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Jagadeesan N, Roules GC, Chandrashekar DV, Yang J, Kolluru S, Sumbria RK. Modulation of hippocampal protein expression by a brain penetrant biologic TNF-α inhibitor in the 3xTg Alzheimer's disease mice. J Transl Med 2024; 22:291. [PMID: 38500108 PMCID: PMC10946165 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-024-05008-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2023] [Accepted: 02/19/2024] [Indexed: 03/20/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Biologic TNF-α inhibitors (bTNFIs) can block cerebral TNF-α in Alzheimer's disease (AD) if these macromolecules can cross the blood-brain barrier (BBB). Thus, a model bTNFI, the extracellular domain of type II TNF-α receptor (TNFR), which can bind to and sequester TNF-α, was fused with a mouse transferrin receptor antibody (TfRMAb) to enable brain delivery via BBB TfR-mediated transcytosis. Previously, we found TfRMAb-TNFR to be protective in a mouse model of amyloidosis (APP/PS1) and tauopathy (PS19), and herein we investigated its effects in mice that combine both amyloidosis and tauopathy (3xTg-AD). METHODS Eight-month-old female 3xTg-AD mice were injected intraperitoneally with saline (n = 11) or TfRMAb-TNFR (3 mg/kg; n = 11) three days per week for 12 weeks. Age-matched wild-type (WT) mice (n = 9) were treated similarly with saline. Brains were processed for immunostaining and high-resolution multiplex NanoString GeoMx spatial proteomics. RESULTS We observed regional differences in proteins relevant to Aβ, tau, and neuroinflammation in the hippocampus of 3xTg-AD mice compared with WT mice. From 64 target proteins studied using spatial proteomics, a comparison of the Aβ-plaque bearing vs. plaque-free regions in the 3xTg-AD mice yielded 39 differentially expressed proteins (DEP) largely related to neuroinflammation (39% of DEP) and Aβ and tau pathology combined (31% of DEP). Hippocampal spatial proteomics revealed that the majority of the proteins modulated by TfRMAb-TNFR in the 3xTg-AD mice were relevant to microglial function (⁓ 33%). TfRMAb-TNFR significantly reduced mature Aβ plaques and increased Aβ-associated microglia around larger Aβ deposits in the 3xTg-AD mice. Further, TfRMAb-TNFR increased mature Aβ plaque-associated microglial TREM2 in 3xTg-AD mice. CONCLUSION Overall, despite the low visual Aβ load in the 11-month-old female 3xTg-AD mice, our results highlight region-specific AD-relevant DEP in the hippocampus of these mice. Chronic TfRMAb-TNFR dosing modulated several DEP involved in AD pathology and showed a largely microglia-centric mechanism of action in the 3xTg-AD mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nataraj Jagadeesan
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Chapman University, Irvine, CA, 92618, USA
| | - G Chuli Roules
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Chapman University, Irvine, CA, 92618, USA
| | - Devaraj V Chandrashekar
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Chapman University, Irvine, CA, 92618, USA
| | - Joshua Yang
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Chapman University, Irvine, CA, 92618, USA
| | - Sanjana Kolluru
- Rancho Cucamonga High School, 11801 Lark Dr, Rancho Cucamonga, CA, 91701, USA
| | - Rachita K Sumbria
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Chapman University, Irvine, CA, 92618, USA.
- Department of Neurology, University of California, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA.
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2
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Cogut V, McNeely TL, Bussian TJ, Graves SI, Baker DJ. Caloric Restriction Improves Spatial Learning Deficits in Tau Mice. J Alzheimers Dis 2024; 98:925-940. [PMID: 38517786 PMCID: PMC11068089 DOI: 10.3233/jad-231117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/24/2024]
Abstract
Background Caloric restriction (CR) has been recognized for its benefits in delaying age-related diseases and extending lifespan. While its effects on amyloid pathology in Alzheimer's disease (AD) mouse models are well-documented, its effects on tauopathy, another hallmark of AD, are less explored. Objective To assess the impact of a short-term 30% CR regimen on age-dependent spatial learning deficits and pathological features in a tauopathy mouse model. Methods We subjected male PS19 tau P301S (hereafter PS19) and age-matched wildtype mice from two age cohorts (4.5 and 7.5 months old) to a 6-week 30% CR regimen. Spatial learning performance was assessed using the Barnes Maze test. Tau pathology, neuroinflammation, hippocampal cell proliferation, and neurogenesis were evaluated in the older cohort by immunohistochemical staining and RT-qPCR. Results CR mitigated age-dependent spatial learning deficits in PS19 mice but exhibited limited effects on tau pathology and the associated neuroinflammation. Additionally, we found a decrease in hippocampal cell proliferation, predominantly of Iba1+ cells. Conclusions Our findings reinforce the cognitive benefits conferred by CR despite its limited modulation of disease pathology. Given the pivotal role of microglia in tau-driven pathology, the observed reduction in Iba1+ cells under CR suggests potential therapeutic implications, particularly if CR would be introduced early in disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeria Cogut
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, 200 First St SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Taylor L. McNeely
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, 200 First St SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Tyler J. Bussian
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, 200 First St SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Sara I. Graves
- Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Mayo Clinic, 200 First St SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Darren J. Baker
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, 200 First St SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
- Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Mayo Clinic, 200 First St SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
- Paul F. Glenn Center for Biology of Aging Research at Mayo Clinic, Mayo Clinic, 200 First St SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
- Robert and Arlene Kogod Center on Aging, Mayo Clinic, 200 First St SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
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3
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Chen H, Cai J, Wang A, Su W, Ji C, Zhao L. Treadmill exercise prevents the hyperexcitability of pyramidal neurons in medial entorhinal cortex in the 3xTg-AD mouse model of Alzheimer's disease. Exp Gerontol 2023; 182:112309. [PMID: 37832802 DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2023.112309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2023] [Revised: 10/08/2023] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023]
Abstract
Neuronal hyperactivity is a key abnormality in early stage Alzheimer's disease (AD). Medial entorhinal cortex (mEC) plays a vital role in memory function and is affected early in AD. Growing evidence indicates benefits of regular exercise on memory and cognitive function in humans with AD, although, the underlying mechanisms are not clear. Therefore, this study was designed to test the effects of 16 weeks treadmill exercise on spatial learning memory and the underlying cellular mechanisms in 6-month-old 3xTg-AD mice. Whole-cell patch clamp was used to examine neuronal intrinsic excitability, spontaneous excitatory postsynaptic currents (sEPSCs) and spontaneous inhibitory postsynaptic currents (sIPSCs) of mEC layer II/III pyramidal neurons in the following groups: wild type (WT + sham), 3xTg-AD (AD+sham), WT receiving exercise (WT + Ex), and AD receiving exercise (AD+Ex). We found that at a behavioral level, treadmill exercise decreased working memory errors in radial arm maze (RAM) test in 6-month-old AD mice. At a cellular level, we found that treadmill exercise prevented the abnormal increase in mEC pyramidal neuron input resistance and action potential firing in 6-month-old 3xTg-AD mice compared with WT + sham and AD+Ex mice; further, sEPSC amplitude and frequency were normal in AD+Ex but overactive in AD+sham; additionally, GABAergic inhibition was normal in AD+Ex mice but reduced in AD+sham. In conclusion, our results indicate that treadmill exercise improves spatial learning memory and prevents network hyperexcitability in mEC by reducing pyramidal neuronal intrinsic excitability and normalizing excitatory and inhibitory synaptic transmission in 3xTg-AD mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huimin Chen
- Key Laboratory of Physical Fitness and Exercise, Ministry of Education, Beijing Sport University, Beijing 100084, China.
| | - Jiajia Cai
- Key Laboratory of Physical Fitness and Exercise, Ministry of Education, Beijing Sport University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Aozhe Wang
- Key Laboratory of Physical Fitness and Exercise, Ministry of Education, Beijing Sport University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Wantang Su
- Key Laboratory of Physical Fitness and Exercise, Ministry of Education, Beijing Sport University, Beijing 100084, China.
| | - Chunyan Ji
- Key Laboratory of Physical Fitness and Exercise, Ministry of Education, Beijing Sport University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Li Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Physical Fitness and Exercise, Ministry of Education, Beijing Sport University, Beijing 100084, China.
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4
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Tian S, Ye T, Cheng X. The behavioral, pathological and therapeutic features of the triple transgenic Alzheimer's disease (3 × Tg-AD) mouse model strain. Exp Neurol 2023; 368:114505. [PMID: 37597764 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2023.114505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2023] [Revised: 08/07/2023] [Accepted: 08/15/2023] [Indexed: 08/21/2023]
Abstract
As a classic animal model of Alzheimer's disease (AD), the 3 × Tg-AD mouse not only recapitulates most of anatomical hallmarks observed in AD pathology but also displays cognitive alterations in memory and learning tasks. The 3 × Tg-AD can better show the two characteristics of AD, amyloid β (Aβ) and neurofibrillary tangles (NFT). Therefore, 3 × Tg-AD strain is widely used in AD pathogenesis research and new drug development of AD. In this paper, the construction methods, pathological changes, and treatment characteristics of 3 × Tg-AD mouse models commonly used in AD research are summarized and commented, hoping to provide reference for researchers to choose and establish experimental patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng Tian
- Faculty of Chinese Medicine and State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Taipa, Macao 999078, PR China; Innovative Institute of Chinese Medicine and Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250300, China
| | - Tianyuan Ye
- Innovative Institute of Chinese Medicine and Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250300, China
| | - Xiaorui Cheng
- Faculty of Chinese Medicine and State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Taipa, Macao 999078, PR China; Innovative Institute of Chinese Medicine and Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250300, China.
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5
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Noel RL, Gorman SL, Batts AJ, Konofagou EE. Getting ahead of Alzheimer's disease: early intervention with focused ultrasound. Front Neurosci 2023; 17:1229683. [PMID: 37575309 PMCID: PMC10412991 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2023.1229683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 08/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The amyloid-β (Aβ) hypothesis implicates Aβ protein accumulation in Alzheimer's disease (AD) onset and progression. However, therapies targeting Aβ have proven insufficient in achieving disease reversal, prompting a shift to focus on early intervention and alternative therapeutic targets. Focused ultrasound (FUS) paired with systemically-introduced microbubbles (μB) is a non-invasive technique for targeted and transient blood-brain barrier opening (BBBO), which has demonstrated Aβ and tau reduction, as well as memory improvement in models of late-stage AD. However, similar to drug treatments for AD, this approach is not sufficient for complete reversal of advanced, symptomatic AD. Here we aim to determine whether early intervention with FUS-BBBO in asymptomatic AD could delay disease onset. Thus, the objective of this study is to measure the protective effects of FUS-BBBO on anxiety, memory and AD-associated protein levels in female and male triple transgenic (3xTg) AD mice treated at an early age and disease state. Here we show that early, repeated intervention with FUS-BBBO decreased anxiety-associated behaviors in the open field test by 463.02 and 37.42% in male and female cohorts, respectively. FUS-BBBO preserved female aptitude for learning in the active place avoidance paradigm, reducing the shock quadrant time by 30.03 and 31.01% in the final long-term and reversal learning trials, respectively. Finally, FUS-BBBO reduced hippocampal accumulation of Aβ40, Aβ42, and total tau in females by 12.54, 13.05, and 3.57%, respectively, and reduced total tau in males by 18.98%. This demonstration of both cognitive and pathological protection could offer a solution for carriers of AD-associated mutations as a safe, non-invasive technique to delay the onset of the cognitive and pathological effects of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca L. Noel
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States
| | - Samantha L. Gorman
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States
| | - Alec J. Batts
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States
| | - Elisa E. Konofagou
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States
- Department of Radiology, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States
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6
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Drew VJ, Wang C, Kim T. Progressive sleep disturbance in various transgenic mouse models of Alzheimer's disease. Front Aging Neurosci 2023; 15:1119810. [PMID: 37273656 PMCID: PMC10235623 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2023.1119810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the leading cause of dementia. The relationship between AD and sleep dysfunction has received increased attention over the past decade. The use of genetically engineered mouse models with enhanced production of amyloid beta (Aβ) or hyperphosphorylated tau has played a critical role in the understanding of the pathophysiology of AD. However, their revelations regarding the progression of sleep impairment in AD have been highly dependent on the mouse model used and the specific techniques employed to examine sleep. Here, we discuss the sleep disturbances and general pathology of 15 mouse models of AD. Sleep disturbances covered in this review include changes to NREM and REM sleep duration, bout lengths, bout counts and power spectra. Our aim is to describe in detail the severity and chronology of sleep disturbances within individual mouse models of AD, as well as reveal broader trends of sleep deterioration that are shared among most models. This review also explores a variety of potential mechanisms relating Aβ accumulation and tau neurofibrillary tangles to the progressive deterioration of sleep observed in AD. Lastly, this review offers perspective on how study design might impact our current understanding of sleep disturbances in AD and provides strategies for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor J. Drew
- Department of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Chanung Wang
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Tae Kim
- Department of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
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7
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Noel RL, Batts AJ, Ji R, Pouliopoulos AN, Bae S, Kline-Schoder AR, Konofagou EE. Natural aging and Alzheimer's disease pathology increase susceptibility to focused ultrasound-induced blood-brain barrier opening. Sci Rep 2023; 13:6757. [PMID: 37185578 PMCID: PMC10130033 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-30466-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2023] [Accepted: 02/23/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Focused Ultrasound (FUS) paired with systemically-injected microbubbles (μB) is capable of transiently opening the blood-brain barrier (BBBO) for noninvasive and targeted drug delivery to the brain. FUS-BBBO is also capable of modulating the neuroimmune system, further qualifying its therapeutic potential for neurodegenerative diseases like Alzheimer's disease (AD). Natural aging and AD impose significant strain on the brain and particularly the BBB, modifying its structure and subsequently, its functionality. The emerging focus on treating neurodegenerative diseases with FUS-BBBO necessitates an investigation into the extent that age and AD affect the BBB's response to FUS. FUS-BBBO was performed with a 1.5-MHz, geometrically focused transducer operated at 450 kPa and paired with a bolus microbubble injection of 8 × 108 μB/mL. Here we quantify the BBBO, BBB closing (BBBC) timeline, and BBB permeability (BBBP) following FUS-BBBO in male mice with and without AD pathology, aged 10 weeks, one year, or two years. The data presented herein indicates that natural aging and AD pathology may increase initial BBBO volume by up to 34.4% and 40.7% respectively, extend BBBC timeline by up to 1.3 and 1.5 days respectively, and increase BBBP as measured by average Ktrans values up to 80% and 86.1% respectively in male mice. This characterization of the BBB response to FUS-BBBO with age and AD further clarifies the nature and extent of the functional impact of these factors and may offer new considerations for planning FUS-BBBO interventions in aged and AD populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- R L Noel
- Department of Biological Engineering, Columbia University, 351 Engineering Terrace, Mail Code 8904, 1210 Amsterdam Avenue, New York, NY, 10027, USA.
