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Wang Y. Erdr1 Drives Macrophage Programming via Dynamic Interplay with YAP1 and Mid1. Immunohorizons 2024; 8:198-213. [PMID: 38392560 PMCID: PMC10916360 DOI: 10.4049/immunohorizons.2400004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2024] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Erythroid differentiation regulator 1 (Erdr1) is a stress-induced, widely expressed, highly conserved secreted factor found in both humans and mice. Erdr1 is linked with the Hippo-YAP1 signaling. Initially identified as an inducer of hemoglobin synthesis, Erdr1 emerged as a multifunctional protein, especially in immune cells. Although Erdr1 has been implicated in regulating T cells and NK cell function, its role in macrophage remains unclear. This study explored the function and mechanism of Erdr1 in macrophage inflammatory response. The data demonstrated that Erdr1 could promote anti-inflammatory cytokine production, a function that also has been reported by previous research. However, I found Erdr1 also could play a proinflammatory role. The function of Erdr1 in macrophages depends on its dose and cell density. I observed that Erdr1 expression was inhibited in M1 macrophages but was upregulated in M2 macrophages compared with unpolarized macrophages. I hypothesized that Erdr1 balances the inflammatory response by binding with distinct adaptors dependent on varying concentrations. Mechanistically, I demonstrated YAP1 and Mid1 as the two adaptor proteins of Erdr1. The Erdr1-YAP1 interaction promotes anti-inflammatory cytokine production when Erdr1 levels are elevated, whereas the Erdr1-Mid1 interaction induces proinflammatory cytokine production when Erdr1 levels are decreased. This study highlights the effects of Erdr1 on regulating cytokine production from polarized macrophages potentially by regulating YAP1 in the nonclassical Hippo pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuhang Wang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Iowa, IA City, IA
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2
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Takahashi K, Nelvagal HR, Lange J, Cooper JD. Glial Dysfunction and Its Contribution to the Pathogenesis of the Neuronal Ceroid Lipofuscinoses. Front Neurol 2022; 13:886567. [PMID: 35444603 PMCID: PMC9013902 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2022.886567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/16/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
While significant efforts have been made in developing pre-clinical treatments for the neuronal ceroid lipofuscinoses (NCLs), many challenges still remain to bring children with NCLs a cure. Devising effective therapeutic strategies for the NCLs will require a better understanding of pathophysiology, but little is known about the mechanisms by which loss of lysosomal proteins causes such devastating neurodegeneration. Research into glial cells including astrocytes, microglia, and oligodendrocytes have revealed many of their critical functions in brain homeostasis and potential contributions to neurodegenerative diseases. Genetically modified mouse models have served as a useful platform to define the disease progression in the central nervous system across NCL subtypes, revealing a wide range of glial responses to disease. The emerging evidence of glial dysfunction questions the traditional “neuron-centric” view of NCLs, and would suggest that directly targeting glia in addition to neurons could lead to better therapeutic outcomes. This review summarizes the most up-to-date understanding of glial pathologies and their contribution to the pathogenesis of NCLs, and highlights some of the associated challenges that require further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keigo Takahashi
- Pediatric Storage Disorders Laboratory, Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Hemanth R. Nelvagal
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jenny Lange
- Zayed Centre for Research into Rare Disease in Children, Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jonathan D. Cooper
- Pediatric Storage Disorders Laboratory, Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, United States
- Department of Genetics, School of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, United States
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, United States
- *Correspondence: Jonathan D. Cooper
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Domowicz MS, Chan WC, Claudio-Vázquez P, Gonzalez T, Schwartz NB. Brain transcriptome analysis of a CLN2 mouse model as a function of disease progression. J Neuroinflammation 2021; 18:262. [PMID: 34749772 PMCID: PMC8576919 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-021-02302-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Neuronal ceroid lipofuscinoses, (NCLs or Batten disease) are a group of inherited, early onset, fatal neurodegenerative diseases associated with mutations in 13 genes. All forms of the disease are characterized by lysosomal accumulation of fluorescent storage material, as well as profound neurodegeneration, but the relationship of the various genes’ function to a single biological process is not obvious. In this study, we used a well-characterized mouse model of classical late infantile NCL (cLINCL) in which the tripeptidyl peptidase 1 (Tpp1) gene is disrupted by gene targeting, resulting in loss of detectable TPP1 activity and leading to progressive neurological phenotypes including ataxia, increased motor deficiency, and early death. Methods In order to identify genes and pathways that may contribute to progression of the neurodegenerative process, we analyzed forebrain/midbrain and cerebellar transcriptional differences at 1, 2, 3 and 4 months of age in control and TPP1-deficient mice by global RNA-sequencing. Results Progressive neurodegenerative inflammatory responses involving microglia, astrocytes and endothelial cells were observed, accompanied by activation of leukocyte extravasation signals and upregulation of nitric oxide production and reactive oxygen species. Several astrocytic (i.e., Gfap, C4b, Osmr, Serpina3n) and microglial (i.e., Ctss, Itgb2, Itgax, Lyz2) genes were identified as strong markers for assessing disease progression as they showed increased levels of expression in vivo over time. Furthermore, transient increased expression of choroid plexus genes was observed at 2 months in the lateral and fourth ventricle, highlighting an early role for the choroid plexus and cerebrospinal fluid in the disease pathology. Based on these gene expression changes, we concluded that neuroinflammation starts, for the most part, after 2 months in the Tpp1−/− brain and that activation of microglia and astrocytes occur more rapidly in cerebellum than in the rest of the brain; confirming increased severity of inflammation in this region. Conclusions These findings have led to a better understanding of cLINCL pathological onset and progression, which may aid in development of future therapeutic treatments for this disease. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12974-021-02302-z.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam S Domowicz
- Department of Pediatrics, Biological Sciences Division, The University of Chicago Medical Center, 5841 S. Maryland Avenue, MC 5058, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA.
