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McKenna MC. A tribute to John Edmond: His leadership role in founding the International Conference on Brain Energy Metabolism (ICBEM) meetings and key contributions to substrate metabolism in brain cells. J Neurochem 2024; 168:450-454. [PMID: 37697696 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.15951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Accepted: 08/19/2023] [Indexed: 09/13/2023]
Abstract
This is a tribute to John Edmond, professor emeritus of biological chemistry in the David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, a renowned neurochemist who had a leadership role in founding the ICBEM meeting series in 1993. John was known for his very warm and engaging personality and his innovative approaches to studying the developing brain and auditory system. He was a brilliant scientist and a fun and delightful person. Without John Edmond's enthusiasm and contributions, we would not have the biennial ICBEM meetings which as noted by Dienel et al. "have had a high impact on conceptual and experimental advances" … "in the energetics and metabolism underlying neural functions"… and "on promoting collaborative interactions among neuroscientists." Sadly, John Edmond passed away on February 18, 2022, following a cerebral hemorrhage. He will be greatly missed by his colleagues and friends.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary C McKenna
- Department of Pediatrics and Program in Neuroscience, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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2
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Imosemi IO. Aquoeus Extracts of Daucus Carota (Linn) Protected the Postnatal Developing Cerebellum of Wistar Rats Against Arsenic-Induced Oxidative Stress. Niger J Physiol Sci 2021; 36:211-220. [PMID: 35947743 DOI: 10.54548/njps.v36i2.10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2020] [Accepted: 01/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The neuroprotective effects of the aqueous extract of Daucus carota (Dc) tuber against arsenic-induced oxidative damage on the developing cerebellum of Wistar rats were studied. Twenty-five pregnant rats (110-200g) were divided into five groups (n=5) - control received distilled water; Arsenic (As); Dc (200mg/kg); Dc (200mg/kg) +As; Vitamin C (Vc) (100mg/kg) +As. The pregnant rats in all the groups were treated orally from the first day of pregnancy to postnatal day 21. The Dc extract and Vc were administered one hour before the administration of As. Body weight of the pups on days 1, 7, 14, 21 and 28 were recorded, while neurobehavioural (forelimb grip strength and negative geotaxis) tests were done on day 21 pups. The rats were sacrificed and cerebellar tissues were collected for oxidative stress, histological (H and E), and immunohistochemical studies. Decreased forelimb grip strength, increased lipid peroxidation and decreased glutathione, glutathione peroxidase, catalase and superoxide dismutase was observed in the As group compared with the control and other treated groups. Histologically, the cerebellar cortex of the As pups showed persistent external granular layer (EGL) on postnatal day 21, reduced thickness of the molecular layer (ML) on postnatal day 28, pyknotic and depleted Purkinje cells compared with the control and other treated rats. Immunohistochemical evaluations of the cerebellar cortex showed astroliosis in the As-treated group on day 21 pups compared with the control and other treated groups. Aqueous extracts of Daucus carota and Vitamin C reversed the toxicity caused by arsenic. From the results of the study, arsenic-induced oxidative stress with morphological alterations in the perinatal developing rat cerebellum. Extracts of Daucus carota exhibited antioxidant activity as such may be a potential neuroprotective agent.
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Pires JM, Foresti ML, Silva CS, Rêgo DB, Calió ML, Mosini AC, Nakamura TKE, Leslie ATF, Mello LE. Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Systemic Inflammation in the Neonatal Period Increases Microglial Density and Oxidative Stress in the Cerebellum of Adult Rats. Front Cell Neurosci 2020; 14:142. [PMID: 32581717 PMCID: PMC7283979 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2020.00142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2020] [Accepted: 04/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory processes occurring in the perinatal period may affect different brain regions, resulting in neurologic sequelae. Injection of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) at different neurodevelopmental stages produces long-term consequences in several brain structures, but there is scarce evidence regarding alterations in the cerebellum. The aim of this study was to evaluate the long-term consequences on the cerebellum of a systemic inflammatory process induced by neonatal LPS injection. For this, neonatal rats were randomly assigned to three different groups: naïve, sham, and LPS. Saline (sham group) or LPS solution (1 mg/kg) was intraperitoneally injected on alternate postnatal days (PN) PN1, PN3, PN5, and PN7. Spontaneous activity was evaluated with the open field test in adulthood. The cerebellum was evaluated for different parameters: microglial and Purkinje cell densities, oxidative stress levels, and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) mRNA expression. Our results show that administration of LPS did not result in altered spontaneous activity in adult animals. Our data also indicate increased oxidative stress in the cerebellum, as evidenced by an increase in superoxide fluorescence by dihydroethidium (DHE) indicator. Stereological analyses indicated increased microglial density in the cerebellum that was not accompanied by Purkinje cell loss or altered TNF-α expression in adult animals. Interestingly, Purkinje cells ectopically positioned in the granular and molecular layers of the cerebellum were observed in animals of the LPS group. Our data suggest that neonatal LPS exposure causes persistent cellular and molecular changes to the cerebellum, indicating the susceptibility of this region to systemic inflammatory insults in infancy. Further investigation of the consequences of these changes and the development of strategies to avoid those should be subject of future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Maira Licia Foresti
- Physiology Department, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.,Instituto D'Or de Pesquisa e Ensino, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Amanda Cristina Mosini
- Physiology Department, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.,Associação Brasileira de Epilepsia, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | | | - Luiz Eugênio Mello
