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Saghaug CS, Gamlem AL, Hauge KB, Vahokoski J, Klotz C, Aebischer T, Langeland N, Hanevik K. Genetic diversity in the metronidazole metabolism genes nitroreductases and pyruvate ferredoxin oxidoreductases in susceptible and refractory clinical samples of Giardia lamblia. Int J Parasitol Drugs Drug Resist 2022; 21:51-60. [PMID: 36682328 PMCID: PMC9871439 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpddr.2022.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2022] [Revised: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The effectiveness of metronidazole against the tetraploid intestinal parasite Giardia lamblia is dependent on its activation/inactivation within the cytoplasm. There are several activating enzymes, including pyruvate ferredoxin reductase (PFOR) and nitroreductase (NR) 1 which metabolize metronidazole into toxic forms, while NR2 on the other hand inactivates it. Metronidazole treatment failures have been increasing rapidly over the last decade, indicating genetic resistance mechanisms. Analyzing genetic variation in the PFOR and NR genes in susceptible and refractory Giardia isolates may help identify potential markers of resistance. Full length PFOR1, PFOR2, NR1 and NR2 genes from clinical culturable isolates and non-cultured clinical Giardia assemblage B samples were cloned, sequenced and single nucleotide variants (SNVs) were analyzed to assess genetic diversity and alleles. A similar ratio of amino acid changing SNVs per gene length was found for the NRs; 4.2% for NR1 and 6.4% for NR2, while the PFOR1 and PFOR2 genes had less variability with a ratio of 1.1% and 1.6%, respectively. One of the samples from a refractory case had a nonsense mutation which caused a truncated NR1 gene in one out of six alleles. Further, we found three NR2 alleles with frameshift mutations, possibly causing a truncated protein in two susceptible isolates. One of these isolates was homozygous for the affected NR2 allele. Three nsSNVs with potential for affecting protein function were found in the ferredoxin domain of the PFOR2 gene. The considerable variation and discovery of mutations possibly causing dysfunctional NR proteins in clinical Giardia assemblage B isolates, reveal a potential for genetic link to metronidazole susceptibility and resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina S Saghaug
- Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway; Norwegian National Advisory Unit on Tropical Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway.
| | - Astrid L Gamlem
- Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Kirsti B Hauge
- Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Juha Vahokoski
- Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway; Department of Medicine, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Christian Klotz
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Unit 16 Mycotic and Parasitic Agents and Mycobacteria, Robert Koch-Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - Toni Aebischer
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Unit 16 Mycotic and Parasitic Agents and Mycobacteria, Robert Koch-Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - Nina Langeland
- Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway; Norwegian National Advisory Unit on Tropical Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Kurt Hanevik
- Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway; Norwegian National Advisory Unit on Tropical Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
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Hashemi-Hafshejani S, Meamar AR, Moradi M, Hemmati N, Solaymani-Mohammadi S, Razmjou E. Multilocus sequence typing of Giardia duodenalis genotypes circulating in humans in a major metropolitan area. Front Med (Lausanne) 2022; 9:976956. [PMID: 36275791 PMCID: PMC9581142 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2022.976956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Giardia duodenalis is an intestinal protozoan parasite of humans and animal hosts and comprises eight microscopically indistinguishable molecularly-diverse lineages designated as assemblages A-H. Assemblages A and B are the primary sources of infections in humans and a wide range of mammals. Here, we identified assemblages, and inter-/intra-assemblage genetic diversity of human G. duodenalis isolates based on the multilocus sequence typing of the triosephosphate isomerase (tpi), β -giardin (bg), and glutamate dehydrogenase (gdh) loci. Multilocus sequence analysis of 62 microscopically-positive G. duodenalis fecal samples identified 26 (41.9%), 27 (43.5%), and nine (14.5%) isolates belonging to assemblages A, B, and discordant assemblages, respectively. The tpi locus assemblage-specific primers identified dual infections with A and B assemblages (45.2%). The sequence analysis of multiple alignments and phylogenetic analysis showed low genetic polymorphism in assemblage A isolates, classified as sub-assemblage AII at three loci, subtype A2 at tpi and gdh loci, and subtype A2 or A3 at bg locus. High genetic variations were found in assemblage B isolates with 14, 15, and 23 nucleotide patterns at tpi, bg, and gdh loci, respectively. Further concatenated sequence analysis revealed four multilocus genotypes (MLG) in 24 assemblages A isolates, two previously-identified (AII-1 and AII-5), with one novel multilocus genotype. However, the high genetic variations observed in assemblage B isolates among and within the three genetic loci prevented the definitive designation of specific MLGs for these isolates. Multilocus sequence typing may provide new insight into the genetic diversity of G. duodenalis isolates in Tehran, suggesting that humans are likely a potential source of G. duodenalis infection. Further host-specific experimental transmission studies are warranted to elucidate the modes of transmission within multiple host populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saeideh Hashemi-Hafshejani
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ahmad Reza Meamar
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Maryam Moradi
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Nasrin Hemmati
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Shahram Solaymani-Mohammadi
- Laboratory of Mucosal Immunology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, ND, United States
| | - Elham Razmjou
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran,*Correspondence: Elham Razmjou
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Veldhuis FL, Nijsse R, Wagenaar JA, Arkesteijn G, Kooyman FNJ. Variation in haplotypes in single cysts of assemblages C and D, but not of assemblage E of Giardia duodenalis. BMC Microbiol 2022; 22:166. [PMID: 35754024 PMCID: PMC9235224 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-022-02581-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2022] [Accepted: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Giardia duodenalis, a single-celled intestinal parasite, is divided into eight assemblages (A-H), with differences in host specificity. Giardia duodenalis reproduces asexually and cycles between the binucleated trophozoite (4 N) and the infectious cyst with four nuclei (16 N). Interaction between the nuclei is limited. Therefore, genetic drift causes differences in genetic make-up between the non-daughter nuclei; the allelic sequence heterozygosity (ASH). The ASH is low (0.01%—0.0023%) for the related assemblages A and E, higher (0.43–0.53) for assemblage B and much higher (0.74% -0.89%) for the assemblage C and D at the root of the phylogenetic tree. The heterozygosity in assemblage F, in the same clade as assemblage A and E, was unknown. The heterozygosity in the sequences of the gdh and dis3 genes was used as proxy for the ASH and whole genome amplification of single cysts followed by cloning and Sanger sequencing of dis3 fragment could reveal the genetic variation within the cyst. The aim of the study was to determine the level of heterozygosity within pooled and single cysts of different assemblages. Results The heterozygosity in gdh and dis3 was determined in pooled cysts of the assemblages A to F. Heterozygosity in the isolates of the assemblages C (n = 2) and D (n = 1) ranged from 0.41% to 0.82% for gdh and dis3 and no heterozygosity was found in the isolates of the assemblages A (n = 4), E (n = 3) and F (n = 3). The heterozygosity in assemblage B (n = 7) was intermediate (0% to 0.62%). Next, the number of haplotypes of dis3 was determined for single cysts of assemblages C, D and E. In the assemblages C and D, two to four haplotypes were found per cyst, while in assemblage E only one haplotype was identified. Conclusions Having high heterozygosity is characteristic for the assemblages C and D, while having a low heterozygosity is characteristic for the clade with the assemblages A, E and F. Presence of more than 1 haplotype per cyst in assemblage C and D suggests differences between the non-daughter nuclei, in contrast to the one haplotype in assemblage E.
Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12866-022-02581-3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Floor L Veldhuis
- Department Biomolecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Rolf Nijsse
- Department Biomolecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Jaap A Wagenaar
- Department Biomolecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Ger Arkesteijn
- Department Biomolecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Frans N J Kooyman
- Department Biomolecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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Horáčková V, Voleman L, Hagen KD, Petrů M, Vinopalová M, Weisz F, Janowicz N, Marková L, Motyčková A, Najdrová V, Tůmová P, Dawson SC, Doležal P. Efficient CRISPR/Cas9-mediated gene disruption in the tetraploid protist Giardia intestinalis. Open Biol 2022; 12:210361. [PMID: 35472287 PMCID: PMC9042576 DOI: 10.1098/rsob.210361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2021] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
CRISPR/Cas9-mediated genome editing has become an extremely powerful technique used to modify gene expression in many organisms, including parasitic protists. Giardia intestinalis, a protist parasite that infects approximately 280 million people around the world each year, has been eluding the use of CRISPR/Cas9 to generate knockout cell lines due to its tetraploid genome. In this work, we show the ability of the in vitro assembled CRISPR/Cas9 components to successfully edit the genome of G. intestinalis. The cell line that stably expresses Cas9 in both nuclei of G. intestinalis showed effective recombination of the cassette containing the transcription units for the gRNA and the resistance marker. This highly efficient process led to the removal of all gene copies at once for three independent experimental genes, mem, cwp1 and mlf1. The method was also applicable to incomplete disruption of the essential gene, as evidenced by significantly reduced expression of tom40. Finally, testing the efficiency of Cas9-induced recombination revealed that homologous arms as short as 150 bp can be sufficient to establish a complete knockout cell line in G. intestinalis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vendula Horáčková
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, BIOCEV, Praha, Czech Republic
| | - Luboš Voleman
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, BIOCEV, Praha, Czech Republic
| | - Kari D. Hagen
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, College of Biological Sciences, UC Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Markéta Petrů
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, BIOCEV, Praha, Czech Republic
| | - Martina Vinopalová
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, BIOCEV, Praha, Czech Republic
| | - Filip Weisz
- Institute of Immunology and Microbiology, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Natalia Janowicz
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, BIOCEV, Praha, Czech Republic
| | - Lenka Marková
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, BIOCEV, Praha, Czech Republic
| | - Alžběta Motyčková
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, BIOCEV, Praha, Czech Republic
| | - Vladimíra Najdrová
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, BIOCEV, Praha, Czech Republic
| | - Pavla Tůmová
- Institute of Immunology and Microbiology, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Scott C. Dawson
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, College of Biological Sciences, UC Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Pavel Doležal
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, BIOCEV, Praha, Czech Republic
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Zajaczkowski P, Lee R, Fletcher-Lartey SM, Alexander K, Mahimbo A, Stark D, Ellis JT. The controversies surrounding Giardia intestinalis assemblages A and B. CURRENT RESEARCH IN PARASITOLOGY & VECTOR-BORNE DISEASES 2022; 1:100055. [PMID: 35284870 PMCID: PMC8906113 DOI: 10.1016/j.crpvbd.2021.100055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2021] [Accepted: 10/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Giardia intestinalis continues to be one of the most encountered parasitic diseases around the world. Although more frequently detected in developing countries, Giardia infections nonetheless pose significant public health problems in developed countries as well. Molecular characterisation of Giardia isolates from humans and animals reveals that there are two genetically different assemblages (known as assemblage A and B) that cause human infections. However, the current molecular assays used to genotype G. intestinalis isolates are quite controversial. This is in part due to a complex phenomenon where assemblages are incorrectly typed and underreported depending on which targeted locus is sequenced. In this review, we outline current knowledge based on molecular epidemiological studies and raise questions as to the reliability of current genotyping assays and a lack of a globally accepted method. Additionally, we discuss the clinical symptoms caused by G. intestinalis infection and how these symptoms vary depending on the assemblage infecting an individual. We also introduce the host-parasite factors that play a role in the subsequent clinical presentation of an infected person, and explore which assemblages are most seen globally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Zajaczkowski
- Faculty of Science, School of Life Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Australia
| | - Rogan Lee
- Centre for Infectious Diseases and Microbiology Laboratory Services, ICPMR, Westmead Hospital, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia.,Westmead Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Westmead Hospital, Westmead, NSW, Australia
| | | | - Kate Alexander
- Public Health Unit, South Western Sydney Local Health District, Liverpool, Australia
| | - Abela Mahimbo
- Faculty of Health, School of Public Health, University of Technology Sydney, Australia
| | - Damien Stark
- Department of Microbiology, St Vincent's Hospital Sydney, Darlinghurst, New South Wales, Australia
| | - John T Ellis
- Faculty of Science, School of Life Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Australia
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Šmigová J, Šnábel V, Cavallero S, Šmiga Ľ, Šoltys J, Papaj J, Papajová I. Neglected Diseases—Parasitic Infections among Slovakian Children from Different Populations and Genotypes of Giardia duodenalis. Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10020381. [PMID: 35208836 PMCID: PMC8880538 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10020381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2021] [Revised: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 02/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Children are most prone to parasitic infections. The objectives of the study were to examine the occurrence of parasitic infections in children from different populations and to perform molecular characterization of human Giardia duodenalis isolates. We examined 631 stool samples from Roma and non-Roma children for the presence of parasitic developmental stages. Samples were collected from three eastern Slovakia districts. The ages of the children ranged from 1 months to 17 years. Subsequently, the molecular characterization of human G. duodenalis isolates by PCR detected triosephosphate isomerase (tpi) and beta-giardin (bg) genes was performed. The overall prevalence of parasitic infection was 19.8%. Ascaris lumbricoides eggs were the most frequent, with an occurrence of about 13.8%. G. duodenalis cysts were present in 6.3% of samples. G. duodenalis isolates obtained from 13 children were subjected to DNA sequencing with tpi and bg genes. Five isolates were categorized as bearing subassemblage BIII, the three isolates as subassemblage BIV, one person was infected with a mixture of subassemblages BIII and BIV, four children had subassemblage AII, and one isolate revealed a structure corresponding with subassemblage AI. Our work is proof that poverty and poor hygiene contribute the most to public health problems associated with neglected parasitic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Júlia Šmigová
- Institute of Parasitology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Hlinkova 3, 040 01 Košice, Slovakia; (J.Š.); (V.Š.); (J.Š.)
