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Srivastava A, Verma N, Kumar V, Apoorva P, Agarwal V. Biofilm inhibition/eradication: exploring strategies and confronting challenges in combatting biofilm. Arch Microbiol 2024; 206:212. [PMID: 38616221 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-024-03938-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2024] [Revised: 03/04/2024] [Accepted: 03/20/2024] [Indexed: 04/16/2024]
Abstract
Biofilms are complex communities of microorganisms enclosed in a self-produced extracellular matrix, posing a significant threat to different sectors, including healthcare and industry. This review provides an overview of the challenges faced due to biofilm formation and different novel strategies that can combat biofilm formation. Bacteria inside the biofilm exhibit increased resistance against different antimicrobial agents, including conventional antibiotics, which can lead to severe problems in livestock and animals, including humans. In addition, biofilm formation also imposes heavy economic pressure on industries. Hence it becomes necessary to explore newer alternatives to eradicate biofilms effectively without applying selection pressure on the bacteria. Excessive usage of antibiotics may also lead to an increase in the number of resistant strains as bacteria employ an advanced antimicrobial resistance mechanism. This review provides insight into multifaceted technologies like quorum sensing inhibition, enzymes, antimicrobial peptides, bacteriophage, phytocompounds, and nanotechnology to neutralize biofilms without developing antimicrobial resistance (AMR). Furthermore, it will pave the way for developing newer therapeutic agents to deal with biofilms more efficiently.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anmol Srivastava
- Department of Biotechnology, Motilal Nehru National Institute of Technology Allahabad, Prayagraj, 211004, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Nidhi Verma
- Department of Biotechnology, Motilal Nehru National Institute of Technology Allahabad, Prayagraj, 211004, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Vivek Kumar
- Department of Biotechnology, Motilal Nehru National Institute of Technology Allahabad, Prayagraj, 211004, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Pragati Apoorva
- Department of Biotechnology, Motilal Nehru National Institute of Technology Allahabad, Prayagraj, 211004, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Vishnu Agarwal
- Department of Biotechnology, Motilal Nehru National Institute of Technology Allahabad, Prayagraj, 211004, Uttar Pradesh, India.
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Kornsombut N, Takenaka S, Sotozono M, Nagata R, Ida T, Manuschai J, Saito R, Takahashi R, Noiri Y. Antibiofilm Properties and Demineralization Suppression in Early Enamel Lesions Using Dental Coating Materials. Antibiotics (Basel) 2024; 13:106. [PMID: 38275335 PMCID: PMC10812522 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics13010106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2023] [Revised: 01/15/2024] [Accepted: 01/20/2024] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the effects of dental coating materials on Streptococcus mutans biofilm formation. The test materials were PRG Barrier Coat (PRG), BioCoat Ca (BioC), and FluorDental Jelly (FluorJ). Bovine enamel specimens were demineralized to mimic early enamel lesions. The biofilm was developed on a specimen treated with one of the materials by using a modified Robbins device flow-cell system. Scanning electron and fluorescence confocal laser scanning microscopy, viable and total cell counts, and gene expression assessments of the antibiofilm were performed. Ion incorporation was analyzed using a wavelength-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy electron probe microanalyzer. All materials allowed biofilm formation but reduced its volume. FluorJ was the only material that inhibited biofilm accumulation and had a bactericidal effect, revealing 0.66 log CFU in viable cells and 1.23 log copy reduction in total cells compared with the untreated group after 24 h of incubation. The ions released from PRG varied depending on the element. BioC contributed to enamel remineralization by supplying calcium ions while blocking the acid produced from the biofilm. In summary, the dental coating materials physically prevented acid attacks from the biofilm while providing ions to the enamel to improve its mechanical properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niraya Kornsombut
- Department of Cariology, Operative Dentistry and Endodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata University, Niigata 951-8514, Japan; (N.K.); (Y.N.)
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok 65000, Thailand
| | - Shoji Takenaka
- Department of Cariology, Operative Dentistry and Endodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata University, Niigata 951-8514, Japan; (N.K.); (Y.N.)
| | - Maki Sotozono
- Department of Cariology, Operative Dentistry and Endodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata University, Niigata 951-8514, Japan; (N.K.); (Y.N.)
| | - Ryoko Nagata
- Department of Cariology, Operative Dentistry and Endodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata University, Niigata 951-8514, Japan; (N.K.); (Y.N.)
| | - Takako Ida
- Department of Cariology, Operative Dentistry and Endodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata University, Niigata 951-8514, Japan; (N.K.); (Y.N.)
| | - Jutharat Manuschai
- Department of Cariology, Operative Dentistry and Endodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata University, Niigata 951-8514, Japan; (N.K.); (Y.N.)
| | - Rui Saito
- Department of Cariology, Operative Dentistry and Endodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata University, Niigata 951-8514, Japan; (N.K.); (Y.N.)
| | - Ryouhei Takahashi
- Department of Cariology, Operative Dentistry and Endodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata University, Niigata 951-8514, Japan; (N.K.); (Y.N.)
| | - Yuichiro Noiri
- Department of Cariology, Operative Dentistry and Endodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata University, Niigata 951-8514, Japan; (N.K.); (Y.N.)
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Rudin L, Bornstein MM, Shyp V. Inhibition of biofilm formation and virulence factors of cariogenic oral pathogen Streptococcus mutans by natural flavonoid phloretin. J Oral Microbiol 2023; 15:2230711. [PMID: 37416858 PMCID: PMC10321187 DOI: 10.1080/20002297.2023.2230711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Revised: 05/30/2023] [Accepted: 06/23/2023] [Indexed: 07/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Objectives To evaluate the effect and mechanism of action of the flavonoid phloretin on the growth and sucrose-dependent biofilm formation of Streptococcus mutans. Methods Minimum inhibitory concentration, viability, and biofilm susceptibility assays were conducted to assess antimicrobial and antibiofilm effect of phloretin. Biofilm composition and structure were analysed with scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM). Water-soluble (WSG) and water-insoluble glucan (WIG) were determined using anthrone method. Lactic acid measurements and acid tolerance assay were performed to assess acidogenicity and aciduricity. Reverse transcription quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) was used to measure the expression of virulence genes essential for surface attachment, biofilm formation, and quorum sensing. Results Phloretin inhibited S. mutans growth and viability in a dose-dependent manner. Furthermore, it reduced gtfB and gtfC gene expression, correlating with the reduction of extracellular polysaccharides (EPS)/bacteria and WIG/WSG ratio. Inhibition of comED and luxS gene expression, involved in stress tolerance, was associated with compromised acidogenicity and aciduricity of S. mutans. Conclusions Phloretin exhibits antibacterial properties against S. mutans, modulates acid production and tolerance, and reduces biofilm formation. Clinical significance Phloretin is a promising natural compound with pronounced inhibitory effect on key virulence factors of the cariogenic pathogen, S. mutans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucille Rudin
- Department Research, University Center for Dental Medicine Basel UZB, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Michael M. Bornstein
- Department of Oral Health & Medicine, University Center for Dental Medicine Basel UZB, University of BaselBaselSwitzerland
- Head of the Department of Oral Health & Medicine, University Center for Dental Medicine Basel UZB, University of Basel. Mattenstrasse 40, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Viktoriya Shyp
- Postdoctoral Researcher. Department Research, University Center for Dental Medicine Basel UZB
- Department of Oral Health & Medicine, University Center for Dental Medicine Basel UZB, University of Basel. Mattenstrasse 40, Basel, Switzerland
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Saha S, Do T, Maycock J, Wood S, Boesch C. Antibiofilm Efficacies of Flavonoid-Rich Sweet Orange Waste Extract against Dual-Species Biofilms. Pathogens 2023; 12:pathogens12050657. [PMID: 37242327 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12050657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2023] [Revised: 04/21/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The current study evaluated the antibacterial properties of industrial sweet orange waste extracts (ISOWEs), which are a rich source of flavonoids. The ISOWEs exhibited antibacterial activity towards the dental cariogenic pathogens Streptococcus mutans and Lactobacillus casei with 13.0 ± 2.0 and 20.0 ± 2.0 mg/mL for MIC (minimum inhibitory concentration) and 37.7 ± 1.5 and 43.3 ± 2.1 mg/mL for MBC (minimum bactericidal concentration), respectively. When evaluated in a 7-day dual-species oral biofilm model, ISOWEs dose-dependently reduced the viable bacteria count, and demonstrated strong synergistic effects when combined with the anti-septic chlorhexidine (at 0.1 and 0.2%). Similarly, confocal microscopy confirmed the anti-cariogenic properties of ISOWEs, alone and in combination with chlorhexidine. The citrus flavonoids contributed differently to these effects, with the flavones (nobiletin, tangeretin and sinensetin) demonstrating significantly lower MICs and MBCs compared to the flavanones hesperidin and narirutin. In conclusion, our study demonstrated the potential of citrus waste as a currently underutilised source of flavonoids for antimicrobial applications, such as in dental health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suvro Saha
- School of Food Science and Nutrition, Faculty of Environment, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
- School of Dentistry, Division of Oral Biology, Faculty of Medicine & Health, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9LU, UK
| | - Thuy Do
- School of Dentistry, Division of Oral Biology, Faculty of Medicine & Health, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9LU, UK
| | - Joanne Maycock
- School of Food Science and Nutrition, Faculty of Environment, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Simon Wood
- School of Dentistry, Division of Oral Biology, Faculty of Medicine & Health, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9LU, UK
| | - Christine Boesch
- School of Food Science and Nutrition, Faculty of Environment, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
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Wolfson G, Sionov RV, Smoum R, Korem M, Polacheck I, Steinberg D. Anti-Bacterial and Anti-Biofilm Activities of Anandamide against the Cariogenic Streptococcus mutans. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24076177. [PMID: 37047147 PMCID: PMC10094667 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24076177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2023] [Revised: 03/17/2023] [Accepted: 03/19/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus mutans is a cariogenic bacterium in the oral cavity involved in plaque formation and dental caries. The endocannabinoid anandamide (AEA), a naturally occurring bioactive lipid, has been shown to have anti-bacterial and anti-biofilm activities against Staphylococcus aureus. We aimed here to study its effects on S. mutans viability, biofilm formation and extracellular polysaccharide substance (EPS) production. S. mutans were cultivated in the absence or presence of various concentrations of AEA, and the planktonic growth was followed by changes in optical density (OD) and colony-forming units (CFU). The resulting biofilms were examined by MTT metabolic assay, Crystal Violet (CV) staining, spinning disk confocal microscopy (SDCM) and high-resolution scanning electron microscopy (HR-SEM). The EPS production was determined by Congo Red and fluorescent dextran staining. Membrane potential and membrane permeability were determined by diethyloxacarbocyanine iodide (DiOC2(3)) and SYTO 9/propidium iodide (PI) staining, respectively, using flow cytometry. We observed that AEA was bactericidal to S. mutans at 12.5 µg/mL and prevented biofilm formation at the same concentration. AEA reduced the biofilm thickness and biomass with concomitant reduction in total EPS production, although there was a net increase in EPS per bacterium. Preformed biofilms were significantly affected at 50 µg/mL AEA. We further show that AEA increased the membrane permeability and induced membrane hyperpolarization of these bacteria. AEA caused S. mutans to become elongated at the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC). Gene expression studies showed a significant increase in the cell division gene ftsZ. The concentrations of AEA needed for the anti-bacterial effects were below the cytotoxic concentration for normal Vero epithelial cells. Altogether, our data show that AEA has anti-bacterial and anti-biofilm activities against S. mutans and may have a potential role in preventing biofilms as a therapeutic measure.