- Physiology Department, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.,Instituto D'Or de Pesquisa e Ensino, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Badran M, Laher I. Waterpipe (shisha, hookah) smoking, oxidative stress and hidden disease potential. Redox Biol 2020; 34:101455. [PMID: 32086009 PMCID: PMC7327957 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2020.101455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2020] [Revised: 01/27/2020] [Accepted: 02/06/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Due to the abundant research on the harmful effects of cigarette smoking and the strict regulations enacted by many health authorities, many smokers are seeking for safer and more acceptable tobacco forms. Waterpipe (also known as shisha or hookah) use has increased dramatically during the past decade, mostly due to its improved taste, lack of regulations and social acceptability as a safer option than cigarettes. However, recent clinical and experimental studies indicate that waterpipe use is as, or even more, harmful than cigarettes. Although they differ in the method of consumption, waterpipe tobacco has similar deleterious constituents found in cigarettes but are generated at greater amounts. These constituents are known to induce oxidative stress and inflammation, the major underlying mechanisms of a wide array of chronic pathological conditions. We review the relationship between waterpipe tobacco use and oxidative stress and the disease potential of waterpipe use. Waterpipe tobacco smoking is growing in popularity globally, since it is thought to be a safer alternative to cigarette smoking. The amount of harmful substances produced from one waterpipe smoking session are greater than found in a standard cigarette. Waterpipe smoking can cause oxidative stress and inflammation, which precede and exacerbate multiple pathological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Badran
- Department of Child Health and Child Health Research Institute, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Ismail Laher
- Department of Anesthesiology, Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
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Erukainure OL, Ijomone OM, Sanni O, Aschner M, Islam MS. Type 2 diabetes induced oxidative brain injury involves altered cerebellar neuronal integrity and elemental distribution, and exacerbated Nrf2 expression: therapeutic potential of raffia palm (Raphia hookeri) wine. Metab Brain Dis 2019; 34:1385-1399. [PMID: 31201727 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-019-00444-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2018] [Accepted: 05/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer's disease have been recognized as one of the microvascular complications of type 2 diabetes (T2D). In this study, the effect of T2D on neuronal integrity and elemental distribution in the cerebellar cortex, as well as the therapeutic effect of Raffia Palm (Raphia hookeri) wine (RPW) were investigated in male albino rats. T2D was induced in 4 groups of rats using fructose and streptozotocin. One group served as negative control which was administered water, the second and third group were administered 150 and 300 mg/kg bodyweight of RPW, while the fourth was administered metformin (200 mg/kg bodyweight). Two other groups of normal rats were administered distilled water (control) and of RPW (300 mg/kg bodyweight). The rats were sacrificed after 5 weeks of treatment, and brains were collected. The cerebellum was removed, and several parts analyzed by immunochemistry, histology and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Remaining brain tissues were used to analyze for the oxidative stress biomarkers and acetylcholinesterase activity. These analyses revealed oxidative damage with concomitantly increased acetylcholinesterase activity and upregulation of Nrf2 expression in the diabetic brain cerebellar cortexes. Histological and microscopic analysis also revealed altered distribution of neurons and axonal nodes with concomitant elevated levels of several heavy metals. Treatment with RPW significantly elevated glutathione (GSH) level, superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase activities, as well as depleted acetylcholinesterase and malondialdehyde (MDA) level and concomitantly inhibited Nrf2 expression. It also improved neuronal integrity and reduced the levels of heavy metals in brain. Taken together, the results of this study suggest that the RPW may afford a novel neuroprotective potential against diabetic neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ochuko L Erukainure
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, (Westville Campus), Durban, 4000, South Africa
- Nutrition and Toxicology Division, Federal Institute of Industrial Research, Lagos, Nigeria
| | - Omamuyovwi M Ijomone
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Human Anatomy, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria
| | - Olakunle Sanni
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, (Westville Campus), Durban, 4000, South Africa
| | - Michael Aschner
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Md Shahidul Islam
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, (Westville Campus), Durban, 4000, South Africa.
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Effect of waterpipe tobacco smoke exposure during lactation on learning and memory of offspring rats: Role of oxidative stress. Life Sci 2019; 227:58-63. [PMID: 31009626 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2019.04.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2019] [Revised: 04/12/2019] [Accepted: 04/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
AIMS The prevalence of waterpipe tobacco smoking is increasing among breastfeeding women. Herein, the effect of maternal waterpipe tobacco smoke (WTS) exposure during lactation on learning and memory of adult offspring rats was examined. MAIN METHODS Lactating rats received either fresh air or mainstream WTS (1 h twice daily) from day 4 to day 21. Learning and memory was examined by the radial arm water maze and the levels of brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and oxidative stress biomarkers superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), catalase and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) were assessed in the hippocampus of adult male offspring rats. KEY FINDINGS Maternal exposure to WTS during lactation impaired the long-term memory and reduced levels of BDNF (P < 0.05) in hippocampus in adult male offspring rats. The activity of SOD, GPx and catalase were reduced (P < 0.05) while level of TBARS was increased (P < 0.05). SIGNIFICANCE Maternal WTS exposure during lactation impaired the long-term memory of adult male offspring that was associated with low levels of BDNF and altered oxidative stress balance. Therefore, careful measures should be taken to enhance waterpipe smoking cessation during breastfeeding.
