniques in HCC-related studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hye Ri Ahn
- Department of Gastroenterology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon 16499, Republic of Korea.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ajou University Graduate School of Medicine, Suwon 16499, Republic of Korea
| | - Geum Ok Baek
- Department of Gastroenterology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon 16499, Republic of Korea
| | - Moon Gyeong Yoon
- Department of Gastroenterology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon 16499, Republic of Korea
| | - Ju A Son
- Department of Gastroenterology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon 16499, Republic of Korea.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ajou University Graduate School of Medicine, Suwon 16499, Republic of Korea
| | - Donglim You
- Department of Gastroenterology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon 16499, Republic of Korea.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ajou University Graduate School of Medicine, Suwon 16499, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung Hwan Yoon
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyo Jung Cho
- Department of Gastroenterology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon 16499, Republic of Korea
| | - Soon Sun Kim
- Department of Gastroenterology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon 16499, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Yeon Cheong
- Department of Gastroenterology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon 16499, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung Woo Eun
- Department of Gastroenterology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon 16499, Republic of Korea
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Bayat Z, Farhadi Z, Taherkhani A. Identification of potential biomarkers associated with poor prognosis in oral squamous cell carcinoma through integrated bioinformatics analysis: A pilot study. GENE REPORTS 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.genrep.2021.101243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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8
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Mahmood RI, Abbass AK, Razali N, Al-Saffar AZ, Al-Obaidi JR. Protein profile of MCF-7 breast cancer cell line treated with lectin delivered by CaCO 3NPs revealed changes in molecular chaperones, cytoskeleton, and membrane-associated proteins. Int J Biol Macromol 2021; 184:636-647. [PMID: 34174302 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.06.144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2021] [Revised: 06/16/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
The second most predominant cancer in the world and the first among women is breast cancer. We aimed to study the protein abundance profiles induced by lectin purified from the Agaricus bisporus mushroom (ABL) and conjugated with CaCO3NPs in the MCF-7 breast cancer cell line. Two-dimensional electrophoresis (2-DE) and orbitrap mass spectrometry techniques were used to reveal the protein abundance pattern induced by lectin. Flow cytometric analysis showed the accumulation of ABL-CaCO3NPs treated cells in the G1 phase than the positive control. Thirteen proteins were found different in their abundance in breast cancer cells after 24 h exposure to lectin conjugated with CaCO3NPs. Most of the identified proteins were showing a low abundance in ABL-CaCO3NPs treated cells in comparison to the positive and negative controls, including V-set and immunoglobulin domain, serum albumin, actin cytoplasmic 1, triosephosphate isomerase, tropomyosin alpha-4 chain, and endoplasmic reticulum chaperone BiP. Hornerin, tropomyosin alpha-1 chain, annexin A2, and protein disulfide-isomerase were up-regulated in comparison to the positive. Bioinformatic analyses revealed the regulation changes of these proteins mainly affected the pathways of 'Bcl-2-associated athanogene 2 signalling pathway', 'Unfolded protein response', 'Caveolar-mediated endocytosis signalling', 'Clathrin-mediated endocytosis signalling', 'Calcium signalling' and 'Sucrose degradation V', which are associated with breast cancer. We concluded that lectin altered the abundance in molecular chaperones/heat shock proteins, cytoskeletal, and metabolic proteins. Additionally, lectin induced a low abundance of MCF-7 cancer cell proteins in comparison to the positive and negative controls, including; V-set and immunoglobulin domain, serum albumin, actin cytoplasmic 1, triosephosphate isomerase, tropomyosin alpha-4 chain, and endoplasmic reticulum chaperone BiP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rana I Mahmood
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Baghdad University, Baghdad, Iraq; Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, Al-Nahrain University, Baghdad, Iraq
| | - Amal Kh Abbass
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Baghdad University, Baghdad, Iraq
| | - Nurhanani Razali
- Department of Hygienic Sciences, Kobe Pharmaceutical University, Motoyamakita-machi, Higashinada-ku, 658-8558, Kobe, Japan; Membranology Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, 1919-1 Tancha, Onna-son, Kunigami-gun, Okinawa, Japan, 904-0495
| | - Ali Z Al-Saffar
- Department of Molecular and Medical Biotechnology, College of Biotechnology, Al-Nahrain University, Baghdad, Iraq
| | - Jameel R Al-Obaidi
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science and Mathematics, Universiti Pendidikan Sultan Idris, 35900 Tanjong Malim, Perak, Malaysia.
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9
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Casper M, Linxweiler M, Linxweiler J, Zimmermann R, Glanemann M, Lammert F, Weber SN. SEC62 and SEC63 Expression in Hepatocellular Carcinoma and Tumor-Surrounding Liver Tissue. Visc Med 2021; 37:110-115. [PMID: 33977099 DOI: 10.1159/000513293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2020] [Accepted: 11/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction The endoplasmic reticulum transmembrane proteins Sec61, Sec62, and Sec63 are responsible for the intracellular trafficking of precursor proteins and affect intracellular signaling. SEC62 overexpression has been linked to various human cancers. Our aim was to investigate SEC62 and SEC63 expression in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and surrounding liver tissue. Patients and Methods Primary liver tissue was collected from 11 consecutive patients (70 ± 9 years; 10 men) who underwent HCC resection. In the HCC and the tumor-surrounding liver tissue we investigated SEC62 und SEC63 mRNA expression using quantitative real-time PCR. For Sec62, immunohistochemistry was performed. Results SEC62and SEC63 total mRNA contents were significantly (p = 0.001) higher in HCCs (CT 22.5 ± 0.4 and 22.6 ± 0.3) when compared to the surrounding tissue (CT 24.6 ± 0.6 and 25.1 ± 0.9). Using the comparative CTmethod, SEC62 and SEC63 expression in HCC was increased 5- and 8.1-fold, respectively, in comparison to surrounding tissue. For Sec62 immunohistochemistry, the mean immunoreactive scores (IRS) were 7.9 ± 2.9 for HCC and 4.8 ± 1.2 for non-tumorous liver (p = 0.027). The mean IRS in HCC were 5.7 ± 3.5 and 8.9 ± 2.3 for patients without (n = 3) and with tumor recurrence (n = 8), respectively. Conclusions Overexpression of SEC62 and SEC63 is a common feature of HCC. The role of Sec62 as a prognostic marker for tumor recurrence after surgery and its potential role in treatment stratification must be addressed in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Casper
- Department of Medicine II, Saarland University Medical Center, Homburg, Germany
| | - Maximilian Linxweiler
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Saarland University Medical Center, Homburg, Germany
| | - Johannes Linxweiler
- Department of Urology and Pediatric Urology, Saarland University Medical Center, Homburg, Germany
| | - Richard Zimmermann
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Saarland University Medical Center, Homburg, Germany
| | - Matthias Glanemann
- Department of Urology and Pediatric Urology, Saarland University Medical Center, Homburg, Germany
| | - Frank Lammert
- Department of Medicine II, Saarland University Medical Center, Homburg, Germany
| | - Susanne N Weber
- Department of Medicine II, Saarland University Medical Center, Homburg, Germany
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10
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De Re V, Tornesello ML, De Zorzi M, Caggiari L, Pezzuto F, Leone P, Racanelli V, Lauletta G, Zanussi S, Repetto O, Gragnani L, Rossi FM, Dolcetti R, Zignego AL, Buonaguro FM, Steffan A. PDCD1 and IFNL4 genetic variants and risk of developing hepatitis C virus-related diseases. Liver Int 2021; 41:133-149. [PMID: 32937024 PMCID: PMC7839592 DOI: 10.1111/liv.14667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2020] [Revised: 08/11/2020] [Accepted: 09/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Genetic variants of IFNL4 and PDCD1 genes have been shown to influence the spontaneous clearance of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection. We investigated the IFNL4 rs12979860 and the PDCD1 polymorphisms in 734 HCV-positive patients, including 461 cases with liver disease of varying severity and 273 patients with lymphoproliferative disorders to determine the association of these genes with patient's outcome. METHODS Expression levels of PDCD1 mRNA encoded by haplotypes were investigated by quantitative PCR in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) tissue and peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Flow cytometry was used to detect PD-1 and its ligand PD-L1. RESULTS The frequency of IFNL4 rs12979860 C/T or T/T genotypes was significantly higher in patients with HCV-related diseases than blood donors (P < .0001). Patients expressing the IFNλ4 variant with one amino acid change that reduces IFNλ4 secretion was found increased in frequency in HCV-related diseases compared to HCC PDCD1 mRNA levels in HCC tissue were significantly higher in cases carrying the PD-1.3 A or the PD-1.7 G allele (P = .0025 and P = .0167). Linkage disequilibrium (LD) between PD-1.3 and IFNL4 was found in patients with mixed cryoglobulinaemia (MC) only (LD = 0 in HCC; LD = 72 in MC). PBMCs of MC patients expressed low levels of PD-L1 in CD19+IgM+B cells and of PD-1 in CD4+T cells suggesting the involvement of regulatory B cell-T cell interaction to the pathogenesis of MC. CONCLUSION Collectively, our data indicate an important contribution of IFNλ4 expression to the development of HCV-related HCC and an epistatic contribution of IFNL4 and PDCD1 in MC. LAY SUMMARY Studies of IFNL4 and PDCD1 genes are helpful to better understand the role of host genetic factors and immune antigens influencing the outcome of HCV-related diseases. Our data support an association between the expression of IFNλ4, which prevents the expression of IFNλ3, with all the different HCV-related diseases studied, and besides, evidence that a higher IFNλ4 expression is associated with hepatocellular at a younger age. The expression pattern of low PD-L1 on B cells and high PD-1 on CD4+T-cells in patients with HCV-positive cryoglobulinaemia suggests a critical role of the PD-1/PD-L1 signaling in modulating B cell-T cell interaction in this lymphoproliferative disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valli De Re
- Immunopathology and Cancer Biomarkers/Bioproteomic facilityDepartment of Translational ResearchCentro di Riferimento Oncologico (CRO) IRCCSCancer InstituteAvianoItaly
| | - Maria Lina Tornesello
- Molecular biologyviral oncology Istituto Nazionale Tumori IRCCS "Fondazione G. Pascale"NapoliItaly
| | - Mariangela De Zorzi
- Immunopathology and Cancer Biomarkers/Bioproteomic facilityDepartment of Translational ResearchCentro di Riferimento Oncologico (CRO) IRCCSCancer InstituteAvianoItaly
| | - Laura Caggiari
- Immunopathology and Cancer Biomarkers/Bioproteomic facilityDepartment of Translational ResearchCentro di Riferimento Oncologico (CRO) IRCCSCancer InstituteAvianoItaly
| | - Francesca Pezzuto
- Molecular biologyviral oncology Istituto Nazionale Tumori IRCCS "Fondazione G. Pascale"NapoliItaly
| | - Patrizia Leone
- Biomedical Sciences and Human OncologyUniversity of Bari Medical SchoolBariItaly
| | - Vito Racanelli
- Biomedical Sciences and Human OncologyUniversity of Bari Medical SchoolBariItaly
| | - Gianfranco Lauletta
- Biomedical Sciences and Human OncologyUniversity of Bari Medical SchoolBariItaly
| | - Stefania Zanussi
- Immunopathology and Cancer Biomarkers/Bioproteomic facilityDepartment of Translational ResearchCentro di Riferimento Oncologico (CRO) IRCCSCancer InstituteAvianoItaly
| | - Ombretta Repetto
- Immunopathology and Cancer Biomarkers/Bioproteomic facilityDepartment of Translational ResearchCentro di Riferimento Oncologico (CRO) IRCCSCancer InstituteAvianoItaly
| | - Laura Gragnani
- Center for Systemic Manifestations of Hepatitis Viruses (MaSVE)Internal Medicine and Liver UnitDepartment of Experimental and Clinical MedicineCareggi University Hospital, Florence, ItalyFlorenceItaly
| | - Francesca Maria Rossi
- Clinical and Experimental Onco‐Hematology UnitCentro di Riferimento Oncologico (CRO) IRCCSAviano (PN)Italy
| | - Riccardo Dolcetti
- The University of Queensland Diamantina InstituteTranslational Research InstituteBrisbaneAustralia
| | - Anna Linda Zignego
- Center for Systemic Manifestations of Hepatitis Viruses (MaSVE)Internal Medicine and Liver UnitDepartment of Experimental and Clinical MedicineCareggi University Hospital, Florence, ItalyFlorenceItaly
| | - Franco M. Buonaguro
- Molecular biologyviral oncology Istituto Nazionale Tumori IRCCS "Fondazione G. Pascale"NapoliItaly
| | - Agostino Steffan
- Immunopathology and Cancer Biomarkers/Bioproteomic facilityDepartment of Translational ResearchCentro di Riferimento Oncologico (CRO) IRCCSCancer InstituteAvianoItaly
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11
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Yang H, Zhang L, Liu S. Determination of reference genes for ovine pulmonary adenocarcinoma infected lung tissues using RNA-seq transcriptome profiling. J Virol Methods 2020; 284:113923. [PMID: 32615131 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2020.113923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2019] [Revised: 02/25/2020] [Accepted: 06/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Ovine pulmonary adenocarcinoma (OPA) is a globally occurring tumor of lung epithelium which seriously affects the development of sheep farming. In our research, lung tissues of 3 naturally infected OPA individuals and 3 healthy individuals (2-4 years old) were collected. RNA was extracted for transcriptome analysis and reference gene selection. According to transcriptome analysis, 7 candidate reference genes (eukaryotic translation initiation factor 1, EIF1; glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, GAPDH; beta-actin, ACTB; GABA Type A receptor-associated protein, GABARAP; activating transcription factor 4, ATF4; ribosomal protein S15, RPS15; and Y-Box binding protein 1, YBX1) showed fragments per kilobase of transcript per million fragments mapped (FPKM) values > 200.0 and standard errors of the means (SEM) < 20.0. Expression of the above candidate reference genes was evaluated by Real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) combined with the analysis using GeNorm, NormFinder, and BestKeeper software. Comprehensive analysis of the results showed that ACTB was the most stable one, followed by EIF1 and GABARAP. Then, expression stability of the above three genes were validated, suggesting as suitable reference genes in sheep lung tissue, in additional 30 OPA-affected lung tissues and 10 healthy ovine lung tissues. Finally, our findings will be helpful for the subsequent study on the tumorigenic mechanism of OPA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Yang
- Veterinary Medicine College of Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Zhao Wu Da Road 306#, Hohhot 010018, People's Republic of China; Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Basic Veterinary Science, Hohhot 010018, People's Republic of China; Key Laboratory of Clinical Diagnosis and Treatment Technology in Animal Disease, Ministry of Agriculture, Hohhot 010018, People's Republic of China.
