1
|
Mapar M, Rydzak T, Hommes JW, Surewaard BGJ, Lewis IA. Diverse molecular mechanisms underpinning Staphylococcus aureus small colony variants. Trends Microbiol 2024:S0966-842X(24)00251-8. [PMID: 39393939 DOI: 10.1016/j.tim.2024.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2024] [Revised: 09/19/2024] [Accepted: 09/20/2024] [Indexed: 10/13/2024]
Abstract
Small colony variants (SCVs) of Staphylococcus aureus are a relatively rare but clinically significant growth morphotype. Infections with SCVs are frequently difficult to treat, inherently antibiotic-resistant, and can lead to persistent infections. Despite a long history of research, the molecular underpinnings of this morphotype and their impact on the clinical trajectory of infections remain unclear. However, a growing body of literature indicates that SCVs are caused by a diverse range of molecular factors. These recent findings suggest that SCVs should be thought of as an ensemble collection of loosely related phenotypes, and not as a single phenomenon. This review describes the diverse mechanisms currently known to contribute to SCVs and proposes an ensemble model for conceptualizing this morphotype.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Mapar
- Alberta Centre for Advanced Diagnostics, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Thomas Rydzak
- Alberta Centre for Advanced Diagnostics, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Josefien W Hommes
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Bas G J Surewaard
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Ian A Lewis
- Alberta Centre for Advanced Diagnostics, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Sánchez-Peña A, Winans JB, Nadell CD, Limoli DH. Pseudomonas aeruginosa surface motility and invasion into competing communities enhance interspecies antagonism. mBio 2024; 15:e0095624. [PMID: 39105585 PMCID: PMC11389416 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.00956-24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2024] [Accepted: 07/02/2024] [Indexed: 08/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Chronic polymicrobial infections involving Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus are prevalent, difficult to eradicate, and associated with poor health outcomes. Therefore, understanding interactions between these pathogens is important to inform improved treatment development. We previously demonstrated that P. aeruginosa is attracted to S. aureus using type IV pili (TFP)-mediated chemotaxis, but the impact of attraction on S. aureus growth and physiology remained unknown. Using live single-cell confocal imaging to visualize microcolony structure, spatial organization, and survival of S. aureus during coculture, we found that interspecies chemotaxis provides P. aeruginosa a competitive advantage by promoting invasion into and disruption of S. aureus microcolonies. This behavior renders S. aureus susceptible to P. aeruginosa antimicrobials. Conversely, in the absence of TFP motility, P. aeruginosa cells exhibit reduced invasion of S. aureus colonies. Instead, P. aeruginosa builds a cellular barrier adjacent to S. aureus and secretes diffusible, bacteriostatic antimicrobials like 2-heptyl-4-hydroxyquinoline-N-oxide (HQNO) into the S. aureus colonies. Reduced invasion leads to the formation of denser and thicker S. aureus colonies with increased HQNO-mediated lactic acid fermentation, a physiological change that could complicate treatment strategies. Finally, we show that P. aeruginosa motility modifications of spatial structure enhance competition against S. aureus. Overall, these studies expand our understanding of how P. aeruginosa TFP-mediated interspecies chemotaxis facilitates polymicrobial interactions, highlighting the importance of spatial positioning in mixed-species communities. IMPORTANCE The polymicrobial nature of many chronic infections makes their eradication challenging. Particularly, coisolation of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus from airways of people with cystic fibrosis and chronic wound infections is common and associated with severe clinical outcomes. The complex interplay between these pathogens is not fully understood, highlighting the need for continued research to improve management of chronic infections. Our study unveils that P. aeruginosa is attracted to S. aureus, invades into neighboring colonies, and secretes anti-staphylococcal factors into the interior of the colony. Upon inhibition of P. aeruginosa motility and thus invasion, S. aureus colony architecture changes dramatically, whereby S. aureus is protected from P. aeruginosa antagonism and responds through physiological alterations that may further hamper treatment. These studies reinforce accumulating evidence that spatial structuring can dictate community resilience and reveal that motility and chemotaxis are critical drivers of interspecies competition.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Sánchez-Peña
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - James B Winans
- Department of Biological Sciences, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire, USA
| | - Carey D Nadell
- Department of Biological Sciences, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire, USA
| | - Dominique H Limoli
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, USA
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Burford-Gorst CM, Kidd SP. Phenotypic Variation in Staphylococcus aureus during Colonisation Involves Antibiotic-Tolerant Cell Types. Antibiotics (Basel) 2024; 13:845. [PMID: 39335018 PMCID: PMC11428495 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics13090845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2024] [Revised: 08/28/2024] [Accepted: 09/03/2024] [Indexed: 09/30/2024] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is a bacterial species that is commonly found colonising healthy individuals but that presents a paradoxical nature: simultaneously, it can migrate within the body and cause a range of diseases. Many of these become chronic by resisting immune responses, antimicrobial treatment, and medical intervention. In part, this ability to persist can be attributed to the adoption of multiple cell types within a single cellular population. These dynamics in the S. aureus cell population could be the result of its interplay with host cells or other co-colonising bacteria-often coagulase-negative Staphylococcal (CoNS) species. Further understanding of the unique traits of S. aureus alternative cell types, the drivers for their selection or formation during disease, as well as their presence even during non-pathological colonisation could advance the development of diagnostic tools and drugs tailored to target specific cells that are eventually responsible for chronic infections.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chloe M Burford-Gorst
- Department of Molecular and Biomedical Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia
- Research Centre for Infectious Diseases (RCID), The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia
| | - Stephen P Kidd
- Department of Molecular and Biomedical Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia
- Research Centre for Infectious Diseases (RCID), The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Bényei ÉB, Nazeer RR, Askenasy I, Mancini L, Ho PM, Sivarajan GAC, Swain JEV, Welch M. The past, present and future of polymicrobial infection research: Modelling, eavesdropping, terraforming and other stories. Adv Microb Physiol 2024; 85:259-323. [PMID: 39059822 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ampbs.2024.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/28/2024]
Abstract
Over the last two centuries, great advances have been made in microbiology as a discipline. Much of this progress has come about as a consequence of studying the growth and physiology of individual microbial species in well-defined laboratory media; so-called "axenic growth". However, in the real world, microbes rarely live in such "splendid isolation" (to paraphrase Foster) and more often-than-not, share the niche with a plethora of co-habitants. The resulting interactions between species (and even between kingdoms) are only very poorly understood, both on a theoretical and experimental level. Nevertheless, the last few years have seen significant progress, and in this review, we assess the importance of polymicrobial infections, and show how improved experimental traction is advancing our understanding of these. A particular focus is on developments that are allowing us to capture the key features of polymicrobial infection scenarios, especially as those associated with the human airways (both healthy and diseased).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Isabel Askenasy
- Department of Biochemistry, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Leonardo Mancini
- Department of Biochemistry, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Pok-Man Ho
- Department of Biochemistry, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | | | - Jemima E V Swain
- Department of Biochemistry, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Martin Welch
- Department of Biochemistry, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Sánchez-Peña A, Winans JB, Nadell CD, Limoli DH. Pseudomonas aeruginosa surface motility and invasion into competing communities enhances interspecies antagonism. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.04.03.588010. [PMID: 38617332 PMCID: PMC11014535 DOI: 10.1101/2024.04.03.588010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/16/2024]
Abstract
Chronic polymicrobial infections involving Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus are prevalent, difficult to eradicate, and associated with poor health outcomes. Therefore, understanding interactions between these pathogens is important to inform improved treatment development. We previously demonstrated that P. aeruginosa is attracted to S. aureus using type IV pili-mediated chemotaxis, but the impact of attraction on S. aureus growth and physiology remained unknown. Using live single-cell confocal imaging to visualize microcolony structure, spatial organization, and survival of S. aureus during coculture, we found that interspecies chemotaxis provides P. aeruginosa a competitive advantage by promoting invasion into and disruption of S. aureus microcolonies. This behavior renders S. aureus susceptible to P. aeruginosa antimicrobials. Conversely, in the absence of type IV pilus motility, P. aeruginosa cells exhibit reduced invasion of S. aureus colonies. Instead, P. aeruginosa builds a cellular barrier adjacent to S. aureus and secretes diffusible, bacteriostatic antimicrobials like 2-heptyl-4-hydroxyquinoline-N-oxide (HQNO) into the S. aureus colonies. P. aeruginosa reduced invasion leads to the formation of denser and thicker S. aureus colonies with significantly increased HQNO-mediated lactic acid fermentation, a physiological change that could complicate the effective treatment of infections. Finally, we show that P. aeruginosa motility modifications of spatial structure enhance competition against S. aureus. Overall, these studies build on our understanding of how P. aeruginosa type IV pili-mediated interspecies chemotaxis mediates polymicrobial interactions, highlighting the importance of spatial positioning in mixed-species communities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Sánchez-Peña
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - James B Winans
- Department of Biological Sciences, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire, USA
| | - Carey D Nadell
- Department of Biological Sciences, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire, USA
| | - Dominique H Limoli
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, USA
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Li S, Gu B, Meng J, Zhu J, Wang J, Wang W, Ding J, Qiu T, Wang W, Liu J, Wu Y, Li K. TCM formula for trauma treatment screening and its role of promoting infectious wound coalescence investigating. Res Vet Sci 2024; 170:105178. [PMID: 38402660 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2024.105178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2022] [Revised: 02/01/2024] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 02/27/2024]
Abstract
In pet clinics, the number of cases using trauma drugs accounts for >10% of the total number of cases, and most wounds are healing by second intention. The prolongation of wound healing time causes inconvenience and burden to pets and pet owners. Therefore, how to reduce wound healing time and achieve maximum recovery of tissue function and aesthetics is one of the focuses of veterinary clinical practice. Wound suppuration caused by Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa is the main cause of delaying wound healing. Clinically, available antimicrobial treatments are almost exhausted due to the production of large numbers of resistant bacteria. At present, there are no bacteria resistant to traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), which makes TCM have the potential to become an effective drug for the treatment of bacterial infections, so the use of TCM in the treatment of traumatic infections has broad prospects. Based on the characteristics of infection syndrome, three different prescriptions were formulated in our laboratory, and the most effective prescription and dosage form was screened and named Lianrong Healing Cream (LRHC). The results showed that LRHC regulated the expression of fibroblast growth factor-2 (FGF-2), epidermal growth factor-1 (EGF-1), transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) and vascular endothelial growth factor-1 (VEGF-1) genes in wound tissues and fibroblasts, thereby accelerating wound healing and repairing wound appearance and function. The results of this study may be help to develop TCM formulation for traumatic infections.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Siya Li
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety and Traditional Chinese Veterinary medicine research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China
| | - Bolin Gu
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety and Traditional Chinese Veterinary medicine research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China
| | - Jinwu Meng
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety and Traditional Chinese Veterinary medicine research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China
| | - Jinyue Zhu
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety and Traditional Chinese Veterinary medicine research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China
| | - Jinli Wang
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety and Traditional Chinese Veterinary medicine research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China
| | - Weiran Wang
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety and Traditional Chinese Veterinary medicine research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China
| | - Jinxue Ding
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety and Traditional Chinese Veterinary medicine research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China
| | - Tianxin Qiu
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety and Traditional Chinese Veterinary medicine research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China
| | - Wenjia Wang
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety and Traditional Chinese Veterinary medicine research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China
| | - Jiaguo Liu
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety and Traditional Chinese Veterinary medicine research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China.