| | - Viliam Šnábel
- Institute of Parasitology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Hlinkova 3, 040 01 Košice, Slovakia; (J.Š.); (V.Š.); (J.Š.)
| | - Serena Cavallero
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy;
| | - Ľubomír Šmiga
- Department of Breeding and Diseases of Game, Fish and Bees, Ecology and Cynology, University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy in Košice, Komenského 73, 041 81 Košice, Slovakia;
| | - Jindřich Šoltys
- Institute of Parasitology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Hlinkova 3, 040 01 Košice, Slovakia; (J.Š.); (V.Š.); (J.Š.)
| | - Ján Papaj
- Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Informatics, Technical University in Košice, Letná 1/9, 042 00 Košice, Slovakia;
| | - Ingrid Papajová
- Institute of Parasitology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Hlinkova 3, 040 01 Košice, Slovakia; (J.Š.); (V.Š.); (J.Š.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +421-55-6331411
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7
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Maloney JG, Molokin A, Solano-Aguilar G, Dubey JP, Santin M. A hybrid sequencing and assembly strategy for generating culture free Giardia genomes. CURRENT RESEARCH IN MICROBIAL SCIENCES 2022; 3:100114. [PMID: 35909595 PMCID: PMC9325754 DOI: 10.1016/j.crmicr.2022.100114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2022] [Revised: 02/11/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Giardia duodenalis is a pathogenic intestinal protozoan parasite of humans and many other animals. Giardia duodenalis is found throughout the world, and infection is known to have adverse health consequences for human and other mammalian hosts. Yet, many aspects of the biology of this ubiquitous parasite remain unresolved. Whole genome sequencing and comparative genomics can provide insight into the biology of G. duodenalis by helping to reveal traits that are shared by all G. duodenalis assemblages or unique to an individual assemblage or strain. However, these types of analyses are currently hindered by the lack of available G. duodenalis genomes, due, in part, to the difficulty in obtaining the genetic material needed to perform whole genome sequencing. In this study, a novel approach using a multistep cleaning procedure coupled with a hybrid sequencing and assembly strategy was assessed for use in producing high quality G. duodenalis genomes directly from cysts obtained from feces of two naturally infected hosts, a cat and dog infected with assemblage A and D, respectively. Cysts were cleaned and concentrated using cesium chloride gradient centrifugation followed by immunomagnetic separation. Whole genome sequencing was performed using both Illumina MiSeq and Oxford Nanopore MinION platforms. A hybrid assembly strategy was found to produce higher quality genomes than assemblies from either platform alone. The hybrid G. duodenalis genomes obtained from fecal isolates (cysts) in this study compare favorably for quality and completeness against reference genomes of G. duodenalis from cultured isolates. The whole genome assembly for assemblage D is the most contiguous genome available for this assemblage and is an important reference genome for future comparative studies. The data presented here support a hybrid sequencing and assembly strategy as a suitable method to produce whole genome sequences from DNA obtained from G. duodenalis cysts which can be used to produce novel reference genomes necessary to perform comparative genomics studies of this parasite. Assemblage A and D genomes were generated directly from cysts isolated from feces. Genomes were sequenced using Illumina and Oxford Nanopore sequencing platforms. A hybrid sequencing/assembly strategy was used to generate G. duodenalis genomes. A hybrid strategy yields reference quality genomes from fecal isolates. These methods have generated the most contiguous Assemblage D genome to date.
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Cai W, Ryan U, Xiao L, Feng Y. Zoonotic giardiasis: an update. Parasitol Res 2021; 120:4199-4218. [PMID: 34623485 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-021-07325-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2021] [Accepted: 09/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Giardia duodenalis is a common intestinal parasite in various hosts, with the disease giardiasis being a zoonosis. The use of molecular typing tools has improved our understanding of the distribution and zoonotic potential of G. duodenalis genotypes in different animals. The present review summarizes recent data on the distribution of G. duodenalis genotypes in humans and animals in different areas. The dominance of G. duodenalis assemblages A and B in humans and common occurrence of host-adapted assemblages in most domesticated animals suggests that zoonotic giardiasis is probably less common than believed and could be attributed mainly to contact with or contamination from just a few species of animals such as nonhuman primates, equines, rabbits, guinea pigs, chinchillas, and beavers. Future studies should be directed to advanced genetic characterization of isolates from well-designed epidemiological investigations, especially comparative analyses of isolates from humans and animals living in the same household or community. This will likely lead to better understanding of zoonotic transmission of G. duodenalis in different environmental and socioeconomic settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weilong Cai
- Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Una Ryan
- Vector- and Water-Borne Pathogen Research Group, Harry Butler Institute, Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA, 6150, Australia
| | - Lihua Xiao
- Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China. .,Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, 510642, China.
| | - Yaoyu Feng
- Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China. .,Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, 510642, China.
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9
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Abstract
Giardia duodenalis captured the attention of Leeuwenhoek in 1681 while he was examining his own diarrheal stool, but, ironically, it did not really gain attention as a human pathogen until the 1960s, when outbreaks were reported. Key technological advances, including in vitro cultivation, genomic and proteomic databases, and advances in microscopic and molecular approaches, have led to an understanding that this is a eukaryotic organism with a reduced genome rather than a truly premitochondriate eukaryote. This has included the discovery of mitosomes (vestiges of mitochondria), a transport system with many of the features of the Golgi apparatus, and even evidence for a sexual or parasexual cycle. Cell biology approaches have led to a better understanding of how Giardia survives with two nuclei and how it goes through its life cycle as a noninvasive organism in the hostile environment of the lumen of the host intestine. Studies of its immunology and pathogenesis have moved past the general understanding of the importance of the antibody response in controlling infection to determining the key role of the Th17 response. This work has led to understanding of the requirement for a balanced host immune response that avoids the extremes of an excessive response with collateral damage or one that is unable to clear the organism. This understanding is especially important in view of the remarkable ranges of early manifestations, which range from asymptomatic to persistent diarrhea and weight loss, and longer-term sequelae that include growth stunting in children who had no obvious symptoms and a high frequency of postinfectious irritable bowel syndrome (IBS).
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10
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Vejano MRA, Dela Peña LBRO, Rivera WL. Occurrence of Giardia duodenalis in selected stations and tributary rivers of Laguna Lake, Philippines. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2021; 193:466. [PMID: 34224003 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-021-09240-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2020] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Fecal pollution is a major contributor to the progressive degradation of Laguna Lake, the Philippines' largest inland lake used for aquaculture, recreation, and as a source of irrigation and domestic water. Consequently, intestinal parasites may be present in this body of water, posing risks to water safety and human health. This study was able to detect the protozoan parasite, Giardia duodenalis, in three Laguna Lake stations and seven tributary rivers in a 13-month monitoring period by PCR amplification of the small subunit ribosomal RNA (SSU rRNA) gene of Giardia cysts concentrated from water samples. The pathogen was present in 37.7% of tributary samples (n = 69) and 16.7% of lake samples (n = 36). Notable frequencies of detection were observed in four tributary rivers -Bagumbayan, Taguig (66.7%); Santa Rosa, Laguna (55.6%); San Cristobal, Cabuyao, Laguna (44.4%); and Biñan, Laguna (42.9%). All test SSU rRNA gene sequences were identified as human-infective genotypes of G. duodenalis predominated by Assemblage A (94.1%). Furthermore, analysis of the glutamate dehydrogenase (gdh) gene revealed the possible presence of mixed genotypes in at least two samples. These results support the pressing need to include protozoan pathogen monitoring in Laguna Lake and its tributaries to prevent Giardia infection in humans and animals. This study also recommends microbial source tracking to identify fecal pollution sources and aid in regulation of waste discharges into the lake and its tributaries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Raymond A Vejano
- Pathogen-Host-Environment Interactions Research Laboratory, Institute of Biology, College of Science, University of the Philippines Diliman, 1101, Quezon City, Philippines
| | - Laurice Beatrice Raphaelle O Dela Peña
- Pathogen-Host-Environment Interactions Research Laboratory, Institute of Biology, College of Science, University of the Philippines Diliman, 1101, Quezon City, Philippines
| | - Windell L Rivera
- Pathogen-Host-Environment Interactions Research Laboratory, Institute of Biology, College of Science, University of the Philippines Diliman, 1101, Quezon City, Philippines.