| | - Liang Zhang
- Veterinary Medicine College of Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Zhao Wu Da Road 306#, Hohhot 010018, People's Republic of China; Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Basic Veterinary Science, Hohhot 010018, People's Republic of China; Key Laboratory of Clinical Diagnosis and Treatment Technology in Animal Disease, Ministry of Agriculture, Hohhot 010018, People's Republic of China.
| | - Shuying Liu
- Veterinary Medicine College of Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Zhao Wu Da Road 306#, Hohhot 010018, People's Republic of China; Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Basic Veterinary Science, Hohhot 010018, People's Republic of China; Key Laboratory of Clinical Diagnosis and Treatment Technology in Animal Disease, Ministry of Agriculture, Hohhot 010018, People's Republic of China.
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12
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Identification of the possible therapeutic targets in the insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor pathway in a cohort of Egyptian hepatocellular carcinoma complicating chronic hepatitis C type 4. Drug Target Insights 2020; 14:1-11. [PMID: 33132693 PMCID: PMC7597224 DOI: 10.33393/dti.2020.1548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2020] [Accepted: 01/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Molecular targeted drugs are the first line of treatment of advanced hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) due to its chemo- and radioresistant nature. HCC has several well-documented etiologic factors that drive hepatocarcinogenesis through different molecular pathways. Currently, hepatitis C virus (HCV) is a leading cause of HCC. Therefore, we included a unified cohort of HCV genotype 4-related HCCs to study the expression levels of genes involved in the insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor (IGF1R) pathway, which is known to be involved in all aspects of cancer growth and progression. Aim: Determine the gene expression patterns of IGF1R pathway genes in a cohort of Egyptian HCV-related HCCs. Correlate them with different patient/tumor characteristics. Determine the activity status of involved pathways. Methods: Total ribonucleic acid (RNA) was extracted from 32 formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissues of human HCV-related HCCs and 6 healthy liver donors as controls. Quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) using RT2 Profiler PCR Array for Human Insulin Signaling Pathway was done to determine significantly up- and downregulated genes with identification of most frequently coregulated genes, followed by correlation of gene expression with different patient/tumor characteristics. Finally, canonical pathway analysis was performed using the Ingenuity Pathway Analysis software. Results: Six genes – AEBP1, AKT2, C-FOS, PIK3R1, PRKCI, SHC1 – were significantly overexpressed. Thirteen genes – ADRB3, CEBPA, DUSP14, ERCC1, FRS3, IGF2, INS, IRS1, JUN, MTOR, PIK3R2, PPP1CA, RPS6KA1 – were significantly underexpressed. Several differentially expressed genes were related to different tumor/patient characteristics. Nitric oxide and reactive oxygen species production pathway was significantly activated in the present cohort, while the growth hormone signaling pathway was inactive. Conclusions: The gene expression patterns identified in this study may serve as possible therapeutic targets in HCV-related HCCs. The most frequently coregulated genes may serve to guide combined molecular targeted therapies. The IGF1R pathway showed evidence of inactivity in the present cohort of HCV-related HCCs, so targeting this pathway in therapy may not be effective.
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13
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Reference Gene and Protein Expression Levels in Two Different NAFLD Mouse Models. Gastroenterol Res Pract 2020; 2020:1093235. [PMID: 32089674 PMCID: PMC7023843 DOI: 10.1155/2020/1093235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2019] [Revised: 12/23/2019] [Accepted: 01/06/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The expression levels of some reference genes and proteins are used for data normalization and quantification. However, these levels can change in response to experimental conditions or treatments. Aim. The aim of this work was to evaluate reference gene and protein expression in models of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, using mice fed with a high-fat diet (HFD) and mice that are genetically obese (ob/ob). Main Methods. Histological staining techniques were used to verify the morphology and quantify the amount of lipid droplets present in the liver. Real-time polymerase chain reaction and immunoblotting were employed for monitoring protein expression and gene expression levels, respectively. Key Finding. The results showed that there was a substantial increase in the amount of lipid droplets in the livers of HFD and ob/ob animals when compared to the standard diet (SD) group. There was an observed reduction in the expression of β-actin (10%), α-tubulin (6%), GAPDH (19%), and RPL3 (15%) genes when comparing the ob/ob group to the HFD group. Additionally, the ob/ob mice displayed GAPDH protein levels that were substantially, but not significantly, reduced when compared to SD. Significance. It was concluded that there are slight differences in the expression levels of reference genes and proteins in these two NAFLD animal models, and researchers should consider these alterations when working with these models.
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14
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Li Y, Ma H, Shi C, Feng F, Yang L. Mutant ACTB mRNA 3'-UTR promotes hepatocellular carcinoma development by regulating miR-1 and miR-29a. Cell Signal 2019; 67:109479. [PMID: 31846694 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2019.109479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2019] [Revised: 11/13/2019] [Accepted: 11/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, studies demonstrate that ACTB has been found to be associated with various tumors. Although ACTB is dysregulated in numerous cancer types, limited data are available on the potential function and mechanism of ACTB in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). This study evaluated the expression and biological roles of mutant ACTB mRNA 3'-UTR in HCC. Transcriptome sequence and qRT-PCR analysis determined that mutant ACTB mRNA '-UTR was high expression in tumor tissues. Luciferase reporter assay showed that the ACTB mRNA 3'-UTR mutations made it easier to interact with miR-1 and miR-29a. Moreover, mutant ACTB mRNA '-UTR regulated miR-1 and miR-29a degradation via AGO2. Furthermore, mutant ACTB mRNA 3'-UTR promoted hepatocellular carcinoma cells migration and invasion in vitro and in vivo by up-regulating miR-1 target gene MET and miR-29a target gene MCL1. In a word, our study demonstrates that 3'-UTR of ACTB plays a key role in the development of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and highlights the molecular mechanisms underlying such a complex process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Li
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Hongbin Ma
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Changying Shi
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Feiling Feng
- Department of Biliary I, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, Shanghai, China.
| | - Liang Yang
- Department of Radiation Center, Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 201204, China.
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15
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Patil V, Cuenin C, Chung F, Aguilera JR, Fernandez-Jimenez N, Romero-Garmendia I, Bilbao JR, Cahais V, Rothwell J, Herceg Z. Human mitochondrial DNA is extensively methylated in a non-CpG context. Nucleic Acids Res 2019; 47:10072-10085. [PMID: 31665742 PMCID: PMC6821263 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkz762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2019] [Revised: 08/19/2019] [Accepted: 08/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial dysfunction plays critical roles in cancer development and related therapeutic response; however, exact molecular mechanisms remain unclear. Recently, alongside the discovery of mitochondrial-specific DNA methyltransferases, global and site-specific methylation of the mitochondrial genome has been described. Investigation of any functional consequences however remains unclear and debated due to insufficient evidence of the quantitative degree and frequency of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) methylation. This study uses WGBS to provide the first quantitative report of mtDNA methylation at single base pair resolution. The data show that mitochondrial genomes are extensively methylated predominantly at non-CpG sites. Importantly, these methylation patterns display notable differences between normal and cancer cells. Furthermore, knockdown of DNA methyltransferase enzymes resulted in a marked global reduction of mtDNA methylation levels, indicating these enzymes may be associated with the establishment and/or maintenance of mtDNA methylation. DNMT3B knockdown cells displayed a comparatively pronounced global reduction in mtDNA methylation with concomitant increases in gene expression, suggesting a potential functional link between methylation and gene expression. Together these results demonstrate reproducible, non-random methylation patterns of mtDNA and challenge the notion that mtDNA is lowly methylated. This study discusses key differences in methodology that suggest future investigations must allow for techniques that assess both CpG and non-CpG methylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vibha Patil
- Epigenetics Group, International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), 69372 Lyon Cedex 08, France
| | - Cyrille Cuenin
- Epigenetics Group, International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), 69372 Lyon Cedex 08, France
| | - Felicia Chung
- Epigenetics Group, International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), 69372 Lyon Cedex 08, France
| | | | - Nora Fernandez-Jimenez
- Department of Genetics, Physical Anthropology and Animal Physiology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Biocruces-Bizkaia Health Research Institute, Leioa, Basque Country 48940, Spain
| | - Irati Romero-Garmendia
- Department of Genetics, Physical Anthropology and Animal Physiology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Biocruces-Bizkaia Health Research Institute, Leioa, Basque Country 48940, Spain
| | - Jose Ramon Bilbao
- Department of Genetics, Physical Anthropology and Animal Physiology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Biocruces-Bizkaia Health Research Institute, Leioa, Basque Country 48940, Spain
| | - Vincent Cahais
- Epigenetics Group, International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), 69372 Lyon Cedex 08, France
| | - Joseph Rothwell
- Nutritional Epidemiology Group, International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), 69372 Lyon Cedex 08, France
| | - Zdenko Herceg
- Epigenetics Group, International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), 69372 Lyon Cedex 08, France
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16
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de Lázaro I, Kostarelos K. Exposure to graphene oxide sheets alters the expression of reference genes used for real-time RT-qPCR normalization. Sci Rep 2019; 9:12520. [PMID: 31467336 PMCID: PMC6715796 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-48970-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2018] [Accepted: 08/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Studies unraveling the interactions between graphene oxide (GO) and the biological milieu, including cells and tissues, are multiplying quickly as the biomedical applications of this and other 2D materials continue to be explored. Many of such studies rely on real-time RT-qPCR as a powerful yet simple technique to assess gene expression. However, a systematic investigation of potential GO-induced changes in the expression of reference genes, crucial for appropriate qPCR data normalization, is still lacking. We aimed to cover this gap investigating the stability of the expression of ten candidate reference genes upon exposure to increasing, but subtoxic, GO concentrations, with two established algorithms (Bestkeeper and NormFinder). The study was performed in a human cancer cell line (MCF7) and in mouse, non-cancerous, primary cells (mouse embryonic fibroblasts, MEFs), to assess different behaviors between cell types. Both algorithms evidenced significant deviations in the expression of various reference genes. Ribosomal proteins scored among the most significantly dysregulated in both cell types. ACTB and GAPDH, the most frequent calibrators in real-time RT-qPCR, were also affected, although differences existed between cell lines. This study illustrates the need to validate reference genes for appropriate real-time RT-qPCR normalization, according to specific experimental conditions, when GO-cell interactions occur.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene de Lázaro
- Nanomedicine Lab, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, AV Hill Building, The University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK. .,National Graphene Institute, The University of Manchester, Booth Street E, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK. .,John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA. .,Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
| | - Kostas Kostarelos
- Nanomedicine Lab, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, AV Hill Building, The University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK.,National Graphene Institute, The University of Manchester, Booth Street E, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK
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17
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Krasnov GS, Kudryavtseva AV, Snezhkina AV, Lakunina VA, Beniaminov AD, Melnikova NV, Dmitriev AA. Pan-Cancer Analysis of TCGA Data Revealed Promising Reference Genes for qPCR Normalization. Front Genet 2019; 10:97. [PMID: 30881377 PMCID: PMC6406071 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2019.00097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2018] [Accepted: 01/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Quantitative PCR (qPCR) remains the most widely used technique for gene expression evaluation. Obtaining reliable data using this method requires reference genes (RGs) with stable mRNA level under experimental conditions. This issue is especially crucial in cancer studies because each tumor has a unique molecular portrait. The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) project provides RNA-Seq data for thousands of samples corresponding to dozens of cancers and presents the basis for assessment of the suitability of genes as reference ones for qPCR data normalization. Using TCGA RNA-Seq data and previously developed CrossHub tool, we evaluated mRNA level of 32 traditionally used RGs in 12 cancer types, including those of lung, breast, prostate, kidney, and colon. We developed an 11-component scoring system for the assessment of gene expression stability. Among the 32 genes, PUM1 was one of the most stably expressed in the majority of examined cancers, whereas GAPDH, which is widely used as a RG, showed significant mRNA level alterations in more than a half of cases. For each of 12 cancer types, we suggested a pair of genes that are the most suitable for use as reference ones. These genes are characterized by high expression stability and absence of correlation between their mRNA levels. Next, the scoring system was expanded with several features of a gene: mutation rate, number of transcript isoforms and pseudogenes, participation in cancer-related processes on the basis of Gene Ontology, and mentions in PubMed-indexed articles. All the genes covered by RNA-Seq data in TCGA were analyzed using the expanded scoring system that allowed us to reveal novel promising RGs for each examined cancer type and identify several "universal" pan-cancer RG candidates, including SF3A1, CIAO1, and SFRS4. The choice of RGs is the basis for precise gene expression evaluation by qPCR. Here, we suggested optimal pairs of traditionally used RGs for 12 cancer types and identified novel promising RGs that demonstrate high expression stability and other features of reliable and convenient RGs (high expression level, low mutation rate, non-involvement in cancer-related processes, single transcript isoform, and absence of pseudogenes).