| | - Yi Wu
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety and Traditional Chinese Veterinary medicine research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China
| | - Kun Li
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety and Traditional Chinese Veterinary medicine research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Subsomwong P, Teng W, Ishiai T, Narita K, Sukchawalit R, Nakane A, Asano K. Extracellular vesicles from Staphylococcus aureus promote the pathogenicity of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Microbiol Res 2024; 281:127612. [PMID: 38244256 DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2024.127612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2023] [Revised: 12/26/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 01/22/2024]
Abstract
Co-infections with Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa are common in patients with chronic wounds, but little is known about their synergistic effect mediated by extracellular vesicles (EVs). In this study, we investigated the effect of EVs derived from S. aureus (SaEVs) on the pathogenicity of P. aeruginosa. By using lipophilic dye, we could confirm the fusion between SaEV and P. aeruginosa membranes. However, SaEVs did not alter the growth and antibiotic susceptible pattern of P. aeruginosa. Differential proteomic analysis between SaEV-treated and non-treated P. aeruginosa was performed, and the results revealed that lipopolysaccharide (LPS) biosynthesis protein in P. aeruginosa significantly increased after SaEV-treatment. Regarding this result, we also found that SaEVs promoted LPS production, biofilm formation, and expression of polysaccharide polymerization-related genes in P. aeruginosa. Furthermore, invasion of epithelial cells by SaEV-pretreated P. aeruginosa was enhanced. On the other hand, uptake of P. aeruginosa by RAW 264.7 macrophages was impaired after pretreatment P. aeruginosa with SaEVs. Proteomic analysis SaEVs revealed that SaEVs contain the proteins involving in host cell colonization, inhibition of host immune response, anti-phagocytosis of the macrophages, and protein translocation and iron uptake of S. aureus. In conclusion, SaEVs serve as a mediator that promote P. aeruginosa pathogenicity by enhancing LPS biosynthesis, biofilm formation, epithelial cell invasion, and macrophage uptake impairment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Phawinee Subsomwong
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki, Aomori, Japan
| | - Wei Teng
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki, Aomori, Japan
| | - Takahito Ishiai
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki, Aomori, Japan
| | - Kouji Narita
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki, Aomori, Japan; Institute for Animal Experimentation, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki, Aomori, Japan
| | - Rojana Sukchawalit
- Laboratory of Biotechnology, Chulabhorn Research Institute, Lak Si, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Akio Nakane
- Department of Biopolymer and Health Science, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki, Japan
| | - Krisana Asano
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki, Aomori, Japan; Department of Biopolymer and Health Science, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Dehbashi S, Tahmasebi H, Alikhani MY, Shahbazi MA, Arabestani MR. Staphopain mediated virulence and antibiotic resistance alteration in co-infection of Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa: an animal model. BMC Biotechnol 2024; 24:10. [PMID: 38439037 PMCID: PMC10913572 DOI: 10.1186/s12896-024-00840-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2023] [Accepted: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 03/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Polymicrobial communities lead to worsen the wound infections, due to mixed biofilms, increased antibiotic resistance, and altered virulence production. Promising approaches, including enzymes, may overcome the complicated condition of polymicrobial infections. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate Staphopain A-mediated virulence and resistance alteration in an animal model of Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa co-infection. S. aureus and P. aeruginosa were co-cultured on the L-929 cell line and wound infection in an animal model. Then, recombinant staphopain A was purified and used to treat mono- and co-infections. Following the treatment, changes in virulence factors and resistance were investigated through phenotypic methods and RT-PCR. Staphopain A resulted in a notable reduction in the viability of S. aureus and P. aeruginosa. The biofilm formed in the wound infection in both animal model and cell culture was disrupted remarkably. Moreover, the biofilm-encoding genes, quorum sensing regulating genes, and virulence factors (hemolysin and pyocyanin) controlled by QS were down-regulated in both microorganisms. Furthermore, the resistance to vancomycin and doripenem decreased following treatment with staphopain A. According to this study, staphopain A might promote wound healing and cure co-infection. It seems to be a promising agent to combine with antibiotics to overcome hard-to-cure infections.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sanaz Dehbashi
- Department of Laboratory Sciences, Varastegan Institute of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Hamed Tahmasebi
- School of Medicine, Shahroud University of Medical Sciences, Shahroud, Iran
| | - Mohammad Yousef Alikhani
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Mohammad-Ali Shahbazi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713, Groningen, AV, The Netherlands
| | - Mohammad Reza Arabestani
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran.
- Infectious disease Research center, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Robertson SN, Romero M, Fenn S, Kohler Riedi PL, Cámara M. Development, characterization, and evaluation of a simple polymicrobial colony biofilm model for testing of antimicrobial wound dressings. J Appl Microbiol 2024; 135:lxae042. [PMID: 38366933 DOI: 10.1093/jambio/lxae042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2023] [Revised: 01/12/2024] [Accepted: 02/15/2024] [Indexed: 02/19/2024]
Abstract
Chronic wound infections are generally of polymicrobial nature with aerobic and anaerobic bacteria, as well as fungi frequently observed in them. Wound treatment involves a series of steps, including debridement of the wound, flushing, and often the use of multiple wound dressings many of which are antimicrobial. Yet, many wound dressings are tested versus single species of planktonic microbes, which fails to mirror the real-life presence of biofilms. AIMS Simple biofilm models are the first step to testing of any antimicrobial and wound dressing; therefore, the aim of this study was to develop and validate a simple polymicrobial colony biofilm wound model comprised of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, and Candida albicans on RPMI-1640 agar. The model was then used to evaluate the topical disinfectant chlorohexidine and four commercially available wound dressings using the polymicrobial model. The model used was as a starting point to mimic debridement in clinical care of wounds and the effectiveness of wound dressings evaluated afterwards. METHODS AND RESULTS Planktonic assessment using AATCC100-2004 demonstrated that all antimicrobial wound dressings reduced the planktonic microbial burden below the limit of detection; however, when challenged with polymicrobial colony biofilms, silver wound dressings showed limited effectiveness (1-2 log CFU reductions). In contrast, a single iodine releasing wound dressing showed potent antibiofilm activity reducing all species CFUs below the limit of detection (>6-10 log) depending on the species. A disrupted biofilm model challenge was performed to represent the debridement of a wound and wound silver-based wound dressings were found to be marginally more effective than in whole colony biofilm challenges while the iodine containing wound dressing reduced microbial recovery below the limit of detection. CONCLUSIONS In this model, silver dressings were ineffective versus the whole colony biofilms but showed some recovery of activity versus the disrupted colony biofilm. The iodine wound dressing reduced the viability of all species below the level of detection. This suggests that mode of action of wound dressing should be considered for the type of biofilm challenge as should the clinical use, e.g. debridement.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shaun N Robertson
- National Biofilms Innovation Centre, School of Life Sciences, Biodiscovery Institute, University of Nottingham, NG7 2RD Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Manuel Romero
- National Biofilms Innovation Centre, School of Life Sciences, Biodiscovery Institute, University of Nottingham, NG7 2RD Nottingham, United Kingdom
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Biology-CIBUS, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela 15782, Spain
- Aquatic One Health Research Center (ARCUS), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela 15782, Spain
| | - Samuel Fenn
- National Biofilms Innovation Centre, School of Life Sciences, Biodiscovery Institute, University of Nottingham, NG7 2RD Nottingham, United Kingdom
- Schools of Microbiology and Medicine, University College Cork, and APC Microbiome Ireland, Cork T12 TP07, Ireland
| | | | - Miguel Cámara
- National Biofilms Innovation Centre, School of Life Sciences, Biodiscovery Institute, University of Nottingham, NG7 2RD Nottingham, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Liu Y, McQuillen EA, Rana PSJB, Gloag ES, Parsek MR, Wozniak DJ. A bacterial pigment provides cross-species protection from H 2O 2- and neutrophil-mediated killing. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2024; 121:e2312334121. [PMID: 38170744 PMCID: PMC10786307 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2312334121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2023] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Bacterial infections are often polymicrobial. Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus cause chronic co-infections, which are more problematic than mono-species infections. Understanding the mechanisms of their interactions is crucial for treating co-infections. Staphyloxanthin (STX), a yellow pigment synthesized by the S. aureus crt operon, promotes S. aureus resistance to oxidative stress and neutrophil-mediated killing. We found that STX production by S. aureus, either as surface-grown macrocolonies or planktonic cultures, was elevated when exposed to the P. aeruginosa exoproduct, 2-heptyl-4-hydroxyquinoline N-oxide (HQNO). This was observed with both mucoid and non-mucoid P. aeruginosa strains. The induction phenotype was found in a majority of P. aeruginosa and S. aureus clinical isolates examined. When subjected to hydrogen peroxide or human neutrophils, P. aeruginosa survival was significantly higher when mixed with wild-type (WT) S. aureus, compared to P. aeruginosa alone or with an S. aureus crt mutant deficient in STX production. In a murine wound model, co-infection with WT S. aureus, but not the STX-deficient mutant, enhanced P. aeruginosa burden and disease compared to mono-infection. In conclusion, we identified a role for P. aeruginosa HQNO mediating polymicrobial interactions with S. aureus by inducing STX production, which consequently promotes resistance to the innate immune effectors H2O2 and neutrophils. These results further our understanding of how different bacterial species cooperatively cause co-infections.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yiwei Liu
- Department of Microbiology, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH43210
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH43210
| | - Eleanor A. McQuillen
- Department of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH43210
| | - Pranav S. J. B. Rana
- Department of Microbiology, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH43210
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH43210
| | - Erin S. Gloag
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH43210
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA24060
| | - Matthew R. Parsek
- Department of Microbiology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA98195
| | - Daniel J. Wozniak
- Department of Microbiology, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH43210
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH43210
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Vanderpool EJ, Rumbaugh KP. Host-microbe interactions in chronic rhinosinusitis biofilms and models for investigation. Biofilm 2023; 6:100160. [PMID: 37928619 PMCID: PMC10622848 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioflm.2023.100160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Revised: 09/28/2023] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) is a debilitating condition characterized by long-lasting inflammation of the paranasal sinuses. It affects a significant portion of the population, causing a considerable burden on individuals and healthcare systems. The pathogenesis of CRS is multifactorial, with bacterial infections playing a crucial role in CRS development and persistence. In recent years, the presence of biofilms has emerged as a key contributor to the chronicity of sinusitis, further complicating treatment and exacerbating symptoms. This review aims to explore the role of biofilms in CRS, focusing on the involvement of the bacterial species Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, their interactions in chronic infections, and model systems for studying biofilms in CRS. These species serve as an example of how microbial interplay can influence disease progression and exemplify the need for continued investigation and innovation in CRS research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emily J. Vanderpool
- Department of Surgery, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, USA
- Burn Center of Research Excellence, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, USA
- Department of Immunology and Molecular Microbiology, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, USA
| | - Kendra P. Rumbaugh
- Department of Surgery, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, USA
- Burn Center of Research Excellence, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, USA
- Department of Immunology and Molecular Microbiology, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, USA
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Silva E, Teixeira JA, Pereira MO, Rocha CMR, Sousa AM. Evolving biofilm inhibition and eradication in clinical settings through plant-based antibiofilm agents. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2023; 119:154973. [PMID: 37499434 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2023.154973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2023] [Revised: 07/05/2023] [Accepted: 07/15/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND After almost 100 years since evidence of biofilm mode of growth and decades of intensive investigation about their formation, regulatory pathways and mechanisms of antimicrobial tolerance, nowadays there are still no therapeutic solutions to eradicate bacterial biofilms and their biomedical related issues. PURPOSE This review intends to provide a comprehensive summary of the recent and most relevant published studies on plant-based products, or their isolated compounds with antibiofilm activity mechanisms of action or identified molecular targets against bacterial biofilms. The objective is to offer a new perspective of most recent data for clinical researchers aiming to prevent or eliminate biofilm-associated infections caused by bacterial pathogens. METHODS The search was performed considering original research articles published on PubMed, Web of Science and Scopus from 2015 to April 2023, using keywords such as "antibiofilm", "antivirulence", "phytochemicals" and "plant extracts". RESULTS Over 180 articles were considered for this review with a focus on the priority human pathogens listed by World Health Organization, including Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae and Escherichia coli. Inhibition and detachment or dismantling of biofilms formed by these pathogens were found using plant-based extract/products or derivative compounds. Although combination of plant-based products and antibiotics were recorded and discussed, this topic is currently poorly explored and only for a reduced number of bacterial species. CONCLUSIONS This review clearly demonstrates that plant-based products or derivative compounds may be a promising therapeutic strategy to eliminate bacterial biofilms and their associated infections. After thoroughly reviewing the vast amount of research carried out over years, it was concluded that plant-based products are mostly able to prevent biofilm formation through inhibition of quorum sensing signals, but also to disrupt mature biofilms developed by multidrug resistant bacteria targeting the biofilm extracellular polymeric substance. Flavonoids and phenolic compounds seemed the most effective against bacterial biofilms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eduarda Silva
- Centre of Biological Engineering, LIBRO - Laboratório de Investigação em Biofilmes Rosário Oliveira, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, Braga 4710-057, Portugal
| | - José A Teixeira
- Centre of Biological Engineering, LIBRO - Laboratório de Investigação em Biofilmes Rosário Oliveira, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, Braga 4710-057, Portugal; LABBELS - Associate Laboratory, Guimarães, Braga, Portugal
| | - Maria Olivia Pereira
- Centre of Biological Engineering, LIBRO - Laboratório de Investigação em Biofilmes Rosário Oliveira, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, Braga 4710-057, Portugal; LABBELS - Associate Laboratory, Guimarães, Braga, Portugal
| | - Cristina M R Rocha
- Centre of Biological Engineering, LIBRO - Laboratório de Investigação em Biofilmes Rosário Oliveira, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, Braga 4710-057, Portugal; LABBELS - Associate Laboratory, Guimarães, Braga, Portugal
| | - Ana Margarida Sousa
- Centre of Biological Engineering, LIBRO - Laboratório de Investigação em Biofilmes Rosário Oliveira, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, Braga 4710-057, Portugal; LABBELS - Associate Laboratory, Guimarães, Braga, Portugal.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Noori HG, Tadjrobehkar O, Moazamian E. Biofilm stimulating activity of solanidine and Solasodine in Pseudomonas aeruginosa. BMC Microbiol 2023; 23:208. [PMID: 37533040 PMCID: PMC10394856 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-023-02957-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Accepted: 07/21/2023] [Indexed: 08/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Biofilm formation has reported as an important virulence associated properties of Pseudomonas aeruginosa that is regulated by quorum-sensing associated genes. Biofilm and quorum-sensing interfering properties of steroidal alkaloids, Solanidine and Solasodine were investigated in the present study. RESULTS Biofilm formation capacity and relative expression level of five studied genes(lasI, lasR, rhlI, rhlR and algD) were significantly increased dose-dependently after treatment with sub-inhibitory concentrations (32 and 512 µg/ml) of the both Solanidine and Solasodine. Biofilm formation capacity was more stimulated in weak biofilm formers(9 iaolates) in comparison to the strong biofilm producers(11 isolates). The lasI gene was the most induced QS-associated gene among five investigated genes. CONCLUSION Biofilm inducing properties of the plants alkaloids and probably medicines derived from them has to be considered for revision of therapeutic guidelines. Investigating the biofilm stimulating properties of corticosteroids and other medicines that comes from plant alkaloids also strongly proposed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hadi Ghoomdost Noori
- Department of Microbiology, College of Sciences, Agriculture and Modern Technology, Shiraz Branch, Islamic Azad University, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Omid Tadjrobehkar
- Department of Medical Microbiology (Bacteriology and Virology), Afzalipour Faculty of Medicine, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran.