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Sarzhanov F, Köster PC, Dogruman-Al F, Bailo B, Dashti A, Demirel-Kaya F, Carmena D. Detection of enteric parasites and molecular characterization of Giardia duodenalis and Blastocystis sp. in patients admitted to hospital in Ankara, Turkey. Parasitology 2021; 148:550-561. [PMID: 32981546 PMCID: PMC10950376 DOI: 10.1017/s0031182020001821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2020] [Revised: 07/10/2020] [Accepted: 09/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
This epidemiological study assesses the occurrence of enteric parasites in 4303 patients attended at two public hospitals in Ankara (Turkey) during 2018-2019. Microscopy was used as a screening test. Giardia duodenalis was also identified using a commercial ELISA for the detection of parasite-specific coproantigens. Giardia-positive samples by microscopy/ELISA were confirmed by real-time PCR and characterized using a multilocus genotyping scheme. Blastocystis sp. was genotyped in a sample subset. Blastocystis sp. (11.1%, 95% CI 11.4‒14.8%) and G. duodenalis (1.56%, 95% CI 1.22‒1.96) were the most prevalent pathogens found. Cryptosporidium spp., Entamoeba histolytica and intestinal helminths were only sporadically (<0.5%) found. For G. duodenalis, sequence (n = 30) analyses revealed the presence of sub-assemblages AII (23.3%), discordant AII/AIII (23.3%) and mixed AII + AIII (6.7%) within assemblage A, and BIII (10.0%), BIV (3.3%) and discordant BIII/BIV (23.3%) within assemblage B. Two additional sequences (6.7%) were assigned to the latter assemblage but sub-assemblage information was unknown. No associations between G. duodenalis assemblages/sub-assemblages and sociodemographic and clinical variables could be demonstrated. For Blastocystis sp., sequence (n = 6) analyses identified subtypes ST1, ST2 and ST3 at equal proportions. This is the first molecular characterization of G. duodenalis based on MLG conducted in Turkey to date.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fakhriddin Sarzhanov
- Department of Medical Microbiology, School of Medicine, Gazi University, 06490Ankara, Turkey
- Faculty of Medicine, Akhmet Yassawi International Kazakh-Turkish University, 161200Turkestan, Kazakhstan
| | - Pamela Carolina Köster
- Parasitology Reference and Research Laboratory, National Centre for Microbiology, Health Institute Carlos III, Ctra. Majadahonda-Pozuelo Km 2, 28220 Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
| | - Funda Dogruman-Al
- Section of Medical Parasitology, Department of Medical Microbiology, School of Medicine, Gazi University, 06490Ankara, Turkey
| | - Begoña Bailo
- Parasitology Reference and Research Laboratory, National Centre for Microbiology, Health Institute Carlos III, Ctra. Majadahonda-Pozuelo Km 2, 28220 Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
| | - Alejandro Dashti
- Parasitology Reference and Research Laboratory, National Centre for Microbiology, Health Institute Carlos III, Ctra. Majadahonda-Pozuelo Km 2, 28220 Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
| | - Filiz Demirel-Kaya
- Medical Microbiology Laboratory, Ankara Education and Research Hospital, Health Science University, 06230Ankara, Turkey
| | - David Carmena
- Parasitology Reference and Research Laboratory, National Centre for Microbiology, Health Institute Carlos III, Ctra. Majadahonda-Pozuelo Km 2, 28220 Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
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Woschke A, Faber M, Stark K, Holtfreter M, Mockenhaupt F, Richter J, Regnath T, Sobottka I, Reiter-Owona I, Diefenbach A, Gosten-Heinrich P, Friesen J, Ignatius R, Aebischer T, Klotz C. Suitability of current typing procedures to identify epidemiologically linked human Giardia duodenalis isolates. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2021; 15:e0009277. [PMID: 33764999 PMCID: PMC8023459 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0009277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2021] [Revised: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 02/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Giardia duodenalis is a leading cause of gastroenteritis worldwide. Humans are mainly infected by two different subtypes, i.e., assemblage A and B. Genotyping is hampered by allelic sequence heterozygosity (ASH) mainly in assemblage B, and by occurrence of mixed infections. Here we assessed the suitability of current genotyping protocols of G. duodenalis for epidemiological applications such as molecular tracing of transmission chains. Methodology/Principal findings Two G. duodenalis isolate collections, from an outpatient tropical medicine clinic and from several primary care laboratories, were characterized by assemblage-specific qPCR (TIF, CATH gene loci) and a common multi locus sequence typing (MLST; TPI, BG, GDH gene loci). Assemblage A isolates were further typed at additional loci (HCMP22547, CID1, RHP26, HCMP6372, DIS3, NEK15411). Of 175/202 (86.6%) patients the G. duodenalis assemblage could be identified: Assemblages A 25/175 (14.3%), B 115/175 (65.7%) and A+B mixed 35/175 (20.0%). By incorporating allelic sequence heterozygosity in the analysis, the three marker MLST correctly identified 6/9 (66,7%) and 4/5 (80.0%) consecutive samples from chronic assemblage B infections in the two collections, respectively, and identified a cluster of five independent patients carrying assemblage B parasites of identical MLST type. Extended MLST for assemblage A altogether identified 5/6 (83,3%) consecutive samples from chronic assemblage A infections and 15 novel genotypes. Based on the observed A+B mixed infections it is estimated that only 75% and 50% of assemblage A or B only cases represent single strain infections, respectively. We demonstrate that typing results are consistent with this prediction. Conclusions/Significance Typing of assemblage A and B isolates with resolution for epidemiological applications is possible but requires separate genotyping protocols. The high frequency of multiple infections and their impact on typing results are findings with immediate consequences for result interpretation in this field. Giardia duodenalis is a leading cause of gastroenteritis worldwide. Humans are mainly infected by the two different genetic subtypes, assemblage A and B. Molecular typing tools for epidemiological applications such as tracking transmission, attribution to a source and outbreak investigations have been developed and are highly desirable. However, to what degree the tetraploid genome with allelic sequence heterogeneity (ASH), and the frequent occurrence of mixed, assemblage A and B infections hamper performance is unclear. Here, we assessed the suitability of current genotyping protocols for deciphering the molecular epidemiology of G. duodenalis. Against a common reporting bias, we incorporated ASH in the analysis and we show that typing with resolution for epidemiological applications is possible for both, assemblage A and B isolates, but requires separate protocols. We also demonstrate how the high frequency of multiple infections overall impacts on typing results, which has immediate consequences for result interpretation in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Woschke
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Unit for Mycotic and Parasitic Agents and Mycobacteria, Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany
- Laboratory of Innate Immunity, Institute of Microbiology, Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Mirko Faber
- Department for Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Gastrointestinal Infections, Zoonoses and Tropical Infections Unit, Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - Klaus Stark
- Department for Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Gastrointestinal Infections, Zoonoses and Tropical Infections Unit, Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - Martha Holtfreter
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectiology, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Frank Mockenhaupt
- Institute of Tropical Medicine and International Health, Charité University Medicine and Berlin Institute of Health, Corporate member of Free University Berlin and Humboldt University Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Joachim Richter
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectiology, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
- Institute of Tropical Medicine and International Health, Charité University Medicine and Berlin Institute of Health, Corporate member of Free University Berlin and Humboldt University Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Ingo Sobottka
- LADR GmbH, Medizinisches Versorgungszentrum, Geesthacht, Germany
| | - Ingrid Reiter-Owona
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology (IMMIP), University Clinic Bonn, Germany
| | - Andreas Diefenbach
- Laboratory of Innate Immunity, Institute of Microbiology, Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Berlin, Germany
- Department of Microbiology and Hygiene, Labor Berlin, Charité - Vivantes GmbH, Berlin, Germany
| | - Petra Gosten-Heinrich
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Unit for Mycotic and Parasitic Agents and Mycobacteria, Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Ralf Ignatius
- Laboratory of Innate Immunity, Institute of Microbiology, Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Berlin, Germany
- MVZ Labor 28, Berlin, Germany
| | - Toni Aebischer
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Unit for Mycotic and Parasitic Agents and Mycobacteria, Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - Christian Klotz
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Unit for Mycotic and Parasitic Agents and Mycobacteria, Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany
- * E-mail:
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Multilocus Genotyping of Giardia duodenalis in Mostly Asymptomatic Indigenous People from the Tapirapé Tribe, Brazilian Amazon. Pathogens 2021; 10:pathogens10020206. [PMID: 33672794 PMCID: PMC7917967 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10020206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Revised: 02/01/2021] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Little information is available on the occurrence and genetic variability of the diarrhoea-causing enteric protozoan parasite Giardia duodenalis in indigenous communities in Brazil. This cross-sectional epidemiological survey describes the frequency, genotypes, and risk associations for this pathogen in Tapirapé people (Brazilian Amazon) at four sampling campaigns during 2008–2009. Microscopy was used as a screening test, and molecular (PCR and Sanger sequencing) assays targeting the small subunit ribosomal RNA, the glutamate dehydrogenase, the beta-giardin, and the triosephosphate isomerase genes as confirmatory/genotyping methods. Associations between G. duodenalis and sociodemographic and clinical variables were investigated using Chi-squared test and univariable/multivariable logistic regression models. Overall, 574 individuals belonging to six tribes participated in the study, with G. duodenalis prevalence rates varying from 13.5–21.7%. The infection was positively linked to younger age and tribe. Infected children <15 years old reported more frequent gastrointestinal symptoms compared to adults. Assemblage B accounted for three out of four G. duodenalis infections and showed a high genetic diversity. No association between assemblage and age or occurrence of diarrhoea was demonstrated. These data indicate that the most likely source of infection was anthropic and that different pathways (e.g., drinking water) may be involved in the transmission of the parasite.
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14
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Messa A, Köster PC, Garrine M, Gilchrist C, Bartelt LA, Nhampossa T, Massora S, Kotloff K, Levine MM, Alonso PL, Carmena D, Mandomando I. Molecular diversity of Giardia duodenalis in children under 5 years from the Manhiça district, Southern Mozambique enrolled in a matched case-control study on the aetiology of diarrhoea. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2021; 15:e0008987. [PMID: 33465074 PMCID: PMC7846004 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0008987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2020] [Revised: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Giardia duodenalis is an enteric parasite commonly detected in children. Exposure to this organism may lead to asymptomatic or symptomatic infection. Additionally, early-life infections by this protozoan have been associated with impaired growth and cognitive function in poor resource settings. The Global Enteric Multicenter Study (GEMS) in Mozambique demonstrated that G. duodenalis was more frequent among controls than in diarrhoeal cases (≥3 loosing stools in the previous 24 hours). However, no molecular investigation was conducted to ascertain the molecular variability of the parasite. Therefore, we describe here the frequency and genetic diversity of G. duodenalis infections in children younger than five years of age with and without diarrhoea from the Manhiça district in southern Mozambique enrolled in the context of GEMS. Genomic DNA from 757 G. duodenalis-positive stool samples by immunoassay collected between 2007-2012, were reanalysed by multiplex PCR targeting the E1-HP and C1-P21 genes for the differentiation of assemblages A and B. Overall, 47% (353) of the samples were successfully amplified in at least one locus. Assemblage B accounted for 90% (319/353) of all positives, followed by assemblage A (8%, 29/353) and mixed A+B infections (1%, 5/353). No association between the presence of a given assemblage and the occurrence of diarrhoea could be demonstrated. A total of 351 samples were further analysed by a multi-locus sequence genotyping (MLSG) approach at the glutamate dehydrogenase (gdh), ß-giardin (bg) and triose phosphate isomerase (tpi) genes. Overall, 63% (222/351) of samples were genotyped and/or sub-genotyped in at least one of the three markers. Sequence analysis revealed the presence of assemblages A (10%; 23/222) and B (90%; 199/222) with high molecular diversity at the nucleotide level within the latter; no mixed infections were identified under the MLSG scheme. Assemblage A sequences were assigned to sub-assemblages AI (0.5%, 1/222), AII (7%, 15/222) or ambiguous AII/AIII (3%, 7/222). Within assemblage B, sequences were assigned to sub-assemblages BIII (13%, 28/222), BIV (14%, 31/222) and ambiguous BIII/BIV (59%, 132/222). BIII/BIV sequences accumulated the majority of the single nucleotide polymorphisms detected, particularly in the form of double peaks at chromatogram inspection. This study demonstrated that the occurrence of gastrointestinal illness (diarrhoea) was not associated to a given genotype of G. duodenalis in Mozambican children younger than five years of age. The assemblage B of the parasite was responsible for nine out of ten infections detected in this paediatric population. The extremely high genetic diversity observed within assemblage B isolates was compatible with an hyperendemic epidemiological scenario where infections and reinfections were common. The obtained molecular data may be indicative of high coinfection rates by different G. duodenalis assemblages/sub-assemblages and/or genetic recombination events, although the exact contribution of both mechanisms to the genetic diversity of the parasite remains unknown.
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Affiliation(s)
- Augusto Messa
- Centro de Investigação em Saúde de Manhiça (CISM), Maputo, Mozambique
| | - Pamela C. Köster
- Parasitology Reference and Research Laboratory, National Centre for Microbiology, Health Institute Carlos III, Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
| | - Marcelino Garrine
- Centro de Investigação em Saúde de Manhiça (CISM), Maputo, Mozambique
- Global Health and Tropical Medicine (GHTM), Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical (IHMT), Universidade Nova de Lisboa (UNL), Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Carol Gilchrist
- University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Luther A. Bartelt
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Tacilta Nhampossa
- Centro de Investigação em Saúde de Manhiça (CISM), Maputo, Mozambique
- Instituto Nacional de Saúde (INS), Ministério da Saúde, Maputo, Mozambique
| | - Sérgio Massora
- Centro de Investigação em Saúde de Manhiça (CISM), Maputo, Mozambique
| | - Karen Kotloff
- Center for Vaccine Development (CVD), University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Myron M. Levine
- Center for Vaccine Development (CVD), University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Pedro L. Alonso
- Centro de Investigação em Saúde de Manhiça (CISM), Maputo, Mozambique
- ISGlobal, Hospital Clínic-Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - David Carmena
- Parasitology Reference and Research Laboratory, National Centre for Microbiology, Health Institute Carlos III, Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
| | - Inácio Mandomando
- Centro de Investigação em Saúde de Manhiça (CISM), Maputo, Mozambique
- Instituto Nacional de Saúde (INS), Ministério da Saúde, Maputo, Mozambique
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15
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Belkessa S, Thomas-Lopez D, Houali K, Ghalmi F, Stensvold CR. Molecular Characterization of Giardia duodenalis in Children and Adults Sampled in Algeria. Microorganisms 2020; 9:E54. [PMID: 33379186 PMCID: PMC7823855 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9010054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2020] [Revised: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 12/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The molecular epidemiology of giardiasis in Africa remains unclear. A study was carried out across four hospitals in Algeria. A total of 119 fecal samples from 55 children, 37 adults, and 27 individuals of undetermined age, all scored positive for intestinal parasites by microscopy, and were screened by real-time PCR for Giardia. Molecular characterization of Giardia was performed by assemblage-specific PCR and PCR targeting the triose phosphate isomerase gene (tpi). Of the 119 samples, 80 (67%) were Giardia-positive by real-time PCR. For 48 moderately-highly real-time PCR-positive samples, tpi genotyping assigned 22 samples to Assemblage A and 26 to Assemblage B. Contrary to Assemblage A, Assemblage B exhibited substantial genetic diversity and allelic heterozygosity. Assemblage-specific PCR proved to be specific for discriminating Assemblage A or B but not as sensitive as tpi genotyping. We confirmed that real-time PCR is more sensitive than microscopy for detecting Giardia in stool samples and that robust amplification and sequencing of the tpi gene is feasible when moderate-to-strongly real-time PCR-positive samples are used. This study is one of the few performed in Africa providing genotyping data on Giardia infections in humans. Both assemblages A and B were commonly seen and not associated with specific sociodemographic data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salem Belkessa
- Laboratory of Analytical Biochemistry and Biotechnology (LABAB), Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Faculty of Biological and Agronomic Sciences, Mouloud Mammeri University of Tizi Ouzou, Tizi Ouzou 15000, Algeria; (S.B.); (K.H.)
