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Trushina E, Trushin S, Hasan MF. Mitochondrial complex I as a therapeutic target for Alzheimer's disease. Acta Pharm Sin B 2022; 12:483-495. [PMID: 35256930 PMCID: PMC8897152 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2021.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Revised: 10/01/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD), the most prominent form of dementia in the elderly, has no cure. Strategies focused on the reduction of amyloid beta or hyperphosphorylated Tau protein have largely failed in clinical trials. Novel therapeutic targets and strategies are urgently needed. Emerging data suggest that in response to environmental stress, mitochondria initiate an integrated stress response (ISR) shown to be beneficial for healthy aging and neuroprotection. Here, we review data that implicate mitochondrial electron transport complexes involved in oxidative phosphorylation as a hub for small molecule-targeted therapeutics that could induce beneficial mitochondrial ISR. Specifically, partial inhibition of mitochondrial complex I has been exploited as a novel strategy for multiple human conditions, including AD, with several small molecules being tested in clinical trials. We discuss current understanding of the molecular mechanisms involved in this counterintuitive approach. Since this strategy has also been shown to enhance health and life span, the development of safe and efficacious complex I inhibitors could promote healthy aging, delaying the onset of age-related neurodegenerative diseases.
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Key Words
- AD, Alzheimer's disease
- ADP, adenosine diphosphate
- AIDS, acquired immunodeficiency syndrome
- AMP, adenosine monophosphate
- AMPK, AMP-activated protein kinase
- APP/PS1, amyloid precursor protein/presenilin 1
- ATP, adenosine triphosphate
- Alzheimer's disease
- Aβ, amyloid beta
- BBB, blood‒brain barrier
- BDNF, brain-derived neurotrophic factor
- CP2, tricyclic pyrone compound two
- Complex I inhibitors
- ER, endoplasmic reticulum
- ETC, electron transport chain
- FADH2, flavin adenine dinucleotide
- FDG-PET, fluorodeoxyglucose-positron emission tomography
- GWAS, genome-wide association study
- HD, Huntington's disease
- HIF-1α, hypoxia induced factor 1 α
- Healthy aging
- ISR, integrated stress response
- Integrated stress response
- LTP, long term potentiation
- MCI, mild cognitive impairment
- MPTP, 1-methyl 4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine
- Mitochondria
- Mitochondria signaling
- Mitochondria targeted therapeutics
- NAD+ and NADH, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide
- NF-κB, nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells
- NRF2, nuclear factor E2-related factor 2
- Neuroprotection
- OXPHOS, oxidative phosphorylation
- PD, Parkinson's disease
- PGC1α, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1 alpha
- PMF, proton-motive force
- RNAi, RNA interference
- ROS, reactive oxygen species
- T2DM, type II diabetes mellitus
- TCA, the tricarboxylic acid cycle
- mtDNA, mitochondrial DNA
- mtUPR, mitochondrial unfolded protein response
- pTau, hyper-phosphorylated Tau protein
- ΔpH, proton gradient
- Δψm, mitochondrial membrane potential
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Ochaba J, Morozko EL, O'Rourke JG, Thompson LM. Fractionation for Resolution of Soluble and Insoluble Huntingtin Species. J Vis Exp 2018. [PMID: 29553509 DOI: 10.3791/57082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The accumulation of misfolded proteins is central to pathology in Huntington's disease (HD) and many other neurodegenerative disorders. Specifically, a key pathological feature of HD is the aberrant accumulation of mutant HTT (mHTT) protein into high molecular weight complexes and intracellular inclusion bodies composed of fragments and other proteins. Conventional methods to measure and understand the contributions of various forms of mHTT-containing aggregates include fluorescence microscopy, western blot analysis, and filter trap assays. However, most of these methods are conformation specific, and therefore may not resolve the full state of mHTT protein flux due to the complex nature of aggregate solubility and resolution. For the identification of aggregated mHTT and various modified forms and complexes, separation and solubilization of the cellular aggregates and fragments is mandatory. Here we describe a method to isolate and visualize soluble mHTT, monomers, oligomers, fragments, and an insoluble high molecular weight (HMW) accumulated mHTT species. HMW mHTT tracks with disease progression, corresponds with mouse behavior readouts, and has been beneficially modulated by certain therapeutic interventions1. This approach can be used with mouse brain, peripheral tissues, and cell culture but may be adapted to other model systems or disease contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Ochaba
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, University of California Irvine; UCI MIND, University of California Irvine
| | - Eva L Morozko
- UCI MIND, University of California Irvine; Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California Irvine
| | | | - Leslie M Thompson
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, University of California Irvine; UCI MIND, University of California Irvine; Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California Irvine;