| | - A J Batts
- Department of Biological Engineering, Columbia University, 351 Engineering Terrace, Mail Code 8904, 1210 Amsterdam Avenue, New York, NY, 10027, USA
| | - R Ji
- Department of Biological Engineering, Columbia University, 351 Engineering Terrace, Mail Code 8904, 1210 Amsterdam Avenue, New York, NY, 10027, USA
| | - A N Pouliopoulos
- Department of Biological Engineering, Columbia University, 351 Engineering Terrace, Mail Code 8904, 1210 Amsterdam Avenue, New York, NY, 10027, USA
| | - S Bae
- Department of Biological Engineering, Columbia University, 351 Engineering Terrace, Mail Code 8904, 1210 Amsterdam Avenue, New York, NY, 10027, USA
| | - A R Kline-Schoder
- Department of Biological Engineering, Columbia University, 351 Engineering Terrace, Mail Code 8904, 1210 Amsterdam Avenue, New York, NY, 10027, USA
| | - E E Konofagou
- Department of Biological Engineering, Columbia University, 351 Engineering Terrace, Mail Code 8904, 1210 Amsterdam Avenue, New York, NY, 10027, USA.
- Department of Radiology, Columbia University, 622 West 168th Street, New York, NY, 10032, USA.
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8
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Tousley AR, Yeh PWL, Yeh HH. Precocious emergence of cognitive and synaptic dysfunction in 3xTg-AD mice exposed prenatally to ethanol. Alcohol 2023; 107:56-72. [PMID: 36038084 PMCID: PMC10183974 DOI: 10.1016/j.alcohol.2022.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2022] [Revised: 08/01/2022] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common cause of dementia, affecting approximately 50 million people worldwide. Early life risk factors for AD, including prenatal exposures, remain underexplored. Exposure of the fetus to alcohol (ethanol) is not uncommon during pregnancy, and may result in physical, behavioral, and cognitive changes that are first detected during childhood but result in lifelong challenges. Whether or not prenatal ethanol exposure may contribute to Alzheimer's disease risk is not yet known. Here we exposed a mouse model of Alzheimer's disease (3xTg-AD), bearing three dementia-associated transgenes, presenilin1 (PS1M146V), human amyloid precursor protein (APPSwe), and human tau (TauP301S), to ethanol on gestational days 13.5-16.5 using an established binge-type maternal ethanol exposure paradigm. We sought to investigate whether prenatal ethanol exposure resulted in a precocious onset or increased severity of AD progression, or both. We found that a brief binge-type gestational exposure to ethanol during a period of peak neuronal migration to the developing cortex resulted in an earlier onset of spatial memory deficits and behavioral inflexibility in the progeny, as assessed by performance on the modified Barnes maze task. The observed cognitive changes coincided with alterations to both GABAergic and glutamatergic synaptic transmission in layer V/VI neurons, diminished GABAergic interneurons, and increased β-amyloid accumulation in the medial prefrontal cortex. These findings provide the first preclinical evidence for prenatal ethanol exposure as a potential factor for modifying the onset of AD-like behavioral dysfunction and set the groundwork for more comprehensive investigations into the underpinnings of AD-like cognitive changes in individuals with fetal alcohol spectrum disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adelaide R Tousley
- Department of Molecular and Systems Biology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH, United States; MD-PhD Program, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth; Integrative Neuroscience at Dartmouth Graduate Program, Hanover, NH, United States
| | - Pamela W L Yeh
- Department of Molecular and Systems Biology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH, United States
| | - Hermes H Yeh
- Department of Molecular and Systems Biology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH, United States.
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Phospholipase D1 Attenuation Therapeutics Promotes Resilience against Synaptotoxicity in 12-Month-Old 3xTg-AD Mouse Model of Progressive Neurodegeneration. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24043372. [PMID: 36834781 PMCID: PMC9967100 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24043372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2023] [Revised: 02/02/2023] [Accepted: 02/03/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Abrogating synaptotoxicity in age-related neurodegenerative disorders is an extremely promising area of research with significant neurotherapeutic implications in tauopathies including Alzheimer's disease (AD). Our studies using human clinical samples and mouse models demonstrated that aberrantly elevated phospholipase D1 (PLD1) is associated with amyloid beta (Aβ) and tau-driven synaptic dysfunction and underlying memory deficits. While knocking out the lipolytic PLD1 gene is not detrimental to survival across species, elevated expression is implicated in cancer, cardiovascular conditions and neuropathologies, leading to the successful development of well-tolerated mammalian PLD isoform-specific small molecule inhibitors. Here, we address the importance of PLD1 attenuation, achieved using repeated 1 mg/kg of VU0155069 (VU01) intraperitoneally every alternate day for a month in 3xTg-AD mice beginning only from ~11 months of age (with greater influence of tau-driven insults) compared to age-matched vehicle (0.9% saline)-injected siblings. A multimodal approach involving behavior, electrophysiology and biochemistry corroborate the impact of this pre-clinical therapeutic intervention. VU01 proved efficacious in preventing in later stage AD-like cognitive decline affecting perirhinal cortex-, hippocampal- and amygdala-dependent behaviors. Glutamate-dependent HFS-LTP and LFS-LTD improved. Dendritic spine morphology showed the preservation of mushroom and filamentous spine characteristics. Differential PLD1 immunofluorescence and co-localization with Aβ were noted.
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10
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Vande Vyver M, Barker‐Haliski M, Aourz N, Nagels G, Bjerke M, Engelborghs S, De Bundel D, Smolders I. Higher susceptibility to 6 Hz corneal kindling and lower responsiveness to antiseizure drugs in mouse models of Alzheimer's disease. Epilepsia 2022; 63:2703-2715. [PMID: 35775150 PMCID: PMC9804582 DOI: 10.1111/epi.17355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2022] [Revised: 06/17/2022] [Accepted: 06/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Epileptic spikes and seizures seem present early in the disease process of Alzheimer's disease (AD). However, it is unclear how soluble and insoluble amyloid beta (Aβ) and tau proteins affect seizure development in vivo. We aim to contribute to this field by assessing the vulnerability to 6 Hz corneal kindling of young female mice from two well-characterized transgenic AD models and by testing their responsiveness to selected antiseizure drugs (ASDs). METHODS We used 7-week-old triple transgenic (3xTg) mice that have both amyloid and tau mutations, and amyloid precursor protein Swedish/presenillin 1 dE9 (APP/PS1) mice, bearing only amyloid-related mutations. We assessed the absence of plaques via immunohistochemistry and analyzed the concentrations of both soluble and insoluble forms of Aβ1-42 and total tau (t-tau) in brain hippocampal and prefrontal cortical tissue. Seven-week-old mice of the different genotypes were subjected to the 6 Hz corneal kindling model. After kindling acquisition, we tested the anticonvulsant effects of three marketed ASDs (levetiracetam, brivaracetam, and lamotrigine) in fully kindled mice. RESULTS No Aβ plaques were present in either genotype. Soluble Aβ1-42 levels were increased in both AD genotypes, whereas insoluble Aβ1-42 concentrations were only elevated in APP/PS1 mice compared with their respective controls. Soluble and insoluble forms of t-tau were increased in 3xTg mice only. 3xTg and APP/PS1 mice displayed more severe seizures induced by 6 Hz corneal kindling from the first stimulation onward and were more rapidly kindled compared with control mice. In fully kindled AD mice, ASDs had less-pronounced anticonvulsive effects compared with controls. SIGNIFICANCE Mutations increasing Aβ only or both Aβ and tau in the brain enhance susceptibility for seizures and kindling in mice. The effect of ASDs on seizures measured by the Racine scale is less pronounced in both investigated AD models and suggests that seizures of young AD mice are more difficult to treat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxime Vande Vyver
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Drug Analysis and Drug Information, Research Group Experimental Pharmacology, Center for NeurosciencesVrije Universiteit BrusselBrusselsBelgium,Department of NeurologyUniversitair Ziekenhuis BrusselJetteBelgium,Reference Center for Biological Markers of Dementia (BIODEM), Department of Biomedical SciencesUniversity of AntwerpAntwerpBelgium,Neuroprotection and Neuromodulation (NEUR), Center for NeurosciencesVrije Universiteit BrusselBrusselsBelgium
| | | | - Najat Aourz
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Drug Analysis and Drug Information, Research Group Experimental Pharmacology, Center for NeurosciencesVrije Universiteit BrusselBrusselsBelgium
| | - Guy Nagels
- Department of NeurologyUniversitair Ziekenhuis BrusselJetteBelgium,Department of AI Supported Modelling in Clinical Sciences (AIMS)Vrije Universiteit BrusselBrusselsBelgium
| | - Maria Bjerke
- Neuroprotection and Neuromodulation (NEUR), Center for NeurosciencesVrije Universiteit BrusselBrusselsBelgium,Department of NeurochemistryUniversitair Ziekenhuis BrusselBrusselsBelgium
| | - Sebastiaan Engelborghs
- Department of NeurologyUniversitair Ziekenhuis BrusselJetteBelgium,Reference Center for Biological Markers of Dementia (BIODEM), Department of Biomedical SciencesUniversity of AntwerpAntwerpBelgium,Neuroprotection and Neuromodulation (NEUR), Center for NeurosciencesVrije Universiteit BrusselBrusselsBelgium
| | - Dimitri De Bundel
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Drug Analysis and Drug Information, Research Group Experimental Pharmacology, Center for NeurosciencesVrije Universiteit BrusselBrusselsBelgium
| | - Ilse Smolders
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Drug Analysis and Drug Information, Research Group Experimental Pharmacology, Center for NeurosciencesVrije Universiteit BrusselBrusselsBelgium
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11
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Rangan P, Lobo F, Parrella E, Rochette N, Morselli M, Stephen TL, Cremonini AL, Tagliafico L, Persia A, Caffa I, Monacelli F, Odetti P, Bonfiglio T, Nencioni A, Pigliautile M, Boccardi V, Mecocci P, Pike CJ, Cohen P, LaDu MJ, Pellegrini M, Xia K, Tran K, Ann B, Chowdhury D, Longo VD. Fasting-mimicking diet cycles reduce neuroinflammation to attenuate cognitive decline in Alzheimer's models. Cell Rep 2022; 40:111417. [PMID: 36170815 PMCID: PMC9648488 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.111417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2020] [Revised: 03/30/2022] [Accepted: 09/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The effects of fasting-mimicking diet (FMD) cycles in reducing many aging and disease risk factors indicate it could affect Alzheimer's disease (AD). Here, we show that FMD cycles reduce cognitive decline and AD pathology in E4FAD and 3xTg AD mouse models, with effects superior to those caused by protein restriction cycles. In 3xTg mice, long-term FMD cycles reduce hippocampal Aβ load and hyperphosphorylated tau, enhance genesis of neural stem cells, decrease microglia number, and reduce expression of neuroinflammatory genes, including superoxide-generating NADPH oxidase (Nox2). 3xTg mice lacking Nox2 or mice treated with the NADPH oxidase inhibitor apocynin also display improved cognition and reduced microglia activation compared with controls. Clinical data indicate that FMD cycles are feasible and generally safe in a small group of AD patients. These results indicate that FMD cycles delay cognitive decline in AD models in part by reducing neuroinflammation and/or superoxide production in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priya Rangan
- Longevity Institute, School of Gerontology, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southern California, 3715 McClintock Avenue, Los Angeles, CA 90089-0191, USA
| | - Fleur Lobo
- Longevity Institute, School of Gerontology, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southern California, 3715 McClintock Avenue, Los Angeles, CA 90089-0191, USA
| | - Edoardo Parrella
- Longevity Institute, School of Gerontology, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southern California, 3715 McClintock Avenue, Los Angeles, CA 90089-0191, USA; Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Viale Europa 11, Brescia, BS 25123, Italy