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Khalaf ME, Karched M, Shawaf NA, Qudeimat MA. In vitro investigation of the impact of contemporary restorative materials on cariogenic bacteria counts and gene expression. J Dent 2023; 133:104486. [PMID: 36997083 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdent.2023.104486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2023] [Revised: 03/15/2023] [Accepted: 03/18/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to compare the antibacterial effect of different fluoride-containing and bioactive restorative materials, and their effect on the expression of specific biofilm-associated genes and therefore the caries process. MATERIALS AND METHODS The restorative materials utilized in this study included: 1. Filtek Z250, 2. Fuji II LC, 3. Beautifil II, 4. ACTIVA, and 5. Biodentine. For each material, disc-shaped specimens were prepared. The inhibitory effects against Streptococcus mutans, Lactobacillus acidophilus, and Leptotrichia shahii were tested. After incubation for 24 hours and 1 week, colony-forming units (CFUs) were enumerated. From the plates dedicated for biomass quantification and RNA purification, the target glucosyltransferase B (gtfB) and glucan-binding protein B (gbpB) genes were chosen for S. mutans. For L. acidophilus, a gene involved in exopolysaccharide synthesis (epsB) was chosen. RESULTS Except for Filtek Z250, all four materials showed statistically significant inhibitory effects on the biofilms of all three species. When biofilms were grown in the presence of the same four materials, the expression of S. mutans gtfB and gbpB genes, was significantly reduced. For L. acidophilus, the decrease in the expression of gtfB gene in the presence of ACTIVA was the highest change seen. The epsB gene expression also decreased. Compared to fluoride-releasing materials, bioactive materials had more inhibitory effect against L. acidophilus, both at 24 hours and 1 week. CONCLUSIONS Both fluoride releasing and bioactive materials exhibited a significant inhibitory effect on the biofilm growth. The expression of the targeted biofilm-associated genes was downregulated by both material groups. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE The findings from this study give insight into the antibacterial effect of fluoride-containing and bioactive materials which would help to reduce the chances for secondary caries and therefore increase the lifetime of dental restorations placed for patients.
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Kováč J, Slobodníková L, Trajčíková E, Rendeková K, Mučaji P, Sychrová A, Bittner Fialová S. Therapeutic Potential of Flavonoids and Tannins in Management of Oral Infectious Diseases-A Review. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 28:molecules28010158. [PMID: 36615352 PMCID: PMC9821998 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28010158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Revised: 12/18/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Medicinal plants are rich sources of valuable molecules with various profitable biological effects, including antimicrobial activity. The advantages of herbal products are their effectiveness, relative safety based on research or extended traditional use, and accessibility without prescription. Extensive and irrational usage of antibiotics since their discovery in 1928 has led to the increasing expiration of their effectiveness due to antibacterial resistance. Now, medical research is facing a big and challenging mission to find effective and safe antimicrobial therapies to replace inactive drugs. Over the years, one of the research fields that remained the most available is the area of natural products: medicinal plants and their metabolites, which could serve as active substances to fight against microbes or be considered as models in drug design. This review presents selected flavonoids (such as apigenin, quercetin, kaempferol, kurarinone, and morin) and tannins (including oligomeric proanthocyanidins, gallotannins, ellagitannins, catechins, and epigallocatechin gallate), but also medicinal plants rich in these compounds as potential therapeutic agents in oral infectious diseases based on traditional usages such as Agrimonia eupatoria L., Hamamelis virginiana L., Matricaria chamomilla L., Vaccinium myrtillus L., Quercus robur L., Rosa gallica L., Rubus idaeus L., or Potentilla erecta (L.). Some of the presented compounds and extracts are already successfully used to maintain oral health, as the main or additive ingredient of toothpastes or mouthwashes. Others are promising for further research or future applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ján Kováč
- Department of Stomatology and Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University in Bratislava, Heydukova 10, 812 50 Bratislava, Slovakia
- Department of Stomatology and Maxillofacial Surgery, St. Elizabeth’s Hospital, Heydukova 10, 812 50 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Lívia Slobodníková
- Institute of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine and the University Hospital in Bratislava, Comenius University in Bratislava, Sasinkova 4, 811 08 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Eva Trajčíková
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Botany, Faculty of Pharmacy, Comenius University in Bratislava, Odbojárov 10, 832 32 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Katarína Rendeková
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Botany, Faculty of Pharmacy, Comenius University in Bratislava, Odbojárov 10, 832 32 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Pavel Mučaji
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Botany, Faculty of Pharmacy, Comenius University in Bratislava, Odbojárov 10, 832 32 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Alice Sychrová
- Department of Natural Drugs, Faculty of Pharmacy, Masaryk University, Palackého 1946/1, 612 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Silvia Bittner Fialová
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Botany, Faculty of Pharmacy, Comenius University in Bratislava, Odbojárov 10, 832 32 Bratislava, Slovakia
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +421-250-117-206
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Hariri A, Shayesteh S, Asgharian P, Yousefi V, Chamanara M, Sadrzadeh-Afshar MS. Evaluating the effects of zeolitic imidazolate framework and Eremostachys binalodensis extract on Candida albicans and Streptococcus mutans biofilms. Eur J Oral Sci 2022; 130:e12904. [PMID: 36372561 DOI: 10.1111/eos.12904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2022] [Accepted: 10/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Biofilms represent longstanding challenges to oral health care. Candida albicans and Streptococcus mutans are the common pathogens forming biofilms. The growing resistance to and the adverse effects of antibiotics limit their usage and raise the need for novel approaches. Herbal extracts have emerged as efficient choices with lower costs and fewer adverse effects. Metal frameworks have captivated interest due to their high surface area, special biocompatibility, and non-toxicity. The effects of zeolitic imidazolate frameworks/layered double hydroxide (ZIF/LDH) on fungal infections and the potential effects of Eremostachys binalodensis on bacteria encouraged the researchers to evaluate the effect of ZIF/LDH, E. binalodensis, and their combination on C. albicans and S. mutans biofilms. ZIF/LDH nanocomposite was synthesized and characterized using scanning electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectra, and X-ray diffraction to assess morphology and chemical structure. Methanol extracts of the areal parts of E. binalodensis were obtained by Soxhlet extraction. The microdilution tests and biofilm crystal violet staining were applied. Concentrations of 2.048 and 4.096 mg/ml E. binalodensis prevented C. albicans and S. mutans biofilm formation. The combination of ZIF/LDH + E. binalodensis prevented C. albicans and S. mutans biofilm formation. This research suggests the use of E. binalodensis-loaded ZIF/LDH nanocomposites for removing biofilms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Armin Hariri
- Oral and Maxillofacial Medicine Department, Faculty of Dentistry, Aja University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sevda Shayesteh
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran
| | - Parina Asgharian
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Vahid Yousefi
- Molecular Medicine Research Center, Biomedicine Institute, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mohsen Chamanara
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Aja University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Toxicology Research Center, Aja University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Cai JN, Choi HM, Song KY, Jeon JG. The reciprocal interaction between fluoride release of glass ionomers and acid production of Streptococcus mutans biofilm. J Oral Microbiol 2022; 14:2055267. [PMID: 35341211 PMCID: PMC8956307 DOI: 10.1080/20002297.2022.2055267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives The aim of this study was to demonstrate the mode of action of glass ionomers (G-Is) against cariogenic biofilms in the slow fluoride release phase by analyzing the reciprocal interaction between fluoride release from G-Is and acid production of Streptococcus mutans biofilm. Methods G-Is discs in the slow fluoride release phase were prepared and 51 h-old S. mutans biofilms were formed on these discs. The interrelationship between the acid production of the biofilm and the fluoride release of the G-Is discs was investigated by analyzing both factors simultaneously during the biofilm formation period. The composition of the 51 h-old biofilms was then examined using microbiological, biochemical, and confocal laser scanning microscopic methods. Results Acid production by the cariogenic biofilm, particularly at < pH 5, promotes G-Is fluoride release. Conversely, G-Is fluoride release inhibits the acid production of the cariogenic biofilm. This reciprocal interaction results in the reduction of virulence such as extracellular polysaccharides formation and cariogenic biofilm bio-mass, which may reduce the potential of secondary caries development around G-Is. Conclusions These results suggest that G-Is may play a role in preventing the development of secondary caries during the slow fluoride release phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Na Cai
- Department of Oral Biology, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, Shandong, China
| | - Hyeon-Mi Choi
- Department of Dentistry, Presbyterian Medical Center, Jeonju, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwang-Yeob Song
- Research Institute of Clinical Medicine of Jeonbuk National University-Biomedical Research Institute of Jeonbuk National University Hospital, Jeonju, Republic of Korea.,Department of Prosthodontics, School of Dentistry, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Gyu Jeon
- Research Institute of Clinical Medicine of Jeonbuk National University-Biomedical Research Institute of Jeonbuk National University Hospital, Jeonju, Republic of Korea.,Department of Preventive Dentistry, School of Dentistry, BK21 Plus Program, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju, Republic of Korea
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Jung HY, Cai JN, Yoo SC, Kim SH, Jeon JG, Kim D. Collagen Peptide in a Combinatorial Treatment with Lactobacillus rhamnosus Inhibits the Cariogenic Properties of Streptococcus mutans: An In Vitro Study. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23031860. [PMID: 35163782 PMCID: PMC8837136 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23031860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2022] [Revised: 02/03/2022] [Accepted: 02/04/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Dental caries is caused by the formation of cariogenic biofilm, leading to localized areas of enamel demineralization. Streptococcus mutans, a cariogenic pathogen, has long been considered as a microbial etiology of dental caries. We hypothesized that an antagonistic approach using a prebiotic collagen peptide in combination with probiotic Lactobacillus rhamnosus would modulate the virulence of this cariogenic biofilm. In vitro S. mutans biofilms were formed on saliva-coated hydroxyapatite discs, and the inhibitory effect of a combination of L. rhamnosus and collagen peptide on S. mutans biofilms were evaluated using microbiological, biochemical, confocal imaging, and transcriptomic analyses. The combination of L. rhamnosus with collagen peptide altered acid production by S. mutans, significantly increasing culture pH at an early stage of biofilm formation. Moreover, the 3D architecture of the S. mutans biofilm was greatly compromised when it was in the presence of L. rhamnosus with collagen peptide, resulting in a significant reduction in exopolysaccharide with unstructured and mixed bacterial organization. The presence of L. rhamnosus with collagen peptide modulated the virulence potential of S. mutans via down-regulation of eno, ldh, and atpD corresponding to acid production and proton transportation, whereas aguD associated with alkali production was up-regulated. Gly-Pro-Hyp, a common tripeptide unit of collagen, consistently modulated the cariogenic potential of S. mutans by inhibiting acid production, similar to the bioactivity of a collagen peptide. It also enhanced the relative abundance of commensal streptococci (S. oralis) in a mixed-species biofilm by inhibiting S. mutans colonization and dome-like microcolony formation. This work demonstrates that food-derived synbiotics may offer a useful means of disrupting cariogenic communities and maintaining microbial homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hee-Young Jung
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju 54896, Korea; (H.-Y.J.); (J.-N.C.); (J.-G.J.)
| | - Jian-Na Cai
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju 54896, Korea; (H.-Y.J.); (J.-N.C.); (J.-G.J.)
| | - Sung Chul Yoo
- Vixxol Corporation, Gunpo 15807, Korea; (S.C.Y.); (S.-H.K.)
| | - Seon-Hwa Kim
- Vixxol Corporation, Gunpo 15807, Korea; (S.C.Y.); (S.-H.K.)
| | - Jae-Gyu Jeon
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju 54896, Korea; (H.-Y.J.); (J.-N.C.); (J.-G.J.)
- Institute of Medical Information Convergence Research, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju 54896, Korea
| | - Dongyeop Kim
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju 54896, Korea; (H.-Y.J.); (J.-N.C.); (J.-G.J.)
- Institute of Medical Information Convergence Research, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju 54896, Korea
- Correspondence:
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OmerOglou E, Karaca B, Kibar H, Haliscelik O, Kiran F. The role of microbiota-derived postbiotic mediators on biofilm formation and quorum sensing-mediated virulence of Streptococcus mutans: A perspective on preventing dental caries. Microb Pathog 2022; 164:105390. [PMID: 35092835 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2022.105390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2021] [Revised: 01/04/2022] [Accepted: 01/05/2022] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Dental caries is not only one of the most prevalent diseases worldwide, but also a public health problem, undoubtedly. Among the various types of cariogenic bacteria, Streptococcus mutans is considered to be the major etiological pathogen of dental caries. The present study aimed to assess the influence of microbiota-derived postbiotic mediators (PMs) on the pathogenesis of dental caries. Within this aim, the antibacterial (agar diffusion method) and antibiofilm (crystal violet assay) characteristics of PMs derived from Lactiplantibacillus plantarum EIR/IF-1, Lactiplantibacillus curvatus EIR/DG-1, and Lactiplantibacillus curvatus EIR/BG-2 against S. mutans (ATCC 25175) were analyzed. According to the results, PM of the strain EIR/IF-1, isolated from infant feces showed the highest inhibitory effect (pH-dependent). Besides, sub-MIC doses of all PMs eliminated the biofilm formation following the co-incubation and pre-treatment assays. The reduction of cell viability and notable changes in biofilm formation was also confirmed both on glass coverslips and ex vivo human tooth surfaces by confocal laser scanning microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. Moreover, sub-MIC values of PMs down-regulated the expression of gtfC, comA, and comX, without any significant growth inhibition. Organic acids, fatty acids, and vitamins in PMs were also reported. Overall, these findings indicated the possible preventive roles of microbiota-derived PMs for the pathogenesis of dental caries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emine OmerOglou
- Pharmabiotic Technologies Research Laboratory, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Ankara University, 06100, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Basar Karaca
- Microbiology Research Laboratory, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Ankara University, 06100, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Hazal Kibar
- Pharmabiotic Technologies Research Laboratory, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Ankara University, 06100, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Ozan Haliscelik
- Pharmabiotic Technologies Research Laboratory, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Ankara University, 06100, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Fadime Kiran
- Pharmabiotic Technologies Research Laboratory, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Ankara University, 06100, Ankara, Turkey.