| | - Wen-Ching Chan
- Center for Research Informatics, Biological Sciences Division, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
| | - Patricia Claudio-Vázquez
- Department of Pediatrics, Biological Sciences Division, The University of Chicago Medical Center, 5841 S. Maryland Avenue, MC 5058, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
| | - Tatiana Gonzalez
- Department of Pediatrics, Biological Sciences Division, The University of Chicago Medical Center, 5841 S. Maryland Avenue, MC 5058, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
| | - Nancy B Schwartz
- Department of Pediatrics, Biological Sciences Division, The University of Chicago Medical Center, 5841 S. Maryland Avenue, MC 5058, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biological Sciences Division, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
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4
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Behnke V, Langmann T. [Neuroinflammation in neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis]. Ophthalmologe 2021; 118:98-105. [PMID: 33411040 DOI: 10.1007/s00347-020-01301-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Retinal degeneration and neuroinflammation are often early hallmarks of different subtypes of neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis (NCL) in patients and genetic animal models. OBJECTIVE This article gives a summary of recently published research articles and novel concepts in the field of NCL-related neuroinflammation. MATERIAL AND METHODS A search was carried out in PubMed for relevant publications and the results as well as own NCL-related research are discussed. RESULTS Microglia and other glial cells are chronically activated and show various dysfunctions in the central nervous system (CNS) and retina of NCL patients and animal models. This is accompanied by significant changes in the transcriptome and proteome. In NCL there is also involvement of the adaptive immune response, as demonstrated by the influx of autoantibodies and activated T cells. CONCLUSION A deeper understanding of the molecular processes that contribute to neuroinflammation and ultimately lead to neuronal cell death is an important basis for the discovery of possible biomarkers and the development of immunotherapies in NCL.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Behnke
- Lehrstuhl für Experimentelle Immunologie des Auges, Zentrum für Augenheilkunde, Medizinische Fakultät und Uniklinik Köln, Joseph-Stelzmann-Str. 9, 50931, Köln, Deutschland
| | - T Langmann
- Lehrstuhl für Experimentelle Immunologie des Auges, Zentrum für Augenheilkunde, Medizinische Fakultät und Uniklinik Köln, Joseph-Stelzmann-Str. 9, 50931, Köln, Deutschland. .,Zentrum für Molekulare Medizin, Köln, Deutschland.
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5
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Porter W, Snowden E, Hahn F, Ferguson M, Tong F, Dillmore WS, Blaesius R. High accuracy gene expression profiling of sorted cell subpopulations from breast cancer PDX model tissue. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0238594. [PMID: 32911489 PMCID: PMC7482927 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0238594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2020] [Accepted: 08/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Intratumor Heterogeneity (ITH) is a functionally important property of tumor tissue and may be involved in drug resistance mechanisms. Although descriptions of ITH can be traced back to very early reports about cancer tissue, mechanistic investigations are still limited by the precision of analysis methods and access to relevant tissue sources. PDX models have provided a reproducible source of tissue with at least a partial representation of naturally occurring ITH. We investigated the properties of phenotypically distinct cell populations by Fluorescence activated cell sorting (FACS) tissue derived cells from multiple tumors from a triple negative breast cancer patient derived xenograft (PDX) model. We subsequently subjected each population to in depth gene expression analysis. Our findings suggest that process related gene expression changes (caused by tissue dissociation and FACS sorting) are restricted to Immediate Early Genes (IEGs). This allowed us to discover highly reproducible gene expression profiles of distinct cellular compartments identifiable by cell surface markers in this particular tumor model. Within the context of data from a previously published model our work suggests that gene expression profiles associated with hypoxia, stemness and drug resistance may reside in tumor subpopulations predictably growing in PDX models. This approach provides a novel opportunity for prospective mechanistic studies of ITH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Warren Porter
- BD Technologies and Innovation, Research Triangle Park, NC, United States of America
| | - Eileen Snowden
- BD Technologies and Innovation, Research Triangle Park, NC, United States of America
| | - Friedrich Hahn
- BD Technologies and Innovation, Research Triangle Park, NC, United States of America
| | - Mitchell Ferguson
- BD Technologies and Innovation, Research Triangle Park, NC, United States of America
| | - Frances Tong
- BD Technologies and Innovation, Research Triangle Park, NC, United States of America
| | - W. Shannon Dillmore
- BD Technologies and Innovation, Research Triangle Park, NC, United States of America
| | - Rainer Blaesius
- BD Technologies and Innovation, Research Triangle Park, NC, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Katz ML, Buckley RM, Biegen V, O'Brien DP, Johnson GC, Warren WC, Lyons LA. Neuronal Ceroid Lipofuscinosis in a Domestic Cat Associated with a DNA Sequence Variant That Creates a Premature Stop Codon in CLN6. G3 (BETHESDA, MD.) 2020; 10:2741-2751. [PMID: 32518081 PMCID: PMC7407459 DOI: 10.1534/g3.120.401407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2020] [Accepted: 06/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
A neutered male domestic medium-haired cat presented at a veterinary neurology clinic at 20 months of age due to progressive neurological signs that included visual impairment, focal myoclonus, and frequent severe generalized seizures that were refractory to treatment with phenobarbital. Magnetic resonance imaging revealed diffuse global brain atrophy. Due to the severity and frequency of its seizures, the cat was euthanized at 22 months of age. Microscopic examination of the cerebellum, cerebral cortex and brainstem revealed pronounced intracellular accumulations of autofluorescent storage material and inflammation in all 3 brain regions. Ultrastructural examination of the storage material indicated that it consisted almost completely of tightly-packed membrane-like material. The clinical signs and neuropathology strongly suggested that the cat suffered from a form of neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis (NCL). Whole exome sequence analysis was performed on genomic DNA from the affected cat. Comparison of the sequence data to whole exome sequence data from 39 unaffected cats and whole genome sequence data from an additional 195 unaffected cats revealed a homozygous variant in CLN6 that was unique to the affected cat. This variant was predicted to cause a stop gain in the transcript due to a guanine to adenine transition (ENSFCAT00000025909:c.668G > A; XM_003987007.5:c.668G > A) and was the sole loss of function variant detected. CLN6 variants in other species, including humans, dogs, and sheep, are associated with the CLN6 form of NCL. Based on the affected cat's clinical signs, neuropathology and molecular genetic analysis, we conclude that the cat's disorder resulted from the loss of function of CLN6. This study is only the second to identify the molecular genetic basis of a feline NCL. Other cats exhibiting similar signs can now be screened for the CLN6 variant. This could lead to establishment of a feline model of CLN6 disease that could be used in therapeutic intervention studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin L Katz
- Neurodegenerative Diseases Research Laboratory and Department of Ophthalmology,
| | | | | | | | | | - Wesley C Warren
- Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO and
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7
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Sleat DE, Wiseman JA, El-Banna M, Zheng H, Zhao C, Soherwardy A, Moore DF, Lobel P. Analysis of Brain and Cerebrospinal Fluid from Mouse Models of the Three Major Forms of Neuronal Ceroid Lipofuscinosis Reveals Changes in the Lysosomal Proteome. Mol Cell Proteomics 2019; 18:2244-2261. [PMID: 31501224 PMCID: PMC6823856 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.ra119.001587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2019] [Revised: 09/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Treatments are emerging for the neuronal ceroid lipofuscinoses (NCLs), a group of similar but genetically distinct lysosomal storage diseases. Clinical ratings scales measure long-term disease progression and response to treatment but clinically useful biomarkers have yet to be identified in these diseases. We have conducted proteomic analyses of brain and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) from mouse models of the most frequently diagnosed NCL diseases: CLN1 (infantile NCL), CLN2 (classical late infantile NCL) and CLN3 (juvenile NCL). Samples were obtained at different stages of disease progression and proteins quantified using isobaric labeling. In total, 8303 and 4905 proteins were identified from brain and CSF, respectively. We also conduced label-free analyses of brain proteins that contained the mannose 6-phosphate lysosomal targeting modification. In general, we detect few changes at presymptomatic timepoints but later in disease, we detect multiple proteins whose expression is significantly altered in both brain and CSF of CLN1 and CLN2 animals. Many of these proteins are lysosomal in origin or are markers of neuroinflammation, potentially providing clues to underlying pathogenesis and providing promising candidates for further validation.