| | - Nicolas Rochette
- Institute for Quantitative and Computational Biosciences, University of California, Los Angeles, 611 Charles E. Young Dr. E., Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, 612 Charles E. Young Dr. E., Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Marco Morselli
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, 610 Charles E. Young Dr. S., Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Institute for Quantitative and Computational Biosciences, University of California, Los Angeles, 611 Charles E. Young Dr. E., Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Terri-Leigh Stephen
- Longevity Institute, School of Gerontology, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southern California, 3715 McClintock Avenue, Los Angeles, CA 90089-0191, USA
| | - Anna Laura Cremonini
- Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties, University of Genoa, Viale Benedetto XV 6, Genova, GE 16132, Italy; IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Largo Rosanna Benzi 10, 16132 Genoa, Italy
| | - Luca Tagliafico
- Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties, University of Genoa, Viale Benedetto XV 6, Genova, GE 16132, Italy
| | - Angelica Persia
- Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties, University of Genoa, Viale Benedetto XV 6, Genova, GE 16132, Italy
| | - Irene Caffa
- Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties, University of Genoa, Viale Benedetto XV 6, Genova, GE 16132, Italy
| | - Fiammetta Monacelli
- Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties, University of Genoa, Viale Benedetto XV 6, Genova, GE 16132, Italy; IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Largo Rosanna Benzi 10, 16132 Genoa, Italy
| | - Patrizio Odetti
- Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties, University of Genoa, Viale Benedetto XV 6, Genova, GE 16132, Italy; IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Largo Rosanna Benzi 10, 16132 Genoa, Italy
| | - Tommaso Bonfiglio
- Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties, University of Genoa, Viale Benedetto XV 6, Genova, GE 16132, Italy
| | - Alessio Nencioni
- Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties, University of Genoa, Viale Benedetto XV 6, Genova, GE 16132, Italy; IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Largo Rosanna Benzi 10, 16132 Genoa, Italy
| | - Martina Pigliautile
- Santa Maria della Misericordia Hospital, Section of Gerontology and Geriatrics, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Virginia Boccardi
- Santa Maria della Misericordia Hospital, Section of Gerontology and Geriatrics, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Patrizia Mecocci
- Santa Maria della Misericordia Hospital, Section of Gerontology and Geriatrics, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Christian J Pike
- Longevity Institute, School of Gerontology, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southern California, 3715 McClintock Avenue, Los Angeles, CA 90089-0191, USA
| | - Pinchas Cohen
- Longevity Institute, School of Gerontology, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southern California, 3715 McClintock Avenue, Los Angeles, CA 90089-0191, USA; USC Dornsife College of Letters, Arts & Sciences, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southern California, 3551 Trousdale Pkwy., Los Angeles, CA 90089-0191, USA
| | - Mary Jo LaDu
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Matteo Pellegrini
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, 610 Charles E. Young Dr. S., Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Institute for Quantitative and Computational Biosciences, University of California, Los Angeles, 611 Charles E. Young Dr. E., Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Kyle Xia
- Longevity Institute, School of Gerontology, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southern California, 3715 McClintock Avenue, Los Angeles, CA 90089-0191, USA
| | - Katelynn Tran
- Longevity Institute, School of Gerontology, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southern California, 3715 McClintock Avenue, Los Angeles, CA 90089-0191, USA
| | - Brandon Ann
- Longevity Institute, School of Gerontology, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southern California, 3715 McClintock Avenue, Los Angeles, CA 90089-0191, USA
| | - Dolly Chowdhury
- Longevity Institute, School of Gerontology, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southern California, 3715 McClintock Avenue, Los Angeles, CA 90089-0191, USA
| | - Valter D Longo
- Longevity Institute, School of Gerontology, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southern California, 3715 McClintock Avenue, Los Angeles, CA 90089-0191, USA; Eli and Edythe Broad Center for Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research at USC, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, 1425 San Pablo St., Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA; IFOM FIRC Institute of Molecular Oncology, Via Adamello 16, Milano, MI 20139, Italy.
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12
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Mandino F, Yeow LY, Bi R, Sejin L, Bae HG, Baek SH, Lee CY, Mohammad H, Horien C, Teoh CL, Lee JH, Lai MK, Jung S, Fu Y, Olivo M, Gigg J, Grandjean J. The lateral entorhinal cortex is a hub for local and global dysfunction in early Alzheimer's disease states. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2022; 42:1616-1631. [PMID: 35466772 PMCID: PMC9441719 DOI: 10.1177/0271678x221082016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Functional network activity alterations are one of the earliest hallmarks of Alzheimer's disease (AD), detected prior to amyloidosis and tauopathy. Better understanding the neuronal underpinnings of such network alterations could offer mechanistic insight into AD progression. Here, we examined a mouse model (3xTgAD mice) recapitulating this early AD stage. We found resting functional connectivity loss within ventral networks, including the entorhinal cortex, aligning with the spatial distribution of tauopathy reported in humans. Unexpectedly, in contrast to decreased connectivity at rest, 3xTgAD mice show enhanced fMRI signal within several projection areas following optogenetic activation of the entorhinal cortex. We corroborate this finding by demonstrating neuronal facilitation within ventral networks and synaptic hyperexcitability in projection targets. 3xTgAD mice, thus, reveal a dichotomic hypo-connected:resting versus hyper-responsive:active phenotype. This strong homotopy between the areas affected supports the translatability of this pathophysiological model to tau-related, early-AD deficits in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Mandino
- Singapore Bioimaging Consortium, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore.,Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.,Department of Radiology and Bioimaging Sciences, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Ling Yun Yeow
- Singapore Bioimaging Consortium, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore
| | - Renzhe Bi
- Singapore Bioimaging Consortium, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore
| | - Lee Sejin
- Singapore Bioimaging Consortium, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore
| | - Han Gyu Bae
- Singapore Bioimaging Consortium, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore.,Department of Life Sciences, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, South Korea
| | - Seung Hyun Baek
- Singapore Bioimaging Consortium, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore
| | - Chun-Yao Lee
- Singapore Bioimaging Consortium, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore
| | - Hasan Mohammad
- Singapore Bioimaging Consortium, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore
| | - Corey Horien
- Department of Radiology and Bioimaging Sciences, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Chai Lean Teoh
- Singapore Bioimaging Consortium, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore
| | - Jasinda H Lee
- Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Mitchell Kp Lai
- Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Sangyong Jung
- Singapore Bioimaging Consortium, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore
| | - Yu Fu
- Singapore Bioimaging Consortium, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore
| | - Malini Olivo
- Singapore Bioimaging Consortium, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore
| | - John Gigg
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Joanes Grandjean
- Singapore Bioimaging Consortium, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore.,Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine & Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behaviour, Donders Institute, Radboud University Medical Centre, The Netherlands
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13
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Bello-Medina PC, Corona-Cervantes K, Zavala Torres NG, González A, Pérez-Morales M, González-Franco DA, Gómez A, García-Mena J, Díaz-Cintra S, Pacheco-López G. Chronic-Antibiotics Induced Gut Microbiota Dysbiosis Rescues Memory Impairment and Reduces β-Amyloid Aggregation in a Preclinical Alzheimer's Disease Model. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:8209. [PMID: 35897785 PMCID: PMC9331718 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23158209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2022] [Revised: 07/08/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a multifactorial pathology characterized by β-amyloid (Aβ) deposits, Tau hyperphosphorylation, neuroinflammatory response, and cognitive deficit. Changes in the bacterial gut microbiota (BGM) have been reported as a possible etiological factor of AD. We assessed in offspring (F1) 3xTg, the effect of BGM dysbiosisdysbiosis in mothers (F0) at gestation and F1 from lactation up to the age of 5 months on Aβ and Tau levels in the hippocampus, as well as on spatial memory at the early symptomatic stage of AD. We found that BGM dysbiosisdysbiosis with antibiotics (Abx) treatment in F0 was vertically transferred to their F1 3xTg mice, as observed on postnatal day (PD) 30 and 150. On PD150, we observed a delay in spatial memory impairment and Aβ deposits, but not in Tau and pTau protein in the hippocampus at the early symptomatic stage of AD. These effects are correlated with relative abundance of bacteria and alpha diversity, and are specific to bacterial consortia. Our results suggest that this specific BGM could reduce neuroinflammatory responses related to cerebral amyloidosis and cognitive deficit and activate metabolic pathways associated with the biosynthesis of triggering or protective molecules for AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola C. Bello-Medina
- Departamento de Neurobiología del Desarrollo y Neurofisiología, Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Querétaro 76230, Mexico;
- Biological and Health Sciences Division, Campus Lerma, Metropolitan Autonomus University (UAM), Lerma 52005, Mexico; (A.G.); (M.P.-M.); (D.A.G.-F.); (A.G.); (G.P.-L.)
| | - Karina Corona-Cervantes
- Departamento de Genética y Biología Molecular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Unidad Zacatenco, Mexico City 07360, Mexico; (K.C.-C.); (N.G.Z.T.)
| | - Norma Gabriela Zavala Torres
- Departamento de Genética y Biología Molecular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Unidad Zacatenco, Mexico City 07360, Mexico; (K.C.-C.); (N.G.Z.T.)
| | - Antonio González
- Biological and Health Sciences Division, Campus Lerma, Metropolitan Autonomus University (UAM), Lerma 52005, Mexico; (A.G.); (M.P.-M.); (D.A.G.-F.); (A.G.); (G.P.-L.)
| | - Marcel Pérez-Morales
- Biological and Health Sciences Division, Campus Lerma, Metropolitan Autonomus University (UAM), Lerma 52005, Mexico; (A.G.); (M.P.-M.); (D.A.G.-F.); (A.G.); (G.P.-L.)
| | - Diego A. González-Franco
- Biological and Health Sciences Division, Campus Lerma, Metropolitan Autonomus University (UAM), Lerma 52005, Mexico; (A.G.); (M.P.-M.); (D.A.G.-F.); (A.G.); (G.P.-L.)
| | - Astrid Gómez
- Biological and Health Sciences Division, Campus Lerma, Metropolitan Autonomus University (UAM), Lerma 52005, Mexico; (A.G.); (M.P.-M.); (D.A.G.-F.); (A.G.); (G.P.-L.)
| | - Jaime García-Mena
- Departamento de Genética y Biología Molecular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Unidad Zacatenco, Mexico City 07360, Mexico; (K.C.-C.); (N.G.Z.T.)
| | - Sofía Díaz-Cintra
- Departamento de Neurobiología del Desarrollo y Neurofisiología, Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Querétaro 76230, Mexico;
| | - Gustavo Pacheco-López
- Biological and Health Sciences Division, Campus Lerma, Metropolitan Autonomus University (UAM), Lerma 52005, Mexico; (A.G.); (M.P.-M.); (D.A.G.-F.); (A.G.); (G.P.-L.)