- Department of Natural and Life Sciences, Faculty of Exact Sciences and Natural and Life Sciences, Mohamed Khider University of Biskra, Biskra 07000, Algeria
- Laboratory of Parasitology, Department of Bacteria, Parasites & Fungi, Infectious Disease Preparedness, Statens Serum Institut, Artillerivej 5, DK-2300 Copenhagen S, Denmark;
| | - Daniel Thomas-Lopez
- Laboratory of Parasitology, Department of Bacteria, Parasites & Fungi, Infectious Disease Preparedness, Statens Serum Institut, Artillerivej 5, DK-2300 Copenhagen S, Denmark;
- European Public Health Microbiology Training Programme (EUPHEM), European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC), 16973 Solna, Sweden
| | - Karim Houali
- Laboratory of Analytical Biochemistry and Biotechnology (LABAB), Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Faculty of Biological and Agronomic Sciences, Mouloud Mammeri University of Tizi Ouzou, Tizi Ouzou 15000, Algeria; (S.B.); (K.H.)
| | - Farida Ghalmi
- Higher National Veterinary School of Algiers, El Alia, Algiers 16000, Algeria;
| | - Christen Rune Stensvold
- Laboratory of Parasitology, Department of Bacteria, Parasites & Fungi, Infectious Disease Preparedness, Statens Serum Institut, Artillerivej 5, DK-2300 Copenhagen S, Denmark;
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16
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Saghaug CS, Klotz C, Kallio JP, Aebischer T, Langeland N, Hanevik K. Genetic Diversity of the Flavohemoprotein Gene of Giardia lamblia: Evidence for High Allelic Heterozygosity and Copy Number Variation. Infect Drug Resist 2020; 13:4531-4545. [PMID: 33376360 PMCID: PMC7755369 DOI: 10.2147/idr.s274543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Accepted: 10/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose The flavohemoprotein (gFlHb) in Giardia plays an important role in managing nitrosative and oxidative stress, and potentially also in virulence and nitroimidazole drug tolerance. The aim of this study was to analyze the genetic diversity of gFlHb in Giardia assemblages A and B clinical isolates. Methods gFlHb genes from 20 cultured clinical Giardia isolates were subjected to PCR amplification and cloning, followed by Sanger sequencing. Sequences of all cloned PCR fragments from each isolate were analyzed for single nucleotide variants (SNVs) and compared to genomic Illumina sequence data. Identical clone sequences were sorted into alleles, and diversity was further analyzed. The number of gFlHb gene copies was assessed by mining PacBio de novo assembled genomes in eight isolates. Homology models for assessment of SNV's potential impact on protein function were created using Phyre2. Results A variable copy number of the gFlHb gene, between two and six copies, depending on isolate, was found. A total of 37 distinct sequences, representing different alleles of the gFlHb gene, were identified in AII isolates, and 41 were identified in B isolates. In some isolates, up to 12 different alleles were found. The total allelic diversity was high for both assemblages (>0.9) and was coupled with a nucleotide diversity of <0.01. The genetic variation (SNVs per CDS length) was 4.8% in sub-assemblage AII and 5.4% in assemblage B. The number of non-synonymous (ns) SNVs was high in gFIHb of both assemblages, 1.6% in A and 3.0% in B, respectively. Some of the identified nsSNV are predicted to alter protein structure and possibly function. Conclusion In this study, we present evidence that gFlHb, a putative protective enzyme against oxidative and nitrosative stress in Giardia, is a variable copy number gene with high allelic diversity. The genetic variability of gFlHb may contribute metabolic adaptability against metronidazole toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina S Saghaug
- Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.,Norwegian National Advisory Unit on Tropical Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Christian Klotz
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Unit 16 Mycotic and Parasitic Agents and Mycobacteria, Robert Koch-Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - Juha P Kallio
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Toni Aebischer
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Unit 16 Mycotic and Parasitic Agents and Mycobacteria, Robert Koch-Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - Nina Langeland
- Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.,Norwegian National Advisory Unit on Tropical Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway.,Department of Medicine, Haraldsplass Deaconess Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Kurt Hanevik
- Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
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Capewell P, Krumrie S, Katzer F, Alexander CL, Weir W. Molecular Epidemiology of Giardia Infections in the Genomic Era. Trends Parasitol 2020; 37:142-153. [PMID: 33067130 DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2020.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2020] [Revised: 09/22/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Giardia duodenalis is a major gastrointestinal parasite of humans and animals across the globe. It is also of interest from an evolutionary perspective as it possesses many features that are unique among the eukaryotes, including its distinctive binucleate cell structure. While genomic analysis of a small number of isolates has provided valuable insights, efforts to understand the epidemiology of the disease and the population biology of the parasite have been limited by the molecular tools currently available. We review these tools and assess the impact of affordable and rapid genome sequencing systems increasingly being deployed in diagnostic settings. While these technologies have direct implications for public and veterinary health, they will also improve our understanding of the unique biology of this fascinating parasite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Capewell
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G61 1QH, UK
| | - Sarah Krumrie
- School of Veterinary Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G61 1QH, UK
| | - Frank Katzer
- Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Edinburgh, EH26 0PZ, UK
| | - Claire L Alexander
- Scottish Parasitology Diagnostic and Reference Laboratories, Glasgow, G31 2ER, UK
| | - William Weir
- School of Veterinary Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G61 1QH, UK.
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18
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Rafiei A, Baghlaninezhad R, Köster PC, Bailo B, Hernández de Mingo M, Carmena D, Panabad E, Beiromvand M. Multilocus genotyping of Giardia duodenalis in Southwestern Iran. A community survey. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0228317. [PMID: 32027684 PMCID: PMC7004373 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0228317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2019] [Accepted: 01/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Giardia duodenalis is one of the main enteric pathogens associated with diarrheal disease. In developing countries, giardiasis is a major public health concern, particularly in children under five years of age. This study aimed to evaluate the occurrence and genetic diversity of G. duodenalis causing human infections in Shushtar County, Southwestern Iran. Individual faecal specimens were collected from 1,163 individuals (male/female ratio: 0.9; age range 2-75 years) with (n = 258) and without (n = 905) gastrointestinal symptoms living in rural and urban settings during the period 2017-2018. Conventional (sucrose flotation and microscopy) methods were used for the initial detection of G. duodenalis cysts in faecal specimens. Microscopy-positive samples were confirmed by PCR amplification and sequencing of the small subunit rRNA (ssu rRNA) gene of the parasite. A multilocus genotyping (MLG) scheme targeting the triose phosphate isomerase (tpi), the glutamate dehydrogenase (gdh), and the beta-giardin (bg) genes was used for genotyping purposes. Giardia duodenalis cysts were detected in 7.7% (90/1,163) of samples by microscopy, of which 82 were confirmed by ssu-PCR. Successful amplification and sequencing results were obtained for 23.2% (19/82), 9.8% (8/82), and 8.5% (7/82) of the confirmed samples at the tpi, gdh, and bg loci, respectively. MLG data for the three loci were available for two samples only. Out of the 24 samples genotyped at any loci, 50% (12/24) were identified as assemblage A and the remaining half as assemblage B. Overall, AII was the most prevalent sub-assemblage detected (41.7%, 10/24), followed by BIII (25.0%, 6/24), discordant BIII/BIV (5/24) or AII/AIII (2/24) sequences, and BIV (1/24). No significant correlation was demonstrated between a given assemblage/sub-assemblage and the occurrence of clinical symptoms. No genotypes adapted to animal hosts other than humans (e.g. assemblages C-F) were found circulating in the investigated human population, suggesting that transmission of human giardiasis in this Iranian region is primarily of anthroponotic nature. Further molecular-based studies are needed to confirm and expand these results, and to ascertain the presence and public health relevance of the parasite in environmental (e.g. drinking water) samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdollah Rafiei
- Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Center, Health Research Institute, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Khuzestan, Iran
- Department of Parasitology, School of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Khuzestan, Iran
| | - Raheleh Baghlaninezhad
- Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Center, Health Research Institute, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Khuzestan, Iran
- Department of Parasitology, School of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Khuzestan, Iran
| | - Pamela C. Köster
- Parasitology Reference and Research Laboratory, National Centre for Microbiology, Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
| | - Begoña Bailo
- Parasitology Reference and Research Laboratory, National Centre for Microbiology, Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
| | - Marta Hernández de Mingo
- Parasitology Reference and Research Laboratory, National Centre for Microbiology, Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
| | - David Carmena
- Parasitology Reference and Research Laboratory, National Centre for Microbiology, Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
| | - Esmat Panabad
- Department of Parasitology, School of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Khuzestan, Iran
| | - Molouk Beiromvand
- Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Center, Health Research Institute, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Khuzestan, Iran
- Department of Parasitology, School of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Khuzestan, Iran
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Mizuno T, Matey EJ, Bi X, Songok EM, Ichimura H, Tokoro M. Extremely diversified haplotypes observed among assemblage B population of Giardia intestinalis in Kenya. Parasitol Int 2019; 75:102038. [PMID: 31837398 DOI: 10.1016/j.parint.2019.102038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2019] [Revised: 12/09/2019] [Accepted: 12/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
In molecular epidemiological studies of Giardia intestinalis, an pathogenic intestinal flagellate, due to the presence of allelic sequence heterogeneity (ASH) on the tetraploid genome, the image of haplotype diversity in the field remains uncertain. Here we employed the nine assemblage B positive stool samples, which had previously reported from Kenyan children, for the clonal sequence analysis of multiple gene loci (glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH), triosephosphate isomerase (TPI), and beta-giardin (BG)). The diversified unique assemblage B haplotypes as GDH (n = 67), TPI (n = 84), and BG (n = 62), and the assemblage A haplotypes as GDH (n = 7), TPI (n = 14), and BG (n = 15), which were hidden in the previous direct-sequence results, were detected. Among the assemblage B haplotypes, Bayesian phylogeny revealed multiple statistically significant clusters (9, 7, and 7 clusters for GDH, TPI, and BG, respectively). A part of the clusters (2 for GDH and 1 for BG), which included >4 haplotypes from an individual sample, indicated the presence of co-transmission with multiple strains sharing a recent ancestor. Locus-dependent discrepancies, such as different compositions of derived samples in clusters and different genotyping results for the assemblages, were also observed and considered to be the traces of both intra- and inter-assemblage genetic recombination respectively. Our clonal sequence analysis for giardial population, which applied firstly in Kenya, could reveal the higher rates of ASH far beyond the levels reported in other areas and address the complex population structure. The clonal analysis is indispensable for the molecular field study of G. intestinalis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tetsushi Mizuno
- Department of Parasitology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | | | - Xiuqiong Bi
- Department of Viral Infection and International Health, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | | | - Hiroshi Ichimura
- Department of Viral Infection and International Health, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Masaharu Tokoro
- Department of Parasitology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan.