| | - Elham Moazamian
- Department of Microbiology, College of Sciences, Agriculture and Modern Technology, Shiraz Branch, Islamic Azad University, Shiraz, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Millette G, Séguin DL, Isabelle C, Chamberland S, Lucier JF, Rodrigue S, Cantin AM, Malouin F. Staphylococcus aureus Small-Colony Variants from Airways of Adult Cystic Fibrosis Patients as Precursors of Adaptive Antibiotic-Resistant Mutations. Antibiotics (Basel) 2023; 12:1069. [PMID: 37370388 PMCID: PMC10294822 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics12061069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2023] [Revised: 06/14/2023] [Accepted: 06/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Prototypic Staphylococcus aureus and their small-colony variants (SCVs) are predominant in cystic fibrosis (CF), but the interdependence of these phenotypes is poorly understood. We characterized S. aureus isolates from adult CF patients over several years. Of 18 S. aureus-positive patients (58%), 13 (72%) were positive for SCVs. Characterization included genotyping, SCCmec types, auxotrophy, biofilm production, antibiotic susceptibilities and tolerance, and resistance acquisition rates. Whole-genome sequencing revealed that several patients were colonized with prototypical and SCV-related clones. Some clonal pairs showed acquisition of aminoglycoside resistance that was not explained by aminoglycoside-modifying enzymes, suggesting a mutation-based process. The characteristics of SCVs that could play a role in resistance acquisition were thus investigated further. For instance, SCV isolates produced more biofilm (p < 0.05) and showed a higher survival rate upon exposure to ciprofloxacin and vancomycin compared to their prototypic associated clones. SCVs also developed spontaneous rifampicin resistance mutations at a higher frequency. Accordingly, a laboratory-derived SCV (ΔhemB) acquired resistance to ciprofloxacin and gentamicin faster than its parent counterpart after serial passages in the presence of sub-inhibitory concentrations of antibiotics. These results suggest a role for SCVs in the establishment of persistent antibiotic-resistant clones in adult CF patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guillaume Millette
- Département de Biologie, Faculté des Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC J1K 2R1, Canada; (G.M.); (D.L.S.); (C.I.); (S.C.); (J.-F.L.); (S.R.)
| | - David Lalonde Séguin
- Département de Biologie, Faculté des Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC J1K 2R1, Canada; (G.M.); (D.L.S.); (C.I.); (S.C.); (J.-F.L.); (S.R.)
| | - Charles Isabelle
- Département de Biologie, Faculté des Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC J1K 2R1, Canada; (G.M.); (D.L.S.); (C.I.); (S.C.); (J.-F.L.); (S.R.)
| | - Suzanne Chamberland
- Département de Biologie, Faculté des Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC J1K 2R1, Canada; (G.M.); (D.L.S.); (C.I.); (S.C.); (J.-F.L.); (S.R.)
| | - Jean-François Lucier
- Département de Biologie, Faculté des Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC J1K 2R1, Canada; (G.M.); (D.L.S.); (C.I.); (S.C.); (J.-F.L.); (S.R.)
| | - Sébastien Rodrigue
- Département de Biologie, Faculté des Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC J1K 2R1, Canada; (G.M.); (D.L.S.); (C.I.); (S.C.); (J.-F.L.); (S.R.)
| | - André M. Cantin
- Service de Pneumologie, Département de Médecine, Faculté de Médecine et des Sciences de la Santé, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC J1H 5N4, Canada;
| | - François Malouin
- Département de Biologie, Faculté des Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC J1K 2R1, Canada; (G.M.); (D.L.S.); (C.I.); (S.C.); (J.-F.L.); (S.R.)
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Serrano I, Alhinho B, Cunha E, Tavares L, Trindade A, Oliveira M. Bacteriostatic and Antibiofilm Efficacy of a Nisin Z Solution against Co-Cultures of Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa from Diabetic Foot Infections. Life (Basel) 2023; 13:life13020504. [PMID: 36836861 PMCID: PMC9964538 DOI: 10.3390/life13020504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2023] [Revised: 02/01/2023] [Accepted: 02/09/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus (DM) patients frequently develop diabetic foot ulcers (DFU) which are generally infected by a community of microorganisms, mainly Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. These bacteria exhibit a multi-drug resistance profile and biofilm-forming ability which represent a hurdle in the treatment of diabetic foot infections (DFI). We aimed to evaluate the potential of Nisin Z, an antimicrobial peptide (AMP), as an alternative treatment for severe DFI. Nisin Z shows antibacterial activity against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria and an increased antibacterial effect against Gram-negatives when added to EDTA. As such, Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC), Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC), Minimum Biofilm Inhibitory Concentration (MBIC), and Minimum Biofilm Eradication Concentration (MBEC) were determined for Nisin Z, Nisin Z + EDTA (0.4%), and Nisin Z + EDTA incorporated into guar gum, in order to test its efficacy against S. aureus and P. aeruginosa isolated from the same DFU. Results showed that Nisin Z added to the chelation agent EDTA displayed higher antibacterial and bacteriostatic efficacy against mono and dual co-cultures of S. aureus and P. aeruginosa, and higher antibiofilm efficiency against monocultures. Nisin Z was moderately cytotoxic at 200 µg/mL. Prospect in vivo studies are needed to confirm the potential of Nisin Z supplemented with EDTA to be used as a complement to conventional antibiotic therapy for severe DFI.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Isa Serrano
- CIISA—Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Lisbon, Avenida da Universidade Técnica, 1300-477 Lisboa, Portugal
- Associate Laboratory for Animal and Veterinary Sciences (AL4AnimalS), 1300-477 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Bernardo Alhinho
- CIISA—Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Lisbon, Avenida da Universidade Técnica, 1300-477 Lisboa, Portugal
- Associate Laboratory for Animal and Veterinary Sciences (AL4AnimalS), 1300-477 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Eva Cunha
- CIISA—Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Lisbon, Avenida da Universidade Técnica, 1300-477 Lisboa, Portugal
- Associate Laboratory for Animal and Veterinary Sciences (AL4AnimalS), 1300-477 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Luís Tavares
- CIISA—Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Lisbon, Avenida da Universidade Técnica, 1300-477 Lisboa, Portugal
- Associate Laboratory for Animal and Veterinary Sciences (AL4AnimalS), 1300-477 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Alexandre Trindade
- CIISA—Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Lisbon, Avenida da Universidade Técnica, 1300-477 Lisboa, Portugal
- Associate Laboratory for Animal and Veterinary Sciences (AL4AnimalS), 1300-477 Lisboa, Portugal
- Presently at Egas Moniz Center for Interdisciplinary Research, Egas Moniz School of Health and Science, 2829-511 Caparica, Portugal
| | - Manuela Oliveira
- CIISA—Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Lisbon, Avenida da Universidade Técnica, 1300-477 Lisboa, Portugal
- Associate Laboratory for Animal and Veterinary Sciences (AL4AnimalS), 1300-477 Lisboa, Portugal
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +352-213-602-052
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Liu Y, McQuillen EA, Rana PSJB, Gloag ES, Wozniak DJ. Cross-Species Protection to Innate Immunity Mediated by A Bacterial Pigment. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.01.15.524085. [PMID: 36711503 PMCID: PMC9882196 DOI: 10.1101/2023.01.15.524085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Bacterial infections are often polymicrobial. Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus cause chronic co-infections, which are more problematic than mono-species infections. We found that the production of S. aureus membrane-bound pigment staphyloxanthin (STX), was induced by the P. aeruginosa exoproduct, 2-heptyl-4-hydroxyquinoline N-oxide (HQNO). The induction phenotype was conserved in P. aeruginosa and S. aureus clinical isolates examined. When subjected to hydrogen peroxide or human neutrophils, P. aeruginosa survival was significantly higher when mixed with wild-type (WT) S. aureus , compared to a mutant deficient in STX production or P. aeruginosa alone. In a murine wound model, co-infection with WT S. aureus , but not the STX-deficient mutant, enhanced P. aeruginosa burden and disease compared to mono-infection. In conclusion, we discovered a novel role for P. aeruginosa HQNO mediating polymicrobial interactions with S. aureus by inducing STX production, which consequently promotes resistance of both pathogens to innate immune effectors. These results further our understanding of how different bacterial species cooperatively cause co-infections.