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Affiliation(s)
- George S. Krasnov
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Alexey A. Dmitriev
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
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18
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Aicher S, Kakkanas A, Cohen L, Blumen B, Oprisan G, Njouom R, Meurs EF, Mavromara P, Martin A. Differential regulation of the Wnt/β-catenin pathway by hepatitis C virus recombinants expressing core from various genotypes. Sci Rep 2018; 8:11185. [PMID: 30046100 PMCID: PMC6060129 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-29078-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2018] [Accepted: 07/03/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Clinical studies have suggested association of some hepatitis C virus (HCV) subtypes or isolates with progression toward hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). HCV core protein has been reported to interfere with host Wnt/β-catenin pathway, a cell fate-determining pathway, which plays a major role in HCC. Here, we investigated the impact of HCV core genetic variability in the dysregulation of Wnt/β-catenin pathway. We used both transient expression of core proteins from clinical isolates of HCV subtypes 1a (Cambodia), 4a (Romania) and 4f (Cameroon) and infection systems based on a set of engineered intergenotypic recombinant viruses encoding core from these various clinical strains. We found that TCF transcription factor-dependent reporter activity was upregulated by core in a strain-specific manner. We documented core sequence-specific transcriptional upregulation of several β-catenin downstream target genes associated with cell proliferation and malignant transformation, fibrogenesis or fat accumulation. The extent of β-catenin nuclear translocation varied in accordance with β-catenin downstream gene upregulation in infected cells. Pairwise comparisons of subgenotypic core recombinants and mutated core variants unveiled the critical role of core residues 64 and 71 in these dysregulations. In conclusion, this work identified natural core polymorphisms involved in HCV strain-specific activation of Wnt/β-catenin pathway in relevant infection systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Aicher
- Institut Pasteur, Unit of Molecular Genetics of RNA Viruses, Paris, France.,CNRS UMR3569, Paris, France.,Université Paris Diderot-Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France.,Hellenic Pasteur Institute, Athens, Greece.,University of Patras, School of Health Sciences, Department of Pharmacy, Patras, Greece
| | | | - Lisette Cohen
- Institut Pasteur, Unit of Molecular Genetics of RNA Viruses, Paris, France.,CNRS UMR3569, Paris, France.,Université Paris Diderot-Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Brigitte Blumen
- Institut Pasteur, Unit of Molecular Genetics of RNA Viruses, Paris, France.,CNRS UMR3569, Paris, France.,Université Paris Diderot-Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Gabriela Oprisan
- Cantacuzino National Medical-Military Institute of Research and Development, Molecular Epidemiology Laboratory, Bucharest, Romania.,Titu Maiorescu University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
| | | | - Eliane F Meurs
- CNRS UMR3569, Paris, France.,Institut Pasteur, Unit of Hepacivirus and Innate Immunity, Paris, France
| | - Penelope Mavromara
- Hellenic Pasteur Institute, Athens, Greece.,Democritus University of Thrace, Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Alexandroupolis, Greece
| | - Annette Martin
- Institut Pasteur, Unit of Molecular Genetics of RNA Viruses, Paris, France. .,CNRS UMR3569, Paris, France. .,Université Paris Diderot-Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France.
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19
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Jovel J, Lin Z, O'keefe S, Willows S, Wang W, Zhang G, Patterson J, Moctezuma-Velázquez C, Kelvin DJ, Ka-Shu Wong G, Mason AL. A Survey of Molecular Heterogeneity in Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Hepatol Commun 2018; 2:941-955. [PMID: 30094405 PMCID: PMC6078210 DOI: 10.1002/hep4.1197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2017] [Revised: 04/11/2018] [Accepted: 04/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding the heterogeneity of dysregulated pathways associated with the development of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) may provide prognostic and therapeutic avenues for disease management. As HCC involves a complex process of genetic and epigenetic modifications, we evaluated expression of both polyadenylated transcripts and microRNAs from HCC and liver samples derived from two cohorts of patients undergoing either partial hepatic resection or liver transplantation. Copy number variants were inferred from whole genome low‐pass sequencing data, and a set of 56 cancer‐related genes were screened using an oncology panel assay. HCC was associated with marked transcriptional deregulation of hundreds of protein‐coding genes. In the partially resected livers, diminished transcriptional activity was observed in genes associated with drug catabolism and increased expression in genes related to inflammatory responses and cell proliferation. Moreover, several long noncoding RNAs and microRNAs not previously linked with HCC were found to be deregulated. In liver transplant recipients, down‐regulation of genes involved in energy production and up‐regulation of genes associated with glycolysis were detected. Numerous copy number variants events were observed, with hotspots on chromosomes 1 and 17. Amplifications were more common than deletions and spanned regions containing genes potentially involved in tumorigenesis. Colony stimulating factor 1 receptor (CSF1R), fibroblast growth factor receptor 3 (FGFR3), fms‐like tyrosine kinase 3 (FLT3), nucleolar phosphoprotein B23 (NPM1), platelet‐derived growth factor receptor alpha polypeptide (PDGFRA), phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN), G‐protein‐coupled receptors‐like receptor Smoothened (SMO), and tumor protein P53 (TP53) were mutated in all tumors; another 26 cancer‐related genes were mutated with variable penetrance. Conclusion: Our results underscore the marked molecular heterogeneity between HCC tumors and reinforce the notion that precision medicine approaches are needed for management of individual HCC. These data will serve as a resource to generate hypotheses for further research to improve our understanding of HCC biology. (Hepatology Communications 2018; 00:000‐000)
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Jovel
- Department of Medicine University of Alberta Edmonton Canada
| | - Zhen Lin
- Department of Medicine University of Alberta Edmonton Canada
| | - Sandra O'keefe
- Department of Medicine University of Alberta Edmonton Canada
| | - Steven Willows
- Department of Medicine University of Alberta Edmonton Canada
| | - Weiwei Wang
- Department of Medicine University of Alberta Edmonton Canada
| | - Guangzhi Zhang
- Department of Medicine University of Alberta Edmonton Canada
| | | | | | - David J Kelvin
- Division of Experimental Therapeutics University Health Network Toronto Canada
| | - Gane Ka-Shu Wong
- Department of Medicine University of Alberta Edmonton Canada.,Department of Biological Sciences University of Alberta Edmonton Canada.,BGI-Shenzhen Shenzhen China
| | - Andrew L Mason
- Department of Medicine University of Alberta Edmonton Canada
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20
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Selection of internal references for qRT-PCR assays of human hepatocellular carcinoma cell lines. Biosci Rep 2017; 37:BSR20171281. [PMID: 29180379 PMCID: PMC5741833 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20171281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2017] [Revised: 11/24/2017] [Accepted: 11/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Selecting internal references is important for normalizing the loading quantity of samples in quantitative reverse-transcription PCR (qRT-PCR). In the present study, a systematic evaluation of reference genes among nine hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cell lines was conducted. After screening the microarray assay data of ten HCC cell lines, 19 candidate reference genes were preselected and then evaluated by qRT-PCR, together with ACTB, GAPDH, HPRT1 and TUBB The expression evenness of these candidate genes was evaluated using RefFinder. The stabilities of the reference genes were further evaluated under different experimental perturbations in Huh-7 and MHCC-97L, and the applicability of the reference genes was assessed by measuring the mRNA expression of CCND1, CCND3, CDK4 and CDK6 under sorafenib treatment in Huh-7. Results showed that TFG and SFRS4 are among the most reliable reference genes, and ACTB ranks third and acts quite well as a classical choice, whereas GAPDH, HPRT1 and TUBB are not proper reference genes in qRT-PCR assays among the HCC cell lines. SFRS4, YWHAB, SFRS4 and CNPY3 are the most stable reference genes of the MHCC-97L under the perturbations of chemotherapy, oxidative stress, starvation and hypoxia respectively, whereas YWHAB is the most stable one of Huh-7 under all perturbations. GAPDH is recommended as a reference gene under chemotherapy perturbations. YWHAB and UBE2B, TMED2 and TSFM, and GAPDH and TSFM are the two best reference genes under oxidative stress, starvation and hypoxia perturbations respectively. TSFM is stable in both cell lines across all the perturbations.