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Erukainure OL, Ijomone OM, Oyebode OA, Chukwuma CI, Aschner M, Islam MS. Hyperglycemia-induced oxidative brain injury: Therapeutic effects of Cola nitida infusion against redox imbalance, cerebellar neuronal insults, and upregulated Nrf2 expression in type 2 diabetic rats. Food Chem Toxicol 2019; 127:206-217. [PMID: 30914353 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2019.03.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2019] [Revised: 03/20/2019] [Accepted: 03/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The therapeutic effect of the hot water infusion of Cola nitida against hyperglycemia-induced neurotoxicity, cerebellar neurodegeneration and elemental deregulations was investigated in fructose-streptozotocin induced rat model of type 2 diabetes (T2D). A diabetic group was administered drinking water, two other diabetic groups were treated with C. nitida at 150 and 300 mg/kg bodyweight respectively, while another group was administered metformin (200 mg/kg bodyweight). Two other groups consisting of normal rats, were administered drinking water and C. nitida (300 mg/kg bodyweight). After 6 weeks of treatment, their brains were collected. Treatment with C. nitida led to suppression of oxidative stress, significantly elevating reduced glutathione (GSH) levels, superoxide dismutase and catalase activities, concomitant with depletion of malondialdehyde (MDA) levels. Acetylcholinesterase and ATPase activities were significantly inhibited in C. nitida-treated diabetic rats. Histological and microscopic analysis also revealed a restorative effect of C. nitida on T2D-altered distribution of elements, neurons and axonal nodes. Treatment with C. nitida also led to significant inhibition of Nrf2 expression in the cerebellar cortex. These results suggest the therapeutic effects of C. nitida in maintenance of the neuronal integrity and antioxidant status of the brain in T2D. These neuroprotective activities can be attributed to the identified alkaloid, caffeine in the infusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ochuko L Erukainure
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, (Westville Campus), Durban, 4000, South Africa; Nutrition and Toxicology Division, Federal Institute of Industrial Research, Lagos, Nigeria
| | - Omamuyovwi M Ijomone
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, USA; Department of Human Anatomy, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria
| | - Olajumoke A Oyebode
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, (Westville Campus), Durban, 4000, South Africa
| | - Chika I Chukwuma
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, (Westville Campus), Durban, 4000, South Africa; Department of Health and Environmental Sciences, Central University of Technology, Bloemfontein, South Africa
| | - Michael Aschner
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, USA
| | - Md Shahidul Islam
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, (Westville Campus), Durban, 4000, South Africa.
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Agyemang AA, Sveinsdóttir K, Vallius S, Sveinsdóttir S, Bruschettini M, Romantsik O, Hellström A, Smith LEH, Ohlsson L, Holmqvist B, Gram M, Ley D. Cerebellar Exposure to Cell-Free Hemoglobin Following Preterm Intraventricular Hemorrhage: Causal in Cerebellar Damage? Transl Stroke Res 2017; 8:10.1007/s12975-017-0539-1. [PMID: 28601919 PMCID: PMC5590031 DOI: 10.1007/s12975-017-0539-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2017] [Accepted: 05/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Decreased cerebellar volume is associated with intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH) in very preterm infants and may be a principal component in neurodevelopmental impairment. Cerebellar deposition of blood products from the subarachnoid space has been suggested as a causal mechanism in cerebellar underdevelopment following IVH. Using the preterm rabbit pup IVH model, we evaluated the effects of IVH induced at E29 (3 days prior to term) on cerebellar development at term-equivalent postnatal day 0 (P0), term-equivalent postnatal day 2 (P2), and term-equivalent postnatal day 5 (P5). Furthermore, the presence of cell-free hemoglobin (Hb) in cerebellar tissue was characterized, and cell-free Hb was evaluated as a causal factor in the development of cerebellar damage following preterm IVH. IVH was associated with a decreased proliferative (Ki67-positive) portion of the external granular layer (EGL), delayed Purkinje cell maturation, and activated microglia in the cerebellar white matter. In pups with IVH, immunolabeling of the cerebellum at P0 demonstrated a widespread presence of cell-free Hb, primarily distributed in the white matter and the molecular layer. Intraventricular injection of the Hb scavenger haptoglobin (Hp) resulted in a corresponding distribution of immunolabeled Hp in the cerebellum and a partial reversal of the damaging effects observed following IVH. The results suggest that cell-free Hb is causally involved in cerebellar damage following IVH and that blocking cell-free Hb may have protective effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex Adusei Agyemang
- Pediatrics, Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Skåne University Hospital, Lund University, BMC C14, SE-221 84, Lund, Sweden
| | - Kristbjörg Sveinsdóttir
- Pediatrics, Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Skåne University Hospital, Lund University, BMC C14, SE-221 84, Lund, Sweden
| | - Suvi Vallius
- Pediatrics, Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Skåne University Hospital, Lund University, BMC C14, SE-221 84, Lund, Sweden
| | - Snjolaug Sveinsdóttir
- Pediatrics, Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Skåne University Hospital, Lund University, BMC C14, SE-221 84, Lund, Sweden
| | - Matteo Bruschettini
- Pediatrics, Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Skåne University Hospital, Lund University, BMC C14, SE-221 84, Lund, Sweden
| | - Olga Romantsik
- Pediatrics, Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Skåne University Hospital, Lund University, BMC C14, SE-221 84, Lund, Sweden
| | - Ann Hellström
- Department of Ophthalmology, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Lois E H Smith
- Department of Ophthalmology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | | | - Magnus Gram
- Pediatrics, Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Skåne University Hospital, Lund University, BMC C14, SE-221 84, Lund, Sweden
- Infection Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - David Ley
- Pediatrics, Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Skåne University Hospital, Lund University, BMC C14, SE-221 84, Lund, Sweden.