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Bhat ZS, Rather MA, Maqbool M, Lah HU, Yousuf SK, Ahmad Z. α-pyrones: Small molecules with versatile structural diversity reflected in multiple pharmacological activities-an update. Biomed Pharmacother 2017; 91:265-277. [PMID: 28460229 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2017.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2017] [Revised: 03/18/2017] [Accepted: 04/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The investigations in the chemistry and biology of α-pyrone (2-pyrone) are of vital importance as they constitute an essential pharmacophore in many naturally occurring and biologically active synthetic agents. They are a promising class of biorenewable platform chemicals that provide access to an array of chemical products and intermediates. Literature survey reveals that a simple change in the substitution pattern on the 2-pyrone ring system often leads to diverse biological activities. In this review, we present a brief overview of 2-pyrone pharmacophore followed by highlighting their pharmacological properties and potential applicability till date. Particular attention is focused on the distinctive chemotherapeutic activities of 2-pyrones as anti-HIV, anti-TB and anti-cancer agents followed by their potential role against neurodegeneration, hypercholesterolemia, microbial infections, chronic obstructive lung disease, inflammation, antinociception and immunomodulation. Since 2005, when 2-pyrones came in limelight, their detailed pharmacological activities have been well documented. This review has mainly been prepared on the basis of original reports published in recent two decades with an aim to attract the attention of researchers towards this versatile scaffold for future endeavors that may lead to the development of potential drug candidates against above diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zubair Shanib Bhat
- Clinical Microbiology and PK/PD Division, Council of scientific and industrial research (CSIR) -Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine (IIIM), Sanatnagar, Srinagar, 190005, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine (CSIR), Sanatnagar Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir 190005, India
| | - Muzafar Ahmad Rather
- Clinical Microbiology and PK/PD Division, Council of scientific and industrial research (CSIR) -Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine (IIIM), Sanatnagar, Srinagar, 190005, India
| | - Mubashir Maqbool
- Clinical Microbiology and PK/PD Division, Council of scientific and industrial research (CSIR) -Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine (IIIM), Sanatnagar, Srinagar, 190005, India
| | - Hafiz Ul Lah
- Medicinal Chemistry Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Sanatnagar, Srinagar, 190005, India
| | - Syed Khalid Yousuf
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine (CSIR), Sanatnagar Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir 190005, India; Medicinal Chemistry Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Sanatnagar, Srinagar, 190005, India
| | - Zahoor Ahmad
- Clinical Microbiology and PK/PD Division, Council of scientific and industrial research (CSIR) -Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine (IIIM), Sanatnagar, Srinagar, 190005, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine (CSIR), Sanatnagar Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir 190005, India.
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Maezawa I, Zou B, Di Lucente J, Cao WS, Pascual C, Weerasekara S, Zhang M, Xie XS, Hua DH, Jin LW. The Anti-Amyloid-β and Neuroprotective Properties of a Novel Tricyclic Pyrone Molecule. J Alzheimers Dis 2017; 58:559-574. [PMID: 28482635 PMCID: PMC5438482 DOI: 10.3233/jad-161175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
There is an urgent unmet need for new therapeutics for Alzheimer's disease (AD), the most common cause of dementia in the elderly. Therapeutic approaches targeting amyloid-β (Aβ) and its downstream toxicities have become major strategies in AD drug development. We have taken a rational design approach and synthesized a class of tricyclic pyrone (TP) compounds that show anti-Aβ and other neuroprotective actions. The in vivo efficacy of a lead TP named CP2 to ameliorate AD-like pathologies has been shown in mouse models. Here we report the selection and initial characterization of a new lead TP70, which exhibited an anti-Aβ therapeutic index even higher than CP2. Moreover, TP70 was able to reduce oxidative stress, inhibit acyl-coenzyme A:cholesterol acyltransferase (ACAT), and upregulate the expression of ATP-binding cassette subfamily A, member 1 (ABCA1), actions considered neuroprotective in AD. TP70 further showed excellent pharmacokinetic properties, including brain penetration and oral availability. When administered to 5xFAD mice via intraperitoneal or oral route, TP70 enhanced the overall solubility and decreased the level of cerebral Aβ, including both fibrillary and soluble Aβ species. Interestingly, TP70 enhanced N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor-mediated excitatory post-synaptic potential (EPSP) in the hippocampal CA1 area, increased the magnitude of NMDA-dependent hippocampal long-term potentiation (LTP), a cellular model of learning and memory, and prevented the Aβ oligomer-impaired LTP. Significantly, a single dose of TP70 administered to aged 5xFAD mice was effective in mitigating the impaired LTP induction, recorded at 24 h after administration. Our results support a potential of TP70 in clinical development for AD in view of its synergistic neuroprotective actions, ability to positively modulate NMDA receptor-mediated hippocampal plasticity, and favorable pharmacokinetic properties in rodents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Izumi Maezawa