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14
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Xu H, Bhaskaran S, Piekarz KM, Ranjit R, Bian J, Kneis P, Ellis A, Bhandari S, Rice HC, Van Remmen H. Age Related Changes in Muscle Mass and Force Generation in the Triple Transgenic (3xTgAD) Mouse Model of Alzheimer's Disease. Front Aging Neurosci 2022; 14:876816. [PMID: 35547624 PMCID: PMC9083113 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2022.876816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Emerging evidence suggests that patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD) may show accelerated sarcopenia phenotypes. To investigate whether pathological changes associated with neuronal death and cognitive dysfunction also occur in peripheral motor neurons and muscle as a function of age, we used the triple transgenic mouse model of AD (3xTgAD mice) that carries transgenes for mutant forms of APP, Tau, and presenilin proteins that are associated with AD pathology. We measured changes in motor neurons and skeletal muscle function and metabolism in young (2 to 4 month) female control and 3xTgAD mice and in older (18-20 month) control and 3xTgAD female mice. In older 3xTgAD mice, we observed a number of sarcopenia-related phenotypes, including significantly fragmented and denervated neuromuscular junctions (NMJs) associated with a 17% reduction in sciatic nerve induced vs. direct muscle stimulation induced contractile force production, and a 30% decrease in gastrocnemius muscle mass. On the contrary, none of these outcomes were found in young 3xTgAD mice. We also measured an accumulation of amyloid-β (Aβ) in both skeletal muscle and neuronal tissue in old 3xTgAD mice that may potentially contribute to muscle atrophy and NMJ disruption in the older 3xTgAD mice. Furthermore, the TGF-β mediated atrophy signaling pathway is activated in old 3xTgAD mice and is a potential contributing factor in the muscle atrophy that occurs in this group. Perhaps surprisingly, mitochondrial oxygen consumption and reactive oxygen species (ROS) production are not elevated in skeletal muscle from old 3xTgAD mice. Together, these results provide new insights into the effect of AD pathological mechanisms on peripheral changes in skeletal muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongyang Xu
- Aging & Metabolism Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK, United States
| | - Shylesh Bhaskaran
- Aging & Metabolism Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK, United States
| | - Katarzyna M. Piekarz
- Aging & Metabolism Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK, United States,OU Neuroscience, Graduate College and Department of Neurosurgery, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, United States
| | - Rojina Ranjit
- Aging & Metabolism Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK, United States
| | - Jan Bian
- Aging & Metabolism Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK, United States
| | - Parker Kneis
- Aging & Metabolism Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK, United States
| | - Aubrey Ellis
- Aging & Metabolism Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK, United States
| | - Suyesha Bhandari
- Oklahoma Center for Geroscience and Healthy Brain Aging, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, United States
| | - Heather C. Rice
- Oklahoma Center for Geroscience and Healthy Brain Aging, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, United States
| | - Holly Van Remmen
- Aging & Metabolism Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK, United States,Oklahoma Center for Geroscience and Healthy Brain Aging, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, United States,Oklahoma City VA Medical Center, Oklahoma City, OK, United States,*Correspondence: Holly Van Remmen,
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15
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Bareiss SK, Johnston T, Lu Q, Tran TD. The effect of exercise on early sensorimotor performance alterations in the 3xTg-AD model of Alzheimer's disease. Neurosci Res 2022; 178:60-68. [PMID: 35033583 DOI: 10.1016/j.neures.2022.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Revised: 12/29/2021] [Accepted: 01/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is characterized by a progressive decline in cognitive function; however, recent evidence suggests that non-cognitive sensorimotor and psychomotor symptoms accompany early stages of the disease in humans and AD models. Although exercise is emerging as an important therapeutic to combat AD progression, little is known about the effect of exercise on sensorimotor domain functions. The purpose of this study was to determine if early sensorimotor symptoms accompany deficits in Morris water maze (MWM) performance in the 3xTg-AD model, and investigate if exercise could protect against early behavioral decline. 3xTg-AD and wild-type (WT) control mice were subjected to 12 weeks of moderate intensity wheel running or remained sedentary. At 6 months of age, animals underwent a series of sensorimotor and MWM testing. 3xTg-AD mice displayed deficits in sensorimotor function (beam traversal, spontaneous activity, and adhesive removal) and MWM performance. Interestingly, 3xTg-AD animals exhibited increased freezing and unusual shaking/tremoring behaviors not displayed by WT controls. Exercise improved beam traversal, adhesive removal, and reduced the unusual motor-related behaviors in 3xTg-AD mice. Our study shows that sensorimotor symptoms coincide with deficits in MWM performance, and suggest that exercise may mitigate deficits associated with early disease in 3xTg-AD mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonja K Bareiss
- Department of Physical Therapy, School of Rehabilitation and Movement Sciences, Bellarmine University, Louisville, KY 40205, United States; Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Louisville, United States; The Harriet and John Wooten Laboratory for Alzheimer's and Neurodegenerative Diseases Research, East Carolina University, United States.
| | - Tyler Johnston
- Department of Physical Therapy, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC 27834, United States.
| | - Qun Lu
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Brody School of Medicine, United States; The Harriet and John Wooten Laboratory for Alzheimer's and Neurodegenerative Diseases Research, East Carolina University, United States.
| | - Tuan D Tran
- The Harriet and John Wooten Laboratory for Alzheimer's and Neurodegenerative Diseases Research, East Carolina University, United States; Department of Psychology East Carolina University, Greenville, NC 27834, United States.
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16
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Meinicke A, Härtig W, Winter K, Puchta J, Mages B, Michalski D, Emmer A, Otto M, Hoffmann KT, Reimann W, Krause M, Schob S. Surfactant Protein-G in Wildtype and 3xTg-AD Mice: Localization in the Forebrain, Age-Dependent Hippocampal Dot-like Deposits and Brain Content. Biomolecules 2022; 12:biom12010096. [PMID: 35053244 PMCID: PMC8773979 DOI: 10.3390/biom12010096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2021] [Revised: 12/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The classic surfactant proteins (SPs) A, B, C, and D were discovered in the lungs, where they contribute to host defense and regulate the alveolar surface tension during breathing. Their additional importance for brain physiology was discovered decades later. SP-G, a novel amphiphilic SP, was then identified in the lungs and is mostly linked to inflammation. In the brain, it is also present and significantly elevated after hemorrhage in premature infants and in distinct conditions affecting the cerebrospinal fluid circulation of adults. However, current knowledge on SP-G-expression is limited to ependymal cells and some neurons in the subventricular and superficial cortex. Therefore, we primarily focused on the distribution of SP-G-immunoreactivity (ir) and its spatial relationships with components of the neurovascular unit in murine forebrains. Triple fluorescence labeling elucidated SP-G-co-expressing neurons in the habenula, infundibulum, and hypothalamus. Exploring whether SP-G might play a role in Alzheimer’s disease (AD), 3xTg-AD mice were investigated and displayed age-dependent hippocampal deposits of β-amyloid and hyperphosphorylated tau separately from clustered, SP-G-containing dots with additional Reelin-ir—which was used as established marker for disease progression in this specific context. Semi-quantification of those dots, together with immunoassay-based quantification of intra- and extracellular SP-G, revealed a significant elevation in old 3xTg mice when compared to age-matched wildtype animals. This suggests a role of SP-G for the pathophysiology of AD, but a confirmation with human samples is required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anton Meinicke
- Paul Flechsig Institute for Brain Research, University of Leipzig, Liebigstr. 19, 04103 Leipzig, Germany; (A.M.); (W.H.); (J.P.); (W.R.)
- Institute of Neuroradiology, University Hospital Leipzig, Liebigstr. 20, 04103 Leipzig, Germany;
| | - Wolfgang Härtig
- Paul Flechsig Institute for Brain Research, University of Leipzig, Liebigstr. 19, 04103 Leipzig, Germany; (A.M.); (W.H.); (J.P.); (W.R.)
| | - Karsten Winter
- Institute of Anatomy, University of Leipzig, Liebigstr. 13, 04103 Leipzig, Germany; (K.W.); (B.M.)
| | - Joana Puchta
- Paul Flechsig Institute for Brain Research, University of Leipzig, Liebigstr. 19, 04103 Leipzig, Germany; (A.M.); (W.H.); (J.P.); (W.R.)
- Institute of Neuroradiology, University Hospital Leipzig, Liebigstr. 20, 04103 Leipzig, Germany;
| | - Bianca Mages
- Institute of Anatomy, University of Leipzig, Liebigstr. 13, 04103 Leipzig, Germany; (K.W.); (B.M.)
| | - Dominik Michalski
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Leipzig, Liebigstr. 20, 04103 Leipzig, Germany;
| | - Alexander Emmer
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Halle, Ernst-Grube-Str. 40, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany; (A.E.); (M.O.)
| | - Markus Otto
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Halle, Ernst-Grube-Str. 40, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany; (A.E.); (M.O.)
| | - Karl-Titus Hoffmann
- Institute of Neuroradiology, University Hospital Leipzig, Liebigstr. 20, 04103 Leipzig, Germany;
| | - Willi Reimann
- Paul Flechsig Institute for Brain Research, University of Leipzig, Liebigstr. 19, 04103 Leipzig, Germany; (A.M.); (W.H.); (J.P.); (W.R.)
- Institute of Neuroradiology, University Hospital Leipzig, Liebigstr. 20, 04103 Leipzig, Germany;
| | - Matthias Krause
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital Leipzig, Liebigstr. 20, 04103 Leipzig, Germany;
| | - Stefan Schob
- Department of Neuroradiology, Clinic and Policlinic of Radiology, University Hospital Halle, Ernst-Grube-Str. 40, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-345-557-2432
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17
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Nava Catorce M, Acero G, Gevorkian G. Age- and sex-dependent alterations in the peripheral immune system in the 3xTg-AD mouse model of Alzheimer's disease: Increased proportion of CD3+CD4-CD8- double-negative T cells in the blood. J Neuroimmunol 2021; 360:577720. [PMID: 34543880 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2021.577720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Revised: 09/07/2021] [Accepted: 09/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
It is well documented that sporadic Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a multifactorial disease and considered to be a result of several pathological events, both in the periphery and in the brain. The role of the peripheral immune system in the etiology and/or progression of the disease is not fully understood yet, and the results in humans are contradictory so far. Several animal models of AD have been generated and thoroughly characterized to elucidate disease mechanisms and evaluate numerous therapeutic strategies in preclinical studies. In the present study, we carried out a longitudinal evaluation of blood lymphocytes from male and female 3xTg-AD mice to document important immunological abnormalities in the periphery. We documented the age-dependent decrease in the percentage of CD3+ and CD4+ lymphocytes and an increase in the percentage CD3+CD4-CD8- (DN T) cells in the blood of 3xTg-AD mice compared with non-transgenic animals. Severe splenomegaly was observed in 3xTg-AD mice in contrast to wild-type animals. Importantly, all these abnormalities in the peripheral immune system appeared earlier and were more pronounced in males compared with females of the same age, which may account for the shorter lifespan of male mice. We suggest that future research should include the measurement of CD3+ and DN T cells as a potential immunological marker of disease progression in AD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miryam Nava Catorce
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Apartado Postal 70228, Cuidad Universitaria, CDMX, CP 04510, Mexico
| | - Gonzalo Acero
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Apartado Postal 70228, Cuidad Universitaria, CDMX, CP 04510, Mexico
| | - Goar Gevorkian
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Apartado Postal 70228, Cuidad Universitaria, CDMX, CP 04510, Mexico.
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18
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Modulation of Neurolipid Signaling and Specific Lipid Species in the Triple Transgenic Mouse Model of Alzheimer's Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222212256. [PMID: 34830150 PMCID: PMC8620566 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222212256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2021] [Revised: 11/09/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder and the most common cause of dementia in aging populations. Recently, the regulation of neurolipid-mediated signaling and cerebral lipid species was shown in AD patients. The triple transgenic mouse model (3xTg-AD), harboring βAPPSwe, PS1M146V, and tauP301L transgenes, mimics many critical aspects of AD neuropathology and progressively develops neuropathological markers. Thus, in the present study, 3xTg-AD mice have been used to test the involvement of the neurolipid-based signaling by endocannabinoids (eCB), lysophosphatidic acid (LPA), and sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P) in relation to the lipid deregulation. [35S]GTPγS autoradiography was used in the presence of specific agonists WIN55,212-2, LPA and CYM5442, to measure the activity mediated by CB1, LPA1, and S1P1 Gi/0 coupled receptors, respectively. Consecutive slides were used to analyze the relative intensities of multiple lipid species by MALDI Mass spectrometry imaging (MSI) with microscopic anatomical resolution. The quantitative analysis of the astrocyte population was performed by immunohistochemistry. CB1 receptor activity was decreased in the amygdala and motor cortex of 3xTg-AD mice, but LPA1 activity was increased in the corpus callosum, motor cortex, hippocampal CA1 area, and striatum. Conversely, S1P1 activity was reduced in hippocampal areas. Moreover, the observed modifications on PC, PA, SM, and PI intensities in different brain areas depend on their fatty acid composition, including decrease of polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) phospholipids and increase of species containing saturated fatty acids (SFA). The regulation of some lipid species in specific brain regions together with the modulation of the eCB, LPA, and S1P signaling in 3xTg-AD mice indicate a neuroprotective adaptation to improve neurotransmission, relieve the myelination dysfunction, and to attenuate astrocyte-mediated neuroinflammation. These results could contribute to identify new therapeutic strategies based on the regulation of the lipid signaling in familial AD patients.