Collapse
|
17
|
Jean-Pierre V, Boudet A, Sorlin P, Menetrey Q, Chiron R, Lavigne JP, Marchandin H. Biofilm Formation by Staphylococcus aureus in the Specific Context of Cystic Fibrosis. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 24:ijms24010597. [PMID: 36614040 PMCID: PMC9820612 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24010597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2022] [Revised: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is a major human pathogen whose characteristics support its success in various clinical settings including Cystic Fibrosis (CF). In CF, S. aureus is indeed the most commonly identified opportunistic pathogen in children and the overall population. S. aureus colonization/infection, either by methicillin-susceptible or methicillin-resistant strains, will become chronic in about one third of CF patients. The persistence of S. aureus in CF patients' lungs, despite various eradication strategies, is favored by several traits in both host and pathogen. Among the latter, living in biofilm is a highly protective way to survive despite deleterious environmental conditions, and is a common characteristic shared by the main pathogens identified in CF. This is why CF has earned the status of a biofilm-associated disease for several years now. Biofilm formation by S. aureus, and the molecular mechanisms governing and regulating it, have been extensively studied but have received less attention in the specific context of CF lungs. Here, we review the current knowledge on S. aureus biofilm in this very context, i.e., the importance, study methods, molecular data published on mono- and multi-species biofilm and anti-biofilm strategies. This focus on studies including clinical isolates from CF patients shows that they are still under-represented in the literature compared with studies based on reference strains, and underlines the need for such studies. Indeed, CF clinical strains display specific characteristics that may not be extrapolated from results obtained on laboratory strains.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Jean-Pierre
- HSM—HydroSciences Montpellier, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, IRD, Service de Microbiologie et Hygiène Hospitalière, CHU Nîmes, 34093 Montpellier, France
| | - Agathe Boudet
- VBIC—Virulence Bactérienne et Infections Chroniques, Université de Montpellier, INSERM U1047, Service de Microbiologie et Hygiène Hospitalière, CHU Nîmes, 30900 Nîmes, France
| | - Pauline Sorlin
- HSM—HydroSciences Montpellier, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, IRD, 34093 Montpellier, France
| | - Quentin Menetrey
- INFINITE—Institute for Translational Research in Inflammation, Université de Lille, INSERM U1286, CHU Lille, 59000 Lille, France
| | - Raphaël Chiron
- HSM—HydroSciences Montpellier, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, IRD, Centre de Ressources et de Compétences de la Mucoviscidose, CHU Montpellier, 34295 Montpellier, France
| | - Jean-Philippe Lavigne
- VBIC—Virulence Bactérienne et Infections Chroniques, Université de Montpellier, INSERM U1047, Service de Microbiologie et Hygiène Hospitalière, CHU Nîmes, 30900 Nîmes, France
| | - Hélène Marchandin
- HSM—HydroSciences Montpellier, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, IRD, Service de Microbiologie et Hygiène Hospitalière, CHU Nîmes, 34093 Montpellier, France
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Asante J, Abia ALK, Anokwah D, Hetsa BA, Fatoba DO, Bester LA, Amoako DG. Phenotypic and Genomic Insights into Biofilm Formation in Antibiotic-Resistant Clinical Coagulase-Negative Staphylococcus Species from South Africa. Genes (Basel) 2022; 14:104. [PMID: 36672846 PMCID: PMC9858754 DOI: 10.3390/genes14010104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2022] [Revised: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 12/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The work aims to investigate biofilm formation and biofilm/adhesion-encoding genes in coagulase-negative staphylococci (CoNS) species recovered from blood culture isolates. Eighty-nine clinical CoNS were confirmed using the VITEK 2 system, and antibiotic susceptibility testing of isolates was conducted using the Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method against a panel of 20 antibiotics. Isolates were qualitatively screened using the Congo red agar medium. Quantitative assays were performed on microtiter plates, where the absorbances of the solubilised biofilms were recorded as optical densities and quantified. In all, 12.4% of the isolates were strong biofilm formers, 68.5% had moderate biofilm capacity, and 17.9% showed weak capacity. A subset of 18 isolates, mainly methicillin-resistant S. epidermidis, were investigated for adherence-related genes using whole-genome sequencing and bioinformatics analysis. The highest antibiotic resistance rates for strongly adherent isolates were observed against penicillin (100%) and cefoxitin (81.8%), but the isolates showed no resistance to linezolid (0.0%) and tigecycline (0.0%). The icaABC genes involved in biofilm formation were detected in 50% of the screened isolates. Other adherence-related genes, including autolysin gene atl (88.8%), elastin binding protein gene ebp (94.4%), cell wall-associated fibronectin-binding protein gene ebh (66.7%), clumping factor A gene clfA (5.5%), and pili gene ebpC (22.2%) were also found. The insertion sequence IS256, involved in biofilm formation, was found in 10/18 (55.5%) screened isolates. We demonstrate a high prevalence of biofilm-forming coagulase-negative staphylococci associated with various resistance phenotypes and a substantial agreement between the possession of biofilm-associated genes and the biofilm phenotype.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Asante
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana
- College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4000, South Africa
| | - Akebe L. K. Abia
- College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4000, South Africa
- Environmental Research Foundation, Westville 3630, South Africa
| | - Daniel Anokwah
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana
| | - Bakoena A. Hetsa
- College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4000, South Africa
| | - Dorcas O. Fatoba
- College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4000, South Africa
| | - Linda A. Bester
- Biomedical Resource Unit, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4000, South Africa
| | - Daniel G. Amoako
- College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4000, South Africa
- Biomedical Resource Unit, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4000, South Africa
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Keim KC, George IK, Reynolds L, Smith AC. The Clinical Significance of Staphylococcus aureus Small Colony Variants. Lab Med 2022; 54:227-234. [PMID: 36226897 DOI: 10.1093/labmed/lmac101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
A burdensome, atypical phenotype of Staphylococcus aureus (SA) called S aureus small colony variant (SA-SCV) has been identified, which is induced as a result of a combination of environmental stressors, including polymicrobial interactions. The SA-SCVs exhibit altered phenotypes as a result of metabolic dormancy caused by electron transport deficiency, leading to increased biofilm production and alterations to antimicrobial susceptibility. The SA-SCVs typically exhibit altered colony morphology and biochemical reactions compared with wild-type SA, making them difficult to detect via routine diagnostics. The SA-SCVs have been found to contribute to chronic or recurrent infections, including skin and soft-tissue infections, foreign-body associated infection, cystic fibrosis, and sepsis. There is evidence that SA-SCVs contribute to patient morbidity and mortality as a result of diagnostic difficulties and limited treatment options. New detection methods may need to be developed that can be incorporated into routine diagnostics, which would allow for better assessment of specimens and introduce new considerations for treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Klara C Keim
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, School of Medicine, Anschutz Medical Campus, University of Colorado , Aurora, CO , USA
| | - Isaiah K George
- Department of Honors Studies, Texas Tech University , Lubbock, TX , USA
| | - Landrye Reynolds
- Department of Honors Studies, Texas Tech University , Lubbock, TX , USA
| | - Allie C Smith
- Department of Honors Studies, Texas Tech University , Lubbock, TX , USA
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Ghapanvari P, Taheri M, Jalilian FA, Dehbashi S, Dezfuli AAZ, Arabestani MR. The effect of nisin on the biofilm production, antimicrobial susceptibility and biofilm formation of Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Eur J Med Res 2022; 27:173. [PMID: 36076252 PMCID: PMC9461124 DOI: 10.1186/s40001-022-00804-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 09/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa were the most common bacteria in nosocomial infections. Different bacteriocins are currently being studied as antibiotics or in conjunction with antibiotics as potential strategies to treat resistant infectious agents. The study aimed to determine nisin's effect on the biofilm production, antimicrobial susceptibility, and biofilm formation of S. aureus and P. aeruginosa. Materials and methods The experimental research tested two antibiotic-resistant isolates of S. aureus and P. aeruginosa strains. The experimental study tested two antibiotic-resistant isolates of S. aureus and P. aeruginosa strains. The MIC of bacteriocin nisin was determined using the micro broth dilution method, and crystal violet was used to assess the effect of bacteriocin on the biofilm. In addition, L929 cell culture was used to determine the effectiveness of bacteriocin on the isolate under similar cell conditions. Moreover, the MTT assay was used to and evaluate bacteriocin toxicity. In this study, the software Prism version 9 and Graph pad software were utilized. Results The results of this study reveal that the nisin has different activities at different doses and is considered dose-dependent. At various times and doses, nisin inhibits biofilm formation in S. aureus, and P. aeruginosa isolates. Nisin also showed a decreasing survival of the isolates. Antibiotic-resistant bacteria can be made more vulnerable by nisin. Furthermore, nisin treatment affected the production of virulence factors such as hemolysins in S. aureus and had little or a negative effect on P. aeruginosa virulence factors. This medication stops S. aureus and P. aeruginosa from growing and causes bacterial cell damage. Conclusions Antibacterial properties of nicin against S. aureus and P. aeruginosa were successfully studied. This bacteriocin stops S. aureus and P. aeruginosa from growing and causes bacterial cell damage or death. Damage to the membrane among the fundamental causes is reduced membrane potential and enzyme inactivation. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s40001-022-00804-x.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Parnia Ghapanvari
- Microbiology department, Faculty of Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Pajoohesh junction, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Mohammad Taheri
- Microbiology department, Faculty of Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Pajoohesh junction, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Farid Aziz Jalilian
- Department of Virology, School of Medicine, University of Hamadan, Pajoohesh junction, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Sanaz Dehbashi
- Microbiology department, Faculty of Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Pajoohesh junction, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Aram Asareh Zadegan Dezfuli
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapour University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Mohammad Reza Arabestani
- Microbiology department, Faculty of Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Pajoohesh junction, Hamadan, Iran. .,School of Medicine, Nutrition Health Research Center, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran.
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Characterization of Biofilm Producing Coagulase-Negative Staphylococci Isolated from Bulk Tank Milk. Vet Sci 2022; 9:vetsci9080430. [PMID: 36006345 PMCID: PMC9416249 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci9080430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2022] [Revised: 07/30/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Coagulase-negative staphylococci (CoNS) are considered less virulent as they do not produce a large number of toxic enzymes and toxins; however, they have been increasingly recognized as an important cause of bovine mastitis. In particular, the ability to form biofilms appears to be an important factor in CoNS pathogenicity, and it contributes more resistance to antimicrobials. The aim of this study was to investigate the pathogenic potential by assessing the biofilm-forming ability of CoNS isolated from normal bulk tank milk using the biofilm formation assay and to analyze the biofilm-associated resistance to antimicrobial agents using the disc diffusion method. One hundred and twenty-seven (78.4%) among 162 CoNS showed the ability of biofilm formation, and all species showed a significantly high ability of biofilm formation (p < 0.05). Although the prevalence of weak biofilm formers (39.1% to 80.0%) was significantly higher than that of other biofilm formers in all species (p < 0.05), the prevalence of strong biofilm formers was significantly higher in Staphylococcus haemolyticus (36.4%), Staphylococcus chromogenes (24.6%), and Staphylococcus saprophyticus (21.7%) (p < 0.05). Also, 4 (11.4%) among 35 non-biofilm formers did not harbor any biofilm-associated genes, whereas all 54 strong or moderate biofilm formers harbored 1 or more of these genes. The prevalence of MDR was significantly higher in biofilm formers (73.2%) than in non-formers (20.0%) (p < 0.05). Moreover, the distribution of MDR in strong or moderate biofilm formers was 81.5%, which was significantly higher than in weak (67.1%) and non-formers (20.0%) (p < 0.05). Our results indicated that various CoNS isolated from bulk tank milk, not from bovine with mastitis, have already showed a high ability to form biofilms, while also displaying a high prevalence of MDR.
Collapse
|
22
|
Durand BARN, Pouget C, Magnan C, Molle V, Lavigne JP, Dunyach-Remy C. Bacterial Interactions in the Context of Chronic Wound Biofilm: A Review. Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10081500. [PMID: 35893558 PMCID: PMC9332326 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10081500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2022] [Revised: 07/15/2022] [Accepted: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic wounds, defined by their resistance to care after four weeks, are a major concern, affecting millions of patients every year. They can be divided into three types of lesions: diabetic foot ulcers (DFU), pressure ulcers (PU), and venous/arterial ulcers. Once established, the classical treatment for chronic wounds includes tissue debridement at regular intervals to decrease biofilm mass constituted by microorganisms physiologically colonizing the wound. This particular niche hosts a dynamic bacterial population constituting the bed of interaction between the various microorganisms. The temporal reshuffle of biofilm relies on an organized architecture. Microbial community turnover is mainly associated with debridement (allowing transitioning from one major representant to another), but also with microbial competition and/or collaboration within wounds. This complex network of species and interactions has the potential, through diversity in antagonist and/or synergistic crosstalk, to accelerate, delay, or worsen wound healing. Understanding these interactions between microorganisms encountered in this clinical situation is essential to improve the management of chronic wounds.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin A. R. N. Durand
- Bacterial Virulence and Chronic Infections, UMR 1047, Université Montpellier, INSERM, Service de Microbiologie et Hygiène Hospitalière, CHU Nîmes, 30908 Nîmes, France; (B.A.R.N.D.); (C.P.); (C.M.); (J.-P.L.)
| | - Cassandra Pouget
- Bacterial Virulence and Chronic Infections, UMR 1047, Université Montpellier, INSERM, Service de Microbiologie et Hygiène Hospitalière, CHU Nîmes, 30908 Nîmes, France; (B.A.R.N.D.); (C.P.); (C.M.); (J.-P.L.)
| | - Chloé Magnan
- Bacterial Virulence and Chronic Infections, UMR 1047, Université Montpellier, INSERM, Service de Microbiologie et Hygiène Hospitalière, CHU Nîmes, 30908 Nîmes, France; (B.A.R.N.D.); (C.P.); (C.M.); (J.-P.L.)
| | - Virginie Molle
- Laboratory of Pathogen Host Interactions, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, UMR 5235, 34000 Montpellier, France;
| | - Jean-Philippe Lavigne
- Bacterial Virulence and Chronic Infections, UMR 1047, Université Montpellier, INSERM, Service de Microbiologie et Hygiène Hospitalière, CHU Nîmes, 30908 Nîmes, France; (B.A.R.N.D.); (C.P.); (C.M.); (J.-P.L.)
| | - Catherine Dunyach-Remy
- Bacterial Virulence and Chronic Infections, UMR 1047, Université Montpellier, INSERM, Service de Microbiologie et Hygiène Hospitalière, CHU Nîmes, 30908 Nîmes, France; (B.A.R.N.D.); (C.P.); (C.M.); (J.-P.L.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +33-466-683-202
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Strain-specific interspecies interactions between co-isolated pairs of Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa from patients with tracheobronchitis or bronchial colonization. Sci Rep 2022; 12:3374. [PMID: 35233050 PMCID: PMC8888623 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-07018-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2022] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Dual species interactions in co-isolated pairs of Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa from patients with tracheobronchitis or bronchial colonization were examined. The genetic and phenotypic diversity between the isolates was high making the interactions detected strain-specific. Despite this, and the clinical origin of the strains, some interactions were common between some co-isolated pairs. For most pairs, P. aeruginosa exoproducts affected biofilm formation and reduced growth in vitro in its S. aureus counterpart. Conversely, S. aureus did not impair biofilm formation and stimulated swarming motility in P. aeruginosa. Co-culture in a medium that mimics respiratory mucus promoted coexistence and favored mixed microcolony formation within biofilms. Under these conditions, key genes controlled by quorum sensing were differentially regulated in both species in an isolate-dependent manner. Finally, co-infection in the acute infection model in Galleria mellonella larvae showed an additive effect only in the co-isolated pair in which P. aeruginosa affected less S. aureus growth. This work contributes to understanding the complex interspecies interactions between P. aeruginosa and S. aureus by studying strains isolated during acute infection.