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20
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Lecová L, Tůmová P, Nohýnková E. Clone-based haplotyping of Giardia intestinalis assemblage B human isolates. Parasitol Res 2018; 118:355-361. [PMID: 30488254 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-018-6161-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2018] [Accepted: 11/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The level of genetic variability of Giardia intestinalis clinical isolates is an intensively studied and discussed issue within the scientific community. Our collection of G. intestinalis human isolates includes six in vitro-cultured isolates from assemblage B, with extensive genetic variability. Such variability prevents the precise genotype characterisation by the multi-locus genotyping (MLG) method commonly used for assemblage A. It was speculated that the intra-assemblage variations represent a reciprocal genetic exchange or true mixed infection. Thus, we analysed gene sequences of the molecular clones of the assemblage B isolates, each representing a single DNA molecule (haplotype) to determine whether the polymorphisms are present within individual haplotypes. Our results, which are based on the analysis of three standard genetic markers (bg, gdh, tpi), point to haplotype diversity and show numerous single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) mostly in codon wobble positions. We do not support the recombinatory origin of the detected haplotypes. The point mutations tolerated by mismatch repair are the possible cause for the detected sequence divergence. The precise sub-genotyping of assemblage B will require finding more conservative genes, as the existing ones are hypervariable in most isolates and prevent their molecular and epidemiological characterisation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lenka Lecová
- Institute of Immunology and Microbiology, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Studničkova 7, 128 00, Prague, Czech Republic.
| | - Pavla Tůmová
- Institute of Immunology and Microbiology, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Studničkova 7, 128 00, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Eva Nohýnková
- Institute of Immunology and Microbiology, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Studničkova 7, 128 00, Prague, Czech Republic
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21
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Rehbein S, Klotz C, Ignatius R, Müller E, Aebischer A, Kohn B. Giardia duodenalisin small animals and their owners in Germany: A pilot study. Zoonoses Public Health 2018; 66:117-124. [DOI: 10.1111/zph.12541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2018] [Revised: 10/23/2018] [Accepted: 10/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sina Rehbein
- Small Animal Clinic, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; Freie Universität Berlin; Berlin Germany
| | - Christian Klotz
- Unit for Mycotic and Parasitic Agents and Mycobacteria (FG16); Robert Koch-Institute; Berlin Germany
| | - Ralf Ignatius
- MVZ Labor 28; Berlin Germany
- Department of Microbiology and Hygiene; Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin; Berlin Germany
| | | | - Anton Aebischer
- Unit for Mycotic and Parasitic Agents and Mycobacteria (FG16); Robert Koch-Institute; Berlin Germany
| | - Barbara Kohn
- Small Animal Clinic, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; Freie Universität Berlin; Berlin Germany
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22
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Ankarklev J, Lebbad M, Einarsson E, Franzén O, Ahola H, Troell K, Svärd SG. A novel high-resolution multilocus sequence typing of Giardia intestinalis Assemblage A isolates reveals zoonotic transmission, clonal outbreaks and recombination. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2018; 60:7-16. [DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2018.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2017] [Revised: 01/30/2018] [Accepted: 02/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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23
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Aguiar JM, Silva SO, Santos VAD, Taniwaki SA, Oliveira TMFDS, Ferreira HL, Keid LB, Gregori F, Soares RM. Evidence of heterozygosity and recombinant alleles in single cysts of Giardia duodenalis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018; 25:187-95. [PMID: 27334819 DOI: 10.1590/s1984-29612016031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2016] [Accepted: 04/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Giardia duodenalis is divided into eight assemblages (named A to H). Isolates of assemblage A are divided into four sub-assemblages (AI, AII, AIII and AIV). While isolates of sub-assemblage AII are almost exclusively detected in human hosts, isolates of assemblage B are encountered in a multitude of animal hosts and humans. Here, we isolated single cysts of G. duodenalis from a human stool sample and found that one of them had overlaps of assemblage AII and B alleles and an unexpectedly high number of variants of the beta-giardin (Bg) and GLORF-C4 (OrfC4) alleles. In addition, one of the Bg alleles of that cyst had a fragment of sub-assemblage AII interspersed with fragments of assemblage B, thus indicating that this allele may be a recombinant between sequences A and B. Our results are unprecedented and put a check on the statement that different assemblages of G. duodenalis represent species with different host specificities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliana Martins Aguiar
- Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade de São Paulo, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo SP , Brasil, Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva e Saúde Animal, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade de São Paulo - USP, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - Sheila Oliveira Silva
- Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade de São Paulo, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo SP , Brasil, Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva e Saúde Animal, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade de São Paulo - USP, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - Valdir Azevedo Dos Santos
- Departamento de Farmácia, Universidade de São Paulo, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo SP , Brasil, Laboratório Clínico do Hospital Universitário, Departamento de Farmácia, Universidade de São Paulo - USP, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - Sueli Akemi Taniwaki
- Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade de São Paulo, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo SP , Brasil, Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva e Saúde Animal, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade de São Paulo - USP, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - Tricia Maria Ferreira de Sousa Oliveira
- Faculdade de Zootecnia e Engenharia de Alimentos, Universidade de São Paulo, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo SP , Brasil, Departamento de Medicina Veterinária, Faculdade de Zootecnia e Engenharia de Alimentos, Universidade de São Paulo - USP, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - Helena Lage Ferreira
- Faculdade de Zootecnia e Engenharia de Alimentos, Universidade de São Paulo, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo SP , Brasil, Departamento de Medicina Veterinária, Faculdade de Zootecnia e Engenharia de Alimentos, Universidade de São Paulo - USP, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - Lara Borges Keid
- Faculdade de Zootecnia e Engenharia de Alimentos, Universidade de São Paulo, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo SP , Brasil, Departamento de Medicina Veterinária, Faculdade de Zootecnia e Engenharia de Alimentos, Universidade de São Paulo - USP, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - Fábio Gregori
- Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade de São Paulo, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo SP , Brasil, Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva e Saúde Animal, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade de São Paulo - USP, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - Rodrigo Martins Soares
- Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade de São Paulo, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo SP , Brasil, Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva e Saúde Animal, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade de São Paulo - USP, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
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24
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Brynildsrud O, Tysnes KR, Robertson LJ, Debenham JJ. Giardia duodenalis in primates: Classification and host specificity based on phylogenetic analysis of sequence data. Zoonoses Public Health 2018; 65:637-647. [PMID: 29654656 DOI: 10.1111/zph.12470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2017] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Giardia duodenalis colonizes the gastrointestinal tract of a wide range of hosts, including humans and other primates. It is grouped into eight different Assemblages and, beyond that, into a number of sub-Assemblages, defined ad hoc on the basis of genetic differences; these various groups are often considered to be associated with a specific restricted host range. The aim of this study was to use publicly available genotyping data to investigate the relatedness of human and non-human primate (NHP) Giardia isolates in order to evaluate the usefulness of current taxonomic classification and to assess whether there is potential for zoonotic transmission between humans and NHP. Our final data set consisted of sequence data from 165 isolates, 111 from NHP and 54 from humans. Assemblages were well defined, but sub-Assemblages across Assemblage B were not resolved. Although sub-Assemblages AI and AII were resolved, the terms were not found to capture any useful molecular or host/deme properties. In the phylogenetic tree, NHP isolates were scattered among human isolates across Assemblages A and B, and were even found in Assemblage E. We conclude that there does not appear to be significant molecular distinction between human and NHP Giardia isolates across these four molecular markers. Thus, on the basis of these markers, we cannot exclude a risk for zoonotic and anthropozoonotic transmission of Assemblages A and B isolates, irrespective of sub-Assemblage classification. We further evaluated the relative merit of the four genes used in genotyping studies. The tpi, gdh and bg genes gave relatively congruent tree topologies, but the SSU gene did not resolve Assemblages according to the current classification. Future genotyping efforts should aim for multilocus or whole-genome approaches and, in particular, use of the SSU gene as the sole marker should be avoided when possible.
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Affiliation(s)
- O Brynildsrud
- Department of Infectious Disease Modelling and Epidemiology, Norwegian Institute of Public Health (FHI), Oslo, Norway
| | - K R Tysnes
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department Food Safety and Infection Biology, The Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), Oslo, Norway
| | - L J Robertson
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department Food Safety and Infection Biology, The Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), Oslo, Norway
| | - J J Debenham
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Companion Animal Clinical Sciences, The Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), Oslo, Norway
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25
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Damitie M, Mekonnen Z, Getahun T, Santiago D, Leyns L. Molecular epidemiology of Giardia duodenalis infection in humans in Southern Ethiopia: a triosephosphate isomerase gene-targeted analysis. Infect Dis Poverty 2018; 7:17. [PMID: 29502512 PMCID: PMC5836388 DOI: 10.1186/s40249-018-0397-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2017] [Accepted: 02/12/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Giardia duodenalis is a species complex consisting of multiple genetically distinct assemblages. The species imposes a major public health crisis on developing countries. However, the molecular diversity, transmission dynamics and risk factors of the species in these countries are indeterminate. This study was conducted to determine the molecular epidemiology of G. duodenalis infection in asymptomatic individuals in Southern Ethiopia. Methods From March to June 2014, fresh stool samples were collected from 590 randomly selected individuals. Socio-demographic data were gathered using a pre-tested structured questionnaire. The genotyping was done using triosephosphate isomerase gene-based nested polymerase chain reaction and DNA sequencing. The genetic identity and relatedness of isolates were determined using the basic local alignment search tool and phylogenetic analysis. Risk factors associated with G. duodenalis infection were analysed using binary and multinomial logistic regression models. Results The results showed that 18.1% (92/509) of the study subjects were infected by G. duodenalis. Among the isolates, 35.9% (33/92) and 21.7% (20/92) were sub-typed into assemblages A and B, respectively, whereas 42.4% (39/92) showed mixed infections of A and B. Most of the assemblage A isolates (94%,31/33) were 100% identical to sequences registered in GenBank, of which the majority belonged to sub-assemblage AII. However, the high genetic variability and frequency of double peaks made sub-genotyping of assemblage B more problematic and only 20% (4/20) of the isolates matched 100% with the sequences. The risk factors of age (P = 0.032) and type of drinking water source (P = 0.003) both showed a significant association with the occurrence G. duodenalis infection. Conclusions This study established the endemicity of G. duodenalis in Southern Ethiopia. Infection with assemblage A was more frequent than with assemblage B, and the rate of infection was higher in children and in municipal/tap and open spring water consumers than the other groups. Sub-typing of assemblage B and determining the origin of double peaks were challenging. The present study confirms the need for further inclusive studies to be conducted focusing on sub-types of assemblage B and the origin of heterogeneity. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s40249-018-0397-4) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengistu Damitie
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences and Technology, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia. .,Department of Biology, Faculty of Science and Bioengineering Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Zeleke Mekonnen
- School of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
| | - Tadesse Getahun
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences and Technology, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
| | - Dante Santiago
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences and Technology, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
| | - Luc Leyns
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science and Bioengineering Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
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26
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Adell-Aledón M, Köster PC, de Lucio A, Puente P, Hernández-de-Mingo M, Sánchez-Thevenet P, Dea-Ayuela MA, Carmena D. Occurrence and molecular epidemiology of Giardia duodenalis infection in dog populations in eastern Spain. BMC Vet Res 2018; 14:26. [PMID: 29357850 PMCID: PMC5778629 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-018-1353-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2017] [Accepted: 01/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Giardia duodenalis is one of the most common enteric parasites in domestic animals including dogs. Young animals are more prone to the infection, with clinical manifestations ranging from asymptomatic to acute or chronic diarrhoea. Dogs are primarily infected by canine-specific (C-D) assemblages of G. duodenalis. However, zoonotic assemblages A and B have been increasingly documented in canine isolates, raising the question of whether and to which extent dogs can act as natural reservoirs of human giardiosis. Methods In this cross-sectional epidemiological survey we assessed the molecular diversity of G. duodenalis in dogs in the province of Castellón, Eastern Spain. A total of 348 individual faecal samples from sheltered (n = 218), breeding (n = 24), hunting (n = 68), shepherd (n = 24), and pet (n = 14) dogs were collected between 2014 and 2016. Detection of G. duodenalis cysts in faecal material was carried out by direct fluorescence microscopy as a screening test, whereas a qPCR targeting the small subunit ribosomal RNA gene of the parasite was subsequently used as a confirmatory method. Results Giardia duodenalis was detected in 36.5% (95% CI: 31.6–41.7%) of dogs. No significant differences in prevalence rates could be demonstrated among dogs according to their sex and geographical origin, but breeding (45.8%; 95% CI: 27.9–64.9%) and sheltered (40.4%; 95% CI: 34.1–47.0%) dogs harboured significantly higher proportions of G. duodenalis. Multi-locus sequence-based genotyping of the glutamate dehydrogenase and β-giardin genes of G. duodenalis allowed the characterization of 35 canine isolates that were unambiguously assigned to assemblages A (14.3%), B (22.9%), C (5.7%), and D (37.1%). A number of inter-assemblage mixed infections including A + B (11.4%), A + D (2.9%), and A + B + D (5.7%) were also identified. Conclusions Data presented here are strongly indicative of high infection pressures in kennelled animals. Zoonotic sub-assemblages AII, BIII, and BIV were responsible for a considerable proportion of the G. duodenalis infections detected, but very few of the genotypes identified have been previously documented in Spanish human populations. Although possible, zoonotic transmission between dogs and humans seems an infrequent event in this Spanish region. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12917-018-1353-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Adell-Aledón
- CEU Cardenal Herrera University, C/ Grecia, 31, 12006, Castellón de la Plana, Castellón, Spain
| | - Pamela C Köster
- Parasitology Reference and Research Laboratory, National Centre for Microbiology, Health Institute Carlos III, Ctra. Majadahonda-Pozuelo Km 2, 28220, Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
| | - Aida de Lucio
- Parasitology Reference and Research Laboratory, National Centre for Microbiology, Health Institute Carlos III, Ctra. Majadahonda-Pozuelo Km 2, 28220, Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
| | - Paula Puente
- Parasitology Reference and Research Laboratory, National Centre for Microbiology, Health Institute Carlos III, Ctra. Majadahonda-Pozuelo Km 2, 28220, Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
| | - Marta Hernández-de-Mingo
- Parasitology Reference and Research Laboratory, National Centre for Microbiology, Health Institute Carlos III, Ctra. Majadahonda-Pozuelo Km 2, 28220, Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
| | - Paula Sánchez-Thevenet
- CEU Cardenal Herrera University, C/ Grecia, 31, 12006, Castellón de la Plana, Castellón, Spain
| | | | - David Carmena
- CEU Cardenal Herrera University, C/ Grecia, 31, 12006, Castellón de la Plana, Castellón, Spain. .,Parasitology Reference and Research Laboratory, National Centre for Microbiology, Health Institute Carlos III, Ctra. Majadahonda-Pozuelo Km 2, 28220, Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain.