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21
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Gene expression studies of reference genes for quantitative real-time PCR: an overview in insects. Biotechnol Lett 2017; 40:227-236. [DOI: 10.1007/s10529-017-2465-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2017] [Accepted: 10/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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22
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Carmona R, Arroyo M, Jiménez-Quesada MJ, Seoane P, Zafra A, Larrosa R, Alché JDD, Claros MG. Automated identification of reference genes based on RNA-seq data. Biomed Eng Online 2017; 16:65. [PMID: 28830520 PMCID: PMC5568602 DOI: 10.1186/s12938-017-0356-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Gene expression analyses demand appropriate reference genes (RGs) for normalization, in order to obtain reliable assessments. Ideally, RG expression levels should remain constant in all cells, tissues or experimental conditions under study. Housekeeping genes traditionally fulfilled this requirement, but they have been reported to be less invariant than expected; therefore, RGs should be tested and validated for every particular situation. Microarray data have been used to propose new RGs, but only a limited set of model species and conditions are available; on the contrary, RNA-seq experiments are more and more frequent and constitute a new source of candidate RGs. Results An automated workflow based on mapped NGS reads has been constructed to obtain highly and invariantly expressed RGs based on a normalized expression in reads per mapped million and the coefficient of variation. This workflow has been tested with Roche/454 reads from reproductive tissues of olive tree (Olea europaea L.), as well as with Illumina paired-end reads from two different accessions of Arabidopsis thaliana and three different human cancers (prostate, small-cell cancer lung and lung adenocarcinoma). Candidate RGs have been proposed for each species and many of them have been previously reported as RGs in literature. Experimental validation of significant RGs in olive tree is provided to support the algorithm. Conclusion Regardless sequencing technology, number of replicates, and library sizes, when RNA-seq experiments are designed and performed, the same datasets can be analyzed with our workflow to extract suitable RGs for subsequent PCR validation. Moreover, different subset of experimental conditions can provide different suitable RGs. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12938-017-0356-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosario Carmona
- Plant Reproductive Biology Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, Cell and Molecular Biology of Plants, Estación Experimental del Zaidín, CSIC, Granada, Spain
| | - Macarena Arroyo
- Servicio de Neumología, Hospital Regional Universitario de Málaga, Avda Carlos Haya s/n, Malaga, Spain
| | - María José Jiménez-Quesada
- Plant Reproductive Biology Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, Cell and Molecular Biology of Plants, Estación Experimental del Zaidín, CSIC, Granada, Spain
| | - Pedro Seoane
- Departamento de Biología Molecular y Bioquímica, Universidad de Málaga, Malaga, Spain
| | - Adoración Zafra
- Plant Reproductive Biology Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, Cell and Molecular Biology of Plants, Estación Experimental del Zaidín, CSIC, Granada, Spain
| | - Rafael Larrosa
- Departamento de Arquitectura de Computadores, Universidad de Málaga, Malaga, Spain
| | - Juan de Dios Alché
- Plant Reproductive Biology Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, Cell and Molecular Biology of Plants, Estación Experimental del Zaidín, CSIC, Granada, Spain
| | - M Gonzalo Claros
- Departamento de Biología Molecular y Bioquímica, Universidad de Málaga, Malaga, Spain.
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Fausto AKS, Silva TDF, Romanel E, Vaslin MFS. microRNAs as reference genes for quantitative PCR in cotton. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0174722. [PMID: 28414734 PMCID: PMC5393557 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0174722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2016] [Accepted: 03/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) is the most important non-food plant in the world. Studies concerning the fiber quality and plant fitness of cotton at molecular level depend on high sensitive and reproducible gene-expression assays. However, only a few reports have described genes suitable for normalizing gene expression data. In this study, we report for the first time that microRNAs (miRNAs) are reliable reference genes (RGs) for cotton gene expression normalization in quantitative real-time reverse transcription (RT)-PCR. The stability of cotton miRNAs was assayed in root, stem, leaf and flower samples from three different cultivars [FiberMax (FM966), Delta Opal (DO) and Cedro] and under conditions of biotic stress caused by infection with Cotton leafroll dwarf virus (CLRDV). The stability of mRNAs already described as reference genes in cotton was also assessed. The geNorm, NormFinder, BestKeeper and ΔCt algorithms were used to select the best reference genes. In 8 of the 12 sets tested, miRNAs (miR172, 168 and 390) were found to be the best RGs. To validate the best selected RGs, miR159, miR164, miR2118, miR2910, miR3476, GhDCL2 and GhDCL4 expression levels were evaluated under biotic stress conditions, and miR164 and a putative myo-inositol oxigenase gene (GhMIOX) were assessed in leaves and flowers. The RGs selected in this work proved to be excellent reference genes in the two cases studied. Our results support the use of miRNAs as reference genes for miRNA and protein-coding genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Karoline Silva Fausto
- Lab. Virologia Molecular Vegetal, Depto. Virologia, IMPPG, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, UFRJ, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | - Tatiane da Franca Silva
- Lab. Virologia Molecular Vegetal, Depto. Virologia, IMPPG, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, UFRJ, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
- Departamento de Biotecnologia, Escola de Engenharia de Lorena (EEL), Universidade de São Paulo (USP), Lorena, SP, Brasil
| | - Elisson Romanel
- Lab. Virologia Molecular Vegetal, Depto. Virologia, IMPPG, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, UFRJ, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
- Departamento de Biotecnologia, Escola de Engenharia de Lorena (EEL), Universidade de São Paulo (USP), Lorena, SP, Brasil
| | - Maite F. S. Vaslin
- Lab. Virologia Molecular Vegetal, Depto. Virologia, IMPPG, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, UFRJ, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
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24
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Ventura M, Martin L, Jaubert C, Andréola ML, Masante C. Hepatitis C virus intragenomic interactions are modulated by the SLVI RNA structure of the core coding sequence. J Gen Virol 2017; 98:633-642. [PMID: 28141507 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.000719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Michel Ventura
- Fédération de Recherche "TransbioMed", Bordeaux, France
- CNRS UMR 5234, Laboratoire MFP, Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux F-33076, France
| | - Lucie Martin
- CNRS UMR 5234, Laboratoire MFP, Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux F-33076, France
- Fédération de Recherche "TransbioMed", Bordeaux, France
| | - Chloé Jaubert
- CNRS UMR 5234, Laboratoire MFP, Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux F-33076, France
- Fédération de Recherche "TransbioMed", Bordeaux, France
| | - Marie-Line Andréola
- CNRS UMR 5234, Laboratoire MFP, Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux F-33076, France
- Fédération de Recherche "TransbioMed", Bordeaux, France
| | - Cyril Masante
- CNRS UMR 5234, Laboratoire MFP, Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux F-33076, France
- Fédération de Recherche "TransbioMed", Bordeaux, France
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25
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Jiang J, Creasy KT, Purnell J, Peterson ML, Spear BT. Zhx2 (zinc fingers and homeoboxes 2) regulates major urinary protein gene expression in the mouse liver. J Biol Chem 2017; 292:6765-6774. [PMID: 28258223 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.768275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2016] [Revised: 02/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The mouse major urinary proteins (Mups) are encoded by a large family of highly related genes clustered on chromosome 4. Mups, synthesized primarily and abundantly in the liver and secreted through the kidneys, exhibit male-biased expression. Mups bind a variety of volatile ligands; these ligands, and Mup proteins themselves, influence numerous behavioral traits. Although urinary Mup protein levels vary between inbred mouse strains, this difference is most pronounced in BALB/cJ mice, which have dramatically low urinary Mup levels; this BALB/cJ trait had been mapped to a locus on chromosome 15. We previously identified Zhx2 (zinc fingers and homeoboxes 2) as a regulator of numerous liver-enriched genes. Zhx2 is located on chromosome 15, and a natural hypomorphic mutation in the BALB/cJ Zhx2 allele dramatically reduces Zhx2 expression. Based on these data, we hypothesized that reduced Zhx2 levels are responsible for lower Mup expression in BALB/cJ mice. Using both transgenic and knock-out mice along with in vitro assays, our data show that Zhx2 binds Mup promoters and is required for high levels of Mup expression in the adult liver. In contrast to previously identified Zhx2 targets that appear to be repressed by Zhx2, Mup genes are positively regulated by Zhx2. These data identify Zhx2 as a novel regulator of Mup expression and indicate that Zhx2 activates as well as represses expression of target genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jieyun Jiang
- From the Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics,
| | | | - Justin Purnell
- From the Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics
| | - Martha L Peterson
- From the Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics.,Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, Kentucky 40536
| | - Brett T Spear
- From the Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, .,Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, and.,Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, Kentucky 40536
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26
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Esposti DD, Hernandez-Vargas H, Voegele C, Fernandez-Jimenez N, Forey N, Bancel B, Calvez-Kelm FL, McKay J, Merle P, Herceg Z. Identification of novel long non-coding RNAs deregulated in hepatocellular carcinoma using RNA-sequencing. Oncotarget 2016; 7:31862-77. [PMID: 26887054 PMCID: PMC5077982 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.7364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2015] [Accepted: 01/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Functional characterization of long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) and their pathological relevance is still a challenging task. Abnormal expression of a few long non-coding RNAs have been found associated with hepatocellular carcinoma, with potential implications to both improve our understanding of molecular mechanism of liver carcinogenesis and to discover biomarkers for early diagnosis or therapy. However, the understanding of the global role of lncRNAs during HCC development is still in its infancy. In this study, we produced RNA-Seq data from 23 liver tissues (controls, cirrhotic and HCCs) and applied statistical and gene network analysis approaches to identify and characterize expressed lncRNAs. We detected 5,525 lncRNAs across different tissue types and identified 57 differentially expressed lncRNAs in HCC compared with adjacent non-tumour tissues using stringent criteria (FDR<0.05, Fold Change>2). Using weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA), we found that differentially expressed lncRNAs are co-expressed with genes involved in cell cycle regulation, TGF-β signalling and liver metabolism. Furthermore, we found that more than 20% of differentially expressed lncRNAs are associated to actively transcribed enhancers and that the co-expression patterns with their closest genes change dramatically during HCC development. Our study provides the most comprehensive compendium of lncRNAs expressed in HCC, as well as in control or cirrhotic livers. Our results identified both known oncogenic lncRNAs (such as H19 and CRNDE) and novel lncRNAs involved in cell cycle deregulation and liver metabolism deficits occurring during HCC development.
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MESH Headings
- Adult
- Aged
- Aged, 80 and over
- Biomarkers, Tumor/genetics
- Biomarkers, Tumor/metabolism
- Carcinoma, Hepatocellular/genetics
- Carcinoma, Hepatocellular/metabolism
- Carcinoma, Hepatocellular/pathology
- Female
- Gene Expression Profiling/methods
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic
- Gene Regulatory Networks
- Humans
- Liver Neoplasms/genetics
- Liver Neoplasms/metabolism
- Liver Neoplasms/pathology
- Male
- Middle Aged
- RNA, Long Noncoding/genetics
- RNA, Long Noncoding/metabolism
- RNA, Neoplasm/genetics
- RNA, Neoplasm/metabolism
- Sequence Analysis, RNA
- Signal Transduction
- Transcriptome
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Affiliation(s)
- Davide Degli Esposti
- Epigenetics Group, International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), Lyon, France
| | | | - Catherine Voegele
- Genetic Cancer Susceptibility Group, International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), Lyon, France
| | | | - Nathalie Forey
- Genetic Cancer Susceptibility Group, International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), Lyon, France
| | - Brigitte Bancel
- Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon, UMR INSERM 1052, CNRS 5286, Lyon Cedex, France
- Hospices Civils de Lyon, Service d'Anatomopathologie, Groupement Hospitalier Lyon Nord, Lyon, France
| | - Florence Le Calvez-Kelm
- Genetic Cancer Susceptibility Group, International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), Lyon, France
| | - James McKay
- Genetic Cancer Susceptibility Group, International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), Lyon, France
| | - Philippe Merle
- Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon, UMR INSERM 1052, CNRS 5286, Lyon Cedex, France
- Hospices Civils de Lyon, Service d'Hépatologie et de Gastroentérologie, Groupement Hospitalier Lyon Nord, Lyon, France
| | - Zdenko Herceg
- Epigenetics Group, International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), Lyon, France
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Creasy KT, Jiang J, Ren H, Peterson ML, Spear BT. Zinc Fingers and Homeoboxes 2 (Zhx2) Regulates Sexually Dimorphic Cyp Gene Expression in the Adult Mouse Liver. Gene Expr 2016; 17:7-17. [PMID: 27197076 PMCID: PMC5518317 DOI: 10.3727/105221616x691712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The mammalian cytochrome P450 (Cyp) gene family encodes a large number of structurally related enzymes that catalyze a variety of metabolic and detoxification reactions. The liver is the primary site of Cyp expression in terms of expression levels and number of expressed genes, consistent with this organ's essential role in metabolism of endogenous and xenobiotic compounds. Many Cyp genes exhibit sexually dimorphic expression. For example, Cyp2a4 is expressed significantly higher in the adult liver of female mice compared to male mice. An exception to this pattern is seen in BALB/cJ mice, where male hepatic Cyp2a4 mRNA levels are substantially elevated compared to male mice of other strains. The Zinc fingers and homeoboxes 2 (Zhx2) protein governs the silencing of several genes in the postnatal liver, including α-fetoprotein, H19, and glypican 3. Zhx2 also regulates numerous hepatic genes that govern lipid homeostasis. We previously showed that the Zhx2 gene is mutated in BALB/cJ mice, which led us to consider whether elevated male hepatic Cyp2a4 levels in this strain are due to this Zhx2 mutation. Using mice with a conditional Zhx2 deletion, we show here that the absence of Zhx2 in hepatocytes results in increased Cyp2a4 expression in adult male liver. We extend this finding to show that additional Cyp genes are disregulated in the absence of Zhx2. We also show that mRNA levels of Cyp2a4 and several other female-biased Cyp genes are increased, and male-biased Cyp4a12 is decreased in mouse liver tumors. These data indicate that Zhx2 is a novel regulator of sex-biased Cyp gene expression in the normal and diseased liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kate Townsend Creasy
- *Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Jieyun Jiang
- †Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Hui Ren
- †Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Martha L. Peterson
- †Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
- ‡Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Brett T. Spear
- †Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
- ‡Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
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28
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Sharan RN, Vaiphei ST, Nongrum S, Keppen J, Ksoo M. Consensus reference gene(s) for gene expression studies in human cancers: end of the tunnel visible? Cell Oncol (Dordr) 2015; 38:419-31. [PMID: 26384826 DOI: 10.1007/s13402-015-0244-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/07/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gene expression studies are increasingly used to provide valuable information on the diagnosis and prognosis of human cancers. Also, for in vitro and in vivo experimental cancer models gene expression studies are widely used. The complex algorithms of differential gene expression analyses require normalization of data against a reference or normalizer gene, or a set of such genes. For this purpose, mostly invariant housekeeping genes are used. Unfortunately, however, there are no consensus (housekeeping) genes that serve as reference or normalizer for different human cancers. In fact, scientists have employed a wide range of reference genes across different types of cancer for normalization of gene expression data. As a consequence, comparisons of these data and/or data harmonizations are difficult to perform and challenging. In addition, an inadequate choice for a reference gene may obscure genuine changes and/or result in erroneous gene expression data comparisons. METHODS In our effort to highlight the importance of selecting the most appropriate reference gene(s), we have screened the literature for gene expression studies published since the turn of the century on thirteen of the most prevalent human cancers worldwide. CONCLUSIONS Based on the analysis of the data at hand, we firstly recommend that in each study the suitability of candidate reference gene(s) should carefully be evaluated in order to yield reliable differential gene expression data. Secondly, we recommend that a combination of PPIA and either GAPDH, ACTB, HPRT and TBP, or appropriate combinations of two or three of these genes, should be employed in future studies, to ensure that results from different studies on different human cancers can be harmonized. This approach will ultimately increase the depth of our understanding of gene expression signatures across human cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- R N Sharan
- Radiation and Molecular Biology Unit, Department of Biochemistry, North-Eastern Hill University (NEHU), Shillong, 793022, India.