Collapse
|
24
|
Biswas L, Götz F. Molecular Mechanisms of Staphylococcus and Pseudomonas Interactions in Cystic Fibrosis. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 11:824042. [PMID: 35071057 PMCID: PMC8770549 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.824042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Cystic fibrosis (CF) is an autosomal recessive genetic disorder that is characterized by recurrent and chronic infections of the lung predominantly by the opportunistic pathogens, Gram-positive Staphylococcus aureus and Gram-negative Pseudomonas aeruginosa. While S. aureus is the main colonizing bacteria of the CF lungs during infancy and early childhood, its incidence declines thereafter and infections by P. aeruginosa become more prominent with increasing age. The competitive and cooperative interactions exhibited by these two pathogens influence their survival, antibiotic susceptibility, persistence and, consequently the disease progression. For instance, P. aeruginosa secretes small respiratory inhibitors like hydrogen cyanide, pyocyanin and quinoline N-oxides that block the electron transport pathway and suppress the growth of S. aureus. However, S. aureus survives this respiratory attack by adapting to respiration-defective small colony variant (SCV) phenotype. SCVs cause persistent and recurrent infections and are also resistant to antibiotics, especially aminoglycosides, antifolate antibiotics, and to host antimicrobial peptides such as LL-37, human β-defensin (HBD) 2 and HBD3; and lactoferricin B. The interaction between P. aeruginosa and S. aureus is multifaceted. In mucoid P. aeruginosa strains, siderophores and rhamnolipids are downregulated thus enhancing the survival of S. aureus. Conversely, protein A from S. aureus inhibits P. aeruginosa biofilm formation while protecting both P. aeruginosa and S. aureus from phagocytosis by neutrophils. This review attempts to summarize the current understanding of the molecular mechanisms that drive the competitive and cooperative interactions between S. aureus and P. aeruginosa in the CF lungs that could influence the disease outcome.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lalitha Biswas
- Centre for Nanosciences and Molecular Medicine, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Kochi, India
| | - Friedrich Götz
- Microbial Genetics, Interfaculty Institute of Microbiology and Infection Medicine Tübingen (IMIT), University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Mixed Populations and Co-Infection: Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2022; 1386:397-424. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-08491-1_15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
|
26
|
Asante J, Hetsa BA, Amoako DG, Abia ALK, Bester LA, Essack SY. Genomic Analysis of Antibiotic-Resistant Staphylococcus epidermidis Isolates From Clinical Sources in the Kwazulu-Natal Province, South Africa. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:656306. [PMID: 34421833 PMCID: PMC8374169 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.656306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 07/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus epidermidis has become an important nosocomial pathogen. Multidrug resistance makes S. epidermidis infections difficult to treat. The study aims to describe the genomic characteristics of methicillin-resistant S. epidermidis (MRSE) isolated from clinical sources, to comprehend the genetic basis of antibiotic resistance, virulence, and potential pathogenicity. Sixteen MRSE underwent whole-genome sequencing, and bioinformatics analyses were carried out to ascertain their resistome, virulome, mobilome, clonality, and phylogenomic relationships. In all, 75% of isolates displayed multidrug resistance and were associated with the carriage of multiple resistance genes including mecA, blaZ, tet(K), erm(A), erm(B), erm(C), dfrG, aac(6')-aph(2''), and cat(pC221) conferring resistance to β-lactams, tetracyclines, macrolide-lincosamide-streptogramin B, aminoglycosides, and phenicols, which were located on both plasmids and chromosomes. Their virulence profiles were evidenced by the presence of genes involved in adherence/biofilm formation (icaA, icaB, icaC, atl, ebh, and ebp), immune evasion (adsA, capC, and manA), and antiphagocytosis (rmlC, cdsA, and A). The community-acquired SCCmec type IV was the most common SCCmec type. The CoNS belonged to seven multilocus sequence types (MLSTs) and carried a diversity of mobile genetic elements such as phages, insertion sequences, and plasmids. The bacterial anti-phage defense systems clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats/CRISPR-associated (CRISPR-Cas) immunity phage system and restriction-modification system (R-M system) and the arginine catabolic mobile element (ACME) involved in immune evasion and transport of virulence genes were also found. The insertion sequence, IS256, linked with virulence, was found in 56.3% of isolates. Generally, the isolates clustered according to STs, with some similarity but also considerable variability within isolates. Whole-genome sequencing and bioinformatics analysis provide insights into the likely pathogenicity and antibiotic resistance of S. epidermidis, necessitating surveillance of this emerging pathogen.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Asante
- Antimicrobial Research Unit, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa.,School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Bakoena A Hetsa
- Antimicrobial Research Unit, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa.,School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Daniel G Amoako
- Antimicrobial Research Unit, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Akebe L K Abia
- Antimicrobial Research Unit, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Linda A Bester
- Biomedical Research Unit, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Sabiha Y Essack
- Antimicrobial Research Unit, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Warrier A, Satyamoorthy K, Murali TS. Quorum-sensing regulation of virulence factors in bacterial biofilm. Future Microbiol 2021; 16:1003-1021. [PMID: 34414776 DOI: 10.2217/fmb-2020-0301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic polymicrobial wound infections are often characterized by the presence of bacterial biofilms. They show considerable structural and functional heterogeneity, which influences the choice of antimicrobial therapy and wound healing dynamics. The hallmarks of biofilm-associated bacterial infections include elevated antibiotic resistance and extreme pathogenicity. Biofilm helps bacteria to evade the host defense mechanisms and persist longer in the host. Quorum-sensing (QS)-mediated cell signaling primarily regulates biofilm formation in chronic infections and plays a major role in eliciting virulence. This review focuses on the QS mechanisms of two major bacterial pathogens, Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa and explains how they interact in the wound microenvironment to regulate biofilm development and virulence. The review also provides an insight into the treatment modalities aimed at eradicating polymicrobial biofilms. This information will help us develop better diagnostic modalities and devise effective treatment regimens to successfully manage and overcome severe life-threatening bacterial infections.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anjali Warrier
- Department of Biotechnology, Manipal School of Life Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, India
| | - Kapaettu Satyamoorthy
- Department of Cell & Molecular Biology, Manipal School of Life Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, India
| | - Thokur Sreepathy Murali
- Department of Biotechnology, Manipal School of Life Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, India.,Manipal Center for Infectious Diseases (MAC ID), Prasanna School of Public Health, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, India
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Monteiro R, Magalhães AP, Pereira MO, Sousa AM. Long-term coexistence of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus using an in vitro cystic fibrosis model. Future Microbiol 2021; 16:879-893. [PMID: 34319132 DOI: 10.2217/fmb-2021-0025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: To investigate the role of pre-established Staphylococcus aureus on Pseudomonas aeruginosa adaptation and antibiotic tolerance. Materials & methods: Bacteria were cultured mimicking the sequential pattern of lung colonization and exposure to ciprofloxacin. Results: In the absence of ciprofloxacin exposure, S. aureus and P. aeruginosa coexisted supported by the physicochemical characteristics of the artificial sputum medium. S. aureus had no role in P. aeruginosa tolerance against ciprofloxacin and did not select P. aeruginosa small-colony variants during antibiotic treatment. rhlR and psqE were downregulated after the contact with S. aureus indicating that P. aeruginosa attenuated its virulence potential. Conclusion: P. aeruginosa and S. aureus can cohabit in cystic fibrosis airway environment for long-term without significant impact on P. aeruginosa adaptation and antibiotic tolerance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rosana Monteiro
- Centre of Biological Engineering, LIBRO - Laboratório de Investigação em Biofilmes Rosário Oliveira, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, Braga, 4710-057, Portugal
| | - Andreia Patrícia Magalhães
- Centre of Biological Engineering, LIBRO - Laboratório de Investigação em Biofilmes Rosário Oliveira, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, Braga, 4710-057, Portugal
| | - Maria Olivia Pereira
- Centre of Biological Engineering, LIBRO - Laboratório de Investigação em Biofilmes Rosário Oliveira, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, Braga, 4710-057, Portugal
| | - Ana Margarida Sousa
- Centre of Biological Engineering, LIBRO - Laboratório de Investigação em Biofilmes Rosário Oliveira, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, Braga, 4710-057, Portugal
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Bogut A, Magryś A. The road to success of coagulase-negative staphylococci: clinical significance of small colony variants and their pathogenic role in persistent infections. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2021; 40:2249-2270. [PMID: 34296355 PMCID: PMC8520507 DOI: 10.1007/s10096-021-04315-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2021] [Accepted: 07/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Bacterial small colony variants represent an important aspect of bacterial variability. They are naturally occurring microbial subpopulations with distinctive phenotypic and pathogenic traits, reported for many clinically important bacteria. In clinical terms, SCVs tend to be associated with persistence in host cells and tissues and are less susceptible to antibiotics than their wild-type (WT) counterparts. The increased tendency of SCVs to reside intracellularly where they are protected against the host immune responses and antimicrobial drugs is one of the crucial aspects linking SCVs to recurrent or chronic infections, which are difficult to treat. An important aspect of the SCV ability to persist in the host is the quiescent metabolic state, reduced immune response and expression a changed pattern of virulence factors, including a reduced expression of exotoxins and an increased expression of adhesins facilitating host cell uptake. The purpose of this review is to describe in greater detail the currently available data regarding CoNS SCV and, in particular, their clinical significance and possible mechanisms by which SCVs contribute to the pathogenesis of the chronic infections. It should be emphasized that in spite of an increasing clinical significance of this group of staphylococci, the number of studies unraveling the mechanisms of CoNS SCVs formation and their impact on the course of the infectious process is still scarce, lagging behind the studies on S. aureus SCVs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Bogut
- Chair and Department of Medical Microbiology, Medical University of Lublin, ul. Chodźki 1, 20-093, Lublin, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Magryś
- Chair and Department of Medical Microbiology, Medical University of Lublin, ul. Chodźki 1, 20-093, Lublin, Poland.