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Xiao L, Feng Y. Molecular epidemiologic tools for waterborne pathogens Cryptosporidium spp. and Giardia duodenalis. Food Waterborne Parasitol 2017; 8-9:14-32. [PMID: 32095639 PMCID: PMC7034008 DOI: 10.1016/j.fawpar.2017.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2017] [Revised: 09/19/2017] [Accepted: 09/19/2017] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Molecular diagnostic tools have played an important role in improving our understanding of the transmission of Cryptosporidium spp. and Giardia duodenalis, which are two of the most important waterborne parasites in industrialized nations. Genotyping tools are frequently used in the identification of host-adapted Cryptosporidium species and G. duodenalis assemblages, allowing the assessment of infection sources in humans and public health potential of parasites found in animals and the environment. In contrast, subtyping tools are more often used in case linkages, advanced tracking of infections sources, and assessment of disease burdens attributable to anthroponotic and zoonotic transmission. More recently, multilocus typing tools have been developed for population genetic characterizations of transmission dynamics and delineation of mechanisms for the emergence of virulent subtypes. With the recent development in next generation sequencing techniques, whole genome sequencing and comparative genomic analysis are increasingly used in characterizing Cryptosporidium spp. and G. duodenalis. The use of these tools in epidemiologic studies has identified significant differences in the transmission of Cryptosporidium spp. in humans between developing countries and industrialized nations, especially the role of zoonotic transmission in human infection. Geographic differences are also present in the distribution of G. duodenalis assemblages A and B in humans. In contrast, there is little evidence for widespread zoonotic transmission of giardiasis in both developing and industrialized countries. Differences in virulence have been identified among Cryptosporidium species and subtypes, and possibly between G. duodenalis assemblages A and B, and genetic recombination has been identified as one mechanism for the emergence of virulent C. hominis subtypes. These recent advances are providing insight into the epidemiology of waterborne protozoan parasites in both developing and developed countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lihua Xiao
- Division of Foodborne, Waterborne, and Environmental Diseases, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
| | - Yaoyu Feng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
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Faria CP, Zanini GM, Dias GS, da Silva S, Sousa MDC. New multilocus genotypes of Giardia lamblia human isolates. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2017; 54:128-137. [PMID: 28669825 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2017.06.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2016] [Revised: 06/28/2017] [Accepted: 06/28/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Giardia lamblia is considered a species complex, whose members show little differences in their morphology, but have remarkable genetic variability. The aim of this study was to identify inter- and intra-assemblage genetic variation in G. lamblia among patients in Rio de Janeiro. The parasitological study was performed on faeces, and DNA was extracted from the samples which tested positive for G. lamblia. The genetic assemblages and subtypes were determined via multilocus sequence typing (MLST) using β-giardin, triose phosphate isomerase and glutamate dehydrogenase gene loci. Fourteen assemblage A samples were successfully genotyped at the three MLST loci (bg/tpi/gdh). Two previously identified multilocus genotypes were found (AII-1 and AII-4), and two novel multilocus genotypes are proposed (AII-8, profile A2/A2/A4; AII-9, profile A3/A2/A2). Sequence analysis showed that assemblage B isolates have a higher nucleotide variation than those from assemblage A. Novel assemblage B sequences are described and most (66.7%) have heterogeneous nucleotides, which prevent the definition of multilocus genotypes. This is the first time that MLST has been used to characterise G. lamblia isolates in human clinical samples from Rio de Janeiro. In addition, MLST has enabled the detection of novel subtypes in both assemblages and the description of two novel multilocus genotypes in assemblage A. This study provides new insights into the genetic diversity of assemblage A and shows that MLST should be used to characterise G. lamblia both in Brazil and globally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clarissa Perez Faria
- CNC - Center for Neurosciences and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, 3030-548 Coimbra, Portugal; Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, 3030-548 Coimbra, Portugal; Laboratory of Parasitology, Evandro Chagas National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, 21040-900, Brazil
| | - Graziela Maria Zanini
- Laboratory of Parasitology, Evandro Chagas National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, 21040-900, Brazil
| | - Gisele Silva Dias
- Laboratory of Parasitology, Evandro Chagas National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, 21040-900, Brazil
| | - Sidnei da Silva
- Laboratory of Parasitology, Evandro Chagas National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, 21040-900, Brazil
| | - Maria do Céu Sousa
- CNC - Center for Neurosciences and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, 3030-548 Coimbra, Portugal; Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, 3030-548 Coimbra, Portugal.
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29
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Gabín-García LB, Bartolomé C, Abal-Fabeiro JL, Méndez S, Llovo J, Maside X. Strong genetic structure revealed by multilocus patterns of variation in Giardia duodenalis isolates of patients from Galicia (NW-Iberian Peninsula). INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2016; 48:131-141. [PMID: 27993728 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2016.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2016] [Revised: 11/28/2016] [Accepted: 12/13/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
We report a survey of genetic variation at three coding loci in Giardia duodenalis of assemblages A and B obtained from stool samples of patients from Santiago de Compostela (Galicia, NW-Iberian Peninsula). The mean pooled synonymous diversity for assemblage A was nearly five times lower than for assemblage B (0.77%±0.30% and 4.14%±1.65%, respectively). Synonymous variation in both assemblages was in mutation-drift equilibrium and an excess of low-frequency nonsynonymous variants suggested the action of purifying selection at the three loci. Differences between isolates contributed to 40% and 60% of total genetic variance in assemblages A and B, respectively, which revealed a significant genetic structure. These results, together with the lack of evidence for recombination, support that (i) Giardia assemblages A and B are in demographic equilibrium and behave as two genetically isolated populations, (ii) infections are initiated by a reduced number of individuals, which may be genetically diverse and even belong to different assemblages, and (iii) parasites reproduce clonally within the host. However, the observation of invariant loci in some isolates means that mechanisms for the homogenization of the genetic content of the two diploid nuclei in each individual must exist.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis B Gabín-García
- Grupo de Medicina Xenómica, Centro de Investigación en Medicina Molecular e Enfermidades Crónicas da Universidade de Santiago de Compostela (CIMUS), Avda. Barcelona s/n, 15782 Santiago, Galicia, Spain; Xenómica Comparada de Parasitos Humanos, Instituto de Investigacións Sanitarias de Santiago (IDIS), Travesia da Choupana s/n, 15706 Santiago, Galicia, Spain.
| | - Carolina Bartolomé
- Grupo de Medicina Xenómica, Centro de Investigación en Medicina Molecular e Enfermidades Crónicas da Universidade de Santiago de Compostela (CIMUS), Avda. Barcelona s/n, 15782 Santiago, Galicia, Spain; Xenómica Comparada de Parasitos Humanos, Instituto de Investigacións Sanitarias de Santiago (IDIS), Travesia da Choupana s/n, 15706 Santiago, Galicia, Spain
| | - José L Abal-Fabeiro
- Grupo de Medicina Xenómica, Centro de Investigación en Medicina Molecular e Enfermidades Crónicas da Universidade de Santiago de Compostela (CIMUS), Avda. Barcelona s/n, 15782 Santiago, Galicia, Spain; Xenómica Comparada de Parasitos Humanos, Instituto de Investigacións Sanitarias de Santiago (IDIS), Travesia da Choupana s/n, 15706 Santiago, Galicia, Spain
| | - Santiago Méndez
- Xenómica Comparada de Parasitos Humanos, Instituto de Investigacións Sanitarias de Santiago (IDIS), Travesia da Choupana s/n, 15706 Santiago, Galicia, Spain; Servizo de Microbioloxía e Parasitoloxía, Complexo Hospitalario Universitario de Santiago, Travesia da Choupana s/n, 15706 Santiago, Galicia, Spain
| | - José Llovo
- Xenómica Comparada de Parasitos Humanos, Instituto de Investigacións Sanitarias de Santiago (IDIS), Travesia da Choupana s/n, 15706 Santiago, Galicia, Spain; Servizo de Microbioloxía e Parasitoloxía, Complexo Hospitalario Universitario de Santiago, Travesia da Choupana s/n, 15706 Santiago, Galicia, Spain
| | - Xulio Maside
- Grupo de Medicina Xenómica, Centro de Investigación en Medicina Molecular e Enfermidades Crónicas da Universidade de Santiago de Compostela (CIMUS), Avda. Barcelona s/n, 15782 Santiago, Galicia, Spain; Xenómica Comparada de Parasitos Humanos, Instituto de Investigacións Sanitarias de Santiago (IDIS), Travesia da Choupana s/n, 15706 Santiago, Galicia, Spain
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de Lucio A, Amor-Aramendía A, Bailo B, Saugar JM, Anegagrie M, Arroyo A, López-Quintana B, Zewdie D, Ayehubizu Z, Yizengaw E, Abera B, Yimer M, Mulu W, Hailu T, Herrador Z, Fuentes I, Carmena D. Prevalence and Genetic Diversity of Giardia duodenalis and Cryptosporidium spp. among School Children in a Rural Area of the Amhara Region, North-West Ethiopia. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0159992. [PMID: 27466809 PMCID: PMC4965151 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0159992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2016] [Accepted: 06/22/2016] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Backgroud Giardia duodenalis and Cryptosporidium spp. are enteric protozoan causing gastrointestinal illness in humans and animals. Giardiasis and cryptosporidiosis are not formally considered as neglected tropical diseases, but belong to the group of poverty-related infectious diseases that impair the development and socio-economic potential of infected individuals in developing countries. Methods We report here the prevalence and genetic diversity of G. duodenalis and Cryptosporidium spp. in children attending rural primary schools in the Bahir Dar district of the Amhara Region, Ethiopia. Stool samples were collected from 393 children and analysed by molecular methods. G. duodenalis was detected by real-time PCR, and the assemblages and sub-assemblages were determined by multilocus sequence-based genotyping of the glutamate dehydrogenase and β-giardin genes of the parasite. Detection and identification of Cryptosporidium species was carried out by sequencing of a partial fragment of the small-subunit ribosomal RNA gene. Principal Findings The PCR-based prevalences of G. duodenalis and Cryptosporidium spp. were 55.0% (216/393) and 4.6% (18/393), respectively. A total of 78 G. duodenalis isolates were successfully characterized, revealing the presence of sub-assemblages AII (10.3%), BIII (28.2%), and BIV (32.0%). Discordant typing results AII/AIII and BIII/BIV were identified in 7.7% and 15.4% of the isolates, respectively. An additional five (6.4%) isolates were assigned to assemblage B. No mixed infections of assemblages A+B were found. Extensive genetic variation at the nucleotide level was observed within assemblage B (but no within assemblage A), resulting in the identification of a large number of sub-types. Cryptosporidium diversity was demonstrated by the occurrence of C. hominis, C. parvum, and C. viatorum in the population under study. Conclusions Our data suggest an epidemiological scenario with an elevated transmission intensity of a wide range of G. duodenalis genetic variants. Importantly, the elevated degree of genetic diversity observed within assemblage B is consistent with the occurrence of intra-assemblage recombination in G. duodenalis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aida de Lucio
- Parasitology Service, National Centre for Microbiology, Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Begoña Bailo
- Parasitology Service, National Centre for Microbiology, Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
| | - José M. Saugar
- Parasitology Service, National Centre for Microbiology, Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
| | - Melaku Anegagrie
- National Centre of Tropical Medicine, Madrid, Spain
- Mundo Sano Foundation, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana Arroyo
- Microbiology and Parasitology Service, La Paz-Carlos III Hospital, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Derjew Zewdie
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, College of Medicine and Health Science, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
| | - Zimmam Ayehubizu
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, College of Medicine and Health Science, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
| | - Endalew Yizengaw
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, College of Medicine and Health Science, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
| | - Bayeh Abera
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, College of Medicine and Health Science, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
| | - Mulat Yimer
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, College of Medicine and Health Science, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
| | - Wondemagen Mulu
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, College of Medicine and Health Science, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
| | - Tadesse Hailu
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, College of Medicine and Health Science, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
| | | | - Isabel Fuentes
- Parasitology Service, National Centre for Microbiology, Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
| | - David Carmena
- Parasitology Service, National Centre for Microbiology, Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
- * E-mail: ;
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Molecular testing for clinical diagnosis and epidemiological investigations of intestinal parasitic infections. Clin Microbiol Rev 2016; 27:371-418. [PMID: 24696439 DOI: 10.1128/cmr.00122-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the past few decades, nucleic acid-based methods have been developed for the diagnosis of intestinal parasitic infections. Advantages of nucleic acid-based methods are numerous; typically, these include increased sensitivity and specificity and simpler standardization of diagnostic procedures. DNA samples can also be stored and used for genetic characterization and molecular typing, providing a valuable tool for surveys and surveillance studies. A variety of technologies have been applied, and some specific and general pitfalls and limitations have been identified. This review provides an overview of the multitude of methods that have been reported for the detection of intestinal parasites and offers some guidance in applying these methods in the clinical laboratory and in epidemiological studies.