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Lopez IA, Acuna D, Edmond J. Modulatory Effects of Mild Carbon Monoxide Exposure in the Developing Mouse Cochlea. Neurochem Res 2016; 42:151-165. [PMID: 26993631 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-016-1882-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2015] [Revised: 02/29/2016] [Accepted: 03/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Carbon monoxide (CO) is well known as a highly toxic poison at high concentrations, yet in physiologic amounts it is an endogenous biological messenger in organs such as the internal ear and brain. In this study we tested the hypothesis that chronic very mild CO exposure at concentrations 25-ppm increases the expression of oxidative stress protecting enzymes within the cellular milieu of the developing inner ear (cochlea) of the normal CD-1 mouse. In addition we tested also the hypothesis that CO can decrease the pre-existing condition of oxidative stress in the mouse model for the human medical condition systemic lupus erythematosus by increasing two protective enzymes heme-oxygenase-1 (HO-1), and superoxide dismutase-2 (SOD-2). CD-1 and MRL/lpr mice were exposed to mild CO concentrations (25 ppm in air) from prenatal only and prenatal followed by early postnatal day 5 to postnatal day 20. The expression of cell markers specific for oxidative stress, and related neural/endothelial markers were investigated at the level of the gene products by immunohistochemistry, proteomics and mRNA expression (quantitative real time-PCR). We found that in the CD-1 and MRL/lpr mouse cochlea SOD-2 and HO-1 were upregulated. In this mouse model of autoimmune disease defense mechanism are attenuated, thus mild CO exposure is beneficial. Several genes (mRNA) and proteins detected by proteomics involved in cellular protection were upregulated in the CO exposed CD-1 mouse and the MRL/lpr mouse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan A Lopez
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, 35-64 Rehabilitation Center, 1000 Veteran Avenue, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA.
| | - Dora Acuna
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, 35-64 Rehabilitation Center, 1000 Veteran Avenue, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - John Edmond
- Department of Biological Chemistry, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, 951737, 310 BSRB, 615 Charles E Young Drive South, Los Angeles, CA, 90095-1737, USA
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Vorasubin N, Hosokawa S, Hosokawa K, Ishiyama G, Ishiyama A, Lopez IA. Neuroglobin immunoreactivity in the human cochlea. Brain Res 2015; 1630:56-63. [PMID: 26556771 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2015.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2015] [Revised: 10/29/2015] [Accepted: 11/02/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Neuroglobin (Ngb) is an oxygen-binding protein with a demonstrated role in endogenous neuroprotective mechanisms. It has been shown to function as a scavenger for reactive oxidizing species thereby assisting in cellular defense against oxidative stress. In the present study, we characterized the presence of Ngb in the human cochlea. Immunohistochemical staining was performed on formalin fixed celloidin human cochlea sections obtained from human temporal bones, using affinity purified polyclonal antibodies against Ngb. Thirty-six temporal bones were analyzed, 15 with normal otologic histories and 21 diagnosed with different inner ear pathologies. Ngb immunoreactivity (Ngb-IR) was consistently expressed in the neurons of spiral ganglia (SG) and supporting cells of the organ of Corti. There was a significant decrease of Ngb-IR in SGNs from specimens with inner ear pathologies when compared to normal specimens. In contrast, Ngb-IR in the organ of Corti did not show significant changes between pathological and normal specimens. The differential pattern of Ngb expression in these cochlear structures suggests that Ngb may participate in defense mechanisms in inner ear pathologies where oxidative stress is involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nopawan Vorasubin
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1624, USA
| | - Seiji Hosokawa
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1624, USA; Department of Otorhinolaryngology/Head and Neck Surgery, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan
| | - Kumiko Hosokawa
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1624, USA; Department of Otorhinolaryngology/Head and Neck Surgery, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan
| | - Gail Ishiyama
- Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1624, USA
| | - Akira Ishiyama
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1624, USA
| | - Ivan A Lopez
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1624, USA.