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Reece E, Bettio PHDA, Renwick J. Polymicrobial Interactions in the Cystic Fibrosis Airway Microbiome Impact the Antimicrobial Susceptibility of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Antibiotics (Basel) 2021; 10:antibiotics10070827. [PMID: 34356747 PMCID: PMC8300716 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics10070827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2021] [Revised: 07/01/2021] [Accepted: 07/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Pseudomonas aeruginosa is one of the most dominant pathogens in cystic fibrosis (CF) airway disease and contributes to significant inflammation, airway damage, and poorer disease outcomes. The CF airway is now known to be host to a complex community of microorganisms, and polymicrobial interactions have been shown to play an important role in shaping P. aeruginosa pathogenicity and resistance. P. aeruginosa can cause chronic infections that once established are almost impossible to eradicate with antibiotics. CF patients that develop chronic P. aeruginosa infection have poorer lung function, higher morbidity, and a reduced life expectancy. P. aeruginosa adapts to the CF airway and quickly develops resistance to several antibiotics. A perplexing phenomenon is the disparity between in vitro antimicrobial sensitivity testing and clinical response. Considering the CF airway is host to a diverse community of microorganisms or 'microbiome' and that these microorganisms are known to interact, the antimicrobial resistance and progression of P. aeruginosa infection is likely influenced by these microbial relationships. This review combines the literature to date on interactions between P. aeruginosa and other airway microorganisms and the influence of these interactions on P. aeruginosa tolerance to antimicrobials.
Collapse
|
31
|
Reigada I, San-Martin-Galindo P, Gilbert-Girard S, Chiaro J, Cerullo V, Savijoki K, Nyman TA, Fallarero A, Miettinen I. Surfaceome and Exoproteome Dynamics in Dual-Species Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus Biofilms. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:672975. [PMID: 34248881 PMCID: PMC8267900 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.672975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Accepted: 05/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Bacterial biofilms are an important underlying cause for chronic infections. By switching into the biofilm state, bacteria can evade host defenses and withstand antibiotic chemotherapy. Despite the fact that biofilms at clinical and environmental settings are mostly composed of multiple microbial species, biofilm research has largely been focused on single-species biofilms. In this study, we investigated the interaction between two clinically relevant bacterial pathogens (Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa) by label-free quantitative proteomics focusing on proteins associated with the bacterial cell surfaces (surfaceome) and proteins exported/released to the extracellular space (exoproteome). The changes observed in the surfaceome and exoproteome of P. aeruginosa pointed toward higher motility and lower pigment production when co-cultured with S. aureus. In S. aureus, lower abundances of proteins related to cell wall biosynthesis and cell division, suggesting increased persistence, were observed in the dual-species biofilm. Complementary phenotypic analyses confirmed the higher motility and the lower pigment production in P. aeruginosa when co-cultured with S. aureus. Higher antimicrobial tolerance associated with the co-culture setting was additionally observed in both species. To the best of our knowledge, this study is among the first systematic explorations providing insights into the dynamics of both the surfaceome and exoproteome of S. aureus and P. aeruginosa dual-species biofilms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Inés Reigada
- Drug Research Program, Division of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Paola San-Martin-Galindo
- Drug Research Program, Division of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Shella Gilbert-Girard
- Drug Research Program, Division of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jacopo Chiaro
- Drug Research Program, Division of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Vincenzo Cerullo
- Drug Research Program, Division of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Kirsi Savijoki
- Drug Research Program, Division of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Tuula A Nyman
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Rikshospitalet, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Adyary Fallarero
- Drug Research Program, Division of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Ilkka Miettinen
- Drug Research Program, Division of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
A Pseudomonas aeruginosa Antimicrobial Affects the Biogeography but Not Fitness of Staphylococcus aureus during Coculture. mBio 2021; 12:mBio.00047-21. [PMID: 33785630 PMCID: PMC8092195 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.00047-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Many human infections result from the action of multispecies bacterial communities. Within these communities, bacteria have been proposed to directly interact via physical and chemical means, resulting in increased disease and antimicrobial tolerance. Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus are two of the most common coinfecting bacteria in human infections, including the cystic fibrosis (CF) lung. There is emerging evidence that coinfection with these microbes enhances disease severity and antimicrobial tolerance through direct interactions. However, one of the challenges to studying microbial interactions relevant to human infection is the lack of experimental models with the versatility to investigate complex interaction dynamics while maintaining biological relevance. Here, we developed a model based on an in vitro medium that mimics human CF lung secretions (synthetic CF sputum medium [SCFM2]) and allows time-resolved assessment of fitness and community spatial structure at the micrometer scale. Our results reveal that P. aeruginosa and S. aureus coexist as spatially structured communities in SCFM2 under static growth conditions, with S. aureus enriched at a distance of 3.5 μm from P. aeruginosa. Multispecies aggregates were rare, and aggregate (biofilm) sizes resembled those in human CF sputum. Elimination of P. aeruginosa’s ability to produce the antistaphylococcal small molecule HQNO (2-heptyl-4-hydroxyquinoline N-oxide) had no effect on bacterial fitness but altered the spatial structure of the community by increasing the distance of S. aureus from P. aeruginosa to 7.6 μm. Lastly, we show that coculture with P. aeruginosa sensitizes S. aureus to killing by the antibiotic tobramycin compared to monoculture growth despite HQNO enhancing tolerance during coculture. Our findings reveal that SCFM2 is a powerful model for studying P. aeruginosa and S. aureus and that HQNO alters S. aureus biogeography and antibiotic susceptibility without affecting fitness.
Collapse
|
33
|
Cendra MDM, Torrents E. Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilms and their partners in crime. Biotechnol Adv 2021; 49:107734. [PMID: 33785375 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2021.107734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2020] [Revised: 03/15/2021] [Accepted: 03/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilms and the capacity of the bacterium to coexist and interact with a broad range of microorganisms have a substantial clinical impact. This review focuses on the main traits of P. aeruginosa biofilms, such as the structural composition and regulatory networks involved, placing particular emphasis on the clinical challenges they represent in terms of antimicrobial susceptibility and biofilm infection clearance. Furthermore, the ability of P. aeruginosa to grow together with other microorganisms is a significant pathogenic attribute with clinical relevance; hence, the main microbial interactions of Pseudomonas are especially highlighted and detailed throughout this review. This article also explores the infections caused by single and polymicrobial biofilms of P. aeruginosa and the current models used to recreate them under laboratory conditions. Finally, the antimicrobial and antibiofilm strategies developed against P. aeruginosa mono and multispecies biofilms are detailed at the end of this review.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Del Mar Cendra
- Bacterial Infections and Antimicrobial therapies Group, Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Baldiri Reixac 15-21, 08028 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Eduard Torrents
- Bacterial Infections and Antimicrobial therapies Group, Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Baldiri Reixac 15-21, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; Microbiology Section, Department of Genetics, Microbiology and Statistics, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, 643 Diagonal Ave., 08028 Barcelona, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Camus L, Briaud P, Vandenesch F, Moreau K. How Bacterial Adaptation to Cystic Fibrosis Environment Shapes Interactions Between Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:617784. [PMID: 33746915 PMCID: PMC7966511 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.617784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2020] [Accepted: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus are the two most prevalent bacteria species in the lungs of cystic fibrosis (CF) patients and are associated with poor clinical outcomes. Co-infection by the two species is a frequent situation that promotes their interaction. The ability of P. aeruginosa to outperform S. aureus has been widely described, and this competitive interaction was, for a long time, the only one considered. More recently, several studies have described that the two species are able to coexist. This change in relationship is linked to the evolution of bacterial strains in the lungs. This review attempts to decipher how bacterial adaptation to the CF environment can induce a change in the type of interaction and promote coexisting interaction between P. aeruginosa and S. aureus. The impact of coexistence on the establishment and maintenance of a chronic infection will also be presented, by considering the latest research on the subject.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laura Camus
- CIRI-Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Université de Lyon/Inserm U1111/Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1/CNRS UMR 5308/ENS de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Paul Briaud
- CIRI-Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Université de Lyon/Inserm U1111/Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1/CNRS UMR 5308/ENS de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - François Vandenesch
- CIRI-Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Université de Lyon/Inserm U1111/Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1/CNRS UMR 5308/ENS de Lyon, Lyon, France.,Centre National de Référence des Staphylocoques, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France.,Institut des Agents Infectieux, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Karen Moreau
- CIRI-Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Université de Lyon/Inserm U1111/Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1/CNRS UMR 5308/ENS de Lyon, Lyon, France
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Gaston JR, Johnson AO, Bair KL, White AN, Armbruster CE. Polymicrobial interactions in the urinary tract: is the enemy of my enemy my friend? Infect Immun 2021; 89:IAI.00652-20. [PMID: 33431702 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00652-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The vast majority of research pertaining to urinary tract infection has focused on a single pathogen in isolation, and predominantly Escherichia coli. However, polymicrobial urine colonization and infection are prevalent in several patient populations, including individuals with urinary catheters. The progression from asymptomatic colonization to symptomatic infection and severe disease is likely shaped by interactions between traditional pathogens as well as constituents of the normal urinary microbiota. Recent studies have begun to experimentally dissect the contribution of polymicrobial interactions to disease outcomes in the urinary tract, including their role in development of antimicrobial-resistant biofilm communities, modulating the innate immune response, tissue damage, and sepsis. This review aims to summarize the epidemiology of polymicrobial urine colonization, provide an overview of common urinary tract pathogens, and present key microbe-microbe and host-microbe interactions that influence infection progression, persistence, and severity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jordan R Gaston
- Department of Medicine, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, State University of New York at Buffalo
| | - Alexandra O Johnson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, State University of New York at Buffalo
| | - Kirsten L Bair
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, State University of New York at Buffalo
| | - Ashley N White
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, State University of New York at Buffalo
| | - Chelsie E Armbruster
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, State University of New York at Buffalo
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Burkholderia thailandensis Methylated Hydroxyalkylquinolines: Biosynthesis and Antimicrobial Activity in Cocultures. Appl Environ Microbiol 2020; 86:AEM.01452-20. [PMID: 33008823 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01452-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2020] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The bacterium Burkholderia thailandensis produces an arsenal of secondary metabolites that have diverse structures and roles in the ecology of this soil-dwelling bacterium. In coculture experiments, B. thailandensis strain E264 secretes an antimicrobial that nearly eliminates another soil bacterium, Bacillus subtilis strain 168. To identify the antimicrobial, we used a transposon mutagenesis approach. This screen identified antimicrobial-defective mutants with insertions in the hmqA, hmqC, and hmqF genes involved in biosynthesis of a family of 2-alkyl-4(1H)-quinolones called 4-hydroxy-3-methyl-2-alkenylquinolines (HMAQs), which are closely related to the Pseudomonas aeruginosa 4-hydroxy-2-alkylquinolines (HAQs). Insertions also occurred in the previously uncharacterized gene BTH_II1576 ("hmqL"). The results confirm that BTH_II1576 is involved in generating N-oxide derivatives of HMAQs (HMAQ-NOs). Synthetic HMAQ-NO is active against B. subtilis 168, showing ∼50-fold more activity than HMAQ. Both the methyl group and the length of the carbon side chain account for the high activity of HMAQ-NO. The results provide new information on the biosynthesis and activities of HMAQs and reveal new insight into how these molecules might be important for the ecology of B. thailandensis IMPORTANCE The soil bacterium Burkholderia thailandensis produces 2-alkyl-4(1H)-quinolones that are mostly methylated 4-hydroxyalkenylquinolines, a family of relatively unstudied metabolites similar to molecules also synthesized by Pseudomonas aeruginosa Several of the methylated 4-hydroxyalkenylquinolines have antimicrobial activity against other species. We show that Bacillus subtilis strain 168 is particularly susceptible to N-oxidated methylalkenylquinolines (HMAQ-NOs). We confirmed that HMAQ-NO biosynthesis requires the previously unstudied protein HmqL. These results provide new information about the biology of 2-alkyl-4(1H)-quinolones, particularly the methylated 4-hydroxyalkenylquinolines, which are unique to B. thailandensis This study also has importance for understanding B. thailandensis secondary metabolites and has implications for potential therapeutic development.