| | - S Thangminlal Vaiphei
- Radiation and Molecular Biology Unit, Department of Biochemistry, North-Eastern Hill University (NEHU), Shillong, 793022, India
| | - Saibadaiahun Nongrum
- Radiation and Molecular Biology Unit, Department of Biochemistry, North-Eastern Hill University (NEHU), Shillong, 793022, India
| | - Joshua Keppen
- Radiation and Molecular Biology Unit, Department of Biochemistry, North-Eastern Hill University (NEHU), Shillong, 793022, India
| | - Mandahakani Ksoo
- Radiation and Molecular Biology Unit, Department of Biochemistry, North-Eastern Hill University (NEHU), Shillong, 793022, India
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29
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Sajadian SO, Ehnert S, Vakilian H, Koutsouraki E, Damm G, Seehofer D, Thasler W, Dooley S, Baharvand H, Sipos B, Nussler AK. Induction of active demethylation and 5hmC formation by 5-azacytidine is TET2 dependent and suggests new treatment strategies against hepatocellular carcinoma. Clin Epigenetics 2015; 7:98. [PMID: 26366235 PMCID: PMC4567821 DOI: 10.1186/s13148-015-0133-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2015] [Accepted: 09/04/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Global deregulation of DNA methylation is one of the crucial causes of hepato cellular carcinoma (HCC). It has been reported that the anti-cancer drug 5-azacytidine (5-AZA) mediates the activation of tumor suppressor genes through passive demethylation by inhibiting DNMT1. Recent evidence suggests that active demethylation which is mediated by ten-eleven translocation (TET) proteins may also be an important step to control global methylation. However, there exists a controversial discussion in which TET proteins are involved in the demethylation process in HCC. Therefore, we firstly wanted to identify which of the TETs are involved in demethylation and later to study whether or not 5-AZA could trigger the TET-dependent active demethylation process in HCC. HCC cell lines (Huh-7, HLE, HLF), primary human hepatocytes (hHeps), and tissues from both healthy (55 patients) and HCC patients (55 patients) were included in this study; mRNA levels of isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH1, 2) and TETs (TET1-3) were studied via qPCR and confirmed by Western blot. The expression of 5hmC/5mC was determined by immunohistochemistry in human HCC tissues and the corresponding adjacent healthy liver. HCC cell lines were stimulated with 5-AZA (0-20 μM) and viability (Resazurin conversion), toxicity (LDH release), proliferation (PCNA), and 5hmC/5mC distribution were assessed. In addition, knockdown experiments on TET proteins in HCC cell lines using short interference RNAs (siRNAs), in the presence and absence of 5-AZA, were performed. RESULTS Our data applying qPCR, immunofluorescence, and Western blotting clearly show that TET2 and TET3 but not TET1 were significantly decreased in HCC tissue and different HCC cell lines compared to non-tumor liver tissues and hHeps. In addition, we show here for the first time applying knockdown experiments that 5-AZA is able to trigger an active TET2-dependent demethylation process with concomitant significant changes in 5hmC/5mC in HCC cell lines and hHeps. CONCLUSIONS Our data clearly show that the expression and activity of TET2 and TET3 proteins but not TET1 are impaired in hepatocellular carcinoma leading to the reduction of 5hmC in HCCs. Furthermore, this study identified a novel function of 5-azacytidine in promoting a TET-mediated generation of 5hmC suggesting that the availability of 5-AZA in cancer cells will have various effects on different epigenetic targets. These findings may open new therapeutic strategies for epigenetic drugs to treat HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sahar Olsadat Sajadian
- />Eberhard-Karls University Tübingen, BG Trauma Clinic, SWI, Schnarrenbergstraße 95, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Sabrina Ehnert
- />Eberhard-Karls University Tübingen, BG Trauma Clinic, SWI, Schnarrenbergstraße 95, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Haghighat Vakilian
- />Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology at the Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | - Eirini Koutsouraki
- />Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, Chancellor’s Building 49 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Georg Damm
- />Department of General Surgery, Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Daniel Seehofer
- />Department of General Surgery, Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Thasler
- />Department of General, Visceral, Transplantation, Vascular, and Thoracic Surgery, University of Munich, Campus Grosshadern, Munich, Germany
| | - Steven Dooley
- />Section Molecular Hepatology, Department of Medicine II, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Hossein Baharvand
- />Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology at the Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | - Bence Sipos
- />Department of Pathology, Eberhard-Karls University Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Andreas K. Nussler
- />Eberhard-Karls University Tübingen, BG Trauma Clinic, SWI, Schnarrenbergstraße 95, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
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Hao L, Zhou X, Liu S, Sun M, Song Y, Du S, Sun B, Guo C, Gong L, Hu J, Guan H, Shao S. Elevated GAPDH expression is associated with the proliferation and invasion of lung and esophageal squamous cell carcinomas. Proteomics 2015; 15:3087-100. [PMID: 25944651 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.201400577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2014] [Revised: 03/23/2015] [Accepted: 04/30/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, is one of the most investigated housekeeping genes and widely used as an internal control in analysis of gene expression levels. The present study was designed to assess whether GAPDH is associated with cancer cell growth and progression and, therefore may not be a good internal control in cancer research. Our results from clinical tissue studies showed that the levels of GAPDH protein were significantly up-regulated in lung squamous cell carcinoma tissues, compared with the adjacent normal lung tissues, and this was confirmed by western blotting and immunohistochemistry. GAPDH knockdown by siRNA resulted in significant reductions in proliferation, migration, and invasion of lung squamous carcinoma cells in vitro. In a nude mouse cancer xenograft model, GAPDH knockdown significantly inhibited the cell proliferation and migration/invasion in vivo. In summary, GAPDH may not be an appropriate internal control for gene expression studies, especially in cancer research. The role of GAPDH in cancer development and progression should be further examined in pre-clinical and clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lihong Hao
- Key Laboratory for Proteomics of Liaoning Province, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, P. R. China
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, P. R. China
| | - Xin Zhou
- Key Laboratory for Proteomics of Liaoning Province, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, P. R. China
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, P. R. China
| | - Shuqing Liu
- Key Laboratory for Proteomics of Liaoning Province, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, P. R. China
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, P. R. China
| | - Mingzhong Sun
- Key Laboratory for Proteomics of Liaoning Province, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, P. R. China
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, P. R. China
| | - Yang Song
- Key Laboratory for Proteomics of Liaoning Province, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, P. R. China
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, P. R. China
| | - Sha Du
- Key Laboratory for Proteomics of Liaoning Province, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, P. R. China
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, P. R. China
| | - Bing Sun
- Department of Chest Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, P. R. China
| | - Chunmei Guo
- Key Laboratory for Proteomics of Liaoning Province, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, P. R. China
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, P. R. China
| | - Linlin Gong
- Key Laboratory for Proteomics of Liaoning Province, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, P. R. China
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, P. R. China
| | - Jun Hu
- Key Laboratory for Proteomics of Liaoning Province, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, P. R. China
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, P. R. China
| | - Hongwei Guan
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, P. R. China
| | - Shujuan Shao
- Key Laboratory for Proteomics of Liaoning Province, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, P. R. China
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, P. R. China
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31
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Thuring C, Follin E, Geironson L, Freyhult E, Junghans V, Harndahl M, Buus S, Paulsson KM. HLA class I is most tightly linked to levels of tapasin compared with other antigen-processing proteins in glioblastoma. Br J Cancer 2015; 113:952-62. [PMID: 26313662 PMCID: PMC4578088 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.2015.297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2014] [Revised: 07/15/2014] [Accepted: 07/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Tumour cells can evade the immune system by dysregulation of human leukocyte antigens (HLA-I). Low quantity and/or altered quality of HLA-I cell surface expression is the result of either HLA-I alterations or dysregulations of proteins of the antigen-processing machinery (APM). Tapasin is an APM protein dedicated to the maturation of HLA-I and dysregulation of tapasin has been linked to higher malignancy in several different tumours. Methods: We studied the expression of APM components and HLA-I, as well as HLA-I tapasin-dependency profiles in glioblastoma tissues and corresponding cell lines. Results: Tapasin displayed the strongest correlation to HLA-I heavy chain but also clustered with β2-microglobulin, transporter associated with antigen processing (TAP) and LMP. Moreover, tapasin also correlated to survival of glioblastoma patients. Some APM components, for example, TAP1/TAP2 and LMP2/LMP7, showed variable but coordinated expression, whereas ERAP1/ERAP2 displayed an imbalanced expression pattern. Furthermore, analysis of HLA-I profiles revealed variable tapasin dependence of HLA-I allomorphs in glioblastoma patients. Conclusions: Expression of APM proteins is highly variable between glioblastomas. Tapasin stands out as the APM component strongest correlated to HLA-I expression and we proved that HLA-I profiles in glioblastoma patients include tapasin-dependent allomorphs. The level of tapasin was also correlated with patient survival time. Our results support the need for individualisation of immunotherapy protocols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camilla Thuring
- Immunology Section, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, SE-221 84 Lund, Sweden
| | - Elna Follin
- Immunology Section, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, SE-221 84 Lund, Sweden
| | - Linda Geironson
- Immunology Section, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, SE-221 84 Lund, Sweden
| | - Eva Freyhult
- Science for Life Laboratory, Bioinformatics Infrastructure for Life Sciences, Department of Medical Sciences, Cancer Pharmacology and Computational Medicine, Uppsala University, SE-751 05 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Victoria Junghans
- Immunology Section, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, SE-221 84 Lund, Sweden
| | - Mikkel Harndahl
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Institute of International Health, Immunology and Microbiology, DK-2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Søren Buus
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Institute of International Health, Immunology and Microbiology, DK-2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Kajsa M Paulsson
- Immunology Section, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, SE-221 84 Lund, Sweden
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Gunes A, Iscan E, Topel H, Avci ST, Gumustekin M, Erdal E, Atabey N. Heparin treatment increases thioredoxin interacting protein expression in hepatocellular carcinoma cells. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2015; 65:169-81. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2015.05.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2015] [Revised: 04/30/2015] [Accepted: 05/28/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Ondondo B, Colbeck E, Jones E, Smart K, Lauder SN, Hindley J, Godkin A, Moser B, Ager A, Gallimore A. A distinct chemokine axis does not account for enrichment of Foxp3(+) CD4(+) T cells in carcinogen-induced fibrosarcomas. Immunology 2015; 145:94-104. [PMID: 25495686 PMCID: PMC4405327 DOI: 10.1111/imm.12430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2014] [Revised: 12/01/2014] [Accepted: 12/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The frequency of CD4+ Foxp3+ regulatory T (Treg) cells is often significantly increased in the blood of tumour-bearing mice and people with cancer. Moreover, Treg cell frequencies are often higher in tumours compared with blood and lymphoid organs. We wished to determine whether certain chemokines expressed within the tumour mass selectively recruit Treg cells, thereby contributing to their enrichment within the tumour-infiltrating lymphocyte pool. To achieve this goal, the chemokine profile of carcinogen-induced fibrosarcomas was determined, and the chemokine receptor expression profiles of both CD4+ Foxp3− and CD4+ Foxp3+ T cells were compared. These analyses revealed that the tumours are characterized by expression of inflammatory chemokines (CCL2, CCL5, CCL7, CCL8, CCL12, CXCL9, CXCL10 and CX3CL1), reflected by an enrichment of activated Foxp3− and Foxp3+ T cells expressing T helper type 1-associated chemokine receptors. Notably, we found that CXCR3+ T cells were significantly enriched in the tumours although curiously we found no evidence that CXCR3 was required for their recruitment. Instead, CXCR3 marks a population of activated Foxp3− and Foxp3+ T cells, which use multiple and overlapping ligand receptor pairs to guide their migration to tumours. Collectively, these data indicate that enrichment of Foxp3+ cells in tumours characterized by expression of inflammatory chemokines, does not occur via a distinct chemokine axis, thus selective chemokine blockade is unlikely to represent a meaningful therapeutic strategy for preventing Treg cell accumulation in tumours.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatrice Ondondo
- Institute of Infection Immunity and Biochemistry, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, UK