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Affiliation(s)
- David E Sleat
- Center for Advanced Biotechnology and Medicine, Piscataway, NJ 08854; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Robert-Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers Biomedical Health Sciences, Piscataway, NJ 08854.
| | | | - Mukarram El-Banna
- Center for Advanced Biotechnology and Medicine, Piscataway, NJ 08854
| | - Haiyan Zheng
- Center for Advanced Biotechnology and Medicine, Piscataway, NJ 08854
| | - Caifeng Zhao
- Center for Advanced Biotechnology and Medicine, Piscataway, NJ 08854
| | - Amenah Soherwardy
- Center for Advanced Biotechnology and Medicine, Piscataway, NJ 08854
| | - Dirk F Moore
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Rutgers - The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ 08854
| | - Peter Lobel
- Center for Advanced Biotechnology and Medicine, Piscataway, NJ 08854; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Robert-Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers Biomedical Health Sciences, Piscataway, NJ 08854.
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8
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Synergistic effects of treating the spinal cord and brain in CLN1 disease. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2017; 114:E5920-E5929. [PMID: 28673981 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1701832114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Infantile neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis (INCL, or CLN1 disease) is an inherited neurodegenerative storage disorder caused by a deficiency of the lysosomal enzyme palmitoyl protein thioesterase 1 (PPT1). It was widely believed that the pathology associated with INCL was limited to the brain, but we have now found unexpectedly profound pathology in the human INCL spinal cord. Similar pathological changes also occur at every level of the spinal cord of PPT1-deficient (Ppt1-/- ) mice before the onset of neuropathology in the brain. Various forebrain-directed gene therapy approaches have only had limited success in Ppt1-/- mice. Targeting the spinal cord via intrathecal administration of an adeno-associated virus (AAV) gene transfer vector significantly prevented pathology and produced significant improvements in life span and motor function in Ppt1-/- mice. Surprisingly, forebrain-directed gene therapy resulted in essentially no PPT1 activity in the spinal cord, and vice versa. This leads to a reciprocal pattern of histological correction in the respective tissues when comparing intracranial with intrathecal injections. However, the characteristic pathological features of INCL were almost completely absent in both the brain and spinal cord when intracranial and intrathecal injections of the same AAV vector were combined. Targeting both the brain and spinal cord also produced dramatic and synergistic improvements in motor function with an unprecedented increase in life span. These data show that spinal cord pathology significantly contributes to the clinical progression of INCL and can be effectively targeted therapeutically. This has important implications for the delivery of therapies in INCL, and potentially in other similar disorders.
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9
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Lee S, Kang S, Kim J, Yoon S, Kim SH, Moon C. Enhanced expression of immediate-early genes in mouse hippocampus after trimethyltin treatment. Acta Histochem 2016; 118:679-684. [PMID: 27614947 DOI: 10.1016/j.acthis.2016.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2016] [Revised: 08/29/2016] [Accepted: 09/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Immediate-early genes (IEGs) are transiently and rapidly activated in response to various cellular stimuli. IEGs mediate diverse functions during pathophysiologic events by regulating cellular signal transduction. We investigated the temporal expression of several IEGs, including c-fos, early growth response protein-1 (Egr-1), and activity-regulated cytoskeleton-associated protein (Arc), in trimethyltin (TMT)-induced hippocampal neurodegeneration. Mice (7 weeks old, C57BL/6) administered TMT (2.6mg/kg intraperitoneally) presented severe neurodegenerative lesions in the dentate gyrus (DG) and showed behavioral seizure activity on days 1-4 post-treatment, after which the lesions and behavior recovered spontaneously over time. c-fos, Egr-1, and Arc mRNA and protein levels significantly increased in the mouse hippocampus after TMT treatment. Immunohistochemical analysis showed that nuclear c-fos expression increased mainly in the DG, whereas nuclear Egr-1 expression was increased extensively in cornu ammonis (CA) 1, CA3, and the DG after TMT treatment. Increased Arc levels were detected in the cellular somata/dendrites of the hippocampal subregions after TMT treatment. Therefore, we suggest that increased IEGs are associated with TMT-induced pathological events in mouse hippocampus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sueun Lee
- Department of Veterinary Anatomy, College of Veterinary Medicine and BK21 Plus Project Team, Animal Medical Institute, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, South Korea
| | - Sohi Kang
- Department of Veterinary Anatomy, College of Veterinary Medicine and BK21 Plus Project Team, Animal Medical Institute, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, South Korea
| | - Juhwan Kim
- Department of Veterinary Anatomy, College of Veterinary Medicine and BK21 Plus Project Team, Animal Medical Institute, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, South Korea
| | - Seongwook Yoon
- Department of Veterinary Anatomy, College of Veterinary Medicine and BK21 Plus Project Team, Animal Medical Institute, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, South Korea
| | - Sung-Ho Kim
- Department of Veterinary Anatomy, College of Veterinary Medicine and BK21 Plus Project Team, Animal Medical Institute, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, South Korea
| | - Changjong Moon
- Department of Veterinary Anatomy, College of Veterinary Medicine and BK21 Plus Project Team, Animal Medical Institute, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, South Korea.