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Heyworth MF. Giardia duodenalis genetic assemblages and hosts. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 23:13. [PMID: 26984116 PMCID: PMC4794627 DOI: 10.1051/parasite/2016013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2015] [Accepted: 03/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Techniques for sub-classifying morphologically identical Giardia duodenalis trophozoites have included comparisons of the electrophoretic mobility of enzymes and of chromosomes, and sequencing of genes encoding β-giardin, triose phosphate isomerase, the small subunit of ribosomal RNA and glutamate dehydrogenase. To date, G. duodenalis organisms have been sub-classified into eight genetic assemblages (designated A–H). Genotyping of G. duodenalis organisms isolated from various hosts has shown that assemblages A and B infect the largest range of host species, and appear to be the main (or possibly only) G. duodenalis assemblages that undeniably infect human subjects. In at least some cases of assemblage A or B infection in wild mammals, there is suggestive evidence that the infection had resulted from environmental contamination by G. duodenalis cysts of human origin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin F Heyworth
- Research Service (151), Corporal Michael J. Crescenz Veterans Affairs (VA) Medical Center, University and Woodland Avenues, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA - Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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de Lucio A, Martínez-Ruiz R, Merino FJ, Bailo B, Aguilera M, Fuentes I, Carmena D. Molecular Genotyping of Giardia duodenalis Isolates from Symptomatic Individuals Attending Two Major Public Hospitals in Madrid, Spain. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0143981. [PMID: 26641082 PMCID: PMC4671680 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0143981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2015] [Accepted: 11/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The flagellate protozoan Giardia duodenalis is an enteric parasite causing human giardiasis, a major gastrointestinal disease of global distribution affecting both developing and industrialised countries. In Spain, sporadic cases of giardiasis have been regularly identified, particularly in pediatric and immigrant populations. However, there is limited information on the genetic variability of circulating G. duodenalis isolates in the country. METHODS In this longitudinal molecular epidemiological study we report the diversity and frequency of the G. duodenalis assemblages and sub-assemblages identified in 199 stool samples collected from 184 individual with symptoms compatible with giardiasis presenting to two major public hospitals in Madrid for the period December 2013-January 2015. G. duodenalis cysts were initially detected by conventional microscopy and/or immunochomatography on stool samples. Confirmation of the infection was performed by direct immunofluorescence and real-time PCR methods. G. duodenalis assemblages and sub-assemblages were determined by multi-locus genotyping of the glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH) and β-giardin (BG) genes of the parasite. Sociodemographic and clinical features of patients infected with G. duodenalis were also analysed. PRINCIPAL FINDINGS Of 188 confirmed positive samples from 178 giardiasis cases a total of 124 G. duodenalis isolates were successfully typed at the GDH and/or the BG loci, revealing the presence of sub-assemblages BIV (62.1%), AII (15.3%), BIII (4.0%), AI (0.8%), and AIII (0.8%). Additionally, 6.5% of the isolates were only characterised at the assemblage level, being all of them assigned to assemblage B. Discordant genotype results AII/AIII or BIII/BIV were also observed in 10.5% of DNA isolates. A large number of multi-locus genotypes were identified in G. duodenalis assemblage B, but not assemblage A, isolates at both the GDH and BG loci, confirming the high degree of genetic variability observed in other molecular surveys. BIV was the most prevalent genetic variant of G. duodenalis found in individuals with symptomatic giardiasis in the population under study. CONCLUSIONS Human giardiasis is an ongoing public health problem in Spain affecting primarily young children under four years of age but also individuals of all age groups. Our typing and sub-typing results demonstrate that assemblage B is the most prevalent G. duodenalis assemblage circulating in patients with clinical giardiasis in Central Spain. Our analyses also revealed a large genetic variability in assemblage B (but not assemblage A) isolates of the parasite, corroborating the information obtained in similar studies in other geographical regions. We believe that molecular data presented here provide epidemiological evidence at the population level in support of the existence of genetic exchange within assemblages of G. duodenalis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aida de Lucio
- Parasitology Service, National Centre for Microbiology, Carlos III Health Institute, Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
| | - Rocío Martínez-Ruiz
- Microbiology and Clinical Parasitology Service, University Hospital Puerta de Hierro Majadahonda, Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
| | - Francisco J. Merino
- Microbiology Service, University Hospital Severo Ochoa, Leganés, Madrid, Spain
| | - Begoña Bailo
- Parasitology Service, National Centre for Microbiology, Carlos III Health Institute, Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
| | - María Aguilera
- Parasitology Service, National Centre for Microbiology, Carlos III Health Institute, Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
| | - Isabel Fuentes
- Parasitology Service, National Centre for Microbiology, Carlos III Health Institute, Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
| | - David Carmena
- Parasitology Service, National Centre for Microbiology, Carlos III Health Institute, Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
- * E-mail:
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Miyamoto Y, Eckmann L. Drug Development Against the Major Diarrhea-Causing Parasites of the Small Intestine, Cryptosporidium and Giardia. Front Microbiol 2015; 6:1208. [PMID: 26635732 PMCID: PMC4652082 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2015.01208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2015] [Accepted: 10/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Diarrheal diseases are among the leading causes of morbidity and mortality in the world, particularly among young children. A limited number of infectious agents account for most of these illnesses, raising the hope that advances in the treatment and prevention of these infections can have global health impact. The two most important parasitic causes of diarrheal disease are Cryptosporidium and Giardia. Both parasites infect predominantly the small intestine and colonize the lumen and epithelial surface, but do not invade deeper mucosal layers. This review discusses the therapeutic challenges, current treatment options, and drug development efforts against cryptosporidiosis and giardiasis. The goals of drug development against Cryptosporidium and Giardia are different. For Cryptosporidium, only one moderately effective drug (nitazoxanide) is available, so novel classes of more effective drugs are a high priority. Furthermore, new genetic technology to identify potential drug targets and better assays for functional evaluation of these targets throughout the parasite life cycle are needed for advancing anticryptosporidial drug design. By comparison, for Giardia, several classes of drugs with good efficacy exist, but dosing regimens are suboptimal and emerging resistance begins to threaten clinical utility. Consequently, improvements in potency and dosing, and the ability to overcome existing and prevent new forms of drug resistance are priorities in antigiardial drug development. Current work on new drugs against both infections has revealed promising strategies and new drug leads. However, the primary challenge for further drug development is the underlying economics, as both parasitic infections are considered Neglected Diseases with low funding priority and limited commercial interest. If a new urgency in medical progress against these infections can be raised at national funding agencies or philanthropic organizations, meaningful and timely progress is possible in treating and possibly preventing cryptosporidiosis and giardiasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukiko Miyamoto
- Department of Medicine, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla CA, USA
| | - Lars Eckmann
- Department of Medicine, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla CA, USA
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Soba B, Islamovic S, Skvarc M, Caccio SM. Multilocus genotyping of Giardia duodenalis (Lambl, 1859) from symptomatic human infections in Slovenia. Folia Parasitol (Praha) 2015; 62. [PMID: 26580803 DOI: 10.14411/fp.2015.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2015] [Accepted: 09/11/2015] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Giardiasis is a common gastrointestinal infection of humans and animals with a worldwide distribution. Eight genetic groups (known as assemblages A to H) are currently recognised within the species complex of Giardia duodenalis (Lambl, 1859), of which assemblages A and B are responsible for infection of humans and other mammalian hosts. Genotyping data on giardiasis are not available from Slovenia. In this work, we have characterised isolates of G. duodenalis from 85 human symptomatic cases collected during 2002-2013. Genomic DNAs were first tested by a real-time (rt) PCR assay and then by conventional PCR at three loci (beta-giardin, bg; triose phosphate isomerase, tpi; and glutamate dehydrogenase, gdh). We found that the threshold cycle (Ct) values in rt-PCR testing were higher for samples collected during 2002-2005 and that this was paralleled by a low amplification rate in conventional PCR (6 of 32, i.e. 19%). In contrast, lower Ct values and higher amplification rate (45 of 53; 85%) were observed for samples collected during 2006-2013, suggesting an adverse effect of prolonged freezing of stools. Assemblages A and B were found with an almost identical frequency in the 51 genotyped samples. In agreement with previous studies, sequences from assemblage B isolates were characterised by larger genetic variability and by the presence of heterogeneous positions, which made assignment to specific genotypes difficult. Less variability was observed in sequences from assemblage A isolates, which belonged to the human-specific subassemblage AII. These data showed that the genotypes of G. duodenalis that circulate in humans in Slovenia are similar to those previously identified in Europe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Soba
- Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Sabina Islamovic
- Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Miha Skvarc
- Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Simone M Caccio
- Department of Infectious, Parasitic and Immunomediated Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanita, Rome, Italy
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Minetti C, Lamden K, Durband C, Cheesbrough J, Fox A, Wastling JM. Determination of Giardia duodenalis assemblages and multi-locus genotypes in patients with sporadic giardiasis from England. Parasit Vectors 2015; 8:444. [PMID: 26338670 PMCID: PMC4559006 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-015-1059-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2015] [Accepted: 08/26/2015] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The protozoan Giardia duodenalis is a common but highly diverse human parasite that comprises a complex of seven morphologically identical genetic assemblages, further divided into sub-assemblages. There is very little information available on the diversity of Giardia sub-assemblages and multi-locus genotypes infecting people in the United Kingdom. In this study we studied the molecular epidemiology of Giardia in symptomatic patients from North West England. Methods Whole faecal DNA was extracted from the faecal samples of 406 Giardia cases and the parasites assemblage, sub-assemblage and multi-locus genotype were determined using PCR amplification, DNA sequencing and phylogenetic analysis of the beta-giardin, glutamate dehydrogenase, triose-phosphate isomerase and small-subunit ribosomal RNA genes. Information about age, gender and self-reported clinical outcomes was also collected from the patients to check for differences associated with the infecting Giardia assemblage. Results Our results showed a difference in the age prevalence of the two assemblages, with assemblage A being more common in older cases. Cases infected with assemblage B more often reported vomiting and a longer illness than cases infected with assemblage A. The majority of infections (64 %) were caused by assemblage B followed by assemblage A (33 %), while mixed-assemblage infections were rare (3 %). Assemblage A isolates mostly belonged to the sub-assemblage AII and showed completed identity with previously described isolates. The level of genetic sub-structuring was significantly higher in assemblage B isolates, since a higher proportion of novel assemblage B sequences was detected compared to assemblage A. A high number of assemblage B sequences showed heterogeneous nucleotide positions that prevented the unambiguous assignment to a specific sub-assemblage. Both previously described and novel multi-locus genotypes were described in both assemblages, and up to 17 different assemblage B multi-locus genotypes were found. Conclusions We have produced the first data on the parasite multi-locus genotypes in the UK and have demonstrated that the molecular diversity of Giardia is similar to other developed countries. Furthermore, we showed that the parasite assemblages infecting humans may be associated with patients of different ages and with different clinical outcomes. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13071-015-1059-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corrado Minetti
- Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK.
| | - Kenneth Lamden
- Public Health England Centre Cumbria and Lancashire, Chorley, UK.
| | - Caroline Durband
- Lancashire Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Preston, UK.
| | - John Cheesbrough
- Lancashire Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Preston, UK.
| | - Andrew Fox
- Public Health England Food Water and Environmental Microbiology Laboratory, Preston, UK.