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11
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Liu W, Zheng Q, Wang Y, Han X, Yuan L, Zhao M. Transplantation of olfactory ensheathing cells attenuates acute carbon monoxide poisoning-induced brain damages in rats. Neurochem Res 2014; 40:70-80. [PMID: 25370793 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-014-1467-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2014] [Revised: 10/22/2014] [Accepted: 10/27/2014] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
In this study, the therapeutic effect of olfactory ensheathing cells (OEC) transplantation on brain damage was evaluated on acute carbon monoxide (CO) poisoning rat model. Two weeks after primary culture, OECs were microinjected into hippocampus of CO poisoning rats. Survival of OECs in the host was observed and quantified. OECs survived at 2 weeks, but surviving cell number was found sharply decreased at 6 weeks and reduced to less than 10(3) at 8 weeks after transplantation. At 2 weeks after transplantation, motor function test and cerebral edema assay were performed and followed by pathological examination including hematoxylin and eosin and immunohistochemistry staining to observe the neuron injury and synapsin I and growth associated protein-43 (GAP-43) expression. Furthermore, biomarkers of oxidative stress and apoptosis related proteins in the hippocampus were detected. The results showed that CO exposure led to neurological dysfunction and cerebral edema in rats. After OEC transplantation, neurological function was significantly improved and the cerebral edema was alleviated. In addition, the numbers of neurons and Nissl bodies were increased and synapsin I and GAP-43 protein expressions were upregulated in the hippocampus. Compared with CO poisoned rats, superoxide dismutase activity and glutathione content were both increased and methane dicarboxylic aldehyde level was decreased in the hippocampus of OEC transplanted rats. Moreover, OEC transplantation reduced apoptosis induced by CO exposure. The Bcl-2 expression was significantly upregulated and Bax expression was significantly downregulated. The activity of caspase-3 and the cleaved-poly ADP-ribose polymerase expression were decreased. Taken together, our data suggest that OEC attenuates brain damages induced by acute CO poisoning within 2 weeks after transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Liu
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, 36 Sanhao Street, Shenyang, 110004, People's Republic of China
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Akyol S, Erdogan S, Idiz N, Celik S, Kaya M, Ucar F, Dane S, Akyol O. The role of reactive oxygen species and oxidative stress in carbon monoxide toxicity: an in-depth analysis. Redox Rep 2014; 19:180-9. [PMID: 24773392 DOI: 10.1179/1351000214y.0000000094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The underlying mechanism of the central nervous system (CNS) injury after acute carbon monoxide (CO) poisoning is interlaced with multiple factors including apoptosis, abnormal inflammatory responses, hypoxia, and ischemia/reperfusion-like problems. One of the current hypotheses with regard to the molecular mechanism of CO poisoning is the oxidative injury induced by reactive oxygen species, free radicals, and neuronal nitric oxide. Up to now, the relevant mechanism of this injury remains poorly understood. The weakening of antioxidant systems and the increase of lipid peroxidation in the CNS have been implicated, however. Accordingly, in this review, we will highlight the relationship between oxidative stress and CO poisoning from the perspective of forensic toxicology and molecular toxicology.
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13
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Akdemir HU, Yardan T, Kati C, Duran L, Alacam H, Yavuz Y, Okuyucu A. The role of S100B protein, neuron-specific enolase, and glial fibrillary acidic protein in the evaluation of hypoxic brain injury in acute carbon monoxide poisoning. Hum Exp Toxicol 2014; 33:1113-20. [PMID: 24505052 DOI: 10.1177/0960327114521049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The main purpose of this study was to assess the role of S100B protein, neuron-specific enolase (NSE), and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) in the evaluation of hypoxic brain injury in acute carbon monoxide (CO)-poisoned patients. This cross-sectional study was conducted among the patients with acute CO poisoning who referred to the emergency department in a 1-year period. Serum levels of S100B protein, NSE, and GFAP were determined on admission. A total of 55 CO-poisoned patients (mean age ± standard deviation, 45 ± 20.3 years; 60% women) were included in the study. The control group consisted of 25 healthy adults. The patients were divided into two groups according to whether they were conscious or unconscious. The serum levels of S100B, NSE, and GFAP were higher in patients than that in the control group. There was no significant difference between unconscious and conscious patients with respect to these markers. There was a statistically significant difference between the conscious and unconscious patients and the control group in terms of S100B and NSE levels. There was also a statistically significant difference between the unconscious patients and the control group in terms of GFAP levels. Increased serum S100B, NSE, and GFAP levels are associated with acute CO poisoning. These biomarkers can be useful in assessing the clinical status of patients with CO poisoning.