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10
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Geraets RD, Koh SY, Hastings ML, Kielian T, Pearce DA, Weimer JM. Moving towards effective therapeutic strategies for Neuronal Ceroid Lipofuscinosis. Orphanet J Rare Dis 2016; 11:40. [PMID: 27083890 PMCID: PMC4833901 DOI: 10.1186/s13023-016-0414-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2015] [Accepted: 03/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The Neuronal Ceroid Lipofuscinoses (NCLs) are a family of autosomal recessive neurodegenerative disorders that annually affect 1:100,000 live births worldwide. This family of diseases results from mutations in one of 14 different genes that share common clinical and pathological etiologies. Clinically, the diseases are subcategorized into infantile, late-infantile, juvenile and adult forms based on their age of onset. Though the disease phenotypes may vary in their age and order of presentation, all typically include progressive visual deterioration and blindness, cognitive impairment, motor deficits and seizures. Pathological hallmarks of NCLs include the accumulation of storage material or ceroid in the lysosome, progressive neuronal degeneration and massive glial activation. Advances have been made in genetic diagnosis and counseling for families. However, comprehensive treatment programs that delay or halt disease progression have been elusive. Current disease management is primarily targeted at controlling the symptoms rather than "curing" the disease. Recognizing the growing need for transparency and synergistic efforts to move the field forward, this review will provide an overview of the therapeutic approaches currently being pursued in preclinical and clinical trials to treat different forms of NCL as well as provide insight to novel therapeutic approaches in development for the NCLs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan D. Geraets
- />Children’s Health Research Center, Sanford Research, Sioux Falls, SD USA
- />Sanford School of Medicine at the University of South Dakota, Sioux Falls, SD USA
| | - Seung yon Koh
- />Children’s Health Research Center, Sanford Research, Sioux Falls, SD USA
| | - Michelle L. Hastings
- />Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, Chicago Medical School, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, North Chicago, IL USA
| | - Tammy Kielian
- />Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE USA
| | - David A. Pearce
- />Children’s Health Research Center, Sanford Research, Sioux Falls, SD USA
- />Sanford School of Medicine at the University of South Dakota, Sioux Falls, SD USA
| | - Jill M. Weimer
- />Children’s Health Research Center, Sanford Research, Sioux Falls, SD USA
- />Sanford School of Medicine at the University of South Dakota, Sioux Falls, SD USA
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Chapman KA, Bush WS, Zhang Z. Gene expression in cell lines from propionic acidemia patients, carrier parents, and controls. Mol Genet Metab 2015; 115:174-9. [PMID: 25963861 PMCID: PMC4522369 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymgme.2015.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2015] [Accepted: 05/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Propionic acidemia (PA) is an inborn of metabolism which usually presents with metabolic acidosis and accumulation of 3-hydroxypropionate among other toxins. Examining the gene expression in lymphoblastoid cell lines (LCLs) from PA patients, their carrier parents and age/sex-matched controls at normal glucose and low glucose growth conditions demonstrated differences among and between these groups. Using three-way ANOVA analysis, four DAVID clusters of response were identified of which three of the four clusters showed that LCLs from carrier parents had an intermediate response between healthy controls and PA patients. These differences included changes in expression of cell cycle regulatory genes, mitochondrial related genes, and transcriptional regulation. In addition, differences also were observed in expression of genes involved in transendothelial migration and focal adhesion at normal growth conditions when comparing the LCLs from PA patients and controls. These studies demonstrate transcriptional differences between LCLs from PA patients, their parents and biochemically normal controls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly A Chapman
- Genetics and Metabolism, Children's National Health System, Washington DC 20010, United States; Center for Genetic Medicine, George Washington University, Washington DC 20010, United States.
| | | | - Zhe Zhang
- Center for Biomedical Informatics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, United States.
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12
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An anti-neuroinflammatory that targets dysregulated glia enhances the efficacy of CNS-directed gene therapy in murine infantile neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis. J Neurosci 2014; 34:13077-82. [PMID: 25253854 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.2518-14.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Infantile neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis (INCL) is an inherited neurodegenerative lysosomal storage disease (LSD) caused by a deficiency in palmitoyl protein thioesterase-1 (PPT1). Studies in Ppt1(-/-) mice demonstrate that glial activation is central to the pathogenesis of INCL. Astrocyte activation precedes neuronal loss, while cytokine upregulation associated with microglial reactivity occurs before and concurrent with neurodegeneration. Therefore, we hypothesized that cytokine cascades associated with neuroinflammation are important therapeutic targets for the treatment of INCL. MW01-2-151SRM (MW151) is a blood-brain barrier penetrant, small-molecule anti-neuroinflammatory that attenuates glial cytokine upregulation in models of neuroinflammation such as traumatic brain injury, Alzheimer's disease, and kainic acid toxicity. Thus, we used MW151, alone and in combination with CNS-directed, AAV-mediated gene therapy, as a possible treatment for INCL. MW151 alone decreased seizure susceptibility. When combined with AAV-mediated gene therapy, treated INCL mice had increased life spans, improved motor performance, and eradication of seizures. Combination-treated INCL mice also had decreased brain atrophy, astrocytosis, and microglial activation, as well as intermediary effects on cytokine upregulation. These data suggest that MW151 can attenuate seizure susceptibility but is most effective when used in conjunction with a therapy that targets the primary genetic defect.