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12
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Roncari Rocha G, Sims KR, Xiao B, Klein MI, Benoit DSW. Nanoparticle carrier co-delivery of complementary antibiofilm drugs abrogates dual species cariogenic biofilm formation in vitro. J Oral Microbiol 2021; 14:1997230. [PMID: 34868474 PMCID: PMC8635615 DOI: 10.1080/20002297.2021.1997230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Dental caries is a multifactorial disease caused by pathogenic biofilm. In particular, Streptococcus mutans synthesizes biofilm exopolysaccharides, while Candida albicans is associated with the development of severe carious lesions. Aim This study aimed to prevent the formation of S. mutans and C. albicans biofilms by exploiting pH-sensitive nanoparticle carriers (NPCs) with high affinity to exopolysaccharides to increase the substantivity of multi-targeted antibiofilm drugs introduced topically in vitro. Methods Dual-species biofilms were grown on saliva-coated hydroxyapatite discs with sucrose. Twice-daily, 1.5 min topical treatment regimens of unloaded and drug-loaded NPC were used. Drugs included combinations of two or three compounds with distinct, complementary antibiofilm targets: tt-farnesol (terpenoid; bacterial acid tolerance, fungal quorum sensing), myricetin (flavonoid; exopolysaccharides inhibitor), and 1771 (lipoteichoic acid inhibitor; bacterial adhesion and co-aggregation). Biofilms were evaluated for biomass, microbial population, and architecture. Results NPC delivering tt-farnesol and 1771 with or without myricetin completely prevented biofilm formation by impeding biomass accumulation, bacterial and fungal population growth, and exopolysaccharide matrix deposition (vs. control unloaded NPC). Both formulations hindered acid production, maintaining the pH of spent media above the threshold for enamel demineralization. However, treatments had no effect on pre-established dual-species biofilms. Conclusion Complementary antibiofilm drug-NPC treatments prevented biofilm formation by targeting critical virulence factors of acidogenicity and exopolysaccharides synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guilherme Roncari Rocha
- Department of Dental Materials and Prosthodontics, São Paulo State University, São Paulo, Brazil.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Kenneth R Sims
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Baixue Xiao
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Marlise I Klein
- Department of Dental Materials and Prosthodontics, São Paulo State University, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Danielle S W Benoit
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA.,Materials Science Program, University of Rochester, Ny, USA.,Department of Orthopaedics and Center for Musculoskeletal Research, University of Rochester, Ny, USA.,Center for Oral Biology, University of Rochester, NY, USA.,Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Rochester, Ny, USA
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13
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The influence of biofilm maturation on fluoride's anticaries efficacy. Clin Oral Investig 2021; 26:1269-1282. [PMID: 34328559 DOI: 10.1007/s00784-021-04100-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2020] [Accepted: 07/23/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES (1) To explore the influence of biofilm maturation and timing of exposure on fluoride anticaries efficacy and (2) to explore biofilm recovery post-treatment. METHODS Bovine enamel specimens were utilized in a pH cycling model (28 subgroups [n = 18]). Each subgroup received different treatments [exposure]: sodium fluoride [NaF]; stannous fluoride [SnF2]; amine fluoride [AmF]; and de-ionized water [DIW], at a specific period: early: days 1-4; middle: days 3-6; and late: days 7-10. During non-exposure periods, pH cycling included DIW instead of fluorides. Objective 1: part 1 (cycling for 4, 6, or 10 days). Part 2 (cycling for 10 days). Objective 2: early exposure: three sample collection time points (immediate, 3 days, and 6 days post-treatment); middle exposure: two sample collection time points (immediate, 4 days post-treatment). The enamel and biofilm were analyzed ([surface microhardness; mineral loss; lesion depth]; [lactate dehydrogenase enzyme activity; exopolysaccharide amount; viability]). Data were analyzed using ANOVA (p = 0.05). RESULTS Objective 1: Early exposure to fluorides produced protective effects against lesion progression in surface microhardness and mineral loss, but not for lesion depth. Objective 2: Early exposure slowed the demineralization process. SnF2 and AmF were superior to NaF in reducing LDH and EPS values, regardless of exposure time. They also prevented biofilm recovery. CONCLUSION Earlier exposure to SnF2 and AmF may result in less tolerant biofilm. Early fluoride treatment may produce a protective effect against demineralization. SnF2 and AmF may be the choice to treat older biofilm and prevent biofilm recovery. CLINICAL RELEVANCE The study provides an understanding of biofilm-fluoride interaction with mature biofilm (e.g., hard-to-reach areas, orthodontic patients) and fluoride's sustainable effect hours/days after brushing.
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Passos MR, Almeida RS, Lima BO, Rodrigues JZDS, Macêdo Neres NSD, Pita LS, Marinho PDF, Santos IA, da Silva JP, Oliveira MC, Oliveira MA, Pessoa SMB, Silva MML, Silveira PHS, Reis MM, Santos IP, Ricardo LDON, Andrade LOSB, Soares AB, Correia TML, Souza ÉPD, Pires PN, Cruz MP, Marques LM, Uetanabaro APT, Yatsuda R. Anticariogenic activities of Libidibia ferrea, gallic acid and ethyl gallate against Streptococcus mutans in biofilm model. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2021; 274:114059. [PMID: 33794333 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2021.114059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2020] [Revised: 03/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/20/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE In Brazil, ethnopharmacological studies show that Libidibia ferrea (Mart. ex Tul.) L. P. Queiroz is commonly used in folk medicine as an antifungal, antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory. In the Amazon region, the dried fruit powder of L. ferrea are widely used empirically by the population in an alcoholic tincture as an antimicrobial mouthwash in oral infections and the infusion is also recommended for healing oral wounds. However, there are few articles that have evaluated the antimicrobial activity against oral pathogens in a biofilm model, identifying active compounds and mechanisms of action. AIM OF THE STUDY The aim of this study was to evaluate the antimicrobial and anti-adherence activities of the ethanolic extract, fractions and isolated compounds (gallic acid and ethyl gallate) of the fruit and seed of L. ferrea against Streptococcus mutans. The inhibition of acidicity/acidogenicity and the expression of the S. mutans GTF genes in biofilms were also evaluated. MATERIALS AND METHODS Minimal Inhibitory Concentration (MIC), Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC) and Minimum Inhibitory Concentration of Cell Adhesion (MICA) were evaluated with ethanolic extract (EELF), fractions, gallic acid (GA) and ethyl gallate (EG) against S. mutans. Inhibition of biofilm formation, pH drop and proton permeability tests were conducted with EELF, GA and EG, and also evaluated the expression of the GTF genes in biofilms. The compounds of dichloromethane fraction were identified by GC-MS. RESULTS This is the first report of shikimic, pyroglutamic, malic and protocatechuic acids identified in L. ferrea. EELF, GA and EG showed MIC at 250 μg/mL, and MBC at 1000 μg/mL by EELF. EELF biofilms showed reduced dry weight and acidogenicity of S. mutans in biofilms. GA and EG reduced viable cells, glucans soluble in alkali, acidogenicity, aciduricity and downregulated expression of gtfB, gtfC and gtfD genes in biofilms. SEM images of GA and EG biofilms showed a reduction of biomass, exopolysaccharide and microcolonies of S. mutans. CONCLUSIONS The ethanolic extract of fruit and seed of L. ferrea, gallic acid and ethyl gallate showed great antimicrobial activity and inhibition of adhesion, reduction of acidogenicity and aciduricity in S. mutans biofilms. The results obtained in vitro validate the use of this plant in ethnopharmacology, and open opportunities for the development of new oral anticariogenic agents, originated by plants that can inhibit pathogenic biofilm that leads to the development of caries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuela Ribeiro Passos
- State University of Santa Cruz (UESC), Soane Nazaré de Andrade Campus, Jorge Amado Highway, 16 Km, Salobrinho, Ilhéus, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Rafael Silva Almeida
- Multidisciplinary Health Institute, Federal University of Bahia, 58 Hormindo Barros Street, Vitória da Conquista, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Brenda Oliveira Lima
- Multidisciplinary Health Institute, Federal University of Bahia, 58 Hormindo Barros Street, Vitória da Conquista, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Jeisa Zielle de Souza Rodrigues
- Multidisciplinary Health Institute, Federal University of Bahia, 58 Hormindo Barros Street, Vitória da Conquista, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Nayara Silva de Macêdo Neres
- Multidisciplinary Health Institute, Federal University of Bahia, 58 Hormindo Barros Street, Vitória da Conquista, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Louise Soares Pita
- Multidisciplinary Health Institute, Federal University of Bahia, 58 Hormindo Barros Street, Vitória da Conquista, Bahia, Brazil
| | | | - Iago Almeida Santos
- Multidisciplinary Health Institute, Federal University of Bahia, 58 Hormindo Barros Street, Vitória da Conquista, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Jamile Pinheiro da Silva
- Multidisciplinary Health Institute, Federal University of Bahia, 58 Hormindo Barros Street, Vitória da Conquista, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Milena Cardoso Oliveira
- Multidisciplinary Health Institute, Federal University of Bahia, 58 Hormindo Barros Street, Vitória da Conquista, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Mariana Araújo Oliveira
- Multidisciplinary Health Institute, Federal University of Bahia, 58 Hormindo Barros Street, Vitória da Conquista, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Stela Mares Brasileiro Pessoa
- Multidisciplinary Health Institute, Federal University of Bahia, 58 Hormindo Barros Street, Vitória da Conquista, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Marlon Mário Leles Silva
- Multidisciplinary Health Institute, Federal University of Bahia, 58 Hormindo Barros Street, Vitória da Conquista, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Paulo Henrique Santana Silveira
- Multidisciplinary Health Institute, Federal University of Bahia, 58 Hormindo Barros Street, Vitória da Conquista, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Mariane Mares Reis
- Multidisciplinary Health Institute, Federal University of Bahia, 58 Hormindo Barros Street, Vitória da Conquista, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Isabella Porto Santos
- Multidisciplinary Health Institute, Federal University of Bahia, 58 Hormindo Barros Street, Vitória da Conquista, Bahia, Brazil
| | | | | | - Ananda Brito Soares
- Multidisciplinary Health Institute, Federal University of Bahia, 58 Hormindo Barros Street, Vitória da Conquista, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Thiago Macêdo Lopes Correia
- Multidisciplinary Health Institute, Federal University of Bahia, 58 Hormindo Barros Street, Vitória da Conquista, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Érika Pereira de Souza
- Multidisciplinary Health Institute, Federal University of Bahia, 58 Hormindo Barros Street, Vitória da Conquista, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Polyane Novais Pires
- State University of Santa Cruz (UESC), Soane Nazaré de Andrade Campus, Jorge Amado Highway, 16 Km, Salobrinho, Ilhéus, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Mariluze Peixoto Cruz
- Multidisciplinary Health Institute, Federal University of Bahia, 58 Hormindo Barros Street, Vitória da Conquista, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Lucas Miranda Marques
- Multidisciplinary Health Institute, Federal University of Bahia, 58 Hormindo Barros Street, Vitória da Conquista, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Ana Paula Trovatti Uetanabaro
- State University of Santa Cruz (UESC), Soane Nazaré de Andrade Campus, Jorge Amado Highway, 16 Km, Salobrinho, Ilhéus, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Regiane Yatsuda
- Multidisciplinary Health Institute, Federal University of Bahia, 58 Hormindo Barros Street, Vitória da Conquista, Bahia, Brazil.
