Blockade of leukocyte haptokinesis and haptotaxis by ketoprofen, diclofenac and SC-560

Effect of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs on pelvic floor muscle regeneration in a preclinical birth injury rat model

BACKGROUND

Pelvic floor muscle injury is a common consequence of vaginal childbirth. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs are widely used postpartum analgesics. Multiple studies have reported negative effects of these drugs on limb muscle regeneration, but their impact on pelvic floor muscle recovery following birth injury has not been explored.

OBJECTIVE

Using a validated rat model, we assessed the effects of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug on acute and longer-term pelvic floor muscle recovery following simulated birth injury.

STUDY DESIGN

Three-month old Sprague Dawley rats were randomly assigned to the following groups: (1) controls, (2) simulated birth injury, (3) simulated birth injury+nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug, or (4) nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug. Simulated birth injury was induced using a well-established vaginal balloon distension protocol. Ibuprofen was administered in drinking water (0.2 mg/mL), which was consumed by the animals ad libitum. Animals were euthanized at 1, 3, 5, 7, 10, and 28 days after birth injury/ibuprofen administration. The pubocaudalis portion of the rat levator ani, which, like the human pubococcygeus, undergoes greater parturition-associated strains, was harvested (N=3-9/time point/group). The cross-sectional areas of regenerating (embryonic myosin heavy chain+) and mature myofibers were assessed at the acute and 28-day time points, respectively. The intramuscular collagen content was assessed at the 28-day time point. Myogenesis was evaluated using anti-Pax7 and anti-myogenin antibodies to identify activated and differentiated muscle stem cells, respectively. The overall immune infiltrate was assessed using anti-CD45 antibody. Expression of genes coding for pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines was assessed by quantitative reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction at 3, 5, and 10 days after injury.

RESULTS

The pubocaudalis fiber size was significantly smaller in the simulated birth injury+nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug compared with the simulated birth injury group at 28 days after injury (P<.0001). The median size of embryonic myosin heavy chain+ fibers was also significantly reduced, with the fiber area distribution enriched with smaller fibers in the simulated birth injury+nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug group relative to the simulated birth injury group at 3 days after injury (P<.0001), suggesting a delay in the onset of regeneration in the presence of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. By 10 days after injury, the median embryonic myosin heavy chain+ fiber size in the simulated birth injury group decreased from 7 days after injury (P<.0001) with a tight cross-sectional area distribution, indicating nearing completion of this state of regeneration. However, in the simulated birth injury+nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug group, the size of embryonic myosin heavy chain+ fibers continued to increase (P<.0001) with expansion of the cross-sectional area distribution, signifying a delay in regeneration in these animals. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs decreased the muscle stem cell pool at 7 days after injury (P<.0001) and delayed muscle stem cell differentiation, as indicated by persistently elevated number of myogenin+ cells 7 days after injury (P<.05). In contrast, a proportion of myogenin+ cells returned to baseline by 5 days after injury in the simulated birth injury group. The analysis of expression of genes coding for pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines demonstrated only transient elevation of Tgfb1 in the simulated birth injury+nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug group at 5 but not at 10 days after injury. Consistently with previous studies, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug administration following simulated birth injury resulted in increased deposition of intramuscular collagen relative to uninjured animals. There were no significant differences in any outcomes of interest between the nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug group and the unperturbed controls.

CONCLUSION

Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs negatively impacted pelvic floor muscle regeneration in a preclinical simulated birth injury model. This appears to be driven by the negative impact of these drugs on pelvic muscle stem cell function, resulting in delayed temporal progression of pelvic floor muscle regeneration following birth injury. These findings provide impetus to investigate the impact of postpartum nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug administration on muscle regeneration in women at high risk for pelvic floor muscle injury.

HIV-infection and cocaine use regulate semen extracellular vesicles proteome and miRNAome in a manner that mediates strategic monocyte haptotaxis governed by miR-128 network

BACKGROUND

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are regulators of cell-cell interactions and mediators of horizontal transfer of bioactive molecules between cells. EV-mediated cell-cell interactions play roles in physiological and pathophysiological processes, which maybe modulated by exposure to pathogens and cocaine use. However, the effect of pathogens and cocaine use on EV composition and function are not fully understood.

RESULTS

Here, we used systems biology and multi-omics analysis to show that HIV infection (HIV +) and cocaine (COC) use (COC +) promote the release of semen-derived EVs (SEV) with dysregulated extracellular proteome (exProtein), miRNAome (exmiR), and exmiR networks. Integrating SEV proteome and miRNAome revealed a significant decrease in the enrichment of disease-associated, brain-enriched, and HIV-associated miR-128-3p (miR-128) in HIV + COC + SEV with a concomitant increase in miR-128 targets-PEAK1 and RND3/RhoE. Using two-dimensional-substrate single cell haptotaxis, we observed that in the presence of HIV + COC + SEV, contact guidance provided by the extracellular matrix (ECM, collagen type 1) network facilitated far-ranging haptotactic cues that guided monocytes over longer distances. Functionalizing SEV with a miR-128 mimic revealed that the strategic changes in monocyte haptotaxis are in large part the result of SEV-associated miR-128.

CONCLUSIONS

We propose that compositionally and functionally distinct HIV + COC + and HIV-COC- SEVs and their exmiR networks may provide cells relevant but divergent haptotactic guidance in the absence of chemotactic cues, under both physiological and pathophysiological conditions.