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Shyng C, Sands MS. Astrocytosis in infantile neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis: friend or foe? Biochem Soc Trans 2014; 42:1282-5. [PMID: 25233404 DOI: 10.1042/bst20140188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Infantile neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis (INCL; infantile Batten disease) is an inherited paediatric neurodegenerative disease. INCL is caused by a deficiency in the lysosomal enzyme palmitoyl-protein thioesterase-1 (PPT1) and is thus classified as a lysosomal storage disease. Pathological examination of both human and murine INCL brains reveals progressive, widespread neuroinflammation. In fact, astrocyte activation appears to be the first histological sign of disease. However, the role of astrocytosis in INCL was poorly understood. The hallmark of astrocyte activation is the up-regulation of intermediate filaments, such as glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and vimentin. The role of astrocytosis in INCL was studied in a murine model lacking PPT1 and the intermediate filaments GFAP and vimentin (triple-knockout). This murine model of INCL with attenuated astrocytosis had an exacerbated pathological and clinical phenotype. The triple-knockout mouse had a significantly shortened lifespan, and accelerated cellular and humoural neuroinflammatory response compared with the parental PPT1(-/-) mouse. The data obtained from the triple-knockout mouse strongly suggest that astrocyte activation plays a beneficial role in early INCL disease progression. A more thorough understanding of the glial responses to lysosomal enzyme deficiencies and the accumulation of undergraded substrates will be crucial to developing effective therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles Shyng
- *Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 South Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, MO 63110, U.S.A
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Levin SW, Baker EH, Zein WM, Zhang Z, Quezado ZMN, Miao N, Gropman A, Griffin KJ, Bianconi S, Chandra G, Khan OI, Caruso RC, Liu A, Mukherjee AB. Oral cysteamine bitartrate and N-acetylcysteine for patients with infantile neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis: a pilot study. Lancet Neurol 2014; 13:777-87. [PMID: 24997880 DOI: 10.1016/s1474-4422(14)70142-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Infantile neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis is a devastating neurodegenerative lysosomal storage disease caused by mutations in the gene (CLN1 or PPT1) encoding palmitoyl-protein thioesterase-1 (PPT1). We have previously reported that phosphocysteamine and N-acetylcysteine mediate ceroid depletion in cultured cells from patients with this disease. We aimed to assess whether combination of oral cysteamine bitartrate and N-acetylcysteine is beneficial for patients with neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis. METHODS Children between 6 months and 3 years of age with infantile neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis with any two of the seven most lethal PPT1 mutations were eligible for inclusion in this pilot study. All patients were recruited from physician referrals. Patients received oral cysteamine bitartrate (60 mg/kg per day) and N-acetylcysteine (60 mg/kg per day) and were assessed every 6-12 months until they had an isoelectric electroencephalogram (EEG, attesting to a vegetative state) or were too ill to travel. Patients were also assessed by electroretinography, brain MRI and magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS), and electron microscopic analyses of leukocytes for granular osmiophilic deposits (GRODs). Children also underwent physical and neurodevelopmental assessments on the Denver scale. Outcomes were compared with the reported natural history of infantile neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis and that of affected older siblings. This trial is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, number NCT00028262. FINDINGS Between March 14, 2001, and June 30, 2012, we recruited ten children with infantile neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis; one child was lost to follow-up after the first visit and nine patients (five girls and four boys) were followed up for 8 to 75 months. MRI showed abnormalities similar to those in previous reports; brain volume and N-acetyl aspartic acid (NAA) decreased steadily, but no published quantitative MRI or MRS studies were available for comparison. None of the children acquired new developmental skills, and their retinal function decreased progressively. Average time to isoelectric EEG (52 months, SD 13) was longer than reported previously (36 months). At the first follow-up visit, peripheral leukocytes in all nine patients showed virtually complete depletion of GRODs. Parents and physicians reported less irritability, improved alertness, or both in seven patients. No treatment-related adverse events occurred apart from mild gastrointestinal discomfort in two patients, which disappeared when liquid cysteamine bitartrate was replaced with capsules. INTERPRETATION Our findings suggest that combination therapy with cysteamine bitartrate and N-acetylcysteine is associated with delay of isoelectric EEG, depletion of GRODs, and subjective benefits as reported by parents and physicians. Our systematic and quantitative report of the natural history of patients with infantile neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis provides a guide for future assessment of experimental therapies. FUNDING National Institutes of Health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sondra W Levin
- Program on Developmental Endocrinology and Genetics, Eunice Kennedy-Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD), NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Walter Reed National Military Medical Center, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Eva H Baker
- Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, NIH Clinical Center, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | | | - Zhongjian Zhang
- Program on Developmental Endocrinology and Genetics, Eunice Kennedy-Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD), NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Zenaide M N Quezado
- Department of Anesthesiology, NIH Clinical Center, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA; Department of Anesthesiology, Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Ning Miao
- Department of Anesthesiology, NIH Clinical Center, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Andrea Gropman
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA; Department of Neurology, Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Kurt J Griffin
- Program on Developmental Endocrinology and Genetics, Eunice Kennedy-Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD), NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA; Sanford Research/University of South Dakota Medical Center, Sioux Falls, SD, USA
| | - Simona Bianconi
- Program on Developmental Endocrinology and Genetics, Eunice Kennedy-Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD), NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Goutam Chandra
- Program on Developmental Endocrinology and Genetics, Eunice Kennedy-Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD), NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Omar I Khan
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Rafael C Caruso
- National Eye Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA; Department of Psychology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - Aiyi Liu
- Biostatistics and Bioinformatics Branch, Eunice Kennedy-Shriver NICHD, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Anil B Mukherjee
- Program on Developmental Endocrinology and Genetics, Eunice Kennedy-Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD), NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA.