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Hu P, Lv B, Yang K, Lu Z, Ma J. Discovery of myricetin as an inhibitor against Streptococcus mutans and an anti-adhesion approach to biofilm formation. Int J Med Microbiol 2021; 311:151512. [PMID: 33971542 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmm.2021.151512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2021] [Revised: 04/16/2021] [Accepted: 05/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus mutans (S. mutans) are cariogenic microorganisms. Sortase A (SrtA) is a transpeptidase that attaches Pac to the cell surface. The biofilm formation of S. mutans is promoted by SrtA regulated Pac. Myricetin (Myr) has a variety of pharmacological properties, including inhibiting SrtA activity of Staphylococcus aureus. The purpose of this research was to investigate the inhibitory effect of Myr on SrtA of S. mutans and its subsequent influence on the biofilm formation. Here, Myr was discovered as a potent inhibitor of S. mutans SrtA, with an IC50 of 48.66 ± 1.48 μM, which was lower than the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 512 ug/mL. Additionally, immunoblot and biofilm assays demonstrated that Myr at a sub-MIC level could reduce adhesion and biofilm formation of S. mutans. The reduction of biofilm was possibly caused by the decreased amount of Pac on the cells' surface by releasing Pac into the medium via inhibiting SrtA activity. Molecular dynamics simulations and mutagenesis assays suggested that Met123, Ile191, and Arg213 of SrtA were pivotal for the interaction of SrtA and Myr. Our findings indicate that Myr is a promising candidate for the control of dental caries by modulating Pac-involved adhesive mechanisms without developing drug resistance to S.mutans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Hu
- Center of Stomatology, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College of Huazhong University of Science and Technology, No. 1095, Jiefang Road, Wuhan, Hubei, People's Republic of China; School of Stomatology, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, People's Republic of China
| | - Bibo Lv
- Pediatric Department of Stomatology, Affiliated Xiangyang Stomatological Hospital of Hubei University of Arts and Science, No. 6, Jianhua Road, Xiangyang, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - Kongxi Yang
- Center of Stomatology, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College of Huazhong University of Science and Technology, No. 1095, Jiefang Road, Wuhan, Hubei, People's Republic of China; School of Stomatology, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, People's Republic of China
| | - Zimin Lu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, No. 13 Hangkong Road, Wuhan, Hubei, 430030, People's Republic of China
| | - Jingzhi Ma
- Center of Stomatology, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College of Huazhong University of Science and Technology, No. 1095, Jiefang Road, Wuhan, Hubei, People's Republic of China; School of Stomatology, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, People's Republic of China.
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16
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André CB, Rosalen PL, Giannini M, Bueno-Silva B, Pfeifer CS, Ferracane JL. Incorporation of Apigenin and tt-Farnesol into dental composites to modulate the Streptococcus mutans virulence. Dent Mater 2021; 37:e201-e212. [PMID: 33422299 PMCID: PMC7981265 DOI: 10.1016/j.dental.2020.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Revised: 12/05/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim of this in vitro study was to incorporate two anti-caries agents, Apigenin and tt-Farnesol, to resin composite and resin cement to reduce the virulence of Streptococcus mutans around dental restorations. METHODS Apigenin (Api, 5 mM) and tt-Farnesol (Far, 5 mM) were added alone, together, and combined with fluoride (F). Biofilm of S. mutans was grown on composite discs, and the dry-weight, bacterial viability, and the polysaccharides (alkali-soluble, intracellular and water-soluble) were quantified. CLSM images of the S. mutans biofilm were obtained after three years of water-storage. The effect of the additions on the physicochemical properties and the composite colorimetric parameters were also analyzed. RESULTS The additions did not affect bacterial viability. Api alone and combined with Far or combined with Far and F decreased the bacterial dry-weight, alkali-soluble and intracellular polysaccharides. After three years, the composites containing the additions presented a greater EPS matrix on the top of biofilm. Statistical difference was obtained for the degree of conversion; however, the maximum polymerization rate and curing kinetics were unaffected by the additions. No difference was observed for the water-soluble polysaccharides, flexural strength, and elastic modulus. Api increased the yellowness of the composites. SIGNIFICANCE Api, alone and combined, reduced the expression of virulence of S. mutans without jeopardizing the physicochemical properties of the composites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Bosso André
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.
| | - Pedro Luiz Rosalen
- Department of Biosciences, Piracicaba Dental School, University of Campinas, Piracicaba, SP, Brazil; Biological Sciences Graduate Program, Federal University of Alfenas, Alfenas, MG, Brazil.
| | - Marcelo Giannini
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Piracicaba Dental School, University of Campinas, Piracicaba, SP, Brazil.
| | - Bruno Bueno-Silva
- Dental Research Division, School of Dentistry, Guarulhos University, Guarulhos, SP, Brazil.
| | - Carmem Silvia Pfeifer
- Department of Biomaterials and Biomechanics, School of Dentistry, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA.
| | - Jack Liborio Ferracane
- Department of Biomaterials and Biomechanics, School of Dentistry, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA.
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Sims KR, Maceren JP, Liu Y, Rocha GR, Koo H, Benoit DSW. Dual antibacterial drug-loaded nanoparticles synergistically improve treatment of Streptococcus mutans biofilms. Acta Biomater 2020; 115:418-431. [PMID: 32853808 PMCID: PMC7530141 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2020.08.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2020] [Revised: 08/12/2020] [Accepted: 08/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Dental caries (i.e., tooth decay), which is caused by biofilm formation on tooth surfaces, is the most prevalent oral disease worldwide. Unfortunately, many anti-biofilm drugs lack efficacy within the oral cavity due to poor solubility, retention, and penetration into biofilms. While drug delivery systems (DDS) have been developed to overcome these hurdles and improve traditional antimicrobial treatments, including farnesol, efficacy is still modest due to myriad resistance mechanisms employed by biofilms, suggesting that synergistic drug treatments may be more efficacious. Streptococcus mutans (S. mutans), a cariogenic pathogen and biofilm forming model organism, has several key virulence factors including acidogenicity and exopolysaccharide (EPS) matrix synthesis. Flavonoids, such as myricetin, can reduce both biofilm acidogenicity and EPS synthesis. Therefore, a nanoparticle carrier (NPC) DDS with flexibility to co-load farnesol in the hydrophobic core and myricetin within the cationic corona, was tested in vitro using established and developing S. mutans biofilms. Co-loaded NPC treatments effectively disrupted biofilm biomass (i.e., dry weight) and reduced biofilm viability by ~3 log CFU/mL versus single drug-only controls in developing biofilms, suggesting dual-drug delivery exhibits synergistic anti-biofilm effects. Mechanistic studies revealed that co-loaded NPCs synergistically inhibited planktonic bacterial growth compared to controls and reduced S. mutans acidogenicity due to decreased atpD expression, a gene associated with acid tolerance. Moreover, the myricetin-loaded NPC corona enhanced NPC binding to tooth-mimetic surfaces, which can increase drug efficacy through improved retention at the biofilm-apatite interface. Altogether, these findings suggest promise for co-delivery of myricetin and farnesol DDS as an alternative anti-biofilm treatment to prevent dental caries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth R Sims
- University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Translational Biomedical Science, Rochester, NY, United States; University of Rochester, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rochester, NY, United States
| | - Julian P Maceren
- University of Rochester, Department of Chemistry, Rochester, NY, United States
| | - Yuan Liu
- University of Pennsylvania, Center for Innovation and Precision Dentistry, School of Dental Medicine, Department of Orthodontics, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Guilherme R Rocha
- University of Rochester, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rochester, NY, United States; São Paulo State University, Department of Dental Materials and Prosthodontics, Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Hyun Koo
- University of Pennsylvania, Center for Innovation and Precision Dentistry, School of Dental Medicine, Department of Orthodontics, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Danielle S W Benoit
- University of Rochester, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rochester, NY, United States; University of Rochester, Materials Science Program, NY, United States; University of Rochester, Department of Orthopaedics and Center for Musculoskeletal Research, NY, United States; University of Rochester, Center for Oral Biology, NY, United States; University of Rochester, Department of Chemical Engineering, NY, United States.
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Modulation of Lipoteichoic Acids and Exopolysaccharides Prevents Streptococcus mutans Biofilm Accumulation. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25092232. [PMID: 32397430 PMCID: PMC7249192 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25092232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2020] [Revised: 05/02/2020] [Accepted: 05/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Dental caries is a diet–biofilm-dependent disease. Streptococcus mutans contributes to cariogenic biofilms by producing an extracellular matrix rich in exopolysaccharides and acids. The study aimed to determine the effect of topical treatments with compound 1771 (modulates lipoteichoic acid (LTA) metabolism) and myricetin (affects the synthesis of exopolysaccharides) on S. mutans biofilms. In vitro S. mutans UA159 biofilms were grown on saliva-coated hydroxyapatite discs, alternating 0.1% sucrose and 0.5% sucrose plus 1% starch. Twice-daily topical treatments were performed with both agents alone and combined with and without fluoride: compound 1771 (2.6 µg/mL), myricetin (500 µg/mL), 1771 + myricetin, fluoride (250 ppm), 1771 + fluoride, myricetin + fluoride, 1771 + myricetin + fluoride, and vehicle. Biofilms were evaluated via microbiological, biochemical, imaging, and gene expression methods. Compound 1771 alone yielded less viable counts, biomass, exopolysaccharides, and extracellular LTA. Moreover, the combination 1771 + myricetin + fluoride decreased three logs of bacterium counts, 60% biomass, >74% exopolysaccharides, and 20% LTA. The effect of treatments on extracellular DNA was not pronounced. The combination strategy affected the size of microcolonies and exopolysaccharides distribution and inhibited the expression of genes linked to insoluble exopolysaccharides synthesis. Therefore, compound 1771 prevented the accumulation of S. mutans biofilm; however, the effect was more pronounced when it was associated with fluoride and myricetin.
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Kim MA, Kim JH, Nam OH. Tea extracts differentially inhibit Streptococcus mutans and Streptococcus sobrinus biofilm colonization depending on the steeping temperature. BIOFOULING 2020; 36:256-265. [PMID: 32326756 DOI: 10.1080/08927014.2020.1755429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2019] [Revised: 04/01/2020] [Accepted: 04/06/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to evaluate the effects of tea extracts on oral biofilm colonization depending on steeping temperature. S. mutans and S. sobrinus were cultured and treated with green or black tea extracts prepared under different steeping conditions. Biofilm formation, glucosyltransferase (GTF) levels, bacterial growth, and acidogenicity were evaluated. Biofilms were also assessed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and confocal laser scanning microscopy. All extracts with hot steeping showed higher inhibitory effects on biofilm formation and cell viability and lower GTF levels compared with those with cold steeping (p < 0.05). Hot steeping significantly reduced bacterial growth (p < 0.05) and maintained the pH. Catechins were only identified from hot steeping extracts. Within the limits of this study, extracts with cold steeping showed lower inhibitory effects on oral biofilms. The different effects between steeping extracts may be attributed to the difference in catechins released from tea extracts under the different steep conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mi-Ah Kim
- Department of Conservative Dentistry, School of Dentistry and Institute of Oral Bioscience, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Hwan Kim
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju, Republic of Korea
| | - Ok Hyung Nam
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Ribeiro SM, Fratucelli ÉDO, Bueno PCP, de Castro MKV, Francisco AA, Cavalheiro AJ, Klein MI. Antimicrobial and antibiofilm activities of Casearia sylvestris extracts from distinct Brazilian biomes against Streptococcus mutans and Candida albicans. Altern Ther Health Med 2019; 19:308. [PMID: 31718633 PMCID: PMC6852947 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-019-2717-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2019] [Accepted: 10/15/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Background Dental caries is a biofilm-diet-dependent worldwide public health problem, and approaches against microorganisms in cariogenic biofilms are necessary. Methods The antimicrobial and antibiofilm activities of 12 Casearia sylvestris extracts (0.50 mg/mL) from different Brazilian biomes (Atlantic Forest, Cerrado, Caatinga, Pampa, and Pantanal) and varieties (sylvestris, lingua, and intermediate) were tested against two species found in cariogenic biofilms (Streptococcus mutans and Candida albicans). The extracts effective against S. mutans were used to evaluate the "adhesion strength" of this bacterium to the salivary pellicle and initial glucan matrix and the S. mutans-GtfB activity. Also, the antimicrobial activity against S. mutans of three fractions (methanol, ethyl acetate, and hexane; 0.25 mg/mL) from the extracts was evaluated. Results Three extracts from the Atlantic Forest variety sylvestris (FLO/SC, GUA/CE, PRE/SP) reduced ≥50% (> 3 logs) S. mutans viable population (p < 0.0001 vs. vehicle), while two extracts from the same biome and variety (PAC/CE, PRE/SP) decreased ≥50% of the viable counts of C. albicans (p < 0.0001 vs. vehicle). For S. mutans biofilms, three extracts (GUA/CE, PAC/CE, PRE/SP) reduced the biomass by ≥91% (p > 0.0001 vs. vehicle) and 100% of the microbial population (p < 0.0001 vs. vehicle). However, for the fungal biofilm, two extracts (PAC/CE, PRE/SP) reduced the viable counts by ≥52% (p < 0.0001 vs. vehicle), but none reduced biomass. The extracts with higher antimicrobial and antibiofilm activities presented higher content of clerodane-type diterpenes and lower content of glycosylated flavonoids than the less active extracts. The extracts had no effect on the removal of cells adhered to the pellicle (p > 0.05 vs. vehicle) while promoted the detachment of a larger number of S. mutans cells from GtfB-glucan matrix (p < 0.0031 vs. vehicle), and FLO/SC, GUA/CE and PRE/SP reduced the quantity of glucans (p < 0.0136 vs. vehicle). Only the ethyl acetate fractions reduced the microbial population of S. mutans (p < 0.0001 vs. vehicle), except for one (PAC/CE). Among the ethyl acetate fractions, three from var. lingua (two from Cerrado, and one from Cerrado/Caatinga) reduced ≥83% of the microbial population. Conclusions C. sylvestris extracts from Atlantic Forest var. sylvestris and ethyl acetate fractions from Cerrado and Cerrado/Caatinga var. lingua may be used as a strategy against cariogenic microorganisms.