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19
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Stimmell AC, Xu Z, Moseley SC, Benthem SD, Fernandez DM, Dang JV, Santos-Molina LF, Anzalone RA, Garcia-Barbon CL, Rodriguez S, Dixon JR, Wu W, Wilber AA. Tau Pathology Profile Across a Parietal-Hippocampal Brain Network Is Associated With Spatial Reorientation Learning and Memory Performance in the 3xTg-AD Mouse. FRONTIERS IN AGING 2021; 2. [PMID: 34746919 PMCID: PMC8570590 DOI: 10.3389/fragi.2021.655015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
In early Alzheimer's disease (AD) spatial navigation is one of the first impairments to emerge; however, the precise cause of this impairment is unclear. Previously, we showed that, in a mouse model of tau and amyloid beta (Aβ) aggregation, getting lost represents, at least in part, a failure to use distal cues to get oriented in space and that impaired parietal-hippocampal network level plasticity during sleep may underlie this spatial disorientation. However, the relationship between tau and amyloid beta aggregation in this brain network and impaired spatial orientation has not been assessed. Therefore, we used several approaches, including canonical correlation analysis and independent components analysis tools, to examine the relationship between pathology profile across the parietal-hippocampal brain network and spatial reorientation learning and memory performance. We found that consistent with the exclusive impairment in 3xTg-AD 6-month female mice, only 6-month female mice had an ICA identified pattern of tau pathology across the parietal-hippocampal network that were positively correlated with behavior. Specifically, a higher density of pTau positive cells predicted worse spatial learning and memory. Surprisingly, despite a lack of impairment relative to controls, 3-month female, as well as 6- and 12- month male mice all had patterns of tau pathology across the parietal-hippocampal brain network that are predictive of spatial learning and memory performance. However, the direction of the effect was opposite, a negative correlation, meaning that a higher density of pTau positive cells predicted better performance. Finally, there were not significant group or region differences in M78 density at any of the ages examined and ICA analyses were not able to identify any patterns of 6E10 staining across brain regions that were significant predictors of behavioral performance. Thus, the pattern of pTau staining across the parietal-hippocampal network is a strong predictor of spatial learning and memory performance, even for mice with low levels of tau accumulation and intact spatial re-orientation learning and memory. This suggests that AD may cause spatial disorientation as a result of early tau accumulation in the parietal-hippocampal network.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alina C Stimmell
- Department of Psychology, Program in Neuroscience, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, United States
| | - Zishen Xu
- Department of Statistics, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, United States
| | - Shawn C Moseley
- Department of Psychology, Program in Neuroscience, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, United States
| | - Sarah D Benthem
- Department of Psychology, Program in Neuroscience, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, United States
| | - Diana M Fernandez
- Department of Psychology, Program in Neuroscience, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, United States
| | - Jessica V Dang
- Department of Psychology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Luis F Santos-Molina
- Department of Psychology, Program in Neuroscience, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, United States
| | - Rosina A Anzalone
- Department of Psychology, Program in Neuroscience, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, United States
| | - Carolina L Garcia-Barbon
- Department of Psychology, Program in Neuroscience, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, United States
| | - Stephany Rodriguez
- Department of Psychology, Program in Neuroscience, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, United States
| | - Jessica R Dixon
- Department of Psychology, Program in Neuroscience, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, United States
| | - Wei Wu
- Department of Statistics, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, United States
| | - Aaron A Wilber
- Department of Psychology, Program in Neuroscience, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, United States
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20
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Dionisio-Santos DA, Karaahmet B, Belcher EK, Owlett LD, Trojanczyk LA, Olschowka JA, O'Banion MK. Evaluating Effects of Glatiramer Acetate Treatment on Amyloid Deposition and Tau Phosphorylation in the 3xTg Mouse Model of Alzheimer's Disease. Front Neurosci 2021; 15:758677. [PMID: 34744620 PMCID: PMC8569891 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2021.758677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuroinflammation driven by the accumulation of amyloid β (Aβ) can lead to neurofibrillary tangle formation in Alzheimer's Disease (AD). To test the hypothesis that an anti-inflammatory immunomodulatory agent might have beneficial effects on amyloid and tau pathology, as well as microglial phenotype, we evaluated glatiramer acetate (GA), a multiple sclerosis drug thought to bias type 2 helper T (Th2) cell responses and alternatively activate myeloid cells. We administered weekly subcutaneous injections of GA or PBS to 15-month-old 3xTg AD mice, which develop both amyloid and tau pathology, for a period of 8 weeks. We found that subcutaneous administration of GA improved behavioral performance in novel object recognition and decreased Aβ plaque in the 3xTg AD mice. Changes in tau phosphorylation were mixed with specific changes in phosphoepitopes seen in immunohistochemistry but not observed in western blot. In addition, we found that there was a trend toward increased microglia complexity in 3xTg mice treated with GA, suggesting a shift toward homeostasis. These findings correlated with subtle changes in the microglial transcriptome, in which the most striking difference was the upregulation of Dcstamp. Lastly, we found no evidence of changes in proportions of major helper T cell (Th) subtypes in the periphery. Overall, our study provides further evidence for the benefits of immunomodulatory therapies that alter the adaptive immune system with the goal of modifying microglia responses for the treatment of Alzheimer's Disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dawling A Dionisio-Santos
- Department of Neuroscience, School of Medicine and Dentistry, Del Monte Neuroscience Institute, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, United States
| | - Berke Karaahmet
- Department of Neuroscience, School of Medicine and Dentistry, Del Monte Neuroscience Institute, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, United States
| | - Elizabeth K Belcher
- Department of Neuroscience, School of Medicine and Dentistry, Del Monte Neuroscience Institute, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, United States
| | - Laura D Owlett
- Department of Neuroscience, School of Medicine and Dentistry, Del Monte Neuroscience Institute, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, United States
| | - Lee A Trojanczyk
- Department of Neuroscience, School of Medicine and Dentistry, Del Monte Neuroscience Institute, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, United States
| | - John A Olschowka
- Department of Neuroscience, School of Medicine and Dentistry, Del Monte Neuroscience Institute, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, United States
| | - M Kerry O'Banion
- Department of Neuroscience, School of Medicine and Dentistry, Del Monte Neuroscience Institute, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, United States
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21
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Salvan P, Lazari A, Vidaurre D, Mandino F, Johansen-Berg H, Grandjean J. Frequency modulation of entorhinal cortex neuronal activity drives distinct frequency-dependent states of brain-wide dynamics. Cell Rep 2021; 37:109954. [PMID: 34731612 PMCID: PMC8609366 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2021.109954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Revised: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 10/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Human neuroimaging studies have shown that, during cognitive processing, the brain undergoes dynamic transitions between multiple, frequency-tuned states of activity. Although different states may emerge from distinct sources of neural activity, it remains unclear whether single-area neuronal spiking can also drive multiple dynamic states. In mice, we ask whether frequency modulation of the entorhinal cortex activity causes dynamic states to emerge and whether these states respond to distinct stimulation frequencies. Using hidden Markov modeling, we perform unsupervised detection of transient states in mouse brain-wide fMRI fluctuations induced via optogenetic frequency modulation of excitatory neurons. We unveil the existence of multiple, frequency-dependent dynamic states, invisible through standard static fMRI analyses. These states are linked to different anatomical circuits and disrupted in a frequency-dependent fashion in a transgenic model of cognitive disease directly related to entorhinal cortex dysfunction. These findings provide cross-scale insight into basic neuronal mechanisms that may underpin flexibility in brain-wide dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piergiorgio Salvan
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging, FMRIB, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK.
| | - Alberto Lazari
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging, FMRIB, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Diego Vidaurre
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging, OHBA, Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7JX, UK; Department of Clinical Medicine, Center for Functionally Integrative Neuroscience, Aarhus University, Aarhus 8000, Denmark
| | - Francesca Mandino
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Heidi Johansen-Berg
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging, FMRIB, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Joanes Grandjean
- Department of Medical Imaging and Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behaviour, Donders Institute, Radboud University Medical Centre, PO Box 9101, 6500HB Nijmegen, the Netherlands.
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22
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Schob S, Puchta J, Winter K, Michalski D, Mages B, Martens H, Emmer A, Hoffmann KT, Gaunitz F, Meinicke A, Krause M, Härtig W. Surfactant protein C is associated with perineuronal nets and shows age-dependent changes of brain content and hippocampal deposits in wildtype and 3xTg mice. J Chem Neuroanat 2021; 118:102036. [PMID: 34626771 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchemneu.2021.102036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2021] [Revised: 09/24/2021] [Accepted: 09/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Surfactant protein C (SP-C) modulates cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) rheology. During ageing, its declining levels are accompanied by an increased burden of white matter lesions. Pulmonary SP-C intermediates harbouring the BRICHOS-domain prevent protein misfolding in the lungs. Thus, cerebral SP-C intermediates may counteract cerebral β-amyloidosis, a hallmark of Alzheimer's disease (AD). However, data on the molecular neuroanatomy of SP-C and its alterations in wildtype and triple transgenic (3xTg) mice, featuring essential elements of AD-neuropathology, are lacking. Therefore, this study investigated SP-C-containing structures in murine forebrains and their spatial relationships with vascular, glial and neuronal components of the neurovascular unit. Fluorescence labelling demonstrated neuronal SP-C in the medial habenula, the indusium griseum and the hippocampus. Glial counterstaining elucidated astrocytes in the corpus callosum co-expressing SP-C and S100β. Notably, perineuronal nets were associated with SP-C in the nucleus reticularis thalami, the lateral hypothalamus and the retrosplenial cortex. In the hippocampus of aged 3xTg mice, an increased number of dot-like depositions containing SP-C and Reelin, but devoid of BRICHOS-immunoreactivity were observed apart from AD-like lesions. Wildtype and 3xTg mice revealed an age-dependent increase of such deposits markedly pronounced in about 24-month-old 3xTg mice. SP-C levels of the intracellular and extracellular compartments in each group revealed an inverse correlation of SP-C and Reelin, with reduced SP-C and increased Reelin in an age-dependent fashion especially in 3xTg mice. Taken together, extracellular SP-C, as modulator of glymphatic clearance and potential ligand of PNs, declines in 3xTg mice, which show an accumulation of extracellular Reelin depositions during ageing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Schob
- Department of Neuroradiology, Clinic and Policlinic of Radiology, University Hospital Halle, Ernst-Grube-Str. 40, 06120 Halle/Saale, Germany.
| | - Joana Puchta
- Paul Flechsig Institute for Brain Research, University of Leipzig, Liebigstr.19, 04103 Leipzig, Germany; Institute of Neuroradiology, University of Leipzig, Liebigstr. 20, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Karsten Winter
- Institute for Anatomy, University of Leipzig, Liebigstr. 13, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Dominik Michalski
- Department of Neurology, University of Leipzig, Liebigstr. 13, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Bianca Mages
- Institute for Anatomy, University of Leipzig, Liebigstr. 13, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Henrik Martens
- Synaptic Systems GmbH, Rudolf-Wissell-Str. 28a, 37079 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Alexander Emmer
- Department of Neurology, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Ernst-Grube-Str. 40, 06120 Halle/Saale, Germany
| | - Karl-Titus Hoffmann
- Institute of Neuroradiology, University of Leipzig, Liebigstr. 20, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Frank Gaunitz
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Leipzig, Liebigstr. 20, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Anton Meinicke
- Paul Flechsig Institute for Brain Research, University of Leipzig, Liebigstr.19, 04103 Leipzig, Germany; Institute of Neuroradiology, University of Leipzig, Liebigstr. 20, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Matthias Krause
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Leipzig, Liebigstr. 20, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Härtig
- Paul Flechsig Institute for Brain Research, University of Leipzig, Liebigstr.19, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
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23
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Wartchow KM, Rodrigues L, Swierzy I, Buchfelder M, de Souza DO, Gonçalves CA, Kleindienst A. Amyloid-β Processing in Aged S100B Transgenic Mice Is Sex Dependent. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms221910823. [PMID: 34639161 PMCID: PMC8509484 DOI: 10.3390/ijms221910823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2021] [Revised: 10/02/2021] [Accepted: 10/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: Calcium-binding protein S100B is involved in neuroregeneration but has also been associated with neurodegeneration. These contrasting effects may result from concentration or duration of exposure. We investigated the effect of long-term increased S100B levels on amyloid-β processing in one-year-old transgenic (tg) mice with 12 copies of the murine S100B gene with specific consideration of sex and specific brain regions. (2) Methods: S100B and amyloid-β 42 (Aβ42) were quantified in serum, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), adipose tissue, and different brain regions by ELISA in wild-type (wt) and S100Btg mice (each n = 7 per group). Thioflavin T (ThT) and Aβ immunostaining were performed for visualization of Aβ deposition. (3) Results: S100B in serum, CSF, and brain was significantly increased in S100Btg mice of both sexes. Aβ42 was significantly increased in the hippocampus of male S100Btg mice (p = 0.0075), and the frontal cortex of female S100Btg mice (p = 0.0262). ThT and Aβ immunostaining demonstrated Aβ deposition in different brain regions in S100Btg mice of both sexes and female wt. (4) Conclusion: Our data validate this experimental model for studying the role of S100B in neurodegeneration and indicate that Aβ processing is sex-dependent and brain region-specific, which deserves further investigation of signaling pathways and behavioral responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krista Minéia Wartchow
- Department of Biochemistry, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre 90035-003, Brazil; (K.M.W.); (L.R.); (D.O.d.S.); (C.-A.G.)
- Department of Neurosurgery, Friedrich-Alexander University, 91054 Erlangen, Germany; (I.S.); (M.B.)
| | - Leticia Rodrigues
- Department of Biochemistry, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre 90035-003, Brazil; (K.M.W.); (L.R.); (D.O.d.S.); (C.-A.G.)