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Affiliation(s)
- H U Akdemir
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Emergency Medicine, Ondokuz Mayis University, Samsun, Turkey
| | - T Yardan
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Emergency Medicine, Ondokuz Mayis University, Samsun, Turkey
| | - C Kati
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Emergency Medicine, Ondokuz Mayis University, Samsun, Turkey
| | - L Duran
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Emergency Medicine, Ondokuz Mayis University, Samsun, Turkey
| | - H Alacam
- Department of Biochemistry, Ondokuz Mayis University, Samsun, Turkey
| | - Y Yavuz
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Emergency Medicine, Ondokuz Mayis University, Samsun, Turkey
| | - A Okuyucu
- Department of Biochemistry, Ondokuz Mayis University, Samsun, Turkey
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Aït-Aïssa S, de Gannes FP, Taxile M, Billaudel B, Hurtier A, Haro E, Ruffié G, Athané A, Veyret B, Lagroye I. In SituExpression of Heat-Shock Proteins and 3-Nitrotyrosine in Brains of Young Rats Exposed to a WiFi SignalIn Uteroand In Early Life. Radiat Res 2013; 179:707-16. [DOI: 10.1667/rr2995.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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15
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Sharov V, Pal R, Dremina E, Michaelis E, Schöneich C. Fluorogenic tagging of protein 3-nitrotyrosine with 4-(aminomethyl)benzene sulfonate in tissues: a useful alternative to Immunohistochemistry for fluorescence microscopy imaging of protein nitration. Free Radic Biol Med 2012; 53:1877-85. [PMID: 22995636 PMCID: PMC3523807 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2012.08.582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2012] [Revised: 08/22/2012] [Accepted: 08/23/2012] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Protein tyrosine nitration is a common biomarker of biological aging and diverse pathologies associated with the excessive formation of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species. Recently, we suggested a novel fluorogenic derivatization procedure for the detection of 3-nitrotyrosine (3-NT) using benzylamine derivatives to convert specifically protein- or peptide-bound 3-NT to a highly fluorescent benzoxazole product. In this study, we applied this procedure to fluorogenic derivatization of protein 3-NT in sections from adult rat cerebellum to: (i) test this method for imaging nitrated proteins in fixed brain tissue sections and (ii) compare the chemical approach to immunohistochemical labeling with anti-3-NT antibodies. Immunofluorescence analysis of cerebellar sections using anti-3-NT antibodies showed differential levels of immunostaining in the molecular, Purkinje, and granule cell layers of the cerebellar cortex; in agreement with previous reports, the Purkinje cells were most highly labeled. Importantly, fluorogenic derivatization reactions of cerebellar proteins with 4-(aminomethyl)benzene sulfonic acid (ABS) and K(3)Fe(CN)(6) at pH 9, after sodium dithionite reduction of 3-NT to 3-aminotyrosine, showed a very similar pattern of relative intensity of cell labeling and improved resolution compared with antibody labeling. Our data demonstrate that ABS derivatization may be either a useful alternative to or a complementary approach to immunolabeling in imaging protein nitration in cells and tissues, including under conditions of dual labeling with antibodies to cell proteins, thus allowing for cellular colocalization of nitrated proteins and any protein of interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- V.S. Sharov
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Kansas, 2095 Constant Avenue, Lawrence, KS 66047, USA
| | - R. Pal
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Kansas, 2095 Constant Avenue, Lawrence, KS 66047, USA
| | - E.S. Dremina
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Kansas, 2095 Constant Avenue, Lawrence, KS 66047, USA
| | - E.K. Michaelis
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Kansas, 2095 Constant Avenue, Lawrence, KS 66047, USA
| | - C. Schöneich
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Kansas, 2095 Constant Avenue, Lawrence, KS 66047, USA
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El-Mousleh T, Casalis PA, Wollenberg I, Zenclussen ML, Volk HD, Langwisch S, Jensen F, Zenclussen AC. Exploring the potential of low doses carbon monoxide as therapy in pregnancy complications. Med Gas Res 2012; 2:4. [PMID: 22348450 PMCID: PMC3837472 DOI: 10.1186/2045-9912-2-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2011] [Accepted: 02/20/2012] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Heme Oxygenase-1 (HO-1) has been shown to play a pivotal role in pregnancy outcome and its ablation leads to abnormal placentation, intrauterine fetal growth restriction (IUGR) and subsequent intrauterine fetal death. Carbon monoxide (CO) has been found to mimic the protective effects of HO-1 activity, rescuing HO-1-deficient fetuses. This gasotransmitter arises in biological systems during the oxidative catabolism of heme by HO. Here, we explored the potential of CO in preventing IUGR and established the optimal doses and therapeutic time window in a clinically relevant mouse model. We additionally investigated the pathways activated upon CO application in vivo. We established 50 ppm as the best lowest dose of CO necessary to prevent growth restriction being the optimal time frame during days 3 to 8 of mouse pregnancy. CO lead to higher fetal and placental weights and avoided fetal death without showing any pathologic effects. CO breathing further suppressed inflammatory responses, diminished placenta apoptosis and complement deposition and regulated placental angiogenesis. Our results confirm the protective role of the HO-1/CO axis and point this gas as an emerging therapeutic possibility which is worth to further explore.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tarek El-Mousleh
- Department of Experimental Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical Faculty, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany.