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Trans,trans-farnesol, an antimicrobial natural compound, improves glass ionomer cement properties. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0220718. [PMID: 31430298 PMCID: PMC6701760 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0220718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2019] [Accepted: 07/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
A series of experiments were conducted to characterize a novel restorative material. We explored the effect on biological, physical and chemical properties of glass ionomer cement (GIC) adding-the naturally occurring tt-farnesol (900 mM). Two groups were accomplished for all assays: GIC+tt-farnesol and GIC (control). Biological assays: 1) agar diffusion against some cariogenic bacteria; 2) S. mutans biofilm formation and confocal laser scanning microscopy-CLSM. 3) gtfB, gtfC, gtfD, gbpB, vicR, and covR expression; 4) MTT and microscopic morphology. Physical properties assays: 1) roughness; 2) hardness; 3) compressive strength and 4) diametral tensile strength. Chemical assay: Raman spectroscopy. The adding of tt-farnesol to GIC led to larger zones of inhibition (p<0.05), biofilms with a short-term reduction in bacterial viability but similar biomass (p>0.05). Polysaccharides levels increased over time, similarly over groups (p>0.05). Viable and non-viable S. mutans were seen on the specimens’ surface by CLSM but their virulence was not modulated by tt-farnesol. The tt-farnesol increased the HaCaT cell viability without impact on compressive and diametral tensile strength and roughness although the hardness was positively affected (p<0.05). Raman confirmed the presence of tt-farnesol. The incorporation of tt-farnesol into GIC inhibited the growth of cariogenic bacteria but had a little effect on the composition, structure and physiology of the biofilm matrices. Also, the tt-farnesol increased the hardness and the biocompatibility of the GIC, not influencing negatively other physical properties of the restorative material.
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Park M, Sutherland JB, Rafii F. Effects of nano-hydroxyapatite on the formation of biofilms by Streptococcus mutans in two different media. Arch Oral Biol 2019; 107:104484. [PMID: 31382161 DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2019.104484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2018] [Revised: 06/20/2019] [Accepted: 07/16/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to examine the effect of nano-hydroxyapatite (nHA) on biofilm formation by Streptococcus mutans, which is actively involved in the initiation of dental caries. DESIGN The effects of nHA on growth and biofilm formation by S. mutans were investigated in two media: a saliva analog medium, basal medium mucin (BMM); and a nutrient-rich medium, brain heart infusion (BHI); in the presence and absence of sucrose. RESULTS Sucrose enhanced the growth of S. mutans in both media. In the presence of sucrose, nHA enhanced bacterial growth and biofilm formation more in BMM medium than in BHI. nHA also affected the transcription of glucosyltransferase (gtf) genes and production of polysaccharide differently in the two media. In BHI medium, the transcription of all three gtf genes, coding for enzymes that synthesize soluble and insoluble glucans from sucrose, was increased more than 3-fold by nHA. However, in BMM medium, only the transcription of gtfB and gtfC, coding for insoluble glucans, was substantially enhanced by nHA. CONCLUSIONS nHA appeared to enhance biofilm formation by increasing glucosyltransferase transcription, which resulted in an increase in production of insoluble glucans. This effect was influenced by the growth conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miseon Park
- Division of Microbiology, National Center for Toxicological Research, FDA, Jefferson, AR 72079, USA
| | - John B Sutherland
- Division of Microbiology, National Center for Toxicological Research, FDA, Jefferson, AR 72079, USA
| | - Fatemeh Rafii
- Division of Microbiology, National Center for Toxicological Research, FDA, Jefferson, AR 72079, USA.
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Damé-Teixeira N, Deng D, Do T. Streptococcus mutans transcriptome in the presence of sodium fluoride and sucrose. Arch Oral Biol 2019; 102:186-192. [PMID: 31071638 DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2019.04.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2019] [Revised: 04/27/2019] [Accepted: 04/29/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Considering the diverse mechanisms by which fluoride could affect oral bacteria, this study evaluated the effect of sodium fluoride onStreptococcus mutans transcriptome in the presence of sucrose. METHODS S. mutans UA159 was cultured in 3 different types of media: medium control[TY], sucrose control[TY_S], and sodium fluoride sucrose test[TY_S_NaF]. Triplicates of each group were sampled at exponential phase 3 h after inoculation, total RNA was isolated, mRNA enriched and cDNA paired-end sequenced (Illumina Hi-Seq2500). RESULTS Genes related toS. mutans adhesion(gtfB and gtfC), acidogenicity and sugar transport were up-regulated in the presence of sucrose(TY_S) and sucrose/fluoride(TY_S_NaF), whereas gene dltA, D-alanine-activating enzyme, which is related to regulation of non-PTS sugar internalization was down-regulated. Up-regulation of the scrA gene and the PTS fructose-and mannose system, as well as functions such as those involved in stress and defence responses and peptidases; and down-regulation of lacACDG and pyruvate formate-lyase were observed in the TY_S_NaF group, as compared to TY_S group. CONCLUSIONS The presence of NaF has decreased the overall gene expression level inS. mutans. However, its major effect seems to be the inducing of expression of genes involved in some PEP:PTS systems and other metabolic transporters which imply specific cellular internalisation of sugars.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naile Damé-Teixeira
- Department of Dentistry, University of Brasilia, Brasilia, Distrito Federal, Brazil
| | - Dongmei Deng
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Academic Center for Dentistry Amsterdam, University of Amsterdam and Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Thuy Do
- Division of Oral Biology, School of Dentistry, University of Leeds, Leeds, West Yorkshire, United Kingdom.
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Kim M, Jeon J, Kim J. Streptococcus mutans extracellular DNA levels depend on the number of bacteria in a biofilm. Sci Rep 2018; 8:13313. [PMID: 30190485 PMCID: PMC6127218 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-31275-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2018] [Accepted: 08/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus mutans is a component of oral plaque biofilm that accumulates on the surface of teeth. The biofilm consists of extracellular components including extracellular DNA (eDNA). This study was conducted to investigate the factors that may affect the eDNA levels of S. mutans in biofilms. For the study, S. mutans UA159 biofilms were formed for 52 h on hydroxyapatite (HA) discs in 0% (w/v) sucrose +0% glucose, 0.5% sucrose, 1% sucrose, 0.5% glucose, 1% glucose, or 0.5% sucrose +0.5% glucose. Acidogenicity of S. mutans in the biofilms was measured after biofilm formation (22 h) up to 52 h. eDNA was collected after 52 h biofilm formation and measured using DNA binding fluorescent dye, SYBR Green I. Biofilms cultured in 0.5% sucrose or glucose had more eDNA and colony forming units (CFUs) and less exopolysaccharides (EPSs) than the biofilms cultured in 1% sucrose or glucose at 52 h, respectively. The biofilms formed in 0% sucrose +0% glucose maintained pH around 7, while the biofilms grown in 0.5% sucrose had more acidogenicity than those grown in 1% sucrose, and the same pattern was shown in glucose. In conclusion, the results of this study show that the number of S. mutans in biofilms affects the concentrations of eDNA as well as the acidogenicity of S. mutans in the biofilms. In addition, the thickness of EPS is irrelevant to eDNA aggregation within biofilms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miah Kim
- Department of Conservative Dentistry, Chonbuk National University, 567 Baekjaedaero, Jeonju-city Jeonbuk, 54896, South Korea
| | - Jaegyu Jeon
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Chonbuk National University, 567 Baekjaedaero, Jeonju-city Jeonbuk, 54896, South Korea
| | - Jaegon Kim
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Chonbuk National University, 567 Baekjaedaero, Jeonju-city Jeonbuk, 54896, South Korea.