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Burkovetskaya M, Karpuk N, Xiong J, Bosch M, Boska MD, Takeuchi H, Suzumura A, Kielian T. Evidence for aberrant astrocyte hemichannel activity in Juvenile Neuronal Ceroid Lipofuscinosis (JNCL). PLoS One 2014; 9:e95023. [PMID: 24736558 PMCID: PMC3988164 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0095023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2013] [Accepted: 03/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Juvenile Neuronal Ceroid Lipofuscinosis (JNCL) is a lysosomal storage disease caused by an autosomal recessive mutation in CLN3 that leads to vision loss, progressive cognitive and motor decline, and premature death. Morphological evidence of astrocyte activation occurs early in the disease process and coincides with regions where neuronal loss eventually ensues. However, the consequences of CLN3 mutation on astrocyte function remain relatively ill-defined. Astrocytes play a critical role in CNS homeostasis, in part, by their ability to regulate the extracellular milieu via the formation of extensive syncytial networks coupled by gap junction (GJ) channels. In contrast, unopposed hemichannels (HCs) have been implicated in CNS pathology by allowing the non-discriminant passage of molecules between the intracellular and extracellular milieus. Here we examined acute brain slices from CLN3 mutant mice (CLN3Δex7/8) to determine whether CLN3 loss alters the balance of GJ and HC activity. CLN3Δex7/8 mice displayed transient increases in astrocyte HC opening at postnatal day 30 in numerous brain regions, compared to wild type (WT) animals; however, HC activity steadily decreased at postnatal days 60 and 90 in CLN3Δex7/8 astrocytes to reach levels lower than WT cells. This suggested a progressive decline in astrocyte function, which was supported by significant reductions in glutamine synthetase, GLAST, and connexin expression in CLN3Δex7/8 mice compared to WT animals. Based on the early increase in astrocyte HC activity, CLN3Δex7/8 mice were treated with the novel carbenoxolone derivative INI-0602 to inhibit HCs. Administration of INI-0602 for a one month period significantly reduced lysosomal ceroid inclusions in the brains of CLN3Δex7/8 mice compared to WT animals, which coincided with significant increases in astrocyte GJ communication and normalization of astrocyte resting membrane potential to WT levels. Collectively, these findings suggest that alterations in astrocyte communication may impact the progression of JNCL and could offer a potential therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Burkovetskaya
- Departments of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, United States of America
| | - Nikolay Karpuk
- Departments of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, United States of America
| | - Juan Xiong
- Departments of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, United States of America
| | - Megan Bosch
- Departments of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, United States of America
| | - Michael D. Boska
- Department of Radiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, United States of America
| | - Hideyuki Takeuchi
- Department of Neuroimmunology, Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Akio Suzumura
- Department of Neuroimmunology, Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Tammy Kielian
- Departments of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Kucharska J, Del Río P, Arango-Gonzalez B, Gorza M, Feuchtinger A, Hauck SM, Ueffing M. Cyr61 activates retinal cells and prolongs photoreceptor survival in rd1 mouse model of retinitis pigmentosa. J Neurochem 2014; 130:227-40. [PMID: 24593181 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.12704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2014] [Revised: 02/27/2014] [Accepted: 02/27/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Subretinal injections with glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) rescue morphology as well as function of rod cells in mouse and rat animal models of retinitis pigmentosa. At the same time, it is postulated that this effect is indirect, mediated by activation of retinal Müller glial (RMG) cells. Here, we show that Cyr61/CCN1, one of the secreted proteins up-regulated in primary RMG after glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor stimulation, provides neuroprotective and pro-survival capacities: Recombinant Cyr61 significantly reduced photoreceptor (PR) cells death in organotypic cultures of Pde6b(rd1) retinas. To identify stimulated pathways in the retina, we treated Pde6b(rd1) retinal explants with Cyr61 and observed an overall increase in activated Erk1/2 and Stat3 signalling molecules characterized by activation-site-specific phosphorylation. To identify Cyr61 retinal target cells, we isolated primary porcine PR, RMG and retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) cells and exposed them separately to Cyr61. Here, RMG as well as RPE cells responded with induced phosphorylation of Erk1/2, Stat3 and Akt. In PR, no increase in phosphorylation in any of the studied proteins was detected, suggesting an indirect neuroprotective effect of Cyr61. Cyr61 may thus act as an endogenous pro-survival factor for PR, contributing to the complex repertoire of neuroprotective activities generated by RMG and RPE cells. We propose the following model of Cyr61 neuroprotection within the retina: Cyr61 stimulates retinal Müller glial (RMG) and retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) cells and activates PI3K/Akt, mitogen-activated protein kinase(MAPK)/Erk and Janus kinase(JAK)/Stat-signalling pathways in these cells. Phosphorylated Stat3 and Erk1/2 presumably translocate to the nucleus, induce transcriptional changes, which increase secretion of neuroprotective agents that protect photoreceptors (PR) from mutation-induced death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Kucharska
- Institute for Ophthalmic Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany; Research Unit Protein Science, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
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Sands MS. Considerations for the treatment of infantile neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis (infantile Batten disease). J Child Neurol 2013; 28:1151-8. [PMID: 24014510 PMCID: PMC3983784 DOI: 10.1177/0883073813495960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The infantile form of neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis (ie, infantile Batten disease) is the most rapidly progressing type and is caused by an inherited deficiency in the lysosomal enzyme palmitoyl protein thioesterase 1. The absence of enzyme activity leads to progressive accumulation of autofluorescent material in many cell types, particularly neurons of the central nervous system. Clinical signs of infantile neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis appear between 6 months and 1 year of age and include vision loss, cognitive decline, motor deficits, seizures, and premature death, typically by 3 to 5 years of age. There is currently no effective treatment. However, preclinical experiments in the murine model of infantile neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis have shown that gene therapy, enzyme replacement, stem cell transplantation, and small-molecule drugs, alone or in combination, can significantly slow disease progression. A more thorough understanding of the underlying pathogenesis of infantile neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis will identify new therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark S. Sands
- Departments of Internal Medicine and Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
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Use of model organisms for the study of neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2013; 1832:1842-65. [PMID: 23338040 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2013.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2012] [Revised: 01/07/2013] [Accepted: 01/08/2013] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Neuronal ceroid lipofuscinoses are a group of fatal progressive neurodegenerative diseases predominantly affecting children. Identification of mutations that cause neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis, and subsequent functional and pathological studies of the affected genes, underpins efforts to investigate disease mechanisms and identify and test potential therapeutic strategies. These functional studies and pre-clinical trials necessitate the use of model organisms in addition to cell and tissue culture models as they enable the study of protein function within a complex organ such as the brain and the testing of therapies on a whole organism. To this end, a large number of disease models and genetic tools have been identified or created in a variety of model organisms. In this review, we will discuss the ethical issues associated with experiments using model organisms, the factors underlying the choice of model organism, the disease models and genetic tools available, and the contributions of those disease models and tools to neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis research. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: The Neuronal Ceroid Lipofuscinoses or Batten Disease.