Collapse
|
37
|
Chirathanamettu TR, Pawar PD. Quorum sensing-induced phenotypic switching as a regulatory nutritional stress response in a competitive two-species biofilm: An individual-based cellular automata model. J Biosci 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s12038-020-00092-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
|
38
|
Trizna EY, Yarullina MN, Baidamshina DR, Mironova AV, Akhatova FS, Rozhina EV, Fakhrullin RF, Khabibrakhmanova AM, Kurbangalieva AR, Bogachev MI, Kayumov AR. Bidirectional alterations in antibiotics susceptibility in Staphylococcus aureus-Pseudomonas aeruginosa dual-species biofilm. Sci Rep 2020; 10:14849. [PMID: 32908166 PMCID: PMC7481796 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-71834-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2018] [Accepted: 08/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In mixed infections, the bacterial susceptibility differs significantly compared to monocultures of bacteria, and generally the concentrations of antibiotics required for the treatment increases drastically. For S. aureus and P. aeruginosa dual species biofilms, it has been numerously reported that P. aeruginosa decreases S. aureus susceptibility to a broad range of antibiotics, including beta-lactams, glycopeptides, aminoglycosides, macrolides, while sensitizes to quinolones via secretion of various metabolites. Here we show that S. aureus also modulates the susceptibility of P. aeruginosa to antibiotics in mixed cultures. Thus, S. aureus-P. aeruginosa consortium was characterized by tenfold increase in susceptibility to ciprofloxacin and aminoglycosides compared to monocultures. The same effect could be also achieved by the addition of cell-free culture of S. aureus to P. aeruginosa biofilm. Moreover, similar increase in antibiotics efficacy could be observed following addition of S. aureus suspension to the P. aeruginosa mature biofilm, compared to P. aeruginosa monoculture, and vice versa. These findings open promising perspectives to increase the antimicrobial treatment efficacy of the wounds infected with nosocomial pathogens by the transplantation of the skin residential microflora.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elena Y Trizna
- Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, Kazan, Republic of Tatarstan, Russian Federation
| | - Maria N Yarullina
- Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, Kazan, Republic of Tatarstan, Russian Federation
| | - Diana R Baidamshina
- Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, Kazan, Republic of Tatarstan, Russian Federation
| | - Anna V Mironova
- Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, Kazan, Republic of Tatarstan, Russian Federation
| | - Farida S Akhatova
- Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, Kazan, Republic of Tatarstan, Russian Federation
| | - Elvira V Rozhina
- Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, Kazan, Republic of Tatarstan, Russian Federation
| | - Rawil F Fakhrullin
- Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, Kazan, Republic of Tatarstan, Russian Federation
| | - Alsu M Khabibrakhmanova
- Biofunctional Chemistry Laboratory, A. Butlerov Institute of Chemistry, Kazan Federal University, Kazan, Republic of Tatarstan, Russian Federation
| | - Almira R Kurbangalieva
- Biofunctional Chemistry Laboratory, A. Butlerov Institute of Chemistry, Kazan Federal University, Kazan, Republic of Tatarstan, Russian Federation
| | - Mikhail I Bogachev
- Biomedical Engineering Research Centre, St. Petersburg Electrotechnical University, St. Petersburg, Russian Federation
| | - Airat R Kayumov
- Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, Kazan, Republic of Tatarstan, Russian Federation.
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
A comprehensive review of bacterial osteomyelitis with emphasis on Staphylococcus aureus. Microb Pathog 2020; 148:104431. [PMID: 32801004 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2020.104431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2020] [Revised: 07/29/2020] [Accepted: 07/29/2020] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Osteomyelitis, a significant infection of bone tissue, gives rise to two main groups of infection: acute and chronic. These groups are further categorized in terms of the duration of infection. Usually, children and adults are more susceptible to acute and chronic infections, respectively. The aforementioned groups of osteomyelitis share almost 80% of the corresponding bacterial pathogens. Among all bacteria, Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) is a significant pathogen and is associated with a high range of osteomyelitis symptoms. S. aureus has many strategies for interacting with host cells including Small Colony Variant (SCV), biofilm formation, and toxin secretion. In addition, it induces an inflammatory response and causes host cell death by apoptosis and necrosis. However, any possible step to take in this respect is dependent on the conditions and host responses. In the absence of any immune responses and antibiotics, bacteria actively duplicate themselves; however, in the presence of phagocytic cell and harassing conditions, they turn into a SCV, remaining sustainable for a long time. SCV is characterized by notable advantages such as (a) intracellular life that mediates a dam against immune cells and (b) low ATP production that mediates resistance against antibiotics.
Collapse
|
40
|
High-Resolution Longitudinal Dynamics of the Cystic Fibrosis Sputum Microbiome and Metabolome through Antibiotic Therapy. mSystems 2020; 5:5/3/e00292-20. [PMID: 32576651 PMCID: PMC7311317 DOI: 10.1128/msystems.00292-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Microbial diversity in the cystic fibrosis (CF) lung decreases over decades as pathogenic bacteria such as Pseudomonas aeruginosa take over. The dynamics of the CF microbiome and metabolome over shorter time frames, however, remain poorly studied. Here, we analyze paired microbiome and metabolome data from 594 sputum samples collected over 401 days from six adult CF subjects (subject mean = 179 days) through periods of clinical stability and 11 CF pulmonary exacerbations (CFPE). While microbiome profiles were personalized (permutational multivariate analysis of variance [PERMANOVA] r 2 = 0.79, P < 0.001), we observed significant intraindividual temporal variation that was highest during clinical stability (linear mixed-effects [LME] model, P = 0.002). This included periods where the microbiomes of different subjects became highly similar (UniFrac distance, <0.05). There was a linear increase in the microbiome alpha-diversity and in the log ratio of anaerobes to pathogens with time (n = 14 days) during the development of a CFPE (LME P = 0.0045 and P = 0.029, respectively). Collectively, comparing samples across disease states showed there was a reduction of these two measures during antibiotic treatment (LME P = 0.0096 and P = 0.014, respectively), but the stability data and CFPE data were not significantly different from each other. Metabolome alpha-diversity was higher during CFPE than during stability (LME P = 0.0085), but no consistent metabolite signatures of CFPE across subjects were identified. Virulence-associated metabolites from P. aeruginosa were temporally dynamic but were not associated with any disease state. One subject died during the collection period, enabling a detailed look at changes in the 194 days prior to death. This subject had over 90% Pseudomonas in the microbiome at the beginning of sampling, and that level gradually increased to over 99% prior to death. This study revealed that the CF microbiome and metabolome of some subjects are dynamic through time. Future work is needed to understand what drives these temporal dynamics and if reduction of anaerobes correlate to clinical response to CFPE therapy.IMPORTANCE Subjects with cystic fibrosis battle polymicrobial lung infections throughout their lifetime. Although antibiotic therapy is a principal treatment for CF lung disease, we have little understanding of how antibiotics affect the CF lung microbiome and metabolome and how much the community changes on daily timescales. By analyzing 594 longitudinal CF sputum samples from six adult subjects, we show that the sputum microbiome and metabolome are dynamic. Significant changes occur during times of stability and also through pulmonary exacerbations (CFPEs). Microbiome alpha-diversity increased as a CFPE developed and then decreased during treatment in a manner corresponding to the reduction in the log ratio of anaerobic bacteria to classic pathogens. Levels of metabolites from the pathogen P. aeruginosa were also highly variable through time and were negatively associated with anaerobes. The microbial dynamics observed in this study may have a significant impact on the outcome of antibiotic therapy for CFPEs and overall subject health.
Collapse
|
41
|
Jorge P, Magalhães AP, Grainha T, Alves D, Sousa AM, Lopes SP, Pereira MO. Antimicrobial resistance three ways: healthcare crisis, major concepts and the relevance of biofilms. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 2020; 95:5532357. [PMID: 31305896 DOI: 10.1093/femsec/fiz115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2019] [Accepted: 07/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Worldwide, infections are resuming their role as highly effective killing diseases, as current treatments are failing to respond to the growing problem of antimicrobial resistance (AMR). The social and economic burden of AMR seems ever rising, with health- and research-related organizations rushing to collaborate on a worldwide scale to find effective solutions. Resistant bacteria are spreading even in first-world nations, being found not only in healthcare-related settings, but also in food and in the environment. In this minireview, the impact of AMR in healthcare systems and the major bacteria behind it are highlighted. Ecological aspects of AMR evolution and the complexity of its molecular mechanisms are explained. Major concepts, such as intrinsic, acquired and adaptive resistance, as well as tolerance and heteroresistance, are also clarified. More importantly, the problematic of biofilms and their role in AMR, namely their main resistance and tolerance mechanisms, are elucidated. Finally, some of the most promising anti-biofilm strategies being investigated are reviewed. Much is still to be done regarding the study of AMR and the discovery of new anti-biofilm strategies. Gladly, considerable research on this topic is generated every day and increasingly concerted actions are being engaged globally to try and tackle this problem.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paula Jorge
- Centre of Biological Engineering, Laboratory of Research in Biofilms Rosário Oliveira, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
| | - Andreia Patrícia Magalhães
- Centre of Biological Engineering, Laboratory of Research in Biofilms Rosário Oliveira, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
| | - Tânia Grainha
- Centre of Biological Engineering, Laboratory of Research in Biofilms Rosário Oliveira, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
| | - Diana Alves
- Centre of Biological Engineering, Laboratory of Research in Biofilms Rosário Oliveira, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
| | - Ana Margarida Sousa
- Centre of Biological Engineering, Laboratory of Research in Biofilms Rosário Oliveira, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
| | - Susana Patrícia Lopes
- Centre of Biological Engineering, Laboratory of Research in Biofilms Rosário Oliveira, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
| | - Maria Olívia Pereira
- Centre of Biological Engineering, Laboratory of Research in Biofilms Rosário Oliveira, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Tuchscherr L, Löffler B, Proctor RA. Persistence of Staphylococcus aureus: Multiple Metabolic Pathways Impact the Expression of Virulence Factors in Small-Colony Variants (SCVs). Front Microbiol 2020; 11:1028. [PMID: 32508801 PMCID: PMC7253646 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.01028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2019] [Accepted: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is able to survive within host cells by switching its phenotype to the small-colony variant (SCV) phenotype. The emergence of SCVs is associated with the development of persistent infections, which may be both chronic and recurrent. This slow-growing subpopulation of S. aureus forms small colonies on solid-medium agar, is induced within host cells, presents a non-homogenous genetic background, has reduced expression of virulence factors and presents a variable phenotype (stable or unstable). While virtually all SCVs isolated from clinical specimens can revert to the parental state with rapid growth, the stable SCVs recovered in clinical specimens have been found to contain specific mutations in metabolic pathways. In contrast, other non-stable SCVs are originated from regulatory mechanisms involving global regulators (e.g., sigB, sarA, and agr) or other non-defined mutations. One major characteristic of SCVs was the observation that SCVs were recovered from five patients with infections that could persist for decades. In these five cases, the SCVs had defects in electron transport. This linked persistent infections with SCVs. The term "persistent infection" is a clinical term wherein bacteria remain in the host for prolonged periods of time, sometimes with recurrent infection, despite apparently active antibiotics. These terms were described in vitro where bacteria remain viable in liquid culture medium in the presence of antibiotics. These bacteria are called "persisters". While SCVs can be persisters in liquid culture, not all persisters are SCVs. One mechanism associated with the metabolically variant SCVs is the reduced production of virulence factors. SCVs have consistently shown reduced levels of RNAIII, a product of the accessory gene regulatory (agrBDCA) locus that controls a quorum-sensing system and regulates the expression of a large number of virulence genes. Reduced Agr acitivity is associated with enhanced survival of SCVs within host cells. In this review, we examine the impact of the SCVs with altered metabolic pathways on agr, and we draw distinctions with other types of SCVs that emerge within mammalian cells with prolonged infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lorena Tuchscherr
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany.,Center for Sepsis Control and Care, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Bettina Löffler
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany.,Center for Sepsis Control and Care, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Richard A Proctor
- Departments of Medical Microbiology/Immunology and Medicine, University of Wisconsin Medical School, Madison, WI, United States
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Welp AL, Bomberger JM. Bacterial Community Interactions During Chronic Respiratory Disease. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2020; 10:213. [PMID: 32477966 PMCID: PMC7240048 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2020.00213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2020] [Accepted: 04/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic respiratory diseases including chronic rhinosinusitis, otitis media, asthma, cystic fibrosis, non-CF bronchiectasis, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease are a major public health burden. Patients suffering from chronic respiratory disease are prone to persistent, debilitating respiratory infections due to the decreased ability to clear pathogens from the respiratory tract. Such infections often develop into chronic, life-long complications that are difficult to treat with antibiotics due to the formation of recalcitrant biofilms. The microbial communities present in the upper and lower respiratory tracts change as these respiratory diseases progress, often becoming less diverse and dysbiotic, correlating with worsening patient morbidity. Those with chronic respiratory disease are commonly infected with a shared group of respiratory pathogens including Haemophilus influenzae, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Moraxella catarrhalis, among others. In order to understand the microbial landscape of the respiratory tract during chronic disease, we review the known inter-species interactions among these organisms and other common respiratory flora. We consider both the balance between cooperative and competitive interactions in relation to microbial community structure. By reviewing the major causes of chronic respiratory disease, we identify common features across disease states and signals that might contribute to community shifts. As microbiome shifts have been associated with respiratory disease progression, worsening morbidity, and increased mortality, these underlying community interactions likely have an impact on respiratory disease state.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Allison L. Welp
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
- Graduate Program in Microbiology and Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Jennifer M. Bomberger
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Lee J, Zilm PS, Kidd SP. Novel Research Models for Staphylococcus aureus Small Colony Variants (SCV) Development: Co-pathogenesis and Growth Rate. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:321. [PMID: 32184775 PMCID: PMC7058586 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.00321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2019] [Accepted: 02/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus remains a great burden on the healthcare system. Despite prescribed treatments often seemingly to be successful, S. aureus can survive and cause a relapsing infection which cannot be cleared. These infections are in part due to quasi-dormant sub-population which is tolerant to antibiotics and able to evade the host immune response. These include Small Colony Variants (SCVs). Because SCVs readily revert to non-SCV cell types under laboratory conditions, the characterization of SCVs has been problematic. This mini-review covers the phenotypic and genetic changes in stable SCVs including the selection of SCVs by and interactions with other bacterial species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- James Lee
- Department of Molecular and Biomedical Science, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia.,Research Centre for Infectious Diseases, Adelaide, SA, Australia.,Australian Centre for Antimicrobial Resistance Ecology, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Peter S Zilm
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Stephen P Kidd
- Department of Molecular and Biomedical Science, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia.,Research Centre for Infectious Diseases, Adelaide, SA, Australia.,Australian Centre for Antimicrobial Resistance Ecology, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Smith RP, Barraza I, Quinn RJ, Fortoul MC. The mechanisms and cell signaling pathways of programmed cell death in the bacterial world. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2020; 352:1-53. [PMID: 32334813 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ircmb.2019.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
While programmed cell death was once thought to be exclusive to eukaryotic cells, there are now abundant examples of well regulated cell death mechanisms in bacteria. The mechanisms by which bacteria undergo programmed cell death are diverse, and range from the use of toxin-antitoxin systems, to prophage-driven cell lysis. Moreover, some bacteria have learned how to coopt programmed cell death systems in competing bacteria. Interestingly, many of the potential reasons as to why bacteria undergo programmed cell death may parallel those observed in eukaryotic cells, and may be altruistic in nature. These include protection against infection, recycling of nutrients, to ensure correct morphological development, and in response to stressors. In the following chapter, we discuss the molecular and signaling mechanisms by which bacteria undergo programmed cell death. We conclude by discussing the current open questions in this expanding field.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Robert P Smith
- Department of Biological Sciences, Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, FL, United States.