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Cai JN, Jung JE, Lee MH, Choi HM, Jeon JG. Sucrose challenges to Streptococcus mutans biofilms and the curve fitting for the biofilm changes. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 2018; 94:4998850. [DOI: 10.1093/femsec/fiy091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2018] [Accepted: 05/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Na Cai
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, School of Dentistry, BK21 Program, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, 54896, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Eun Jung
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, School of Dentistry, BK21 Program, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, 54896, Republic of Korea
| | - Min-Ho Lee
- Department of Dental Biomaterials, School of Dentistry, BK21 Program, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, 54896, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeon-Mi Choi
- Department of Dentistry, Presbyterian Medical Center, Jeonju, 54987, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Gyu Jeon
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, School of Dentistry, BK21 Program, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, 54896, Republic of Korea
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Wasfi R, Abd El‐Rahman OA, Zafer MM, Ashour HM. Probiotic Lactobacillus sp. inhibit growth, biofilm formation and gene expression of caries-inducing Streptococcus mutans. J Cell Mol Med 2018; 22:1972-1983. [PMID: 29316223 PMCID: PMC5824418 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.13496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2017] [Accepted: 11/16/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus mutans contributes significantly to dental caries, which arises from homoeostasic imbalance between host and microbiota. We hypothesized that Lactobacillus sp. inhibits growth, biofilm formation and gene expression of Streptococcus mutans. Antibacterial (agar diffusion method) and antibiofilm (crystal violet assay) characteristics of probiotic Lactobacillus sp. against Streptococcus mutans (ATCC 25175) were evaluated. We investigated whether Lactobacillus casei (ATCC 393), Lactobacillus reuteri (ATCC 23272), Lactobacillus plantarum (ATCC 14917) or Lactobacillus salivarius (ATCC 11741) inhibit expression of Streptococcus mutans genes involved in biofilm formation, quorum sensing or stress survival using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). Growth changes (OD600) in the presence of pH-neutralized, catalase-treated or trypsin-treated Lactobacillus sp. supernatants were assessed to identify roles of organic acids, peroxides and bacteriocin. Susceptibility testing indicated antibacterial (pH-dependent) and antibiofilm activities of Lactobacillus sp. against Streptococcus mutans. Scanning electron microscopy revealed reduction in microcolony formation and exopolysaccharide structural changes. Of the oral normal flora, L. salivarius exhibited the highest antibiofilm and peroxide-dependent antimicrobial activities. All biofilm-forming cells treated with Lactobacillus sp. supernatants showed reduced expression of genes involved in exopolysaccharide production, acid tolerance and quorum sensing. Thus, Lactobacillus sp. can inhibit tooth decay by limiting growth and virulence properties of Streptococcus mutans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reham Wasfi
- Department of Microbiology and ImmunologyFaculty of PharmacyOctober University for Modern Sciences and Arts (MSA)GizaEgypt
| | - Ola A. Abd El‐Rahman
- Department of Microbiology and ImmunologyFaculty of PharmacyAl‐Azhar University (Girls)CairoEgypt
| | - Mai M. Zafer
- Department of Microbiology and ImmunologyFaculty of PharmacyAhram Canadian University (ACU)GizaEgypt
| | - Hossam M. Ashour
- Department of Biological SciencesCollege of Arts and SciencesUniversity of South Florida St. PetersburgSt. PetersburgFLUSA
- Department of Microbiology and ImmunologyFaculty of PharmacyCairo UniversityCairoEgypt
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Rocha GR, Florez Salamanca EJ, de Barros AL, Lobo CIV, Klein MI. Effect of tt-farnesol and myricetin on in vitro biofilm formed by Streptococcus mutans and Candida albicans. BMC COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2018; 18:61. [PMID: 29444673 PMCID: PMC5813409 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-018-2132-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2017] [Accepted: 02/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dental caries is considered a multifactorial disease, in which microorganisms play an important role. The diet is decisive in the biofilm formation because it provides the necessary resources for cellular growth and exopolysaccharides synthesis. Exopolysaccharides are the main components of the extracellular matrix (ECM). The ECM provides a 3D structure, support for the microorganisms and form diffusion-limited environments (acidic niches) that cause demineralization of the dental enamel. Streptococcus mutans is the main producer of exopolysaccharides. Candida albicans is detected together with S. mutans in biofilms associated with severe caries lesions. Thus, this study aimed to determine the effect of tt-farnesol and myricetin topical treatments on cariogenic biofilms formed by Streptococcus mutans and Candida albicans. METHODS In vitro dual-species biofilms were grown on saliva-coated hydroxyapatite discs, using tryptone-yeast extract broth with 1% sucrose (37 °C, 5% CO2). Twice-daily topical treatments were performed with: vehicle (ethanol 15%, negative control), 2 mM myricetin, 4 mM tt-farnesol, myricetin + tt-farnesol, myricetin + tt-farnesol + fluoride (250 ppm), fluoride, and chlorhexidine digluconate (0.12%; positive control). After 67 h, biofilms were evaluated to determine biofilm biomass, microbial population, and water-soluble and -insoluble exopolysaccharides in the ECM. RESULTS Only the positive control yielded a reduced quantity of biomass and microbial population, while tt-farnesol treatment was the least efficient in reducing C. albicans population. The combination therapy myricetin + farnesol + fluoride significantly reduced water-soluble exopolysaccharides in the ECM (vs. negative control; p < 0.05; ANOVA one-way, followed by Tukey's test), similarly to the positive control. CONCLUSIONS Therefore, the combination therapy negatively influenced an important virulence trait of cariogenic biofilms. However, the concentrations of both myricetin and tt-farnesol should be increased to produce a more pronounced effect to control these biofilms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guilherme Roncari Rocha
- Department of Dental Materials and Prosthodontics, São Paulo State University (Unesp), School of Dentistry, Araraquara, Rua Humaitá, 1680, Araraquara, Sao Paulo 14801-903 Brazil
| | - Elkin Jahir Florez Salamanca
- Department of Dental Materials and Prosthodontics, São Paulo State University (Unesp), School of Dentistry, Araraquara, Rua Humaitá, 1680, Araraquara, Sao Paulo 14801-903 Brazil
| | - Ana Letícia de Barros
- Department of Dental Materials and Prosthodontics, São Paulo State University (Unesp), School of Dentistry, Araraquara, Rua Humaitá, 1680, Araraquara, Sao Paulo 14801-903 Brazil
| | - Carmélia Isabel Vitorino Lobo
- Department of Dental Materials and Prosthodontics, São Paulo State University (Unesp), School of Dentistry, Araraquara, Rua Humaitá, 1680, Araraquara, Sao Paulo 14801-903 Brazil
| | - Marlise Inêz Klein
- Department of Dental Materials and Prosthodontics, São Paulo State University (Unesp), School of Dentistry, Araraquara, Rua Humaitá, 1680, Araraquara, Sao Paulo 14801-903 Brazil
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Pandit S, Jung JE, Choi HM, Jeon JG. Effect of brief periodic fluoride treatments on the virulence and composition of a cariogenic biofilm. BIOFOULING 2018; 34:53-61. [PMID: 29199458 DOI: 10.1080/08927014.2017.1404583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2017] [Accepted: 11/07/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The present study investigated the effect of periodic 1-min fluoride treatments on Streptococcus mutans biofilms and then determined the relationship between anti-biofilm activity, treatment frequency, and fluoride concentration using a linear-fitting procedure. S. mutans biofilms were periodically treated (1-min/treatment) with fluoride during biofilm formation and analyzed using microbiological methods, confocal microscopy, and real-time PCR. The results indicated that reductions in the dry weight and acidogenicity of biofilms due to periodic fluoride treatment occurred in a concentration dependent manner. The reduction in dry weight without affecting bacterial cell viability was observed mainly due to the inhibitory effect of fluoride on gtfB and gtfC gene expression, which suppresses EPS production and avoids reduction of the pH below the critical point on the tooth surface. This study suggests that brief periodic exposure to appropriate fluoride concentrations through mouthwashes and toothpastes may affect the virulence and composition of cariogenic biofilms and subsequently prevent dental caries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santosh Pandit
- a Department of Preventive Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Institute of Oral Bioscience and BK 21 Plus Program , Chonbuk National University , Jeonju , Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Eun Jung
- a Department of Preventive Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Institute of Oral Bioscience and BK 21 Plus Program , Chonbuk National University , Jeonju , Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeon-Mi Choi
- b Department of Dentistry , Presbyterian Medical Center , Jeonju , Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Gyu Jeon
- a Department of Preventive Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Institute of Oral Bioscience and BK 21 Plus Program , Chonbuk National University , Jeonju , Republic of Korea
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29
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André CB, Rosalen PL, Galvão LCDC, Fronza BM, Ambrosano GMB, Ferracane JL, Giannini M. Modulation of Streptococcus mutans virulence by dental adhesives containing anti-caries agents. Dent Mater 2017; 33:1084-1092. [DOI: 10.1016/j.dental.2017.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2017] [Revised: 06/12/2017] [Accepted: 07/08/2017] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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30
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Cao L, Zhang ZZ, Xu SB, Ma M, Wei X. Farnesol inhibits development of caries by augmenting oxygen sensitivity and suppressing virulence-associated gene expression inStreptococcus mutans. J Biomed Res 2017; 31:333-343. [PMID: 28808205 PMCID: PMC5548994 DOI: 10.7555/jbr.31.20150151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus mutans is a primary etiological agent of dental caries. Farnesol, as a potential antimicrobial agent, inhibits the development ofS. mutans biofilm. In this study, we hypothesized that farnesol inhibits caries development in vitro and interferes with biofilm formation by regulating virulence-associated gene expression. The inhibitory effects of farnesol to S. mutans biofilms on enamel surfaces were investigated by determining micro-hardness and calcium measurements. Additionally, the morphological changes ofS. mutans biofilms were compared using field emission scanning electron microscopy and confocal laser scanning microscopy, and the vitality and oxygen sensitivity ofS. mutans biofilms were compared using MTT assays. To investigate the molecular mechanisms of farnesol's effects, expressions of possible target genesluxS, brpA, ffh, recA, nth, and smx were analyzed using reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and quantitative PCR. Farnesol-treated groups exhibited significantly higher micro-hardness on the enamel surface and lower calcium concentration of the supernatants as compared to the-untreated control. Microscopy revealed that a thinner film with less extracellular matrix formed in the farnesol-treated groups. As compared to the-untreated control, farnesol inhibited biofilm formation by 26.4% with 500 µmol/L and by 37.1% with 1,000 µmol/L (P<0.05). Last, decreased transcription levels of luxS, brpA, ffh, recA, nth, and smx genes were expressed in farnesol-treated biofilms. In vitrofarnesol inhibits caries development and S. mutans biofilm formation. The regulation of luxS, brpA, ffh, recA, nth, and smx genes may contribute to the inhibitory effects of farnesol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Cao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Department of Operative Dentistry and Endodontics, School of Stomatology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, China
| | - Zhen-Zhen Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Department of Operative Dentistry and Endodontics, School of Stomatology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, China
| | - Shuang-Bo Xu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Department of Operative Dentistry and Endodontics, School of Stomatology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, China
| | - Ming Ma
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Department of Operative Dentistry and Endodontics, School of Stomatology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, China
| | - Xin Wei
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Department of Operative Dentistry and Endodontics, School of Stomatology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, China
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31
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Analysis of sucrose-induced small RNAs in Streptococcus mutans in the presence of different sucrose concentrations. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2017; 101:5739-5748. [PMID: 28567481 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-017-8346-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2017] [Revised: 05/06/2017] [Accepted: 05/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Streptococcus mutans (S. mutans) is the major pathogen contributing to dental caries. Sucrose is an important carbohydrate source for S. mutans and is crucial for dental caries. Small RNAs (sRNAs) are key post-transcriptional regulators of stress adaptation and virulence in bacteria. Here, for the first time, we created three replicate RNA libraries exposed to either 1 or 5% sucrose. The expression levels of sRNAs and target genes (gtfB, gtfC, and spaP) related to virulence were assessed. In addition, some phenotypic traits were evaluated. We obtained 2125 sRNA candidates with at least 100 average reads in 1% sucrose or 5% sucrose. Of these candidates, 2 were upregulated and 20 were downregulated in 1% sucrose. Six of these 22 differentially expressed sRNAs were validated by qRT-PCR. The expression level of target gene gtfB was higher in 1% sucrose. The adherence ratio of S. mutans was higher in 1% sucrose than in 5% sucrose. The synthesis of water-insoluble glucans (WIGs) was significantly higher in 5% sucrose than in 1% sucrose. These data suggest that a series of sRNAs can be induced in response to sucrose, and that some sRNAs might be involved in the regulation of phenotypes, providing new insight into the prevention of caries.
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Wang X, Li X, Ling J. Streptococcus gordonii LuxS/autoinducer-2 quorum-sensing system modulates the dual-species biofilm formation with Streptococcus mutans. J Basic Microbiol 2017; 57:605-616. [PMID: 28485524 DOI: 10.1002/jobm.201700010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2017] [Revised: 04/04/2017] [Accepted: 04/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Dental plaques are mixed-species biofilms that are related to the development of dental caries. Streptococcus mutans (S. mutans) is an important cariogenic bacterium that forms mixed-species biofilms with Streptococcus gordonii (S. gordonii), an early colonizer of the tooth surface. The LuxS/autoinducer-2(AI-2) quorum sensing system is involved in the regulation of mixed-species biofilms, and AI-2 is proposed as a universal signal for the interaction between bacterial species. In this work, a S. gordonii luxS deficient strain was constructed to investigate the effect of the S. gordonii luxS gene on dual-species biofilm formed by S. mutans and S. gordonii. In addition, AI-2 was synthesized in vitro by incubating recombinant LuxS and Pfs enzymes of S. gordonii together. The effect of AI-2 on S. mutans single-species biofilm formation and cariogenic virulence gene expression were also assessed. The results showed that luxS disruption in S. gordonii altered dual-species biofilm formation, architecture, and composition, as well as the susceptibility to chlorhexidine. And the in vitro synthesized AI-2 had a concentration-dependent effect on S. mutans biofilm formation and virulence gene expression. These findings indicate that LuxS/AI-2 quorum-sensing system of S. gordonii plays a role in regulating the dual-species biofilm formation with S. mutans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Wang
- Department of Operative Dentistry and Endodontics, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Hospital of Stomatology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaolan Li
- Department of Operative Dentistry and Endodontics, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Hospital of Stomatology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Junqi Ling
- Department of Operative Dentistry and Endodontics, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Hospital of Stomatology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
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Caprari S, Minervini G, Brandi V, Polticelli F. In silico study of the structure and function of Streptococcus mutans plasmidic proteins. BIO-ALGORITHMS AND MED-SYSTEMS 2017. [DOI: 10.1515/bams-2017-0012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
AbstractThe Gram-positive bacterium
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Parai D, Islam E, Mitra J, Mukherjee SK. Effect of Bacoside A on growth and biofilm formation by Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Can J Microbiol 2016; 63:169-178. [PMID: 28099040 DOI: 10.1139/cjm-2016-0365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The goal of this study was to evaluate the antibiofilm and antimicrobial activities of Bacoside A, a formulation of phytochemicals from Bacopa monnieri, against Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, which are known to form biofilms as one of their virulence traits. The antimicrobial effects of Bacoside A were tested using the minimum inhibitory concentration and minimum bactericidal concentration assays. A cell membrane disruption assay was performed to find its possible target site. MTT assay, crystal violet assay, and microscopic studies were performed to assess the antibiofilm activity. Bacoside A showed antimicrobial activity against both test organisms in their planktonic and biofilm states. At a subminimum inhibitory concentration of 200 μg·mL-1, Bacoside A significantly removed ∼88%-93% of bacterial biofilm developed on microtiter plates. Biochemical and microscopic studies suggested that the eradication of biofilm might be due to the loss of extracellular polymeric substances and to a change in cell membrane integrity of the selected bacterial strains treated with Bacoside A. These results indicate that Bacoside A might be considered as an antimicrobial having the ability to disrupt biofilms. Thus, either alone or in combination with other therapeutics, Bacoside A could be useful to treat biofilm-related infections caused by opportunistic bacterial pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debaprasad Parai
- a Department of Microbiology, University of Kalyani, Kalyani 741235, India
| | - Ekramul Islam
- a Department of Microbiology, University of Kalyani, Kalyani 741235, India
| | - Jayati Mitra
- b Department of Pathology, Regional Institute of Ophthalmology, Kolkata 700073, India
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Dang MH, Jung JE, Lee DW, Song KY, Jeon JG. Recovery of Acid Production in Streptococcus mutans Biofilms after Short-Term Fluoride Treatment. Caries Res 2016; 50:363-71. [DOI: 10.1159/000446408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2016] [Accepted: 04/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Fluoride is commonly used as an ingredient of topical oral hygiene measures. Despite the anti-acidogenic activities of fluoride against cariogenic biofilms, the recovery of the biofilms from fluoride damage is unclear. Herein, we investigated the recovery of acid production in Streptococcus mutans biofilms after short-term or during periodic 1-min fluoride treatments. For this study, 46-hour-old S. mutans biofilms were treated with fluoride (0-2,000 ppm F-) for 1-8 min and then incubated in saliva for 0-100 min. The 74-hour-old biofilms were also periodically treated with the fluoride concentration during biofilm formation (1 min/treatment). Changes in acidogenicity and viability were determined via pH drop and colony-forming unit assays, respectively. In this study, acid production after a 1-min fluoride treatment was recovered as saliva incubation time increased, which followed a linear pattern of concentration dependence (R = 0.99, R2 = 0.98). The recovery pattern was in a biphasic pattern, with an initial rapid rate followed by a second slow recovery. Furthermore, recovery from fluoride damage was retarded in a concentration-dependent manner as treatment time increased. In periodic 1-min fluoride treatments, acid production in the biofilms was not diminished during the non-fluoride treatment period; however, it was reduced in a concentration-dependent manner during the fluoride treatment period. The viability of the biofilm cells did not change, even at high fluoride concentrations. Collectively, our results suggest that brief fluoride treatment does not sustain anti-acidogenic activity against S. mutans in biofilms since the damage is recoverable with time.