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California Davis Medical Center, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - Bende Zou
- AfaSci Research Laboratory, Redwood City, CA, USA
| | - Jacopo Di Lucente
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California Davis Medical Center, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | | | | | | | - Man Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | | | - Duy H. Hua
- Department of Chemistry, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - Lee-Way Jin
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California Davis Medical Center, Sacramento, CA, USA
- Alzheimer’s Disease Center, University of California Davis Medical Center, Sacramento, CA, USA
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Abstract
Collaborative research projects between chemists, biologists, and medical scientists have inevitably produced many useful drugs, biosensors, and medical instrumentation. Organic chemistry lies at the heart of drug discovery and development. The current range of organic synthetic methodologies allows for the construction of unlimited libraries of small organic molecules for drug screening. In translational research projects, we have focused on the discovery of lead compounds for three major diseases: Alzheimer's disease (AD), breast cancer, and viral infections. In the AD project, we have taken a rational-design approach and synthesized a new class of tricyclic pyrone (TP) compounds that preserve memory and motor functions in amyloid precursor protein (APP)/presenilin-1 (PS1) mice. TPs could protect neuronal death through several possible mechanisms, including their ability to inhibit the formation of both intraneuronal and extracellular amyloid β (Aβ) aggregates, to increase cholesterol efflux, to restore axonal trafficking, and to enhance long-term potentiation (LTP) and restored LTP following treatment with Aβ oligomers. We have also synthesized a new class of gap-junction enhancers, based on substituted quinolines, that possess potent inhibitory activities against breast-cancer cells in vitro and in vivo. Although various antiviral drugs are available, the emergence of viral resistance to existing antiviral drugs and various understudied viral infections, such as norovirus and rotavirus, emphasizes the demand for the development of new antiviral agents against such infections and others. Our laboratories have undertaken these projects for the discovery of new antiviral inhibitors. The discussion of these aforementioned projects may shed light on the future development of drug candidates in the fields of AD, cancer, and viral infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duy H Hua
- Department of Chemistry, 213 CBC Building, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506-040, USA.
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Platt V, Lee DY, Canaria C, Frankel K, Bernstein S, McMurray C. Towards understanding region-specificity of triplet repeat diseases: coupled immunohistology and mass spectrometry imaging. Methods Mol Biol 2013; 1010:213-30. [PMID: 23754228 PMCID: PMC7191641 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-62703-411-1_14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Many trinucleotide repeat disorders exhibit region-specific toxicity within tissues, the basis of which cannot be explained by traditional methods. For example, in Huntington's Disease (HD), the toxic disease-causing protein is ubiquitously expressed. However, only the medium spiny neurons in the striatum are initially targeted for death. Many changes are likely to initiate in these cells at an intracellular and microstructural level long before there is a measureable phenotype, but why some regions of the brain are more susceptible to death is unknown. This chapter describes a method to detect functional changes among brain regions and cell types, and link them directly with region-specific physiology. Due to the neurodegeneration that accompanies many triplet repeat disorders, we focus on the brain, although the methods described in this chapter can be translated to other tissue types. We integrate immunohistology and traditional mass spectrometry with a novel mass spectrometry imaging technique, called nanostructure initiated mass spectrometry (NIMS). When used together, these tools offer unique insights into region-specific physiology of the brain, and a basis for understanding the region-specific toxicity associated with triplet repeat disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virginia Platt
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratories, Life Sciences Division, 1 Cyclotron Rd., Berkeley, CA 94720
| | - Do Yup Lee
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratories, Life Sciences Division, 1 Cyclotron Rd., Berkeley, CA 94720
| | - Christie Canaria
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratories, Life Sciences Division, 1 Cyclotron Rd., Berkeley, CA 94720
| | - Ken Frankel
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratories, Life Sciences Division, 1 Cyclotron Rd., Berkeley, CA 94720
| | - Susan Bernstein
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratories, Life Sciences Division, 1 Cyclotron Rd., Berkeley, CA 94720
| | - Cynthia McMurray
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratories, Life Sciences Division, 1 Cyclotron Rd., Berkeley, CA 94720,Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic and Foundation, 200 First St., Rochester, MN 55905,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic and Foundation, 200 First St., Rochester, MN 55905,Corresponding authors.