- Department of Neurosurgery, Friedrich-Alexander University, 91054 Erlangen, Germany; (I.S.); (M.B.)
| | - Izabela Swierzy
- Department of Neurosurgery, Friedrich-Alexander University, 91054 Erlangen, Germany; (I.S.); (M.B.)
| | - Michael Buchfelder
- Department of Neurosurgery, Friedrich-Alexander University, 91054 Erlangen, Germany; (I.S.); (M.B.)
| | - Diogo Onofre de Souza
- Department of Biochemistry, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre 90035-003, Brazil; (K.M.W.); (L.R.); (D.O.d.S.); (C.-A.G.)
| | - Carlos-Alberto Gonçalves
- Department of Biochemistry, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre 90035-003, Brazil; (K.M.W.); (L.R.); (D.O.d.S.); (C.-A.G.)
| | - Andrea Kleindienst
- Department of Neurosurgery, Friedrich-Alexander University, 91054 Erlangen, Germany; (I.S.); (M.B.)
- Correspondence:
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24
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Neves AF, Camargo C, Premer C, Hare JM, Baumel BS, Pinto M. Intravenous administration of mesenchymal stem cells reduces Tau phosphorylation and inflammation in the 3xTg-AD mouse model of Alzheimer's disease. Exp Neurol 2021; 341:113706. [PMID: 33757765 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2021.113706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Revised: 03/11/2021] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) administration is a novel and promising therapeutic approach for Alzheimer's disease (AD). Focusing on an intervention easily translatable into clinical practice, we administered allogeneic bone marrow-derived MSCs intravenously in a mouse model of AD (3xTg-AD). We systematically evaluated the effects of a single-dose and multiple-doses of MSCs in young and old mice (5 or 10 months old), comparing the short-term and long-term effects after 1, 2, or 7 months of treatment. A single dose of MSCs in young mice attenuated neuroinflammation 1 and 7 months after injection, whereas multiple-doses did not show any effect. Multiple-doses of MSCs (administered at 5 to 12 mo, or 10 to 12 mo) reduced the β-secretase cleavage of the amyloid precursor protein, although levels of Aβ-42 did not change. Most interestingly, multiple doses of MSCs affected tau hyperphosphorylation. MSCs administered in young mice for 7 months decreased the pathological tau phosphorylation at T205, S214, and T231. MSCs administered in old mice for 2 months decreased tau phosphorylation at S396. Our findings show how different timing and frequency of MSC injections can affect and modulate several aspects of the AD-like neuropathology in the 3xTg-AD mouse model, strengthening the concept of fine-tuning MSC therapy for Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda Ferreira Neves
- University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Department of Neurology, 1420 NW 9th Avenue, Miami, FL 33136, United States of America.
| | - Christian Camargo
- University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Department of Neurology, 1150 Northwest 14th Street, Miami, FL 33136, United States of America.
| | - Courtney Premer
- Interdisciplinary Stem Cell Institute, Biomedical Research Building, 1501 NW 10th Avenue, Suite 909, Miami, FL 33136, United States of America.
| | - Joshua M Hare
- Interdisciplinary Stem Cell Institute, Biomedical Research Building, 1501 NW 10th Avenue, Suite 909, Miami, FL 33136, United States of America.
| | - Bernard S Baumel
- University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Department of Neurology, 1150 Northwest 14th Street, Miami, FL 33136, United States of America.
| | - Milena Pinto
- University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Department of Neurology, 1420 NW 9th Avenue, Miami, FL 33136, United States of America.
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25
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Giménez-Llort L, Marin-Pardo D, Marazuela P, Hernández-Guillamón M. Survival Bias and Crosstalk between Chronological and Behavioral Age: Age- and Genotype-Sensitivity Tests Define Behavioral Signatures in Middle-Aged, Old, and Long-Lived Mice with Normal and AD-Associated Aging. Biomedicines 2021; 9:biomedicines9060636. [PMID: 34199476 PMCID: PMC8228433 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9060636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2021] [Revised: 05/23/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
New evidence refers to a high degree of heterogeneity in normal but also Alzheimer's disease (AD) clinical and temporal patterns, increased mortality, and the need to find specific end-of-life prognosticators. This heterogeneity is scarcely explored in very old male AD mice models due to their reduced survival. In the present work, using 915 (432 APP23 and 483 C57BL/6 littermates) mice, we confirmed the better survival curves in male than female APP23 mice and respective wildtypes, providing the chance to characterize behavioral signatures in middle-aged, old, and long-lived male animals. The sensitivity of a battery of seven paradigms for comprehensive screening of motor (activity and gait analysis), neuropsychiatric and cognitive symptoms was analyzed using a cohort of 56 animals, composed of 12-, 18- and 24-month-old male APP23 mice and wildtype littermates. Most variables analyzed detected age-related differences. However, variables related to coping with stress, thigmotaxis, frailty, gait, and poor cognition better discriminated the behavioral phenotype of male APP23 mice through the three old ages compared with controls. Most importantly, non-linear age- and genotype-dependent behavioral signatures were found in long-lived animals, suggesting crosstalk between chronological and biological/behavioral ages useful to study underlying mechanisms and distinct compensations through physiological and AD-associated aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lydia Giménez-Llort
- Institut de Neurociències, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, E-08193 Barcelona, Spain;
- Department of Psychiatry and Forensic Medicine, School of Medicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, E-08193 Barcelona, Spain
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-93-581-23-78
| | - Daniela Marin-Pardo
- Institut de Neurociències, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, E-08193 Barcelona, Spain;
- Department of Psychiatry and Forensic Medicine, School of Medicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, E-08193 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Paula Marazuela
- Vall d’Hebron Research Institute (VHIR), E-08035 Barcelona, Spain; (P.M.); (M.H.-G.)
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26
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Mitrano DA, Houle SE, Pearce P, Quintanilla RM, Lockhart BK, Genovese BC, Schendzielos RA, Croushore EE, Dymond EM, Bogenpohl JW, Grau HJ, Webb LS. Olfactory dysfunction in the 3xTg-AD model of Alzheimer's disease. IBRO Neurosci Rep 2021; 10:51-61. [PMID: 33842910 PMCID: PMC8019944 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibneur.2020.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Accepted: 12/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is an incurable neurodegenerative disease in which the risk of development increases with age. People with AD are plagued with deficits in their cognition, memory, and basic social skills. Many of these deficits are believed to be caused by the formation of amyloid-β plaques and neurofibrillary tangles in regions of the brain associated with memory, such as the hippocampus. However, one of the early, preclinical symptoms of AD is the loss of olfactory detection and discrimination. To determine if a mouse model of AD expresses the same olfactory dysfunction seen in human AD, 3xTg-AD mice were given a buried food test and, unlike previous studies, compared to their background and parental strains. Results showed that over 52 weeks, the 3xTg-AD mice took significantly longer to find the buried food than the control strains. The olfactory bulbs of the 3xTg-AD mice were removed, sliced, and stained using Congo red for histological analysis. Amyloid deposits were observed predominantly in the granule layer of the olfactory bulb beginning at 13 weeks of age in 3xTg-AD mice, but not in the control strains of mice. Further examination of the buried food test data revealed that 3xTg-AD females had a significantly longer latency to detect the buried food than males beginning at 26 weeks of age. Overall, this study provides further validation of the 3xTg-AD mouse model of AD and supports the idea that simple olfactory testing could be part of the diagnostic process for human AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darlene A. Mitrano
- Department of Molecular Biology & Chemistry, Christopher Newport University, 1 Avenue of the Arts, Newport News, VA 23606, USA
- Program in Neuroscience, Christopher Newport University, 1 Avenue of the Arts, Newport News, VA 23606, USA
| | - Sam E. Houle
- Program in Neuroscience, Christopher Newport University, 1 Avenue of the Arts, Newport News, VA 23606, USA
| | - Patrick Pearce
- Program in Neuroscience, Christopher Newport University, 1 Avenue of the Arts, Newport News, VA 23606, USA
| | - Ricardo M. Quintanilla
- Department of Molecular Biology & Chemistry, Christopher Newport University, 1 Avenue of the Arts, Newport News, VA 23606, USA
| | - Blakely K. Lockhart
- Program in Neuroscience, Christopher Newport University, 1 Avenue of the Arts, Newport News, VA 23606, USA
| | - Benjamin C. Genovese
- Department of Molecular Biology & Chemistry, Christopher Newport University, 1 Avenue of the Arts, Newport News, VA 23606, USA
| | - Rachel A. Schendzielos
- Department of Molecular Biology & Chemistry, Christopher Newport University, 1 Avenue of the Arts, Newport News, VA 23606, USA
| | - Emma E. Croushore
- Department of Molecular Biology & Chemistry, Christopher Newport University, 1 Avenue of the Arts, Newport News, VA 23606, USA
| | - Ethan M. Dymond
- Department of Molecular Biology & Chemistry, Christopher Newport University, 1 Avenue of the Arts, Newport News, VA 23606, USA
| | - James W. Bogenpohl
- Department of Molecular Biology & Chemistry, Christopher Newport University, 1 Avenue of the Arts, Newport News, VA 23606, USA
- Program in Neuroscience, Christopher Newport University, 1 Avenue of the Arts, Newport News, VA 23606, USA
| | - Harold J. Grau
- Department of Molecular Biology & Chemistry, Christopher Newport University, 1 Avenue of the Arts, Newport News, VA 23606, USA
- Program in Neuroscience, Christopher Newport University, 1 Avenue of the Arts, Newport News, VA 23606, USA
| | - Lisa Smith Webb
- Department of Molecular Biology & Chemistry, Christopher Newport University, 1 Avenue of the Arts, Newport News, VA 23606, USA
- Program in Neuroscience, Christopher Newport University, 1 Avenue of the Arts, Newport News, VA 23606, USA
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Wilson GD, Wilson TG, Hanna A, Fontanesi G, Kulchycki J, Buelow K, Pruetz BL, Michael DB, Chinnaiyan P, Maddens ME, Martinez AA, Fontanesi J. Low Dose Brain Irradiation Reduces Amyloid-β and Tau in 3xTg-AD Mice. J Alzheimers Dis 2021; 75:15-21. [PMID: 32280098 DOI: 10.3233/jad-200030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
We have previously reported that low doses of external beam ionizing irradiation reduced amyloid-β (Aβ) plaques and improved cognition in APP/PS1 mice. In this study we investigated the effects of radiation in an age-matched series of 3xTg-AD mice. Mice were hemibrain-irradiated with 5 fractions of 2 Gy and sacrificed 8 weeks after the end of treatment. Aβ and tau were assessed using immunohistochemistry and quantified using image analysis with Definiens Tissue Studio. We observed a significant reduction in Aβ plaque burden and tau staining; these two parameters were significantly correlated. This preliminary data is further support that low doses of radiation may be beneficial in Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- George D Wilson
- Radiation Oncology Department, Beaumont Health, Royal Oak, MI, USA
| | - Thomas G Wilson
- Radiation Oncology Department, Beaumont Health, Royal Oak, MI, USA
| | - Alaa Hanna
- Radiation Oncology Department, Beaumont Health, Royal Oak, MI, USA
| | | | - Justin Kulchycki
- Radiation Oncology Department, Beaumont Health, Royal Oak, MI, USA
| | - Katie Buelow
- Radiation Oncology Department, Beaumont Health, Royal Oak, MI, USA
| | | | - Daniel B Michael
- Michigan Head and Spine Institute, Southfield, MI, USA.,Department of Neurosurgery, Oakland University William Beaumont School of Medicine, Royal Oak, MI, USA
| | | | - Michael E Maddens
- Department of Internal Medicine, Oakland University William Beaumont School of Medicine, Royal Oak, MI, USA
| | - Alvaro A Martinez
- Radiation Oncology Institute, Division of Michigan Healthcare Professionals, Farmington Hills, MI, USA
| | - James Fontanesi
- Radiation Oncology Department, Beaumont Health, Royal Oak, MI, USA.,Department of Neurosurgery, Oakland University William Beaumont School of Medicine, Royal Oak, MI, USA
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28
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Delgado-Peraza F, Nogueras-Ortiz CJ, Volpert O, Liu D, Goetzl EJ, Mattson MP, Greig NH, Eitan E, Kapogiannis D. Neuronal and Astrocytic Extracellular Vesicle Biomarkers in Blood Reflect Brain Pathology in Mouse Models of Alzheimer's Disease. Cells 2021; 10:cells10050993. [PMID: 33922642 PMCID: PMC8146429 DOI: 10.3390/cells10050993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2021] [Revised: 04/13/2021] [Accepted: 04/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Circulating neuronal extracellular vesicles (NEVs) of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) patients show high Tau and β-amyloid (Aβ) levels, whereas their astrocytic EVs (AEVs) contain high complement levels. To validate EV proteins as AD biomarkers, we immunocaptured NEVs and AEVs from plasma collected from fifteen wild type (WT), four 2xTg-AD, nine 5xFAD, and fifteen 3xTg-AD mice and assessed biomarker relationships with brain tissue levels. NEVs from 3xTg-AD mice had higher total Tau (p = 0.03) and p181-Tau (p = 0.0004) compared to WT mice. There were moderately strong correlations between biomarkers in NEVs and cerebral cortex and hippocampus (total Tau: cortex, r = 0.4, p = 0.009; p181-Tau: cortex, r = 0.7, p < 0.0001; hippocampus, r = 0.6, p < 0.0001). NEVs from 5xFAD compared to other mice had higher Aβ42 (p < 0.005). NEV Aβ42 had moderately strong correlations with Aβ42 in cortex (r = 0.6, p = 0.001) and hippocampus (r = 0.7, p < 0.0001). AEV C1q was elevated in 3xTg-AD compared to WT mice (p = 0.005); AEV C1q had moderate-strong correlations with C1q in cortex (r = 0.9, p < 0.0001) and hippocampus (r = 0.7, p < 0.0001). Biomarkers in circulating NEVs and AEVs reflect their brain levels across multiple AD mouse models supporting their potential use as a “liquid biopsy” for neurological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francheska Delgado-Peraza
- Laboratory of Clinical Investigation, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD 212241, USA; (F.D.-P.); (C.J.N.-O.)