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Cai JN, Jung JE, Dang MH, Kim MA, Yi HK, Jeon JG. Functional Relationship between Sucrose and a Cariogenic Biofilm Formation. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0157184. [PMID: 27275603 PMCID: PMC4898727 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0157184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2016] [Accepted: 05/25/2016] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Sucrose is an important dietary factor in cariogenic biofilm formation and subsequent initiation of dental caries. This study investigated the functional relationships between sucrose concentration and Streptococcus mutans adherence and biofilm formation. Changes in morphological characteristics of the biofilms with increasing sucrose concentration were also evaluated. S. mutans biofilms were formed on saliva-coated hydroxyapatite discs in culture medium containing 0, 0.05, 0.1, 0.5, 1, 2, 5, 10, 20, or 40% (w/v) sucrose. The adherence (in 4-hour biofilms) and biofilm composition (in 46-hour biofilms) of the biofilms were analyzed using microbiological, biochemical, laser scanning confocal fluorescence microscopic, and scanning electron microscopic methods. To determine the relationships, 2nd order polynomial curve fitting was performed. In this study, the influence of sucrose on bacterial adhesion, biofilm composition (dry weight, bacterial counts, and water-insoluble extracellular polysaccharide (EPS) content), and acidogenicity followed a 2nd order polynomial curve with concentration dependence, and the maximum effective concentrations (MECs) of sucrose ranged from 0.45 to 2.4%. The bacterial and EPS bio-volume and thickness in the biofilms also gradually increased and then decreased as sucrose concentration increased. Furthermore, the size and shape of the micro-colonies of the biofilms depended on the sucrose concentration. Around the MECs, the micro-colonies were bigger and more homogeneous than those at 0 and 40%, and were surrounded by enough EPSs to support their structure. These results suggest that the relationship between sucrose concentration and cariogenic biofilm formation in the oral cavity could be described by a functional relationship.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Na Cai
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Institute of Oral Bioscience, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Eun Jung
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Institute of Oral Bioscience, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, Republic of Korea
| | - Minh-Huy Dang
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Institute of Oral Bioscience, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, Republic of Korea
| | - Mi-Ah Kim
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Institute of Oral Bioscience, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, Republic of Korea
| | - Ho-Keun Yi
- Department of Oral Biochemistry, School of Dentistry, Institute of Oral Bioscience, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Gyu Jeon
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Institute of Oral Bioscience, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, Republic of Korea
- * E-mail:
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Chau NPT, Pandit S, Jung JE, Cai JN, Yi HK, Jeon JG. Long-term anti-cariogenic biofilm activity of glass ionomers related to fluoride release. J Dent 2016; 47:34-40. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jdent.2016.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2016] [Revised: 02/05/2016] [Accepted: 02/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
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Pandit S, Cai JN, Jung JE, Jeon JG. Effect of 1-Minute Fluoride Treatment on Potential Virulence and Viability of a Cariogenic Biofilm. Caries Res 2015; 49:449-57. [PMID: 26228510 DOI: 10.1159/000434731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2015] [Accepted: 05/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Fluoride is a well-studied and widely used agent for the prevention of dental caries. Although dental caries is strongly related to cariogenic biofilms, the effect of brief fluoride treatment on the virulence properties of biofilms has not been well studied. This study evaluated the effect of a 1-min fluoride treatment on the virulence properties and viability of cariogenic biofilms, using a Streptococcus mutans biofilm model. For this study, 46-hour-old S. mutans biofilms were formed on saliva-coated hydroxyapatite discs and were treated with fluoride (0, 30, 300, 1,000, and 2,000 ppm F(-)) for 1 min. Viability and changes in acidogenicity, aciduricity and extracellular polysaccharide (EPS) formation of the biofilms were analyzed using biochemical and microbiological methods (pH drop, H(+) permeability, acid killing, and bacterial colony-forming unit assays). Laser scanning confocal fluorescence microscopy study was also performed. After the 1-min fluoride treatment, acidogenicity, aciduricity, and EPS formation of 46-hour-old S. mutans biofilms were significantly reduced when treated with concentrations ≥300 ppm F(-). The antivirulence activities of the 1-min fluoride treatment increased in a concentration-dependent pattern. However, the 1-min fluoride treatments did not affect viability, biovolume, and microcolony appearance of biofilm bacteria, even at high concentrations. These results suggest that the brief treatment with fluoride at concentrations ≥300 ppm F(-) is an effective measure for controlling cariogenic biofilms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santosh Pandit
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Institute of Oral Bioscience and BK 21 Plus Program, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, Republic of Korea
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Pandit S, Cai JN, Song KY, Jeon JG. Identification of anti-biofilm components in Withania somnifera and their effect on virulence of Streptococcus mutans biofilms. J Appl Microbiol 2015; 119:571-81. [PMID: 25976122 DOI: 10.1111/jam.12851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2014] [Revised: 04/14/2015] [Accepted: 05/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
AIMS The aim of this study was to identify components of the Withania somnifera that could show anti-virulence activity against Streptococcus mutans biofilms. METHODS AND RESULTS The anti-acidogenic activity of fractions separated from W. somnifera was compared, and then the most active anti-acidogenic fraction was chemically characterized using gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy. The effect of the identified components on the acidogenicity, aciduricity and extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) formation of S. mutans UA159 biofilms was evaluated. The change in accumulation and acidogenicity of S. mutans UA159 biofilms by periodic treatments (10 min per treatment) with the identified components was also investigated. Of the fractions, n-hexane fraction showed the strongest anti-acidogenic activity and was mainly composed of palmitic, linoleic and oleic acids. Of the identified components, linoleic and oleic acids strongly affected the acid production rate, F-ATPase activity and EPS formation of the biofilms. Periodic treatment with linoleic and oleic acids during biofilm formation also inhibited the biofilm accumulation and acid production rate of the biofilms without killing the biofilm bacteria. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that linoleic and oleic acids may be effective agents for restraining virulence of S. mutans biofilms. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY Linoleic and oleic acids may be promising agents for controlling virulence of cariogenic biofilms and subsequent dental caries formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Pandit
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Institute of Oral Bioscience and BK 21 Plus Program, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, Korea
| | - J N Cai
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Institute of Oral Bioscience and BK 21 Plus Program, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, Korea
| | - K Y Song
- Research Institute of Clinical Medicine of Chonbuk National University, Biomedical Research Institute of Chonbuk National University Hospital, Jeonju, Korea
| | - J G Jeon
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Institute of Oral Bioscience and BK 21 Plus Program, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, Korea.,Research Institute of Clinical Medicine of Chonbuk National University, Biomedical Research Institute of Chonbuk National University Hospital, Jeonju, Korea
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The Effect of Essential Oils and Bioactive Fractions on Streptococcus mutans and Candida albicans Biofilms: A Confocal Analysis. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2015; 2015:871316. [PMID: 25821503 PMCID: PMC4363662 DOI: 10.1155/2015/871316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2014] [Revised: 02/06/2015] [Accepted: 02/09/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The essential oils (EO) and bioactive fractions (BF) from Aloysia gratissima, Baccharis dracunculifolia, Coriandrum sativum, Cyperus articulatus, and Lippia sidoides were proven to have strong antimicrobial activity on planktonic microorganisms; however, little is known about their effects on the morphology or viability of oral biofilms. Previously, we determined the EO/fractions with the best antimicrobial activity against Streptococcus mutans and Candida spp. In this report, we used a confocal analysis to investigate the effect of these EO and BF on the morphology of S. mutans biofilms (thickness, biovolume, and architecture) and on the metabolic viability of C. albicans biofilms. The analysis of intact treated S. mutans biofilms showed no statistical difference for thickness in all groups compared to the control. However, a significant reduction in the biovolume of extracellular polysaccharides and bacteria was observed for A. gratissima and L. sidoides groups, indicating that these BF disrupt biofilm integrity and may have created porosity in the biofilm. This phenomenon could potentially result in a weakened structure and affect biofilm dynamics. Finally, C. sativum EO drastically affected C. albicans viability when compared to the control. These results highlight the promising antimicrobial activity of these plant species and support future translational research on the treatment of dental caries and oral candidiasis.