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Pokhrel L, Maezawa I, Nguyen TDT, Chang KO, Jin LW, Hua DH. Inhibition of Acyl-CoA: cholesterol acyltransferase (ACAT), overexpression of cholesterol transporter gene, and protection of amyloid β (Aβ) oligomers-induced neuronal cell death by tricyclic pyrone molecules. J Med Chem 2012; 55:8969-73. [PMID: 23025824 DOI: 10.1021/jm3012189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A major effort in Alzheimer's disease therapeutic development has targeted Aβ and downstream events. We have synthesized a small library of tricyclic pyrone compounds. Their protective action in MC65 cells and inhibition of ACAT along with the upregulation of cholesterol transporter gene were investigated. Five active compounds exhibited potencies in the nanomolar ranges. The multiple effects of the compounds on Aβ and cellular cholesterol pathways could be potential mechanisms underlying the protective effects in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laxman Pokhrel
- Department of Chemistry, 213 CBC Building, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66503, USA
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Liu T, Bitan G. Modulating self-assembly of amyloidogenic proteins as a therapeutic approach for neurodegenerative diseases: strategies and mechanisms. ChemMedChem 2012; 7:359-74. [PMID: 22323134 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201100585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2011] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Abnormal protein assembly causes multiple devastating disorders in the central nervous system (CNS), such as Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, Huntington's, and prion diseases. Due to the now extended human lifespan, these diseases have been increasing in prevalence, resulting in major public health problems and the associated financial difficulties worldwide. The wayward proteins that lead to disease self-associate into neurotoxic oligomers and go on to form fibrillar polymers through multiple pathways. Thus, a range of possible targets for pharmacotherapeutic intervention exists along these pathways. Many compounds have shown different levels of effectiveness in inhibiting aberrant self-assembly, dissociating existing aggregates, protecting cells against neurotoxic insults, and in some cases ameliorating disease symptoms in vivo, yet achieving efficient, disease-modifying therapy in humans remains a major unattained goal. To a large degree, this is because the mechanisms of action for these drugs are essentially unknown. For successful design of new effective drugs, it is crucial to elucidate the mechanistic details of their action, including the actual target(s) along the protein aggregation pathways, how the compounds modulate these pathways, and their effect at the cellular, tissue, organ, and organism level. Here, the current knowledge of major mechanisms by which some of the more extensively explored drug candidates work are discussed. In particular, we focus on three prominent strategies: 1) stabilizing the native fold of amyloidogenic proteins, 2) accelerating the aggregation pathways towards the fibrillar endpoint thereby reducing accumulation of toxic oligomers, and 3) modulating the assembly process towards nontoxic oligomers/aggregates. The merit of each strategy is assessed, and the key points to consider when analyzing the efficacy of possible drug candidates and their mechanism of action are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingyu Liu
- Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, 635 Charles E. Young Drive South/NRB 455, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
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Ravache M, Abou-Sleymane G, Trottier Y. [Neurodegenerative polyglutamine expansion diseases: physiopathology and therapeutic strategies]. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 58:357-66. [PMID: 20299163 DOI: 10.1016/j.patbio.2009.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2009] [Accepted: 12/29/2009] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Polyglutamine expansion diseases are adult-onset inherited neurodegenerative disorders that lead to death 10 to 20 years after the first symptoms. Currently, there is no therapy to fight against these diseases. They include Huntington's disease, spinobulbar muscular atrophy, dentatorubral-pallido-luysian atrophy and six types of spino-cerebellar ataxia. The diseases are caused by a unique mutational mechanism: an expansion of the CAG trinucleotide in the corresponding genes coding for an expanded tract of glutamine in the mutated proteins. Polyglutamine expansion confers to the mutant proteins toxic properties that cause neuronal cell death in brain regions specific to each disease. Thanks to cellular and animal models (fly, fish, mouse and rat) of these diseases, we have considerably improved our understanding of the toxic nature of polyglutamine expansion and the physiopathology, and we are now in position to design and test therapeutic strategies to prevent or delay the disease process.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Ravache
- Département de Neurobiologie et Génétique, Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, CNRS/Inserm, université de Strasbourg, BP 10142, 67404 Illkirch cedex, France
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