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Recent advances and current issues in single-cell sequencing of tumors. Cancer Lett 2015; 365:1-10. [PMID: 26003306 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2015.04.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2015] [Revised: 04/19/2015] [Accepted: 04/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Intratumoral heterogeneity is a recently recognized but important feature of cancer that underlies the various biocharacteristics of cancer tissues. The advent of next-generation sequencing technologies has facilitated large scale capture of genomic data, while the recent development of single-cell sequencing has allowed for more in-depth studies into the complex molecular mechanisms of intratumoral heterogeneity. In this review, the recent advances and current challenges in single-cell sequencing methodologies are discussed, highlighting the potential power of these data to provide insights into oncological processes, from tumorigenesis through progression to metastasis and therapy resistance.
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Identification of polymorphic genes for use in assemblage B genotyping assays through comparative genomics of multiple assemblage B Giardia duodenalis isolates. Mol Biochem Parasitol 2015; 201:1-4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molbiopara.2015.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2015] [Revised: 05/06/2015] [Accepted: 05/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Kostopoulou D, Casaert S, Tzanidakis N, van Doorn D, Demeler J, von Samson-Himmelstjerna G, Saratsis A, Voutzourakis N, Ehsan A, Doornaert T, Looijen M, De Wilde N, Sotiraki S, Claerebout E, Geurden T. The occurrence and genetic characterization of Cryptosporidium and Giardia species in foals in Belgium, The Netherlands, Germany and Greece. Vet Parasitol 2015; 211:170-4. [PMID: 26012855 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2015.04.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2014] [Revised: 02/12/2015] [Accepted: 04/18/2015] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Faecal samples were collected from foals between the age of 1 week and 6 months in Belgium, The Netherlands, Germany and Greece. A quantitative direct immunofluorescence assay based on the commercial MERIFLUOR Cryptosporidium/Giardia kit was performed to evaluate the presence of (oo) cysts. Parasite positive samples were genotyped, based on the 18S ribosomal DNA gene and the heat shock protein (HSP70) gene for Cryptosporidium and on the β-giardin gene and the triose phosphate isomerase (TPI) gene for Giardia. In total, 134 foals from Belgium, 44 foals from The Netherlands, 30 foals from Germany and 190 foals from Greece were examined. No Cryptosporidium oocysts were identified in faecal samples from foals in Germany and The Netherlands. In Belgium and Greece, 4.5% and 1.1% of the foals examined were Cryptosporidium positive, respectively, all with a low oocyst excretion ranging from 100 to 2450 oocysts per gram of faeces. For Giardia, 14.2%, 11.4%, 10.0% and 11.6% of the foals in Belgium, The Netherlands, Germany and Greece, respectively, were found to excrete cysts, with a range of 50 up to 4,000,000 cysts per gram of faeces. Younger animals secreted significantly more Giardia cysts than older horses (p<0.05), but no significant correlation between Giardia infection and diarrhoea was observed. Most Giardia positive samples belonged to assemblage AI and/or BIV, but also assemblage E was detected in two samples. Together with the identification of Cryptosporidium horse genotype, this suggests only a low risk for zoonotic transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Kostopoulou
- Laboratory of Parasitology, Veterinary Research Institute, Hellenic Agricultural Organization Demeter, Thermi, 57001 Thessaloniki, Greece; Laboratory of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, B-9820, Merelbeke, Belgium.
| | - S Casaert
- Laboratory of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, B-9820, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - N Tzanidakis
- Laboratory of Parasitology, Veterinary Research Institute, Hellenic Agricultural Organization Demeter, Thermi, 57001 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - D van Doorn
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 1, 3584CL Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - J Demeler
- Institute for Parasitology and Tropical Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Robert-von-Ostertag-Str. 7-13, 14163 Berlin, Germany
| | - G von Samson-Himmelstjerna
- Institute for Parasitology and Tropical Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Robert-von-Ostertag-Str. 7-13, 14163 Berlin, Germany
| | - A Saratsis
- Laboratory of Parasitology, Veterinary Research Institute, Hellenic Agricultural Organization Demeter, Thermi, 57001 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - N Voutzourakis
- Laboratory of Parasitology, Veterinary Research Institute, Hellenic Agricultural Organization Demeter, Thermi, 57001 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - A Ehsan
- Laboratory of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, B-9820, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - T Doornaert
- Laboratory of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, B-9820, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - M Looijen
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 1, 3584CL Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - N De Wilde
- Laboratory of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, B-9820, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - S Sotiraki
- Laboratory of Parasitology, Veterinary Research Institute, Hellenic Agricultural Organization Demeter, Thermi, 57001 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - E Claerebout
- Laboratory of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, B-9820, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - T Geurden
- Laboratory of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, B-9820, Merelbeke, Belgium
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Pantchev N, Broglia A, Paoletti B, Globokar Vrhovec M, Bertram A, Nöckler K, Cacciò SM. Occurrence and molecular typing of Giardia isolates in pet rabbits, chinchillas, guinea pigs and ferrets collected in Europe during 2006-2012. Vet Rec 2014; 175:18. [PMID: 24696441 DOI: 10.1136/vr.102236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
A total of 1180 faecal samples (528 from rabbits, 531 from chinchillas and 121 from guinea pigs) collected during 2006-2012 by veterinarians in Germany and in other European countries were submitted to a diagnostic laboratory for Giardia testing by means of coproantigen ELISA. Of these samples, 40 rabbits (7.6 per cent), 326 chinchillas (61.4 per cent) and five guinea pigs (4.1 per cent ) were found to be positive. To gain insights into the genetic identity of Giardia in small mammals, ELISA-positive samples from 23 chinchillas, five ferrets, a rabbit, and a Desmarest's hutia were investigated by PCR and sequencing of fragments of the small subunit ribosomal DNA (ssu), the triose phosphate isomerase (tpi) and the β-giardin (bg) genes. At the ssu locus, assemblage B was identified in 28 of 30 isolates, whereas assemblage A and D were each detected in one sample. The majority of isolates from chinchillas and those from ferrets had Giardia duodenalis sequences identical to sub-assemblages AI or BIV, based on either a single locus (tpi or bg) or multiple loci (tpi and bg). As sub-assemblages AI or BIV are associated with human infection, these results indicate that small mammals can act as reservoirs of cysts potentially infectious to humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Pantchev
- IDEXX Vet Med Labor GmbH, Moerikestr. 28/3, Ludwigsburg 71636, Germany
| | - A Broglia
- Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Berlin, Germany EFSA, via C. Magno 1, 43126 Italy
| | - B Paoletti
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universitsy of Teramo, Piazza Aldo Moro 45, Teramo 64100, Italy
| | | | - A Bertram
- IDEXX Vet Med Labor GmbH, Moerikestr. 28/3, Ludwigsburg 71636, Germany
| | - K Nöckler
- Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Diedersdorfer Weg 1, Berlin 12277, Germany
| | - S M Cacciò
- European Union Reference Laboratory for Parasites, and Department of Infectious, Parasitic and mmunomediated Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, Rome 00161, Italy
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Broglia A, Weitzel T, Harms G, Cacció SM, Nöckler K. Molecular typing of Giardia duodenalis isolates from German travellers. Parasitol Res 2013; 112:3449-56. [DOI: 10.1007/s00436-013-3524-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2013] [Accepted: 06/25/2013] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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Multilocus genotyping of Giardia duodenalis in Malaysia. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2013; 17:269-76. [DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2013.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2012] [Revised: 04/06/2013] [Accepted: 04/09/2013] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Franzén O, Jerlström-Hultqvist J, Einarsson E, Ankarklev J, Ferella M, Andersson B, Svärd SG. Transcriptome profiling of Giardia intestinalis using strand-specific RNA-seq. PLoS Comput Biol 2013; 9:e1003000. [PMID: 23555231 PMCID: PMC3610916 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1003000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2012] [Accepted: 02/02/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Giardia intestinalis is a common cause of diarrheal disease and it consists of eight genetically distinct genotypes or assemblages (A-H). Only assemblages A and B infect humans and are suggested to represent two different Giardia species. Correlations exist between assemblage type and host-specificity and to some extent symptoms. Phenotypical differences have been documented between assemblages and genome sequences are available for A, B and E. We have characterized and compared the polyadenylated transcriptomes of assemblages A, B and E. Four genetically different isolates were studied (WB (AI), AS175 (AII), P15 (E) and GS (B)) using paired-end, strand-specific RNA-seq. Most of the genome was transcribed in trophozoites grown in vitro, but at vastly different levels. RNA-seq confirmed many of the present annotations and refined the current genome annotation. Gene expression divergence was found to recapitulate the known phylogeny, and uncovered lineage-specific differences in expression. Polyadenylation sites were mapped for over 70% of the genes and revealed many examples of conserved and unexpectedly long 3′ UTRs. 28 open reading frames were found in a non-transcribed gene cluster on chromosome 5 of the WB isolate. Analysis of allele-specific expression revealed a correlation between allele-dosage and allele expression in the GS isolate. Previously reported cis-splicing events were confirmed and global mapping of cis-splicing identified only one novel intron. These observations can possibly explain differences in host-preference and symptoms, and it will be the basis for further studies of Giardia pathogenesis and biology. Giardia is a single cell intestinal parasite and a common cause of diarrhea in humans and animals. Giardia is an unusual eukaryote by possessing two nuclei, a highly reduced genome and simple transcriptional apparatus. We have characterized the transcriptome of Giardia at single nucleotide resolution, which allowed the calculation of digital gene expression values for the complete set of genes. We performed a comparison of gene expression divergence across three genotypes. Most of the genes were transcribed, and the data were used to refine and correct gene models. Several gene expression differences were identified between the genotypes. A non-transcribed cluster of genes was detected on chromosome 5, likely representing a silenced region. The data also allowed mapping of transcript termini, which provided the first global view of 3′ untranslated regions in this parasite. This study also gives the first genome-wide evidence of transcription of allelic variants in Giardia. In this study, we provide novel insights into the transcriptome of an important human pathogen and model eukaryote. The findings reported here likely relate to the lifestyle of this parasite and its adaptation to parasitism. The data provide starting points for functional investigation of Giardia's biology and diplomonads generally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oscar Franzén
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Elin Einarsson
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, BMC, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Johan Ankarklev
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, BMC, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Marcela Ferella
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, BMC, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Björn Andersson
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Staffan G. Svärd
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, BMC, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- * E-mail:
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Takumi K, Swart A, Mank T, Lasek-Nesselquist E, Lebbad M, Cacciò SM, Sprong H. Population-based analyses of Giardia duodenalis is consistent with the clonal assemblage structure. Parasit Vectors 2012; 5:168. [PMID: 22882997 PMCID: PMC3431248 DOI: 10.1186/1756-3305-5-168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2012] [Accepted: 08/01/2012] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Giardia duodenalis is a common protozoan parasite of humans and animals. Genetic characterization of single loci indicates the existence of eight groups called assemblages, which differ in their host distribution. Molecular analyses challenged the idea that G. duodenalis is a strictly clonal diplomonad by providing evidence of recombination within and between assemblages. Particularly, inter-assemblage recombination events would complicate the interpretation of multi-locus genotyping data from field isolates: where is a host infected with multiple Giardia genotypes or with a single, recombined Giardia genotype. Methods Population genetic analyses on the single and multiple-locus level on an extensive dataset of G. duodenalis isolates from humans and animals were performed. Results Our analyses indicate that recombination between isolates from different assemblages are apparently very rare or absent in the natural population of Giardia duodenalis. At the multi-locus level, our statistical analyses are more congruent with clonal reproduction and can equally well be explained with the presence of multiple G. duodenalis genotypes within one field isolate. Conclusions We conclude that recombination between G. duodenalis assemblages is either very rare or absent. Recombination between genotypes from the same assemblage and genetic exchange between the nuclei of a single cyst needs further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katsuhisa Takumi
- National Institute of Public Health and Environment (RIVM), Laboratory for Zoonosis and Environmental Microbiology (CIb-LZO), P.O. Box 1, 3720, BA, Bilthoven, The Netherlands
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