| | - Carlos J. Nogueras-Ortiz
- Laboratory of Clinical Investigation, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD 212241, USA; (F.D.-P.); (C.J.N.-O.)
| | - Olga Volpert
- NeuroDex Inc., Natick, MA 01760, USA; (O.V.); (E.E.)
| | - Dong Liu
- Translational Gerontology Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA; (D.L.); (N.H.G.)
| | - Edward J. Goetzl
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA;
- San Francisco Campus for Jewish Living, San Francisco, CA 94112, USA
| | - Mark P. Mattson
- Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA;
| | - Nigel H. Greig
- Translational Gerontology Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA; (D.L.); (N.H.G.)
| | - Erez Eitan
- NeuroDex Inc., Natick, MA 01760, USA; (O.V.); (E.E.)
| | - Dimitrios Kapogiannis
- Laboratory of Clinical Investigation, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD 212241, USA; (F.D.-P.); (C.J.N.-O.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-410-454-8393
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29
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Herr D, Jew K, Wong C, Kennell A, Gelein R, Chalupa D, Raab A, Oberdörster G, Olschowka J, O'Banion MK, Elder A. Effects of concentrated ambient ultrafine particulate matter on hallmarks of Alzheimer's disease in the 3xTgAD mouse model. Neurotoxicology 2021; 84:172-183. [PMID: 33794265 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2021.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2020] [Revised: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Exposure to air pollution has been identified as a possible environmental contributor to Alzheimer's Disease (AD) risk. As the number of people with AD worldwide continues to rise, it becomes vital to understand the nature of this potential gene-environment interaction. This study assessed the effects of short-term exposures to concentrated ambient ultrafine particulates (UFP, <100 nm) on measurements of amyloid-β, tau, and microglial morphology. METHODS Two cohorts of aged (12.5-14 months) 3xTgAD and NTg mice were exposed to concentrated ambient UFP or filtered air for 2 weeks (4-h/day, 4 days/week). Bronchoalveolar lavage fluid and brain tissue were collected twenty-four hours following the last exposure to evaluate lung inflammation, tau pathology, amyloid-β pathology, and glial cell morphology. RESULTS No exposure- or genotype-related changes were found with any of the measures of lung inflammation or in the hippocampal staining density of astrocyte marker glial fibrillary acidic protein. The microglia marker, ionized calcium binding adaptor molecule 1, and amyloid-β marker, 6E10, exhibited significant genotype by exposure interactions such that levels were lower in the UFP-exposed as compared to filtered air-exposed 3xTgAD mice. When microglia morphology was assessed by Sholl analysis, microglia from both NTg mouse groups were ramified. The 3xTgAD air-exposed mice had the most ameboid microglia, while the 3xTgAD UFP-exposed mice had microglia that were comparatively more ramified. The 3xTgAD air-exposed mice had more plaques per region of interest as measured by Congo red staining as well as more plaque-associated microglia than the 3xTgAD UFP-exposed mice. The number of non-plaque-associated microglia was not affected by genotype or exposure. Levels of soluble and insoluble human amyloid-β42 protein were measured in both 3xTgAD groups and no exposure effect was found. In contrast, UFP-exposure led to significant elevations in phosphorylated tau in 3xTgAD mice as compared to those that were exposed to air, as measured by pT205 staining. CONCLUSIONS Exposure to environmentally relevant levels of ultrafine particulates led to changes in tau phosphorylation and microglial morphology in the absence of overt lung inflammation. Such changes highlight the need to develop greater mechanistic understanding of the link between air pollution exposure and Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denise Herr
- Department of Environmental Medicine, University of Rochester School of Medicine & Dentistry, Rochester, NY, 14642, USA
| | - Katrina Jew
- Department of Environmental Medicine, University of Rochester School of Medicine & Dentistry, Rochester, NY, 14642, USA
| | - Candace Wong
- Department of Environmental Medicine, University of Rochester School of Medicine & Dentistry, Rochester, NY, 14642, USA
| | - Andrea Kennell
- Department of Environmental Medicine, University of Rochester School of Medicine & Dentistry, Rochester, NY, 14642, USA
| | - Robert Gelein
- Department of Environmental Medicine, University of Rochester School of Medicine & Dentistry, Rochester, NY, 14642, USA
| | - David Chalupa
- Department of Environmental Medicine, University of Rochester School of Medicine & Dentistry, Rochester, NY, 14642, USA
| | - Alexandria Raab
- Department of Environmental Medicine, University of Rochester School of Medicine & Dentistry, Rochester, NY, 14642, USA
| | - Günter Oberdörster
- Department of Environmental Medicine, University of Rochester School of Medicine & Dentistry, Rochester, NY, 14642, USA
| | - John Olschowka
- Department of Neuroscience and Del Monte Neuroscience Institute, University of Rochester School of Medicine & Dentistry, Rochester, NY, 14642, USA
| | - M Kerry O'Banion
- Department of Neuroscience and Del Monte Neuroscience Institute, University of Rochester School of Medicine & Dentistry, Rochester, NY, 14642, USA; Department of Neurology, University of Rochester School of Medicine & Dentistry, Rochester, NY, 14642, USA
| | - Alison Elder
- Department of Environmental Medicine, University of Rochester School of Medicine & Dentistry, Rochester, NY, 14642, USA.
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Pairojana T, Phasuk S, Suresh P, Huang SP, Pakaprot N, Chompoopong S, Hsieh TC, Liu IY. Age and gender differences for the behavioral phenotypes of 3xTg alzheimer's disease mice. Brain Res 2021; 1762:147437. [PMID: 33753066 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2021.147437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2020] [Revised: 02/14/2021] [Accepted: 03/13/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The triple transgenic Alzheimer's disease (3xTg-AD) strain is a common mouse model used for studying the pathology and mechanism of Alzheimer's disease (AD). The 3xTg-AD strain exhibits two hallmarks of AD, amyloid beta (Aβ) and neurofibrillary tangles. Several studies using different gender and age of 3xTg-AD mice to investigate their behavior phenotypes under the influence of various treatments have reported mixed results. Therefore, a comprehensive investigation on the optimal gender, age, and training paradigms used for behavioral studies of 3xTg-AD is necessary. In the present study, we investigated the behavioral phenotypes for the two genders of 3xTg-AD mice at 3, 6, 9, and 12 months old and compared the results with age-, gender-matched C57BL/6N control strain. All mice were subjected to tail flick, pinprick, open field, elevated plus maze, passive avoidance, and trace fear conditioning (TFC) tests to evaluate their sensory, locomotor, anxiety, and learning/memory functions. The results showed that TFC on male 3xTg-AD mice is optimal for studying the memory performance in AD. The sensory and locomotor functions of 3xTg-AD mice for two genders appear to be normal before 6 months, decline in fear memory afterwards. The differences between control and 3xTg-AD male mice in contextual and cued memory are robust, thus they are ideal for evaluating the effect of a treatment. Since it is costly and time consuming to obtain wildtype littermates as controls, C57BL/6N strain is suggested to be used as control mice because their baseline performance of sensorimotor functions are similar to that of 3xTg-AD mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanita Pairojana
- Institute of Medical Sciences, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan
| | - Sarayut Phasuk
- Institute of Medical Sciences, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan; Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Pavithra Suresh
- Institute of Medical Sciences, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan
| | - Shun-Ping Huang
- Department of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan
| | - Narawut Pakaprot
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Supin Chompoopong
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | | | - Ingrid Y Liu
- Institute of Medical Sciences, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan.
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Amyloid-beta oligomers induce Parkin-mediated mitophagy by reducing Miro1. Biochem J 2021; 477:4581-4597. [PMID: 33155636 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20200488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2020] [Revised: 11/04/2020] [Accepted: 11/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disease associated with the accumulation of amyloid-beta oligomers (AβO). Recent studies have demonstrated that mitochondria-specific autophagy (mitophagy) contributes to mitochondrial quality control by selectively eliminating the dysfunctional mitochondria. Mitochondria motility, which is regulated by Miro1, is also associated with neuronal cell functions. However, the role played by Miro1 in the mitophagy mechanism, especially relative to AβO and neurodegenerative disorders, remains unknown. In this study, AβO induced mitochondrial dysfunction, enhanced Parkin-mediated mitophagy, and reduced mitochondrial quantities in hippocampal neuronal cells (HT-22 cells). We demonstrated that AβO-induced mitochondrial fragmentation could be rescued to the elongated mitochondrial form and that mitophagy could be mitigated by the stable overexpression of Miro1 or by pretreatment with N-acetylcysteine (NAC)-a reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenger-as assessed by immunocytochemistry. Moreover, using time-lapse imaging, under live cell-conditions, we verified that mitochondrial motility was rescued by the Miro1 overexpression. Finally, in hippocampus from amyloid precursor protein (APP)/presenilin 1 (PS1)/Tau triple-transgenic mice, we noted that the co-localization between mitochondria and LC3B puncta was increased. Taken together, these results indicated that up-regulated ROS, induced by AβO, increased the degree of mitophagy and decreased the Miro1 expression levels. In contrast, the Miro1 overexpression ameliorated AβO-mediated mitophagy and increased the mitochondrial motility. In AD model mice, AβO induced mitophagy in the hippocampus. Thus, our results would improve our understanding of the role of mitophagy in AD toward facilitating the development of novel therapeutic agents for the treatment of AβO-mediated diseases.
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32
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Rodrigues-Neves AC, Carecho R, Correia SC, Carvalho C, Campos EJ, Baptista FI, Moreira PI, Ambrósio AF. Retina and Brain Display Early and Differential Molecular and Cellular Changes in the 3xTg-AD Mouse Model of Alzheimer's Disease. Mol Neurobiol 2021; 58:3043-3060. [PMID: 33606195 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-021-02316-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2020] [Accepted: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The concept 'the retina as a window to the brain' has been increasingly explored in Alzheimer´s disease (AD) in recent years, since some patients present visual alterations before the first symptoms of dementia. The retina is an extension of the brain and can be assessed by noninvasive methods. However, assessing the retina for AD diagnosis is still a matter of debate. Using the triple transgenic mouse model of AD (3xTg-AD; males), this study was undertaken to investigate whether the retina and brain (hippocampus and cortex) undergo similar molecular and cellular changes during the early stages (4 and 8 months) of the pathology, and if the retina can anticipate the alterations occurring in the brain. We assessed amyloid-beta (Aβ) and hyperphosphorylated tau (p-tau) levels, barrier integrity, cell death, neurotransmitter levels, and glial changes. Overall, the retina, hippocampus, and cortex of 3xTg-AD are not significantly affected at these early stages. However, we detected a few differential changes in the retina and brain regions, and particularly a different profile in microglia branching in the retina and hippocampus, only at 4 months, where the number and length of the processes decreased in the retina and increased in the hippocampus. In summary, at the early stages of pathology, the retina, hippocampus, and cortex are not significantly affected but already present some molecular and cellular alterations. The retina did not mirror the changes detected in the brain, and these observations should be taking into account when using the retina as a potential diagnostic tool for AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Catarina Rodrigues-Neves
- Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB), University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,Clinical Academic Center of Coimbra (CACC), Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Rafael Carecho
- Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB), University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,Clinical Academic Center of Coimbra (CACC), Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Sónia Catarina Correia
- Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB), University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,Clinical Academic Center of Coimbra (CACC), Coimbra, Portugal.,Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology (CNC), Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Cristina Carvalho
- Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB), University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,Clinical Academic Center of Coimbra (CACC), Coimbra, Portugal.,Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology (CNC), Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Elisa Julião Campos
- Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB), University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,Clinical Academic Center of Coimbra (CACC), Coimbra, Portugal.,Association for Innovation and Biomedical Research on Light and Image (AIBILI), Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Filipa Isabel Baptista
- Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB), University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,Clinical Academic Center of Coimbra (CACC), Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Paula Isabel Moreira
- Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB), University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,Clinical Academic Center of Coimbra (CACC), Coimbra, Portugal.,Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology (CNC), Coimbra, Portugal.,Institute of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - António Francisco Ambrósio
- Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal. .,Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB), University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal. .,Clinical Academic Center of Coimbra (CACC), Coimbra, Portugal. .,Association for Innovation and Biomedical Research on Light and Image (AIBILI), Coimbra, Portugal.