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17
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Ringman JM, Fithian AT, Gylys K, Cummings JL, Coppola G, Elashoff D, Pratico D, Moskovitz J, Bitan G. Plasma methionine sulfoxide in persons with familial Alzheimer's disease mutations. Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord 2012; 33:219-25. [PMID: 22584618 PMCID: PMC3568669 DOI: 10.1159/000338546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/30/2012] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Convergent evidence suggests that oxidative stress plays a central role in the pathology of Alzheimer's disease (AD). We asked if consequently, oxidation of methionine residues to methionine sulfoxide (MetO) was increased in plasma proteins of persons carrying familial AD (FAD) mutations. METHODS Plasma was collected from 31 persons from families harboring PSEN1 or APP mutations. Using Western blot analysis with a novel anti-MetO polyclonal antibody, MetO levels were measured and compared between FAD mutation carriers (MCs) and non-mutation carrying (NCs) kin. RESULTS A MetO-positive 120-kDa gel band distinguished FAD MCs and NCs (mean 11.4 ± 2.8 vs. 4.0 ± 3.1, p = 0.02). In a subset of subjects for whom both measurements were available, MetO levels correlated well with plasma F2-isoprostane (r = 0.81, p < 0.001) and superoxide dismutase 1 (r = 0.52, p = 0.004) levels. CONCLUSION Our data provide evidence for elevated MetO levels in persons carrying FAD mutations that correlate with other indices of oxidative stress and suggest that plasma oxidative stress markers may be useful for diagnosis of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- John M. Ringman
- Mary S. Easton Center for Alzheimer’s Disease Research, Department of Neurology, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095
| | - Andrew T. Fithian
- Mary S. Easton Center for Alzheimer’s Disease Research, Department of Neurology, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095
| | - Karen Gylys
- Mary S. Easton Center for Alzheimer’s Disease Research, Department of Neurology, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095,School of Nursing, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095
| | - Jeffrey L. Cummings
- Mary S. Easton Center for Alzheimer’s Disease Research, Department of Neurology, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095
| | - Giovanni Coppola
- Mary S. Easton Center for Alzheimer’s Disease Research, Department of Neurology, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095
| | - David Elashoff
- Mary S. Easton Center for Alzheimer’s Disease Research, Department of Neurology, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095,Department of Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095
| | | | - Jackob Moskovitz
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology School of Pharmacy, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045
| | - Gal Bitan
- Mary S. Easton Center for Alzheimer’s Disease Research, Department of Neurology, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095,Brain Research Institute, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095,Molecular Biology Institute, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095,Corresponding Author: Gal Bitan, Ph.D., David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles, Neuroscience Research Building 1, Room 451, 635 Charles E. Young Drive South, Los Angeles, CA 90095-7334, Phone: 310-206 2082, Fax: 310-206 1700,
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Harduar-Morano L, Watkins S. Review of unintentional non-fire-related carbon monoxide poisoning morbidity and mortality in Florida, 1999-2007. Public Health Rep 2011; 126:240-50. [PMID: 21387954 DOI: 10.1177/003335491112600215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Previous Florida evaluations of carbon monoxide (CO) poisoning have been disaster focused. The majority of prevention messages and risk-factor identification efforts have revolved around hurricane season (June-November). We evaluated the prevalence, risk factors, and causes of CO poisoning within Florida throughout the year to produce a more complete presentation of the burden of CO poisoning. METHODS We obtained data from death certificates, hospital discharge records, and emergency department records. We limited our analysis to unintentional poisonings, calculating rates for age, gender, race, and ethnicity, and reviewing poisoning chronology, location, and exposure situation. RESULTS From 1999 to 2007, 493 people were hospitalized, and 230 individuals died as a result of non-fire-related CO poisoning. From 2005 to 2007, 781 people visited emergency departments for non-fire-related CO poisoning. Rates of severe poisoning resulting in hospitalization or death were highest among the elderly (0.56 visits and 0.63 deaths per 100,000 Floridians). Acute poisoning rates were highest among people 25-34 years of age (2.48 visits per 100,000 Floridians). Poisonings were primarily due to motor vehicle exhaust (21%-69%) and generator exposure (12%-33%), and the majority (50%-70%) occurred within the home. A large number of poisonings (25%-29%) occurred during the winter months, outside of hurricane season. CONCLUSION The findings of this study indicate a need for additional prevention strategies in conjunction with current activities to more effectively reduce the number of CO poisonings in Florida. Prevention activities should be conducted year-round, and additional strategies should include public awareness of the hazards of motor vehicle exhaust.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurel Harduar-Morano
- Division of Environmental Health, Florida Department of Health, Tallahassee, FL 32399, USA