Low efficiency of leucocyte plugging-based drug delivery to cancer in mice

Cells of the immune system were proposed for use as Trojan horse for tumour-specific drug delivery. The efficacy of such cell-based drug delivery depends on the site-specific cell homing. This present study was aimed to investigate the potential of leucocytes for intratumoural site-specific enrichment using a locoregional application route in experimental liver tumours. Human neutrophils were isolated from peripheral blood and directly labelled with calcein AM or loaded with doxorubicin. The neutrophil loading and release of doxorubicin and the migration and adhesion to ICAM-1 were analysed in vitro. Macrophages were isolated and activated in vitro. Leucocyte plugging and the distribution pattern in the liver microvasculature were studied ex vivo, and the efficacy of leucocyte plugging in tumour blood vessels was analysed in vivo after superselective intra-arterial injection in mouse liver tumour models. Neutrophils were characterised by the high dose-dependent uptake and rapid release of doxorubicin. Doxorubicin loading did not affect neutrophil migration function. Neutrophil plugging in liver microvasculature was very high (> 90%), both after ex vivo perfusion and after injection in vivo. However, neutrophils as well as activated macrophages plugged insufficiently in tumour blood vessels and passed through the tumour microvasculture with a very low sequestration rate in vivo. Neutrophils possess several properties to function as potentially effective drug carriers; however, the tumour site-specific drug delivery after selective locoregional injection was observed to be insufficient owing to low intratumoural microvascular plugging.

Effects of COX inhibitors on responsiveness of the tracheal tract to acetylcholine and histamine and their relationship with LTC4 and PGE2 levels of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid in allergic Guinea pigs

Introduction: Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) intervene in the COX (cyclooxygenase) pathways which generate two important inflammation mediators, prostaglandins (PGs) and leukotriene (LTs). Contradictory claims regarding the effect of NSAIDs in asthmatic patients continues to be an issue. The present study investigated the effects of COX inhibitors on the responsiveness of the tracheal tract and on the levels of LTC4 and PGE2 in cells of the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid in an allergic guinea pig model.Materials and Methods: Adult male Dunkin-Hartley guinea pigs (250 - 300 g) were divided into seven groups of six animals each. Four COX inhibitors, aspirin (200 mg/kg and 20 mg/kg), indomethacin (10 mg/kg), ketoprofen (10 mg/kg), and celecoxib (25 mg/kg), were given orally on day 17 to allergy induced guinea pigs at 0, 12, and 24 h before ovalbumin challenge on day 18. PGF2 and LT4 were measured in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid as well as inflammatory cell count and total protein. Tracheal responsiveness to acetylcholine (Ach) and histamine (His) also was evaluated.Results: An augment in the response of the trachea to Ach and His, as well as overt allergenic signs including short breath, wheezing and sneezing, was observed. The most significant increase in tracheal hyper-responsiveness was observed in the ketoprofen-treated group with similar but less pronounced changes observed in the indomethacin-treated group. Although some variables increased with the aspirin and celecoxib treatments, overall the tracheal sensitivity was reduced. Inflammatory cells including eosinophils and neutrophils corresponded to the changes observed for each treatment group.Conclusion: Ketoprofen and indomethacin increased the tracheal sensibility to Ach and His; therefore, their administration is not recommended in patients susceptible to allergy.

Diclofenac inhibits 27-hydroxycholesterol-induced inflammation

27-Hydroxycholesterol (27OHChol) is a cholesterol oxidation product that induces inflammation. In the current study we investigated the effects of diclofenac on inflammatory responses caused by 27OHChol using human monocyte/macrophage (THP-1) cells. Transcription and secretion of CCL2, CCL3, and CCL4 chemokines enhanced by 27OHChol were significantly attenuated by diclofenac in a concentration dependent manner. Migrations of monocytic cells and CCR5-positive Jurkat T cells were reduced proportionally to the concentrations of diclofenac. Superproduction of CCL2 and monocytic cell migration induced by 27OHChol plus LPS were significantly attenuated by diclofenac. Diclofenac also attenuated transcription of MMP-9 and release of its active gene product. These results indicate that diclofenac inhibits 27OHChol-induced inflammatory responses, thereby suppressing inflammation in a milieu rich in cholesterol oxidation products.

Cell, isoform, and environment factors shape gradients and modulate chemotaxis

Chemokine gradient formation requires multiple processes that include ligand secretion and diffusion, receptor binding and internalization, and immobilization of ligand to surfaces. To understand how these events dynamically shape gradients and influence ensuing cell chemotaxis, we built a multi-scale hybrid agent-based model linking gradient formation, cell responses, and receptor-level information. The CXCL12/CXCR4/CXCR7 signaling axis is highly implicated in metastasis of many cancers. We model CXCL12 gradient formation as it is impacted by CXCR4 and CXCR7, with particular focus on the three most highly expressed isoforms of CXCL12. We trained and validated our model using data from an in vitro microfluidic source-sink device. Our simulations demonstrate how isoform differences on the molecular level affect gradient formation and cell responses. We determine that ligand properties specific to CXCL12 isoforms (binding to the migration surface and to CXCR4) significantly impact migration and explain differences in in vitro chemotaxis data. We extend our model to analyze CXCL12 gradient formation in a tumor environment and find that short distance, steep gradients characteristic of the CXCL12-γ isoform are effective at driving chemotaxis. We highlight the importance of CXCL12-γ in cancer cell migration: its high effective affinity for both extracellular surface sites and CXCR4 strongly promote CXCR4+ cell migration. CXCL12-γ is also more difficult to inhibit, and we predict that co-inhibition of CXCR4 and CXCR7 is necessary to effectively hinder CXCL12-γ-induced migration. These findings support the growing importance of understanding differences in protein isoforms, and in particular their implications for cancer treatment.