| | - Ivana Barraza
- Department of Biological Sciences, Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, FL, United States
| | - Rebecca J Quinn
- Department of Biological Sciences, Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, FL, United States
| | - Marla C Fortoul
- Department of Biological Sciences, Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, FL, United States
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Côté-Gravel J, Brouillette E, Malouin F. Vaccination with a live-attenuated small-colony variant improves the humoral and cell-mediated responses against Staphylococcus aureus. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0227109. [PMID: 31881064 PMCID: PMC6934294 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0227109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2019] [Accepted: 12/12/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is known to produce persistent and chronic infections in both humans and animals. It is recognized that small-colony variants (SCVs), which produce higher levels of biofilm and that are capable of intracellular persistence, contribute to the chronicity or recurrence of infections and that this phenotype is inherent to the pathogenesis process. Prevention of S. aureus infections through vaccination has not yet met with considerable success. Some of the current vaccine formulations for S. aureus bovine mastitis consist of inactivated S. aureus bacteria, sometimes combined to E. coli J5. As such, the stimulation of cell-mediated immunity by these vaccines might not be optimal. With this in mind, we recently engineered a genetically stable double mutant SCV (ΔvraGΔhemB), which was highly attenuated in a mastitis model of infection. The present work describes the immune responses elicited in mice by various experimental vaccine compositions including the live-attenuated SCV double mutant and its inactivated form, combined or not with inactivated E. coli J5. The live-attenuated SCV was found to provoke a strong and balanced humoral response in immunized mice, as well as strong proliferation of ex-vivo stimulated splenocytes isolated from these animals. These splenocytes were also found to release high concentration of IL-17 and IFN-γ when compared to every other vaccination formulation. Inversely, the inactivated whole-cell vaccine, alone or in combination with the E. coli J5 bacterin, elicited lower antibody titers and failed to induce Th1 or Th17 cell-mediated responses in the splenocyte proliferation assay. Our results suggest that live-attenuated SCVs can trigger host immunity differently than inactivated bacteria and could represent a suitable vector for inducing strong humoral and cell-mediated immune responses, which are crucial for protection. This could represent an important improvement over existing vaccine formulations for preventing S. aureus bovine mastitis and other infections caused by this pathogen.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Julie Côté-Gravel
- Centre d’étude et de Valorisation de la Diversité Microbienne (CEVDM), Département de Biologie, Faculté des Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Canada
| | - Eric Brouillette
- Centre d’étude et de Valorisation de la Diversité Microbienne (CEVDM), Département de Biologie, Faculté des Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Canada
| | - François Malouin
- Centre d’étude et de Valorisation de la Diversité Microbienne (CEVDM), Département de Biologie, Faculté des Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Canada
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Millette G, Langlois JP, Brouillette E, Frost EH, Cantin AM, Malouin F. Despite Antagonism in vitro, Pseudomonas aeruginosa Enhances Staphylococcus aureus Colonization in a Murine Lung Infection Model. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:2880. [PMID: 31921058 PMCID: PMC6923662 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.02880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2019] [Accepted: 11/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa are prevalent lung pathogens in cystic fibrosis (CF). Whereas co-infection worsens the clinical outcome, prototypical strains are usually antagonistic in vitro. We sought to resolve the discrepancy between these in vitro and in vivo observations. In vitro, growth kinetics for co-cultures of co-isolates from CF patients showed that not all P. aeruginosa strains affected S. aureus viability. On solid media, S. aureus slow-growing colonies were visualized around some P. aeruginosa strains whether or not S. aureus viability was reduced in liquid co-cultures. The S. aureus-P. aeruginosa interactions were then characterized in a mouse lung infection model. Lung homogenates were plated on selective media allowing colony counts of either bacterium. Overall, 35 P. aeruginosa and 10 S. aureus strains (clinical, reference, and mutant strains), for a total of 200 co-infections, were evaluated. We observed that S. aureus colonization of lung tissues was promoted by P. aeruginosa and even by strains showing antagonism in vitro. Promotion was proportional to the extent of P. aeruginosa colonization, but no correlation was found with the degree of myeloperoxidase quantification (as marker of inflammation) or with specific virulence-associated factors using known mutant strains of S. aureus and P. aeruginosa. On the other hand, P. aeruginosa significantly increased the expression of two possible cell receptors for S. aureus, i.e., ICAM-1 and ITGA-5 (marker for integrin α5β1) in lung tissue, while mono-infections by S. aureus did not. This study provides insights on polymicrobial interactions that may influence the progression of CF-associated pulmonary infections.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guillaume Millette
- Centre d'Étude et de Valorisation de la Diversité Microbienne, Département de Biologie, Faculté des Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
| | - Jean-Philippe Langlois
- Centre d'Étude et de Valorisation de la Diversité Microbienne, Département de Biologie, Faculté des Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
| | - Eric Brouillette
- Centre d'Étude et de Valorisation de la Diversité Microbienne, Département de Biologie, Faculté des Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
| | - Eric H Frost
- Département de Microbiologie et d'Infectiologie, Faculté de Médecine et de Sciences de la Santé, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
| | - André M Cantin
- Service de Pneumologie, Département de Médecine, Faculté de Médecine et des Sciences de la Santé, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
| | - François Malouin
- Centre d'Étude et de Valorisation de la Diversité Microbienne, Département de Biologie, Faculté des Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Magalhães AP, Jorge P, Pereira MO. Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus communication in biofilm infections: insights through network and database construction. Crit Rev Microbiol 2019; 45:712-728. [DOI: 10.1080/1040841x.2019.1700209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Andreia Patrícia Magalhães
- CEB - Centre of Biological Engineering, LIBRO - Laboratory of Research in Biofilms Rosário Oliveira, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
| | - Paula Jorge
- CEB - Centre of Biological Engineering, LIBRO - Laboratory of Research in Biofilms Rosário Oliveira, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
| | - Maria Olívia Pereira
- CEB - Centre of Biological Engineering, LIBRO - Laboratory of Research in Biofilms Rosário Oliveira, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Aggarwal S, Jena S, Panda S, Sharma S, Dhawan B, Nath G, Singh NP, Nayak KC, Singh DV. Antibiotic Susceptibility, Virulence Pattern, and Typing of Staphylococcus aureus Strains Isolated From Variety of Infections in India. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:2763. [PMID: 31866962 PMCID: PMC6904308 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.02763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2019] [Accepted: 11/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is one of the major causes of nosocomial infections. This organism produces powerful toxins and cause superficial lesions, systemic infections, and several toxemic syndromes. A total of 109 S. aureus strains isolated from a variety of infections like ocular diseases, wound infection, and sputum were included in the study. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) was determined against 8 antimicrobials. PCR determined the presence of 16S rRNA, nuc, mecA, czrC, qacA/B, pvl, and toxin genes in S. aureus isolates. Pulse-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE), multi-locus sequence typing (MLST), SCCmec, spa-, and agr-typing and serotyping determined the diversity among them. All isolates of S. aureus were resistant to two or more than two antibiotics and generated 32 resistance patterns. These isolates were positive for 16S rRNA and S. aureus-specific nuc gene, but showed variable results for mecA, czrC, and qacA/B and pvl genes. Of the 32 methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA), 13 strains carried SCCmec type V, seven type IV, two type III, and nine carried unreported type UT6. Of the 109 strains, 98.2% were positive for hlg, 94.5% for hla, 86.2% for sei, 73.3% for efb, 70.6% for cna, 30.2% for sea, and 12.8% for sec genes. Serotypes VII and VI were prevalent among S. aureus strains. PFGE analysis grouped the 109 strains into 77 clusters. MLST classified the strains into 33 sequence types (ST) and eight clonal complexes (CCs) of which 12 were singletons, and two belong to new allelic profiles. Isolates showed 46 spa-types that included two new spa-types designated as t14911 and t14912. MRSA and methicillin-susceptible S. aureus (MSSA) isolates were diverse in terms of antibiotic resistance pattern, toxin genotypes, SCCmec types, serotypes and PFGE, MLST, and spa-types. However, few isolates from eye infection and wound infection belong to CC239, ST239, and spa-type t037/t657. The study thus suggests that S. aureus strains are multidrug resistant, virulent, and diverse irrespective of sources and place of isolation. These findings necessitate the continuous surveillance of multidrug-resistant and virulent S. aureus and monitoring of the transmission of infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shifu Aggarwal
- Infectious Disease Biology, Institute of Life Sciences, Bhubaneswar, India
| | - Smrutiti Jena
- Infectious Disease Biology, Institute of Life Sciences, Bhubaneswar, India
| | - Sasmita Panda
- Infectious Disease Biology, Institute of Life Sciences, Bhubaneswar, India
| | - Savitri Sharma
- Jhaveri Microbiology Centre, LV Prasad Eye Institute, Brien Holden Eye Research Centre, Kallam Anji Reddy Campus, Hyderabad, India
| | - Benu Dhawan
- Department of Microbiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Gopal Nath
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
| | - N P Singh
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Delhi, New Delhi, India
| | | | - Durg Vijai Singh
- Infectious Disease Biology, Institute of Life Sciences, Bhubaneswar, India.,Department of Biotechnology, Central University of South Bihar, Gaya, India
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Interplay between host-microbe and microbe-microbe interactions in cystic fibrosis. J Cyst Fibros 2019; 19 Suppl 1:S47-S53. [PMID: 31685398 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcf.2019.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2019] [Revised: 10/09/2019] [Accepted: 10/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The respiratory tract of individuals with cystic fibrosis is host to polymicrobial infections that persist for decades and lead to significant morbidity and mortality. Improving our understanding of CF respiratory infections requires coordinated efforts from researchers in the fields of microbial physiology, genomics, and ecology, as well as epithelial biology and immunology. Here, we have highlighted examples from recent CF microbial pathogenesis literature of how the host nutritional environment, immune response, and microbe-microbe interactions can feedback onto each other, leading to diverse effects on lung disease pathogenesis in CF.
Collapse
|