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Bioinformatic perspectives in the neuronal ceroid lipofuscinoses. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2012; 1832:1831-41. [PMID: 23274885 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2012.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2012] [Revised: 12/16/2012] [Accepted: 12/19/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The neuronal ceroid lipofuscinoses (NCLs) are a group of rare genetic diseases characterised clinically by the progressive deterioration of mental, motor and visual functions and histopathologically by the intracellular accumulation of autofluorescent lipopigment - ceroid - in affected tissues. The NCLs are clinically and genetically heterogeneous and more than 14 genetically distinct NCL subtypes have been described to date (CLN1-CLN14) (Haltia and Goebel, 2012 [1]). In this review we will chronologically summarise work which has led over the years to identification of NCL genes, and outline the potential of novel genomic techniques and related bioinformatic approaches for further genetic dissection and diagnosis of NCLs. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: The Neuronal Ceroid Lipofuscinoses or Batten Disease.
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The role of attenuated astrocyte activation in infantile neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis. J Neurosci 2011; 31:15575-85. [PMID: 22031903 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.3579-11.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Infantile neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis (INCL) is an inherited neurodegenerative disorder affecting the CNS during infancy. INCL is caused by mutations in the CLN1 gene that lead to a deficiency in the lysosomal hydrolase, palmitoyl protein thioesterase 1 (PPT1). A murine model of INCL, the PPT1-deficient (PPT1(-/-)) mouse, is an accurate phenocopy of the human disease. The first pathological change observed in the PPT1(-/-) brain is regional areas of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) upregulation, which predicts future areas of neurodegeneration. We hypothesized that preventing GFAP and vimentin upregulation in reactive astrocytes will alter the CNS disease. To test this hypothesis, we generated mice simultaneously carrying null mutations in the GFAP, Vimentin, and PPT1 genes (GFAP(-/-)Vimentin(-/-)PPT1(-/-)). Although the clinical and pathological features of the GFAP(-/-)Vimentin(-/-)PPT1(-/-) mice are similar to INCL, the disease appears earlier and progresses more rapidly. One mechanism underlying this accelerated phenotype is a profound neuroinflammatory response within the CNS. Thus, our data identify a protective role for intermediate filament upregulation during astrocyte activation in INCL, a model of chronic neurodegeneration.
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Ultrastructural and transcriptional profiling of neuropathological misregulation of CREB function. Cell Death Differ 2010; 17:1636-44. [PMID: 20395962 DOI: 10.1038/cdd.2010.40] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
We compare here the neurodegenerative processes observed in the hippocampus of bitransgenic mice with chronically altered levels of cAMP-response element-binding protein (CREB) function. The combination of genome-wide transcriptional profiling of degenerating hippocampal tissue with microscopy analyses reveals that the sustained inhibition of CREB function in A-CREB mice is associated with dark neuron degeneration, whereas its strong chronic activation in VP16-CREB mice primarily causes excitotoxic cell death and inflammation. Furthermore, the meta-analysis with gene expression profiles available in public databases identifies relevant common markers to other neurodegenerative processes and highlights the importance of the immune response in neurodegeneration. Overall, these analyses define the ultrastructural and transcriptional signatures associated with these two forms of hippocampal neurodegeneration, confirm the importance of fine-tuned regulation of CREB-dependent gene expression for CA1 neuron survival and function, and provide novel insight into the function of CREB in the etiology of neurodegenerative processes.
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Gómez Ravetti M, Rosso OA, Berretta R, Moscato P. Uncovering molecular biomarkers that correlate cognitive decline with the changes of hippocampus' gene expression profiles in Alzheimer's disease. PLoS One 2010; 5:e10153. [PMID: 20405009 PMCID: PMC2854141 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0010153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2009] [Accepted: 03/22/2010] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alzheimer's disease (AD) is characterized by a neurodegenerative progression that alters cognition. On a phenotypical level, cognition is evaluated by means of the MiniMental State Examination (MMSE) and the post-mortem examination of Neurofibrillary Tangle count (NFT) helps to confirm an AD diagnostic. The MMSE evaluates different aspects of cognition including orientation, short-term memory (retention and recall), attention and language. As there is a normal cognitive decline with aging, and death is the final state on which NFT can be counted, the identification of brain gene expression biomarkers from these phenotypical measures has been elusive. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS We have reanalysed a microarray dataset contributed in 2004 by Blalock et al. of 31 samples corresponding to hippocampus gene expression from 22 AD subjects of varying degree of severity and 9 controls. Instead of only relying on correlations of gene expression with the associated MMSE and NFT measures, and by using modern bioinformatics methods based on information theory and combinatorial optimization, we uncovered a 1,372-probe gene expression signature that presents a high-consensus with established markers of progression in AD. The signature reveals alterations in calcium, insulin, phosphatidylinositol and wnt-signalling. Among the most correlated gene probes with AD severity we found those linked to synaptic function, neurofilament bundle assembly and neuronal plasticity. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE A transcription factors analysis of 1,372-probe signature reveals significant associations with the EGR/KROX family of proteins, MAZ, and E2F1. The gene homologous of EGR1, zif268, Egr-1 or Zenk, together with other members of the EGR family, are consolidating a key role in the neuronal plasticity in the brain. These results indicate a degree of commonality between putative genes involved in AD and prion-induced neurodegenerative processes that warrants further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martín Gómez Ravetti
- Centre for Bioinformatics, Biomarker Discovery and Information-Based Medicine, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia
- Hunter Medical Research Institute, Information Based Medicine Program, John Hunter Hospital, New Lambton Heights, New South Wales, Australia
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Bioinformatics, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Osvaldo A. Rosso
- Centre for Bioinformatics, Biomarker Discovery and Information-Based Medicine, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia
- Hunter Medical Research Institute, Information Based Medicine Program, John Hunter Hospital, New Lambton Heights, New South Wales, Australia
- Instituto de Cálculo, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Universitaria, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Regina Berretta
- Centre for Bioinformatics, Biomarker Discovery and Information-Based Medicine, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia
- Hunter Medical Research Institute, Information Based Medicine Program, John Hunter Hospital, New Lambton Heights, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Pablo Moscato
- Centre for Bioinformatics, Biomarker Discovery and Information-Based Medicine, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia