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Mutations of the SL2 dimerization sequence of the hepatitis C genome abrogate viral replication. Cell Mol Life Sci 2015; 72:3375-85. [PMID: 25822205 PMCID: PMC7079775 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-015-1893-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2014] [Revised: 03/03/2015] [Accepted: 03/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Stem-loop SL2 is a self-interacting palindromic sequence that has been identified within the hepatitis C virus genome (HCV). While, RNA dimerization of the HCV genome has been observed in vitro with short RNA sequences, the role of a putative RNA dimerization during viral replication has not been elucidated. To determine the effect of genomic dimerization on viral replication, we introduced mutations into SL2 predicted to disrupt genomic dimerization. Using surface plasmon resonance, we show that mutations within the SL2 bulge impact dimerization in vitro. Transfection of Huh7 cells with luciferase-encoding full-length genomes containing SL2 mutations abolishes viral replication. Luciferase expression indicates that viral translation is not or slightly affected and that the viral RNA is properly encapsidated. However, RT-qPCR analysis demonstrates that viral RNA synthesis is drastically decreased. In vitro synthesis experiments using the viral recombinant polymerase show that modifications of intra-molecular interactions have no effect on RNA synthesis, while impairing inter-molecular interactions decreases polymerase activity. This confirms that dimeric templates are preferentially replicated by the viral polymerase. Altogether, these results indicate that the dimerization of the HCV genomic RNA is a crucial step for the viral life cycle especially for RNA replication. RNA dimerization could explain the existence of HCV recombinants in cell culture and patients reported recently in other studies.
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35
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Gapdh gene expression is modulated by inflammatory arthritis and is not suitable for qPCR normalization. Inflammation 2015; 37:1059-69. [PMID: 24493325 DOI: 10.1007/s10753-014-9829-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Gene expression studies are fundamental for the understanding of complex diseases, providing new insights into the pathogenic process and new tools for diagnostic and patient stratification. Gene profiling studies by real-time PCR require the use of reference genes for normalization and an appropriate validation is essential for accurate results. We performed a comprehensive assessment of six common housekeeping genes in the K/BxN serum-induced arthritis model in mice. Classical statistics and NormFinder analyses pointed out Gapdh as the less stable and therefore unsuitable as a reference control. Gapdh was considerably down-regulated in arthritic joints and therefore produced an overestimation of transcriptional changes. Hptr, B2m, and Rpl13a showed the most constant expression. Collectively our data advise against the use of Gapdh in gene expression studies in the acute phase of the K/BxN model and adds a cautionary note on the need to validate the reference genes for reliable, comparable, and reproducible results.
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36
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Zhang JY, Zhang F, Hong CQ, Giuliano AE, Cui XJ, Zhou GJ, Zhang GJ, Cui YK. Critical protein GAPDH and its regulatory mechanisms in cancer cells. Cancer Biol Med 2015; 12:10-22. [PMID: 25859407 PMCID: PMC4383849 DOI: 10.7497/j.issn.2095-3941.2014.0019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2014] [Accepted: 12/26/2014] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH), initially identified as a glycolytic enzyme and considered as a housekeeping gene, is widely used as an internal control in experiments on proteins, mRNA, and DNA. However, emerging evidence indicates that GAPDH is implicated in diverse functions independent of its role in energy metabolism; the expression status of GAPDH is also deregulated in various cancer cells. One of the most common effects of GAPDH is its inconsistent role in the determination of cancer cell fate. Furthermore, studies have described GAPDH as a regulator of cell death; other studies have suggested that GAPDH participates in tumor progression and serves as a new therapeutic target. However, related regulatory mechanisms of its numerous cellular functions and deregulated expression levels remain unclear. GAPDH is tightly regulated at transcriptional and posttranscriptional levels, which are involved in the regulation of diverse GAPDH functions. Several cancer-related factors, such as insulin, hypoxia inducible factor-1 (HIF-1), p53, nitric oxide (NO), and acetylated histone, not only modulate GAPDH gene expression but also affect protein functions via common pathways. Moreover, posttranslational modifications (PTMs) occurring in GAPDH in cancer cells result in new activities unrelated to the original glycolytic function of GAPDH. In this review, recent findings related to GAPDH transcriptional regulation and PTMs are summarized. Mechanisms and pathways involved in GAPDH regulation and its different roles in cancer cells are also described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Ying Zhang
- 1 Department of Physiology, Guangdong Medical College, Dongguan 523808, China ; 2 Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Breast Cancer Diagnosis and Treatment, Cancer Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, China ; 3 Department of Surgery, Women's Cancer Program, Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Fan Zhang
- 1 Department of Physiology, Guangdong Medical College, Dongguan 523808, China ; 2 Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Breast Cancer Diagnosis and Treatment, Cancer Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, China ; 3 Department of Surgery, Women's Cancer Program, Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Chao-Qun Hong
- 1 Department of Physiology, Guangdong Medical College, Dongguan 523808, China ; 2 Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Breast Cancer Diagnosis and Treatment, Cancer Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, China ; 3 Department of Surgery, Women's Cancer Program, Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Armando E Giuliano
- 1 Department of Physiology, Guangdong Medical College, Dongguan 523808, China ; 2 Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Breast Cancer Diagnosis and Treatment, Cancer Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, China ; 3 Department of Surgery, Women's Cancer Program, Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Xiao-Jiang Cui
- 1 Department of Physiology, Guangdong Medical College, Dongguan 523808, China ; 2 Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Breast Cancer Diagnosis and Treatment, Cancer Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, China ; 3 Department of Surgery, Women's Cancer Program, Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Guang-Ji Zhou
- 1 Department of Physiology, Guangdong Medical College, Dongguan 523808, China ; 2 Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Breast Cancer Diagnosis and Treatment, Cancer Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, China ; 3 Department of Surgery, Women's Cancer Program, Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Guo-Jun Zhang
- 1 Department of Physiology, Guangdong Medical College, Dongguan 523808, China ; 2 Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Breast Cancer Diagnosis and Treatment, Cancer Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, China ; 3 Department of Surgery, Women's Cancer Program, Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Yu-Kun Cui
- 1 Department of Physiology, Guangdong Medical College, Dongguan 523808, China ; 2 Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Breast Cancer Diagnosis and Treatment, Cancer Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, China ; 3 Department of Surgery, Women's Cancer Program, Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
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37
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Wu S, Shao F, Ji J, Sun R, Dong R, Zhou Y, Xu S, Sui Y, Hu J. Network propagation with dual flow for gene prioritization. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0116505. [PMID: 25689268 PMCID: PMC4331530 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0116505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2014] [Accepted: 11/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Based on the hypothesis that the neighbors of disease genes trend to cause similar diseases, network-based methods for disease prediction have received increasing attention. Taking full advantage of network structure, the performance of global distance measurements is generally superior to local distance measurements. However, some problems exist in the global distance measurements. For example, global distance measurements may mistake non-disease hub proteins that have dense interactions with known disease proteins for potential disease proteins. To find a new method to avoid the aforementioned problem, we analyzed the differences between disease proteins and other proteins by using essential proteins (proteins encoded by essential genes) as references. We find that disease proteins are not well connected with essential proteins in the protein interaction networks. Based on this new finding, we proposed a novel strategy for gene prioritization based on protein interaction networks. We allocated positive flow to disease genes and negative flow to essential genes, and adopted network propagation for gene prioritization. Experimental results on 110 diseases verified the effectiveness and potential of the proposed method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shunyao Wu
- College of Automation Engineering, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
- College of Information Engineering, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Fengjing Shao
- College of Automation Engineering, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
- College of Information Engineering, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
- * E-mail:
| | - Jun Ji
- College of Information Engineering, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Rencheng Sun
- College of Information Engineering, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Rizhuang Dong
- School of Computer Engineering, Qingdao Technological University, Qingdao, China
| | - Yuanke Zhou
- College of Information Engineering, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Shaojie Xu
- College of Information Engineering, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Yi Sui
- College of Information Engineering, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Jianlong Hu
- College of Information Engineering, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
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38
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Aksamitiene E, Hoek JB, Kiyatkin A. Multistrip Western blotting: a tool for comparative quantitative analysis of multiple proteins. Methods Mol Biol 2015; 1312:197-226. [PMID: 26044004 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-2694-7_23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The qualitative and quantitative measurements of protein abundance and modification states are essential in understanding their functions in diverse cellular processes. Typical Western blotting, though sensitive, is prone to produce substantial errors and is not readily adapted to high-throughput technologies. Multistrip Western blotting is a modified immunoblotting procedure based on simultaneous electrophoretic transfer of proteins from multiple strips of polyacrylamide gels to a single membrane sheet. In comparison with the conventional technique, Multistrip Western blotting increases data output per single blotting cycle up to tenfold; allows concurrent measurement of up to nine different total and/or posttranslationally modified protein expression obtained from the same loading of the sample; and substantially improves the data accuracy by reducing immunoblotting-derived signal errors. This approach enables statistically reliable comparison of different or repeated sets of data and therefore is advantageous to apply in biomedical diagnostics, systems biology, and cell signaling research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edita Aksamitiene
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Thomas Jefferson University, 1020 Locust Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19107, USA
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39
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Song H, Pan J, Liu Y, Wen H, Wang L, Cui J, Liu Y, Hu B, Yao Z, Ji G. Increased ARPP-19 expression is associated with hepatocellular carcinoma. Int J Mol Sci 2014; 16:178-92. [PMID: 25547487 PMCID: PMC4307242 DOI: 10.3390/ijms16010178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2014] [Accepted: 12/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The cAMP-regulated phosphoprotein 19 (ARPP-19) plays a key role in cell mitotic G2/M transition. Expression of ARPP-19 was increased in human hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) compared to adjacent non-tumorous liver tissues in 36 paired liver samples, and the level of ARPP-19 in HCC tissues was positively correlated with the tumor size. To determine the interrelationship between ARPP-19 expression and HCC, we silenced ARPP-19 expression in the human hepatocarcinoma HepG2 and SMMC-7721 cells using lentivirus encoding ARPP-19 siRNA. HepG2 and SMMC-7721 cells with ARPP-19 knockdown displayed lowered cell growth rate, retarded colony formation and increased arrest at the G2/M phase transition. Silencing ARPP-19 in HCC cells resulted in decreased protein levels of phospho-(Ser) CDKs substrates and increased levels of inactivated cyclin division cycle 2 (Cdc2). Therefore, ARPP-19 may play a role in HCC pathogenesis through regulating cell proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiyan Song
- Institute of Digestive Diseases, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200032, China.
| | - Jielu Pan
- Institute of Digestive Diseases, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200032, China.
| | - Yang Liu
- Institute of Digestive Diseases, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200032, China.
| | - Hongzhu Wen
- Institute of Digestive Diseases, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200032, China.
| | - Lei Wang
- Institute of Digestive Diseases, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200032, China.
| | - Jiefeng Cui
- Liver Cancer Institute of Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China.
| | - Yinkun Liu
- Liver Cancer Institute of Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China.
| | - Bing Hu
- Department of Oncology and Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine in Oncology, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200032, China.
| | - Zemin Yao
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Ottawa Institute of Systems Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada.
| | - Guang Ji
- Institute of Digestive Diseases, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200032, China.