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Ishiyama G, Lopez IA, Beltran-Parrazal L, Ishiyama A. Immunohistochemical localization and mRNA expression of aquaporins in the macula utriculi of patients with Meniere's disease and acoustic neuroma. Cell Tissue Res 2010; 340:407-19. [PMID: 20461409 PMCID: PMC2882038 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-010-0975-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2009] [Accepted: 03/31/2010] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Meniere's disease is nearly invariably associated with endolymphatic hydrops (the net accumulation of water in the inner ear endolymphatic space). Vestibular maculae utriculi were acquired from patients undergoing surgery for Meniere's disease and acoustic neuroma and from autopsy (subjects with normal hearing and balance). Quantitative immunostaining was conducted with antibodies against aquaporins (AQPs) 1, 4, and 6, Na(+)K(+)ATPase, Na(+)K(+)2Cl co-transporter (NKCC1), and alpha-syntrophin. mRNA was extracted from the surgically acquired utricles from subjects with Meniere's disease and acoustic neuroma to conduct quantitative real-time reverse transcription with polymerase chain reaction for AQP1, AQP4, and AQP6. AQP1 immunoreactivity (-IR) was located in blood vessels and fibrocytes in the underlying stroma, without any apparent alteration in Meniere's specimens when compared with acoustic neuroma and autopsy specimens. AQP4-IR localized to the epithelial basolateral supporting cells in Meniere's disease, acoustic neuroma, and autopsy. In specimens from subjects with Meniere's disease, AQP4-IR was significantly decreased compared with autopsy and acoustic neuroma specimens. AQP6-IR occurred in the sub-apical vestibular supporting cells in acoustic neuroma and autopsy samples. However, in Meniere's disease specimens, AQP6-IR was significantly increased and diffusely redistributed throughout the supporting cell cytoplasm. Na(+)K(+)ATPase, NKCC1, and alpha-syntrophin were expressed within sensory epithelia and were unaltered in Meniere's disease specimens. Expression of AQP1, AQP4, or AQP6 mRNA did not differ in vestibular endorgans from patients with Meniere's disease. Changes in AQP4 (decreased) and AQP6 (increased) expression in Meniere's disease specimens suggest that the supporting cell might be a cellular target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gail Ishiyama
- Neurology Department, Division of Head and Neck, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
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Beltran-Parrazal L, Acuna D, Ngan AM, Kim E, Ngan A, Kawakami K, Edmond J, Lopez IA. Neuroglobin, cytoglobin, and transcriptional profiling of hypoxia-related genes in the rat cerebellum after prenatal chronic very mild carbon monoxide exposure (25 ppm). Brain Res 2010; 1330:61-71. [PMID: 20230802 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2010.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2009] [Revised: 03/02/2010] [Accepted: 03/03/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The expression of neuroglobin (Ngb) and cytoglobin (Cygb), two recently discovered globins with a potential neuroprotective activity against hypoxia and oxidative stress, was investigated in the cerebellum of young rats (postnatal day 20) after being exposed to chronic mild carbon monoxide (CO) at 25 ppm during prenatal (group A), prenatal and postnatal (group B), the postnatal period only (group C), and air (group D). The expression of genes associated with hypoxia signaling pathways was also investigated in the rat cerebella by real-time RT-PCR after CO exposure. Ngb and Cygb mRNAs did not change in any CO-exposed group. Quantitative immunohistochemistry showed no significant change in Ngb protein; however, there was a significant increase of Cygb protein in rats from groups A, B, and C when compared with group D. In group B, genes related to the generation of reactive oxygen species (Nos2) and lipid metabolism (Apat2) were upregulated. In contrast, no changes were found in the expression of 8 genes typically upregulated by hypoxic conditions (Angptl4, Arnt2, Casp1, Crebbp, Hif1a, Hif3a, Mt3, or Vegfa) in any CO-exposed group, suggesting that hypoxia-related gene expression is not altered by this mild CO exposure. Cygb but not Ngb may protect cerebellar cells from the chronic presence of CO exposure during prenatal and postnatal development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Beltran-Parrazal
- Department of Surgery, Division of Head & Neck, UCLA, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
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Neuroglobin expression in the cochlea of rat pups exposed to chronic very mild carbon monoxide (25ppm) in air during and after the prenatal period. Brain Res 2010; 1327:56-68. [PMID: 20211612 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2010.02.078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2009] [Revised: 02/26/2010] [Accepted: 02/26/2010] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The distribution of neuroglobin (Ngb) was investigated in the normal rat cochlea using immunohistochemistry and non-radioactive insitu hybridization. We also determined whether chronic, very mild CO exposure at 25ppm in air over the gestational and postnatal period alters the expression of Ngb. Pregnant rats were exposed chronically to CO from gestational days 5-20. Four groups were made as follows: prenatal exposure to CO only; prenatal exposure to CO followed by postnatal exposure from postnatal days (5) P5 to P20; rat pups were exposed to CO from P5 to P20; controls (air without CO). In normal adult rats and control group pups, Ngb was found in spiral ganglia neurons, fibrocytes of the spiral ligament, and supporting cells of the organ of Corti. Ngb was not present in the stria vascularis and the inner and outer hair cells. At P20 Ngb immunoreactivity and transcript expression decreased in spiral ganglia neurons and the spiral ligament in the prenatal and pre- and postnatal groups. This decrease was not observed in the postnatal group. Ngb-IR did not decrease in supporting cells in any CO group. Cytochrome-C immunoreactivity followed Ngb distribution in normal controls and CO treated groups. A decrease in Ngb in spiral ganglia neurons and rat spiral ligament, but not in supporting cells, following CO exposure supports the idea that chronic, mild exposure to CO may create a vulnerable cellular environment predisposed to adverse cochlear development.
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