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Cai JN, Kim MA, Jung JE, Pandit S, Song KY, Jeon JG. Effects of combined oleic acid and fluoride at sub-MIC levels on EPS formation and viability of Streptococcus mutans UA159 biofilms. BIOFOULING 2015; 31:555-563. [PMID: 26293974 DOI: 10.1080/08927014.2015.1076799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Despite the widespread use of fluoride, dental caries, a biofilm-related disease, remains an important health problem. This study investigated whether oleic acid, a monounsaturated fatty acid, can enhance the effect of fluoride on extracellular polysaccharide (EPS) formation by Streptococcus mutans UA159 biofilms at sub-minimum inhibitory concentration levels, via microbiological and biochemical methods, confocal fluorescence microscopy, and real-time PCR. The combination of oleic acid with fluoride inhibited EPS formation more strongly than did fluoride or oleic acid alone. The superior inhibition of EPS formation was due to the combination of the inhibitory effects of oleic acid and fluoride against glucosyltransferases (GTFs) and GTF-related gene (gtfB, gtfC, and gtfD) expression, respectively. In addition, the combination of oleic acid with fluoride altered the bacterial biovolume of the biofilms without bactericidal activity. These results suggest that oleic acid may be useful for enhancing fluoride inhibition of EPS formation by S. mutans biofilms, without killing the bacterium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Na Cai
- a Department of Preventive Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Institute of Oral Bioscience and BK 21 Plus Program , Chonbuk National University , Jeonju , Republic of Korea
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Savabi O, Kazemi M, Kamali S, Salehi AR, Eslami G, Tahmourespour A, Salehi R. Effects of biosurfactant produced by Lactobacillus casei on gtfB, gtfC, and ftf gene expression level in S. mutans by real-time RT-PCR. Adv Biomed Res 2014; 3:231. [PMID: 25538917 PMCID: PMC4260286 DOI: 10.4103/2277-9175.145729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2013] [Accepted: 09/24/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The Streptococci are the pioneer strains in plaque formation and Streptococcus mutans are the main etiological agent of dental plaque and caries. In general, biofilm formation is a step-wise process, which begins by adhesion of planktonic cells to the surfaces. Evidences show that expression of glucosyltransferase B and C (gtfB and gtfC) and fructosyltransferase (ftf) genes play critical role in initial adhesion of S. mutans to the tooth surface which results in formation of dental plaques and consequently caries and other periodontal disease. Materials and Methods: The aim of this study was to determine the effect of biosurfactants produced by a probiotic strain; Lactobacillus casei (ATCC39392) on gene expression profile of gftB/C and tft of S. mutans (ATCC35668) using quantitative real-time PCR. Results: The application of the prepared biosurfactant caused dramatic down regulation of all the three genes under study. The reduction in gene expression was statistically highly significant (for gtfB, P > 0.0002; for gtfC, P > 0.0063, and for ftf, P > 0.0057). Conclusion: Considerable downregulation of all three genes in the presence of the prepared biosurfactant comparing to untreated controls is indicative of successful inhibition of influential genes in bacterial adhesion phenomena. In view of the importance of glucosyltransferase gene products for S.mutans attachment to the tooth surface which is the initial important step in biofilm production and dental caries, further research in this field may lead to an applicable alternative for successful with least adverse side effects in dental caries prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omid Savabi
- Department of Dental Prosthetics, School of Dentistry, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Mohammad Kazemi
- Department of Genetics and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Sara Kamali
- Department of Genetics and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Ahmad Reza Salehi
- Department of Genetics and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Gilda Eslami
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
| | - Arezoo Tahmourespour
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Khorasgan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Rasoul Salehi
- Department of Genetics and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
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Chau NPT, Pandit S, Jung JE, Jeon JG. Evaluation of Streptococcus mutans adhesion to fluoride varnishes and subsequent change in biofilm accumulation and acidogenicity. J Dent 2014; 42:726-34. [PMID: 24694978 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdent.2014.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2014] [Revised: 03/17/2014] [Accepted: 03/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to evaluate Streptococcus mutans adhesion to fluoride varnishes and subsequent change in biofilm accumulation and acidogenicity. METHODS After producing fluoride varnish-coated hydroxyapatite discs using Fluor Protector (FP), Bifluorid 12 (BIF), Cavity Shield (CASH), or Flor-Opal Varnish White (FO), S. mutans biofilms were formed on the discs. To assess S. mutans adhesion to the discs, 4-h-old biofilms were analysed. To investigate the change in biofilm accumulation during subsequent biofilm formation, the biomass, colony forming units (CFU), and water-insoluble extracellular polysaccharides (EP) of 46-, 70-, and 94-h-old biofilms were analysed. To investigate the change in acidogenicity, pH values of the culture medium were determined during the experimental period. The amount of fluoride in the culture medium was also determined during the experimental period. RESULTS BIF, CASH, and FO affected S. mutans adhesion (67-98% reduction) and subsequent biofilm accumulation in 46-, 70-, and 94-h-old biofilms. However, the reducing effect of the fluoride varnishes on the biomass, CFU count, water-insoluble EP amount, and acid production rate of the biofilms decreased as the biofilm age increased. These results may be related to the fluoride-release pattern of the fluoride varnishes. Of the fluoride varnishes tested, FO showed the highest reducing effect against the bacterial adhesion and subsequent biofilm accumulation. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that if the results of these experiments are extrapolable to the in vivo situation, then reduced clinical benefit of using fluoride varnishes may occur with time. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE Fluoride varnish application can affect cariogenic biofilm formation but the anti-biofilm activity may be reduced with time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ngoc Phuong Thanh Chau
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Institute of Oral Bioscience and BK 21 Plus Program, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju 561-756, Republic of Korea
| | - Santosh Pandit
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Institute of Oral Bioscience and BK 21 Plus Program, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju 561-756, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Eun Jung
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Institute of Oral Bioscience and BK 21 Plus Program, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju 561-756, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Gyu Jeon
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Institute of Oral Bioscience and BK 21 Plus Program, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju 561-756, Republic of Korea.
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Ahmad I, Husain FM, Maheshwari M, Zahin M. Medicinal Plants and Phytocompounds: A Potential Source of Novel Antibiofilm Agents. SPRINGER SERIES ON BIOFILMS 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-53833-9_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Tahmourespour A, Salehi R, Kasra Kermanshahi R. Lactobacillus Acidophilus-Derived Biosurfactant Effect on GTFB and GTFC Expression Level in Streptococcus Mutans Biofilm Cells. Braz J Microbiol 2013; 42:330-9. [PMID: 24031639 PMCID: PMC3768947 DOI: 10.1590/s1517-83822011000100042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2010] [Revised: 04/23/2010] [Accepted: 06/21/2010] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus mutans (S. mutans), harboring biofilm formation, considered as a main aetiological factor of dental caries. Gtf genes play an important role in S. mutans biofilm formation. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of Lactobacillus acidophilus–derived biosurfactant on S. mutans biofilm formation and gtfB/C expression level (S. mutans standard strain ATCC35668 and isolated S. mutans strain (22) from dental plaque). The Lactobacillus acidophilus (L. acidophilus) DSM 20079 was selected as a probiotic strain to produce biosurfactant. The FTIR analysis of its biosurfactant showed that it appears to have a protein-like component. Due to the release of such biosurfactants, L. acidophilus was able to interfere in the adhesion and biofilm formation of the S. mutans to glass slide. It also could make streptococcal chains shorter. Using realtime RT-PCR quantitation method made it clear that gtfB and gtfC gene expression were decreased in the presence of L. acidophilus–derived biosurfactant fraction. Several properties of S. mutans cells (the surface properties, biofilm formation, adhesion ability and gene expression) were changed after L. acidophilus- derived biosurfactant treatment. It is also concluded that biosurfacant treatment can provide an optional way to control biofilm development. On the basis of our findings, we can suggest that the prepared biosurfactant may interfere with adhesion processes of S. mutans to teeth surfaces, provided additional evaluation produce satisfactory results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arezoo Tahmourespour
- Assistant Professor of Microbiology, Islamic Azad University-Khorasgan branch , Isfahan , Iran
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Pandit S, Kim HJ, Song KY, Jeon JG. Relationship between fluoride concentration and activity against virulence factors and viability of a cariogenic biofilm: in vitro study. Caries Res 2013; 47:539-47. [PMID: 23774608 DOI: 10.1159/000348519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2012] [Accepted: 01/30/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite widespread use of various concentrations of fluoride for the prevention of dental caries, the relationship between fluoride concentration and activity against cariogenic biofilms has not been much studied. Herein we investigated the relationship between fluoride concentration and activity against virulence factors and viability of Streptococcus mutans biofilms. S. mutans biofilms were formed on saliva-coated hydroxyapatite discs. The 70-hour-old biofilms were exposed to 0, 1, 3, 10, 30, 100, 300, 1,000 or 2,000 ppm F(-). The changes of virulence factors and viability of the biofilms were analyzed using biochemical methods and laser scanning confocal fluorescence microscopy. At 1-2,000 ppm F(-), the activity of fluoride against acid production, acid tolerance, and extracellular polysaccharide formation of S. mutans biofilms accurately followed a sigmoidal pattern of concentration dependence (R(2) = 0.94-0.99), with EC50 values ranging from 3.07 to 24.7 ppm F(-). Generally, the activity of fluoride against the virulence factors was concentration-dependently augmented in 10-100 ppm F(-) and did not increase further at concentrations higher than 100 ppm F(-). However, fluoride did not alter glucosyltransferase activity and viability of S. mutans biofilm cells in all concentrations tested. These results can provide a basis for the selection of appropriate fluoride concentrations that reduce the physiological ability of cariogenic biofilms.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Pandit
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, School of Dentistry and Institute of Oral Bioscience, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, Republic of Korea
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Novel antibiofilm chemotherapy targets exopolysaccharide synthesis and stress tolerance in Streptococcus mutans to modulate virulence expression in vivo. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2012; 56:6201-11. [PMID: 22985885 DOI: 10.1128/aac.01381-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Fluoride is the mainstay of dental caries prevention, and yet current applications offer incomplete protection and may not effectively address the infectious character of the disease. Therefore, we evaluated the effectiveness of a novel combination therapy (CT; 2 mM myricetin, 4 mM tt-farnesol, 250 ppm of fluoride) that supplements fluoride with naturally occurring, food-derived, antibiofilm compounds. Treatment regimens simulating those experienced clinically (twice daily for ≤60 s) were used both in vitro over a saliva-coated hydroxyapatite biofilm model and in vivo with a rodent model of dental caries. The effectiveness of CT was evaluated based on the incidence and severity of carious lesions (compared to fluoride or vehicle control). We found that CT was superior to fluoride (positive control, P < 0.05); topical applications dramatically reduced caries development in Sprague-Dawley rats, all without altering the Streptococcus mutans or total populations within the plaque. We subsequently identified the underlying mechanisms through which applications of CT modulate biofilm virulence. CT targets expression of key Streptococcus mutans genes during biofilm formation in vitro and in vivo. These are associated with exopolysaccharide matrix synthesis (gtfB) and the ability to tolerate exogenous stress (e.g., sloA), which are essential for cariogenic biofilm assembly. We also identified a unique gene (SMU.940) that was severely repressed and may represent a potentially novel target; its inactivation disrupted exopolysaccharide accumulation and matrix development. Altogether, CT may be clinically more effective than current anticaries modalities, targeting expression of bacterial virulence associated with pathogenesis of the disease. These observations may have relevance for development of enhanced therapies against other biofilm-dependent infections.
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Řezanka T, Čejková A, Masák J. Natural Products: Strategic Tools for Modulation of Biofilm Formation. BIOACTIVE NATURAL PRODUCTS 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-444-59530-0.00010-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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Jeon JG, Rosalen PL, Falsetta ML, Koo H. Natural products in caries research: current (limited) knowledge, challenges and future perspective. Caries Res 2011; 45:243-63. [PMID: 21576957 PMCID: PMC3104868 DOI: 10.1159/000327250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 186] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2010] [Accepted: 03/08/2011] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Dental caries is the most prevalent and costly oral infectious disease worldwide. Virulent biofilms firmly attached to tooth surfaces are prime biological factors associated with this disease. The formation of an exopolysaccharide-rich biofilm matrix, acidification of the milieu and persistent low pH at the tooth-biofilm interface are major controlling virulence factors that modulate dental caries pathogenesis. Each one offers a selective therapeutic target for prevention. Although fluoride, delivered in various modalities, remains the mainstay for the prevention of caries, additional approaches are required to enhance its effectiveness. Available antiplaque approaches are based on the use of broad-spectrum microbicidal agents, e.g. chlorhexidine. Natural products offer a rich source of structurally diverse substances with a wide range of biological activities, which could be useful for the development of alternative or adjunctive anticaries therapies. However, it is a challenging approach owing to complex chemistry and isolation procedures to derive active compounds from natural products. Furthermore, most of the studies have been focused on the general inhibitory effects on glucan synthesis as well as on bacterial metabolism and growth, often employing methods that do not address the pathophysiological aspects of the disease (e.g. bacteria in biofilms) and the length of exposure/retention in the mouth. Thus, the true value of natural products in caries prevention and/or their exact mechanisms of action remain largely unknown. Nevertheless, natural substances potentially active against virulent properties of cariogenic organisms have been identified. This review focuses on gaps in the current knowledge and presents a model for investigating the use of natural products in anticaries chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- J-G Jeon
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, BK 21 Program, School of Dentistry and Institute of Oral Bioscience, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, Republic of Korea
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Tahmourespour A, Salehi R, Kermanshahi RK, Eslami G. The anti-biofouling effect of Lactobacillus fermentum-derived biosurfactant against Streptococcus mutans. BIOFOULING 2011; 27:385-392. [PMID: 21526440 DOI: 10.1080/08927014.2011.575458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Biofouling in the oral cavity often causes serious problems. The ability of Streptococcus mutans to synthesize extracellular glucans from sucrose using glucosyltransferases (gtfs) is vital for the initiation and progression of dental caries. Recently, it was demonstrated that some biological compounds, such as secondary metabolites of probiotic bacteria, have an anti-biofouling effect. In this study, S. mutans was investigated for the anti-biofouling effect of Lactobacillus fermentum (L.f.)-derived biosurfactant. It was hypothesized that two enzymes produced by S. mutans, glucosyltransferases B and C, would be inhibited by the L.f.-biosurfactant. When these two enzymes were inhibited, fewer biofilms (or none) were formed. RNA was extracted from a 48-h biofilm of S. mutans formed in the presence or absence of L.f. biosurfactant, and the gene expression level of gtfB/C was quantified using the real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). L.f. biosurfactant showed substantial anti-biofouling activity because it reduced the process of attachment and biofilm production and also showed a reduction in gtfB/C gene expression (P value < 0.05).
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Affiliation(s)
- A Tahmourespour
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Khorasgan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Isfahan, Iran.
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