- Hunter Medical Research Institute, Information Based Medicine Program, John Hunter Hospital, New Lambton Heights, New South Wales, Australia
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Bioinformatics, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia
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Kim S, Webster MJ. Correlation analysis between genome-wide expression profiles and cytoarchitectural abnormalities in the prefrontal cortex of psychiatric disorders. Mol Psychiatry 2010; 15:326-36. [PMID: 18762803 DOI: 10.1038/mp.2008.99] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Cytoarchitectural abnormalities have been described in the prefrontal cortex of subjects with schizophrenia, bipolar disorder and depression. However, little is known about the gene expression profiles associated with these abnormalities. Genome-wide expression profiling technology provides an unbiased approach to identifying candidate genes and biological processes that may be associated with complex biological traits such as cytoarchitecture. In this study, we explored expression profiles associated with the abnormalities by using publicly available microarray metadata and cytoarchitectural data from post-mortem samples of the frontal cortex from 54 subjects (schizophrenia, n=14; bipolar disorder, n=13; depression, n=12 and controls n=15). Correlation analysis between genome-wide expression levels and cytoarchitectural traits revealed that 818 genes were significantly correlated with a decrease in the number of perineuronal oligodendrocytes across all subjects. A total of 600 genes were significantly correlated with a decrease in density of calbindin-positive interneurons across all subjects. Multiple biological processes including cellular metabolism, central nervous system development, cell motility and programmed cell death were significantly overrepresented in both correlated gene lists. These findings may provide novel insights into the molecular mechanisms that underlie the cytoarchitectural abnormalities of perineuronal oligodendrocytes and calbindin-containing GABAergic interneurons in the prefrontal cortex of the major psychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Kim
- Stanley Brain Research Laboratory, Stanley Medical Research Institute, Rockville, MD 20850, USA
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Lessons from GNE-deficient embryonic stem cells: sialic acid biosynthesis is involved in proliferation and gene expression. Glycobiology 2009; 20:107-17. [DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwp153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
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Kielar C, Wishart TM, Palmer A, Dihanich S, Wong AM, Macauley SL, Chan CH, Sands MS, Pearce DA, Cooper JD, Gillingwater TH. Molecular correlates of axonal and synaptic pathology in mouse models of Batten disease. Hum Mol Genet 2009; 18:4066-80. [PMID: 19640925 PMCID: PMC2758138 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddp355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuronal ceroid lipofuscinoses (NCLs; Batten disease) are collectively the most frequent autosomal-recessive neurodegenerative disease of childhood, but the underlying cellular and molecular mechanisms remain unclear. Several lines of evidence have highlighted the important role that non-somatic compartments of neurons (axons and synapses) play in the instigation and progression of NCL pathogenesis. Here, we report a progressive breakdown of axons and synapses in the brains of two different mouse models of NCL: Ppt1−/− model of infantile NCL and Cln6nclf model of variant late-infantile NCL. Synaptic pathology was evident in the thalamus and cortex of these mice, but occurred much earlier within the thalamus. Quantitative comparisons of expression levels for a subset of proteins previously implicated in regulation of axonal and synaptic vulnerability revealed changes in proteins involved with synaptic function/stability and cell-cycle regulation in both strains of NCL mice. Protein expression changes were present at pre/early-symptomatic stages, occurring in advance of morphologically detectable synaptic or axonal pathology and again displayed regional selectivity, occurring first within the thalamus and only later in the cortex. Although significant differences in individual protein expression profiles existed between the two NCL models studied, 2 of the 15 proteins examined (VDAC1 and Pttg1) displayed robust and significant changes at pre/early-symptomatic time-points in both models. Our study demonstrates that synapses and axons are important early pathological targets in the NCLs and has identified two proteins, VDAC1 and Pttg1, with the potential for use as in vivo biomarkers of pre/early-symptomatic axonal and synaptic vulnerability in the NCLs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine Kielar
- Department of Neuroscience, Centre for the Cellular Basis of Behaviour, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, London SE5 9NU, UK
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Ritsner MS. Pharmacogenomic Biomarkers in Neuropsychiatry: The Path to Personalized Medicine in Mental Disorders. THE HANDBOOK OF NEUROPSYCHIATRIC BIOMARKERS, ENDOPHENOTYPES AND GENES 2009. [PMCID: PMC7115027 DOI: 10.1007/978-90-481-2298-1_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Neuropsychiatric disorders and dementia represent a major cause of disability and high cost in developed societies. Most disorders of the central nervous system (CNS) share some common features, such as a genomic background in which hundreds of genes might be involved, genome-environment interactions, complex pathogenic pathways, poor therapeutic outcomes, and chronic disability. Recent advances in genomic medicine can contribute to accelerate our understanding on the pathogenesis of CNS disorders, improve diagnostic accuracy with the introduction of novel biomarkers, and personalize therapeutics with the incorporation of pharmacogenetic and pharmacogenomic procedures to drug development and clinical practice. The pharmacological treatment of CNS disorders, in general, accounts for 10–20% of direct costs, and less than 30–40% of the patients are moderate responders to conventional drugs, some of which may cause important adverse drugs reactions (ADRs). Pharmacogenetic and pharmacogenomic factors may account for 60–90% of drug variability in drug disposition and pharmacodynamics. Approximately 60–80% of CNS drugs are metabolized via enzymes of the CYP gene superfamily; 18% of neuroleptics are major substrates of CYP1A2 enzymes, 40% of CYP2D6, and 23% of CYP3A4; 24% of antidepressants are major substrates of CYP1A2 enzymes, 5% of CYP2B6, 38% of CYP2C19, 85% of CYP2D6, and 38% of CYP3A4; 7% of benzodiazepines are major substrates of CYP2C19 enzymes, 20% of CYP2D6, and 95% of CYP3A4. About 10–20% of Caucasians are carriers of defective CYP2D6 polymorphic variants that alter the metabolism of many psychotropic agents. Other 100 genes participate in the efficacy and safety of psychotropic drugs. The incorporation of pharmacogenetic/ pharmacogenomic protocols to CNS research and clinical practice can foster therapeutics optimization by helping to develop cost-effective pharmaceuticals and improving drug efficacy and safety. To achieve this goal several measures have to be taken, including: (a) educate physicians and the public on the use of genetic/ genomic screening in the daily clinical practice; (b) standardize genetic testing for major categories of drugs; (c) validate pharmacogenetic and pharmacogenomic procedures according to drug category and pathology; (d) regulate ethical, social, and economic issues; and (e) incorporate pharmacogenetic and pharmacogenomic procedures to both drugs in development and drugs in the market to optimize therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael S. Ritsner
- Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, ,Sha'ar Menashe Mental Health Center, Hadera, Israel
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