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40
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Ersahin T, Carkacioglu L, Can T, Konu O, Atalay V, Cetin-Atalay R. Identification of novel reference genes based on MeSH categories. PLoS One 2014; 9:e93341. [PMID: 24682035 PMCID: PMC3969360 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0093341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2013] [Accepted: 03/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Transcriptome experiments are performed to assess protein abundance through mRNA expression analysis. Expression levels of genes vary depending on the experimental conditions and the cell response. Transcriptome data must be diverse and yet comparable in reference to stably expressed genes, even if they are generated from different experiments on the same biological context from various laboratories. In this study, expression patterns of 9090 microarray samples grouped into 381 NCBI-GEO datasets were investigated to identify novel candidate reference genes using randomizations and Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) curves. The analysis demonstrated that cell type specific reference gene sets display less variability than a united set for all tissues. Therefore, constitutively and stably expressed, origin specific novel reference gene sets were identified based on their coefficient of variation and percentage of occurrence in all GEO datasets, which were classified using Medical Subject Headings (MeSH). A large number of MeSH grouped reference gene lists are presented as novel tissue specific reference gene lists. The most commonly observed 17 genes in these sets were compared for their expression in 8 hepatocellular, 5 breast and 3 colon carcinoma cells by RT-qPCR to verify tissue specificity. Indeed, commonly used housekeeping genes GAPDH, Actin and EEF2 had tissue specific variations, whereas several ribosomal genes were among the most stably expressed genes in vitro. Our results confirm that two or more reference genes should be used in combination for differential expression analysis of large-scale data obtained from microarray or next generation sequencing studies. Therefore context dependent reference gene sets, as presented in this study, are required for normalization of expression data from diverse technological backgrounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tulin Ersahin
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Bilkent University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Levent Carkacioglu
- Computer Engineering Department, Middle East Technical University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Tolga Can
- Computer Engineering Department, Middle East Technical University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Ozlen Konu
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Bilkent University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Volkan Atalay
- Computer Engineering Department, Middle East Technical University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Rengul Cetin-Atalay
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Bilkent University, Ankara, Turkey
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Berasain C, Elizalde M, Urtasun R, Castillo J, García-Irigoyen O, Uriarte I, Latasa MU, Prieto J, Avila MA. Alterations in the expression and activity of pre-mRNA splicing factors in hepatocarcinogenesis. Hepat Oncol 2014; 1:241-252. [PMID: 30190958 DOI: 10.2217/hep.13.17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a molecularly complex tumor that is resistant to standard and targeted therapies, and thus a deadly disease. In this context, the identification of key alterations driving HCC development is therefore essential. The implementation of next-generation sequencing techniques has underscored earlier realizations of the marked dysregulation of pre-mRNA splicing in HCC. Impairments in alternative splicing may lead to the expression of protumorigenic protein isoforms and to the generation of unstable mRNA species. Mechanistically, mutations in key nucleotides are responsible for many of these alterations in different types of tumors. However, changes in the expression of factors involved in the regulation of the splicing machinery are also important determinants in the derangement of pre-mRNA splicing. Here we discuss recent reports on the alteration of splicing factors in HCC, the pathological significance of these changes, and the identification of cell signaling pathways leading to the missplicing of genes in hepatocarcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Berasain
- Division of Hepatology & Gene Therapy, Centro de Investigación Médica Aplicada (CIMA), Universidad de Navarra, CIMA, Avda, Pio XII, n55, 31008 Pamplona, Spain.,CIBERehd, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.,Division of Hepatology & Gene Therapy, Centro de Investigación Médica Aplicada (CIMA), Universidad de Navarra, CIMA, Avda, Pio XII, n55, 31008 Pamplona, Spain.,CIBERehd, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - María Elizalde
- Division of Hepatology & Gene Therapy, Centro de Investigación Médica Aplicada (CIMA), Universidad de Navarra, CIMA, Avda, Pio XII, n55, 31008 Pamplona, Spain.,CIBERehd, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.,Division of Hepatology & Gene Therapy, Centro de Investigación Médica Aplicada (CIMA), Universidad de Navarra, CIMA, Avda, Pio XII, n55, 31008 Pamplona, Spain.,CIBERehd, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Raquel Urtasun
- Division of Hepatology & Gene Therapy, Centro de Investigación Médica Aplicada (CIMA), Universidad de Navarra, CIMA, Avda, Pio XII, n55, 31008 Pamplona, Spain.,CIBERehd, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.,Division of Hepatology & Gene Therapy, Centro de Investigación Médica Aplicada (CIMA), Universidad de Navarra, CIMA, Avda, Pio XII, n55, 31008 Pamplona, Spain.,CIBERehd, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Josefa Castillo
- Division of Hepatology & Gene Therapy, Centro de Investigación Médica Aplicada (CIMA), Universidad de Navarra, CIMA, Avda, Pio XII, n55, 31008 Pamplona, Spain.,Division of Hepatology & Gene Therapy, Centro de Investigación Médica Aplicada (CIMA), Universidad de Navarra, CIMA, Avda, Pio XII, n55, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
| | - Oihane García-Irigoyen
- Division of Hepatology & Gene Therapy, Centro de Investigación Médica Aplicada (CIMA), Universidad de Navarra, CIMA, Avda, Pio XII, n55, 31008 Pamplona, Spain.,CIBERehd, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.,Division of Hepatology & Gene Therapy, Centro de Investigación Médica Aplicada (CIMA), Universidad de Navarra, CIMA, Avda, Pio XII, n55, 31008 Pamplona, Spain.,CIBERehd, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Iker Uriarte
- Division of Hepatology & Gene Therapy, Centro de Investigación Médica Aplicada (CIMA), Universidad de Navarra, CIMA, Avda, Pio XII, n55, 31008 Pamplona, Spain.,CIBERehd, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.,Division of Hepatology & Gene Therapy, Centro de Investigación Médica Aplicada (CIMA), Universidad de Navarra, CIMA, Avda, Pio XII, n55, 31008 Pamplona, Spain.,CIBERehd, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Maria U Latasa
- Division of Hepatology & Gene Therapy, Centro de Investigación Médica Aplicada (CIMA), Universidad de Navarra, CIMA, Avda, Pio XII, n55, 31008 Pamplona, Spain.,CIBERehd, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.,Division of Hepatology & Gene Therapy, Centro de Investigación Médica Aplicada (CIMA), Universidad de Navarra, CIMA, Avda, Pio XII, n55, 31008 Pamplona, Spain.,CIBERehd, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jesús Prieto
- Division of Hepatology & Gene Therapy, Centro de Investigación Médica Aplicada (CIMA), Universidad de Navarra, CIMA, Avda, Pio XII, n55, 31008 Pamplona, Spain.,CIBERehd, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.,Division of Hepatology & Gene Therapy, Centro de Investigación Médica Aplicada (CIMA), Universidad de Navarra, CIMA, Avda, Pio XII, n55, 31008 Pamplona, Spain.,CIBERehd, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Matías A Avila
- Division of Hepatology & Gene Therapy, Centro de Investigación Médica Aplicada (CIMA), Universidad de Navarra, CIMA, Avda, Pio XII, n55, 31008 Pamplona, Spain.,CIBERehd, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.,Division of Hepatology & Gene Therapy, Centro de Investigación Médica Aplicada (CIMA), Universidad de Navarra, CIMA, Avda, Pio XII, n55, 31008 Pamplona, Spain.,CIBERehd, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
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Zhang Y, Bitner D, Pontes Filho AA, Li F, Liu S, Wang H, Yang F, Adhikari S, Gordon J, Srinivasan S, Hu W. Expression and function of NIK- and IKK2-binding protein (NIBP) in mouse enteric nervous system. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2014; 26:77-97. [PMID: 24011459 PMCID: PMC3962790 DOI: 10.1111/nmo.12234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2013] [Accepted: 08/15/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND NIK- and IKK2-binding protein (NIBP)/TRAPPC9 is expressed in brain neurons, and human NIBP mutations are associated with neurodevelopmental disorders. The cellular distribution and function of NIBP in the enteric nervous system (ENS) remain unknown. METHODS Western blot and reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction analysis were used respectively to identify the protein and mRNA expression of NIBP and other neuronal markers. Multi-labeled immunofluorescent microscopy and confocal image analysis were used to examine the cellular distribution of NIBP-like immunoreactivity (IR) in whole mount intestine. Enteric neuronal cell line (ENC) was infected with lentivirus carrying NIBP or its shRNA expression vectors and treated with vehicle or tumor necrosis factor (TNF)α. KEY RESULTS NIBP is expressed at both mRNA and protein levels in different regions and layers of the mouse intestine. NIBP-like-IR was co-localized with various neuronal markers, but not with glial, smooth muscular, or interstitial cells of Cajal markers. A small population of NIBP-expressing cells and fibers in extra-ganglionic and intra-ganglionic area were negative for pan-neuronal markers HuD or Peripherin. Relatively high NIBP-like-IR was found in 35-44% of myenteric neurons and 9-10% of submucosal neurons. Approximately 98%, 87%, and 43% of these relatively high NIBP-expressing neurons were positive for choline acetyltransferase, neuronal nitric oxide synthase and Calretinin, respectively. NIBP shRNA knockdown in ENC inhibited TNFα-induced NFκB activation and neuronal differentiation, whereas NIBP overexpression promoted it. CONCLUSIONS & INFERENCES NIBP is extensively expressed in the ENS with relatively high level in a subpopulation of enteric neurons. Various NIBP expression levels in different neurons may represent dynamic trafficking or posttranslational modification of NIBP in some functionally active neurons and ultimately regulate ENS plasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yonggang Zhang
- Department of Neuroscience, Temple University School of Medicine, 3500 N Broad Street, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
| | - Daniel Bitner
- Department of Neuroscience, Temple University School of Medicine, 3500 N Broad Street, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
| | - Adalto Alfredo Pontes Filho
- Department of Neuroscience, Temple University School of Medicine, 3500 N Broad Street, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
| | - Fang Li
- Department of Neuroscience, Temple University School of Medicine, 3500 N Broad Street, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
| | - Shu Liu
- Department of Neuroscience, Temple University School of Medicine, 3500 N Broad Street, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
| | - Hong Wang
- Department of Neuroscience, Temple University School of Medicine, 3500 N Broad Street, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
| | - Fan Yang
- Department of Neuroscience, Temple University School of Medicine, 3500 N Broad Street, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
| | - Sam Adhikari
- Department of Neuroscience, Temple University School of Medicine, 3500 N Broad Street, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
| | - Jennifer Gordon
- Department of Neuroscience, Temple University School of Medicine, 3500 N Broad Street, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
| | - Shanthi Srinivasan
- Division of Digestive Diseases, Emory University, 615 Michael St., Atlanta, GA 30322 and Atlanta VAMC, Decatur, GA, 30331
| | - Wenhui Hu
- Department of Neuroscience, Temple University School of Medicine, 3500 N Broad Street, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
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β-Glucuronidase is a suitable internal control gene for mRNA quantitation in pathophysiological and non-pathological livers. Exp Mol Pathol 2013; 95:131-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yexmp.2013.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2013] [Accepted: 06/05/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Emerging metabolic targets in the therapy of hematological malignancies. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2013; 2013:946206. [PMID: 24024216 PMCID: PMC3759275 DOI: 10.1155/2013/946206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2013] [Revised: 07/15/2013] [Accepted: 07/15/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
During the last decade, the development of anticancer therapies has focused on targeting neoplastic-related metabolism. Cancer cells display a variety of changes in their metabolism, which enable them to satisfy the high bioenergetic and biosynthetic demands for rapid cell division. One of the crucial alterations is referred to as the "Warburg effect", which involves a metabolic shift from oxidative phosphorylation towards the less efficient glycolysis, independent of the presence of oxygen. Although there are many examples of solid tumors having altered metabolism with high rates of glucose uptake and glycolysis, it was only recently reported that this phenomenon occurs in hematological malignancies. This review presents evidence that targeting the glycolytic pathway at different levels in hematological malignancies can inhibit cancer cell proliferation by restoring normal metabolic conditions. However, to achieve cancer regression, high concentrations of glycolytic inhibitors are used due to limited solubility and biodistribution, which may result in toxicity. Besides using these inhibitors as monotherapies, combinatorial approaches using standard chemotherapeutic agents could display enhanced efficacy at eradicating malignant cells. The identification of the metabolic enzymes critical for hematological cancer cell proliferation and survival appears to be an interesting new approach for the targeted therapy of hematological malignancies.
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Recombinant human acid sphingomyelinase as an adjuvant to sorafenib treatment of experimental liver cancer. PLoS One 2013; 8:e65620. [PMID: 23724146 PMCID: PMC3665770 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0065620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2012] [Accepted: 05/02/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the most common form of liver cancer and the third leading cause of cancer death worldwide. The only approved systemic treatment for unresectable HCC is the oral kinase inhibitor, sorafenib. Recombinant human acid sphingomyelinase (rhASM), which hydrolyzes sphingomyelin to ceramide, is an orphan drug under development for the treatment of Type B Niemann-Pick disease (NPD). Due to the hepatotropic nature of rhASM and its ability to generate pro-apoptotic ceramide, this study evaluated the use of rhASM as an adjuvant treatment with sorafenib in experimental models of HCC. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS In vitro, rhASM/sorafenib treatment reduced the viability of Huh7 liver cancer cells more than sorafenib. In vivo, using a subcutaneous Huh7 tumor model, mouse survival was increased and proliferation in the tumors decreased to a similar extent in both sorafenib and rhASM/sorafenib treatment groups. However, combined rhASM/sorafenib treatment significantly lowered tumor volume, increased tumor necrosis, and decreased tumor blood vessel density compared to sorafenib. These results were obtained despite poor delivery of rhASM to the tumors. A second (orthotopic) model of Huh7 tumors also was established, but modest ASM activity was similarly detected in these tumors compared to healthy mouse livers. Importantly, no chronic liver toxicity or weight loss was observed from rhASM therapy in either model. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE The rhASM/sorafenib combination exhibited a synergistic effect on reducing the tumor volume and blood vessel density in Huh7 xenografts, despite modest activity of rhASM in these tumors. No significant increases in survival were observed from the rhASM/sorafenib treatment. The poor delivery of rhASM to Huh7 tumors may be due, at least in part, to low expression of mannose receptors. The safety and efficacy of this approach, together with the novel findings regarding enzyme targeting, merits further investigation.
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Meyer FRL, Grausgruber H, Binter C, Mair GE, Guelly C, Vogl C, Steinborn R. Cross-platform microarray meta-analysis for the mouse jejunum selects novel reference genes with highly uniform levels of expression. PLoS One 2013; 8:e63125. [PMID: 23671661 PMCID: PMC3650031 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0063125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2012] [Accepted: 03/28/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Reference genes (RGs) with uniform expression are used for normalization of reverse transcription quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) data. Their optimization for a specific biological context, e.g. a specific tissue, has been increasingly considered. In this article, we compare RGs identified by expression data meta-analysis restricted to the context tissue, the jejunum of Mus musculus domesticus, i) to traditional RGs, ii) to expressed interspersed repeated DNA elements, and iii) to RGs identified by meta-analysis of expression data from diverse tissues and conditions. To select the set of candidate RGs, we developed a novel protocol for the cross-platform meta-analysis of microarray data. The expression stability of twenty-four putative RGs was analysed by RT-qPCR in at least 14 jejunum samples of the mouse strains C57Bl/6N, CD1, and OF1. Across strains, the levels of expression of the novel RGs Plekha7, Zfx, and Ube2v1 as well as of Oaz1 varied less than two-fold irrespective of genotype, sex or their combination. The gene set consisting of Plekha7 and Oaz1 showed superior expression stability analysed with the tool RefFinder. The novel RGs are functionally diverse. This facilitates expression studies over a wide range of conditions. The highly uniform expression of the optimized RGs in the jejunum points towards their involvement in tightly regulated pathways in this tissue. We also applied our novel protocol of cross-microarray platform meta-analysis to the identification of RGs in the duodenum, the ileum and the entire small intestine. The selection of RGs with improved expression stability in a specific biological context can reduce the number of RGs for the normalization step of RT-qPCR expression analysis, thus reducing the number of samples and experimental costs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian R. L. Meyer
- Genomics Core Facility, VetCore, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
- Institute of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Heinrich Grausgruber
- Department of Crop Sciences, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Tulln, Austria
| | - Claudia Binter
- Institute of Animal Nutrition and Functional Plant Compounds, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Georg E. Mair
- Genomics Core Facility, VetCore, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Christian Guelly
- Center for Medical Research, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Claus Vogl
- Institute of Animal Breeding and Genetics, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Ralf Steinborn
- Genomics Core Facility, VetCore, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
- * E-mail:
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Guo C, Liu S, Wang J, Sun MZ, Greenaway FT. ACTB in cancer. Clin Chim Acta 2012; 417:39-44. [PMID: 23266771 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2012.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2012] [Revised: 11/27/2012] [Accepted: 12/01/2012] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Beta-actin (ACTB) has traditionally been regarded as an endogenous housekeeping gene and has been widely used as a reference gene/protein in quantifying expression levels in tumors. However, ACTB is closely associated with a variety of cancers and accumulating evidence indicates that ACTB is de-regulated in liver, melanoma, renal, colorectal, gastric, pancreatic, esophageal, lung, breast, prostate, ovarian cancers, leukemia and lymphoma. ACTB is generally found to be up-regulated in the majority of tumor cells and tissues. The abnormal expression and polymerization of ACTB and the resulting changes to the cytoskeleton are revealed to be associated with the invasiveness and metastasis of cancers. The current review explores relevant mechanisms, integrates current understandings, and provides suggestions for future studies of the roles of ACTB in tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunmei Guo
- Department of Biotechnology, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China
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Hashemi A, Roohvand F, Ghahremani MH. Selection of valid reference genes for expression studies of hepatic cell lines under IFN-α treatment. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2012; 426:649-53. [PMID: 22982679 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2012.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2012] [Accepted: 09/01/2012] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The proper selection of reference genes to normalize the quantitative real-time PCR (RT-qPCR) results under particular experimental conditions is crucial for validation of the gene quantification data. Herein, using SYBR green RT-qPCR, five reference genes (GAPDH, ACTB, HMBS, HPRT-1 and TBP) were evaluated to determine the most stable reference genes in hepatic cell lines (Huh-7 and HepG(2)) under IFN-α treatment conditions. Analyses by geNorm program ranked GAPDH and HPRT-1 in Huh-7 and that of ACTB and HMBS in HepG(2) cells as the most stable reference genes under IFN-α treatment. While, same reference gene pairs were ranked by NormFinder program in Huh-7 cells, GAPDH was assessed as the most stable gene in HepG(2) group by this program, implying the importance of the employed algorithm in comparative interpretation of the data. Finally, cumulative analyses by one-way ANOVA, geNorm and NormFinder programs indicated that use of two reference genes (HMBS and GAPDH) in Huh-7 and three (HMBS, ACTB and GAPDH) in HepG(2) cells would greatly improve the normalization of the RT-qPCR data under IFN-α. Data presented in this paper will aid the selection of the most stable reference genes in RT-qPCR studies on evaluation of hepatic viral proteins and IFN pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atieh Hashemi
- Hepatitis and AIDS Department, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Pasteur Ave., Tehran 1316943551, Iran
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Guo C, Liu S, Sun MZ. Novel insight into the role of GAPDH playing in tumor. Clin Transl Oncol 2012; 15:167-72. [PMID: 22911551 DOI: 10.1007/s12094-012-0924-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2012] [Accepted: 07/24/2012] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The role of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) being consistently regarded as the main housekeeping gene and reference gene/protein for expression quantification in tumors has been gradually questioned and challenged by accumulated experiment evidence. The current review notified that the GAPDH expression was deregulated in lung cancer, renal cancer, breast cancer, gastric cancer, glioma, liver cancer, colorectal cancer, melanoma, prostatic cancer, pancreatic cancer and bladder cancer. Interestingly, GAPDH was commonly up-regulated in a variety of types of cancer, which was revealed to be potentially required for the cancer cell growth and tumor formation. The relevant mechanisms were also discussed in current review. This work might provide useful insights for future studies on GAPDH in tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunmei Guo
- Department of Biotechnology, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, 116044, China
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Abdel-Hamid NM, Abdel-Ghany MI, Nazmy MH, Amgad SW. Can methanolic extract of Nigella sativa seed affect glyco-regulatory enzymes in experimental hepatocellular carcinoma? Environ Health Prev Med 2012; 18:49-56. [PMID: 22767221 DOI: 10.1007/s12199-012-0292-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2012] [Accepted: 06/11/2012] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM To investigate the possible modulating role of "Nigella sativa" (NS), a plant commonly used in Egyptian traditional medicine, on premalignant perturbations in three glycol-regulatory enzymes in an experimental rat model of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). METHODS Thirty-six (36) male albino rats were divided into four groups (n = 9). Group 1 served as a normal control, group 2 was treated with methanolic extract of Nigella sativa (MENS) (1 g/kg/day, orally) for 14 weeks, group 3 received a single intraperitoneal dose of diethyl nitrosamine (DENA) (200 mg/kg), followed 2 weeks later by a subcutaneous injection of carbon tetrachloride (CCl(4), 3 ml/kg/week/6 weeks) and group IV was treated with MENS for 2 weeks prior to administration of the carcinogenic combination (DENA + CCl(4), as in group 3) until the end of the experiment. The total period of the experiment was 14 weeks. RESULTS In the DENA + CCl(4)-treated group, there was a significant increase in the relative liver weight, serum alpha fetoprotein level and the activities of hexokinase, glyceraldehyde phosphate dehydrogenase and glucose 6 phosphate dehydrogenase in both the serum and liver homogenate; this was accompanied by a subsequent decrease in body weight. Pre-treatment with MENS significantly maintained these parameters close to the normal condition. CONCLUSION Based on these results, we conclude that MENS has a chemo-preventive effect against the progression into liver malignancy through its modulation of the energy metabolic pathways (i.e. glycolysis) that may be involved in hepatocarcinogenesis.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic/therapeutic use
- Biomarkers, Tumor/metabolism
- Carbon Tetrachloride
- Carcinoma, Hepatocellular/chemically induced
- Carcinoma, Hepatocellular/metabolism
- Carcinoma, Hepatocellular/prevention & control
- Diethylnitrosamine
- Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay
- Glucosephosphate Dehydrogenase/blood
- Glucosephosphate Dehydrogenase/metabolism
- Glyceraldehyde-3-Phosphate Dehydrogenases/blood
- Glyceraldehyde-3-Phosphate Dehydrogenases/metabolism
- Hexokinase/blood
- Hexokinase/metabolism
- Injections, Intraperitoneal
- Injections, Subcutaneous
- Liver/drug effects
- Liver/metabolism
- Liver/pathology
- Liver Neoplasms, Experimental/chemically induced
- Liver Neoplasms, Experimental/metabolism
- Liver Neoplasms, Experimental/prevention & control
- Male
- Methanol/chemistry
- Nigella sativa/chemistry
- Phytotherapy
- Plant Extracts/therapeutic use
- Rats
- Rats, Wistar
- Seeds/chemistry
- Spectrophotometry
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Affiliation(s)
- N M Abdel-Hamid
- Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Minia University, Minia, Egypt.
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