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33
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Shabir O, Moll TA, Matuszyk MM, Eyre B, Dake MD, Berwick J, Francis SE. Preclinical models of disease and multimorbidity with focus upon cardiovascular disease and dementia. Mech Ageing Dev 2020; 192:111361. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mad.2020.111361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Revised: 08/28/2020] [Accepted: 09/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Arsenault D, Tremblay C, Emond V, Calon F. Sex-dependent alterations in the physiology of entorhinal cortex neurons in old heterozygous 3xTg-AD mice. Biol Sex Differ 2020; 11:63. [PMID: 33198813 PMCID: PMC7667843 DOI: 10.1186/s13293-020-00337-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2020] [Accepted: 10/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
While the higher prevalence of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) in women is clear, studies suggest that biological sex may also influence AD pathogenesis. However, mechanisms behind these differences are not clear. To investigate physiological differences between sexes at the cellular level in the brain, we investigated the intrinsic and synaptic properties of entorhinal cortex neurons in heterozygous 3xTg-AD mice of both sexes at the age of 20 months. This brain region was selected because of its early association with AD symptoms. First, we found physiological differences between male and female non-transgenic mice, providing indirect evidence of axonal alterations in old females. Second, we observed a transgene-dependent elevation of the firing activity, post-burst afterhyperpolarization (AHP), and spontaneous excitatory postsynaptic current (EPSC) activity, without any effect of sex. Third, the passive properties and the hyperpolarization-activated current (Ih) were altered by transgene expression only in female mice, whereas the paired-pulse ratio (PPR) of evoked EPSC was changed only in males. Fourth, both sex and transgene expression were associated with changes in action potential properties. Consistent with previous work, higher levels of Aβ neuropathology were detected in 3xTg-AD females, whereas tau deposition was similar. In summary, our results support the idea that aging and AD neuropathology differentially alter the physiology of entorhinal cortex neurons in males and females.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dany Arsenault
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Université Laval, Quebec City, QC, Canada.,Neuroscience, Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec (CHUQ), Quebec City, QC, Canada.,Physiotek, Quebec City, QC, Canada
| | - Cyntia Tremblay
- Neuroscience, Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec (CHUQ), Quebec City, QC, Canada
| | - Vincent Emond
- Neuroscience, Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec (CHUQ), Quebec City, QC, Canada
| | - Frédéric Calon
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Université Laval, Quebec City, QC, Canada. .,Neuroscience, Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec (CHUQ), Quebec City, QC, Canada.
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35
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Lin G, Li X, Cheng X, Zhao N, Zheng W. Manganese Exposure Aggravates β-Amyloid Pathology by Microglial Activation. Front Aging Neurosci 2020; 12:556008. [PMID: 33244298 PMCID: PMC7685005 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2020.556008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2020] [Accepted: 09/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Human epidemiological evidence and animal experimental data suggest that chronic manganese (Mn) exposure increases the risk of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and amyloid plaques, a hallmark of AD brain pathology, but the underlying mechanisms were not fully understood. Using the transgenic APP/PS1/Tau triple transgenic AD (3×Tg-AD) mouse model and mouse-derived microglia and neuroblastoma cell lines, we found that chronic 5-month Mn treatment increased beta amyloid peptide (Aβ) expression and Aβ plaques in the cerebral cortex and hippocampus in these 3×Tg-AD mice. Furthermore, we found that the β- and γ-secretase cleavage activities were markedly increased, while α-secretase cleavage activity was reduced in the brain of Mn-treated AD mice; these effects increase Aβ production and thus are amyloidogenic. Equally important, Mn treatment alone did not alter β-secretase 1 (BACE1) gene expression or Aβ production in amyloidogenic mutant amyloid precursor protein (APP) gene hAPPsw-transfected N2a cells (APPsw-N2a), but in APPsw-N2a cells either co-cultured with microglia or cultured with microglia-conditioned media, Mn exposure increased BACE1 expression and amyloidogenesis. We further determined that Mn exposure promoted the activation of microglia both in 3×Tg-AD mouse brains and in cultured microglia cells, and increased the secretion of the inflammatory cytokines interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α). Taken together, these results suggest that Mn may increase the release of IL-1β and TNF-α from microglia that in turn stimulates the expression of BACE1 gene and protein and consequently Aβ production; this novel molecular mechanism not only advances our understanding about the amyloidogenic effect of chronic Mn exposure reported for special human populations but also indicates Mn dyshomeostasis as a potential contributor to AD pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geng Lin
- Department of Histology and Embryology, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Xinlu Li
- Department of Histology and Embryology, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Xiaofeng Cheng
- Department of Histology and Embryology, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Ning Zhao
- Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Wei Zheng
- Department of Histology and Embryology, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
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36
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Owlett L, Belcher EK, Dionisio-Santos DA, Williams JP, Olschowka JA, O'Banion MK. Space radiation does not alter amyloid or tau pathology in the 3xTg mouse model of Alzheimer's disease. LIFE SCIENCES IN SPACE RESEARCH 2020; 27:89-98. [PMID: 34756235 DOI: 10.1016/j.lssr.2020.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2020] [Revised: 07/25/2020] [Accepted: 08/02/2020] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Space radiation is comprised of highly charged ions (HZE particles) and protons that are able to pass through matter and cause radiation-induced injury, including neuronal damage and degeneration, glial activation, and oxidative stress. Previous work demonstrated a worsening of Alzheimer's disease pathology in the APP/PS1 transgenic mouse model, however effects of space radiation on tau pathology have not been studied. To determine whether tau pathology is altered by HZE particle or proton irradiation, we exposed 3xTg mice, which acquire both amyloid plaque and tau pathology with age, to iron, silicon, or solar particle event (SPE) irradiation at 9 months of age and evaluated behavior and brain pathology at 16 months of age. We found no differences in performance in fear conditioning and novel object recognition tasks between groups of mice exposed to sham, iron (10 and 100 cGy), silicon (10 and 100 cGy), or solar particle event radiation (200 cGy), though female mice had higher freezing responses than males. 200 cGy SPE irradiated female mice had fewer plaques than sham-irradiated females but had no differences in tau pathology. Overall, females had worse amyloid and tau pathology at 16 months of age and demonstrated a reduced neuroinflammatory gene expression response to radiation. These findings uncover differences between mouse models following radiation injury and corroborate prior reports of sex differences within the 3xTg mouse model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Owlett
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Rochester Medical Center, 601 Elmwood Ave, Box 603, Rochester, NY, 14642, USA
| | - Elizabeth K Belcher
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Rochester Medical Center, 601 Elmwood Ave, Box 603, Rochester, NY, 14642, USA
| | - Dawling A Dionisio-Santos
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Rochester Medical Center, 601 Elmwood Ave, Box 603, Rochester, NY, 14642, USA
| | - Jacqueline P Williams
- Department of Environmental Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, 601 Elmwood Ave, Box EHSC, Rochester, NY, 14642, USA
| | - John A Olschowka
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Rochester Medical Center, 601 Elmwood Ave, Box 603, Rochester, NY, 14642, USA; Del Monte Neuroscience Institute, University of Rochester Medical Center, 601 Elmwood Ave, Box 603, Rochester, NY, 14642, USA
| | - M Kerry O'Banion
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Rochester Medical Center, 601 Elmwood Ave, Box 603, Rochester, NY, 14642, USA; Del Monte Neuroscience Institute, University of Rochester Medical Center, 601 Elmwood Ave, Box 603, Rochester, NY, 14642, USA; Department of Neurology, University of Rochester Medical Center, 601 Elmwood Ave, Box 673, Rochester, NY, 14642, USA.
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37
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Neuron Loss in Alzheimer's Disease: Translation in Transgenic Mouse Models. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21218144. [PMID: 33143374 PMCID: PMC7663280 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21218144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2020] [Revised: 10/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Transgenic mouse models represent an essential tool for the exploration of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) pathological mechanisms and the development of novel treatments, which at present provide only symptomatic and transient effects. While a variety of mouse models successfully reflects the main neuropathological hallmarks of AD, such as extracellular amyloid-β (Aβ) deposits, intracellular accumulation of Tau protein, the development of micro- and astrogliosis, as well as behavioral deficits, substantial neuron loss, as a key feature of the disease, seems to be more difficult to achieve. In this review, we summarize information on classic and more recent transgenic mouse models for AD, focusing in particular on loss of pyramidal, inter-, and cholinergic neurons. Although the cause of neuron loss in AD is still a matter of scientific debate, it seems to be linked to intraneuronal Aβ accumulation in several transgenic mouse models, especially in pyramidal neurons.
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Esquerda-Canals G, Roda AR, Martí-Clúa J, Montoliu-Gaya L, Rivera-Hernández G, Villegas S. Treatment with scFv-h3D6 Prevented Neuronal Loss and Improved Spatial Memory in Young 3xTg-AD Mice by Reducing the Intracellular Amyloid-β Burden. J Alzheimers Dis 2020; 70:1069-1091. [PMID: 31306135 DOI: 10.3233/jad-190484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The intracellular deposition of amyloid-β (Aβ) peptides has been described in the brains of both Alzheimer's disease (AD) patients and animal models. A correlation between the intracellular amyloid burden and neurodegeneration has recently been reported in a triple-transgenic AD (3xTg-AD) murine model. In the present study, we assessed the effect of scFv-h3D6, an anti-Aβ single-chain variable fragment (scFv) derived from the antibody bapineuzumab, on amyloid pathology in 5-month-old 3xTg-AD female mice, focusing on intracellular Aβ clearance, neuronal survival, and functional abilities. We also examined neuroinflammation and the histology of peripheral organ samples to detect any adverse effects. A single intraperitoneal injection of scFv-h3D6 dramatically reduced intracellular Aβ burden in the deep layers of the cerebral cortex, pyramidal cells layer of the hippocampus, and basolateral amygdalar nucleus. The treatment prevented neuronal loss in the hippocampus and amygdala, while neither astrogliosis nor microgliosis was induced. Instead, an increase in the size of the white pulp after the treatment indicated that the spleen could be involved in the clearance mechanism. Although the treatment did not ameliorate behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia-like symptoms, the results of cognitive testing pointed to a noticeable improvement in spatial memory. These findings indicated that the mechanism underlying the therapeutic effect of scFv-h3D6 was the clearance of intracellular Aβ, with subsequent prevention of neuronal loss and amelioration of cognitive disabilities. The treatment was safe in terms of neuroinflammation and kidney and liver function, whereas some effects on the spleen were observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gisela Esquerda-Canals
- Protein Design and Immunotherapy Group, Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Facultat de Biociències, Edifici C, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain.,Departament de Biologia Cellular, de Fisiologia i d'Immunologia, Unitat de Citologia i d'Histologia, Facultat de Biociències, Edifici C, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Alejandro R Roda
- Protein Design and Immunotherapy Group, Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Facultat de Biociències, Edifici C, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Joaquim Martí-Clúa
- Protein Design and Immunotherapy Group, Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Facultat de Biociències, Edifici C, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain.,Departament de Biologia Cellular, de Fisiologia i d'Immunologia, Unitat de Citologia i d'Histologia, Facultat de Biociències, Edifici C, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Laia Montoliu-Gaya
- Protein Design and Immunotherapy Group, Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Facultat de Biociències, Edifici C, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain.,Current address: Department of Clinical Chemistry and Transfusion Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Geovanny Rivera-Hernández
- Protein Design and Immunotherapy Group, Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Facultat de Biociències, Edifici C, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sandra Villegas
- Protein Design and Immunotherapy Group, Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Facultat de Biociències, Edifici C, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
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Shen Y, Hua L, Yeh CK, Shen L, Ying M, Zhang Z, Liu G, Li S, Chen S, Chen X, Yang X. Ultrasound with microbubbles improves memory, ameliorates pathology and modulates hippocampal proteomic changes in a triple transgenic mouse model of Alzheimer's disease. Am J Cancer Res 2020; 10:11794-11819. [PMID: 33052247 PMCID: PMC7546002 DOI: 10.7150/thno.44152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2020] [Accepted: 09/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disease manifested by cognitive impairment. As a unique approach to open the blood-brain barrier (BBB) noninvasively and temporarily, a growing number of studies showed that low-intensity focused ultrasound in combination with microbubbles (FUS/MB), in the absence of therapeutic agents, is capable of ameliorating amyloid or tau pathology, concurrent with improving memory deficits of AD animal models. However, the effects of FUS/MB on both the two pathologies simultaneously, as well as the memory behaviors, have not been reported so far. Methods: In this study, female triple transgenic AD (3×Tg-AD) mice at eight months of age with both amyloid-β (Aβ) deposits and tau phosphorylation were treated by repeated FUS/MB in the unilateral hippocampus twice per week for six weeks. The memory behaviors were investigated by the Y maze, the Morris water maze and the step-down passive avoidance test following repeated FUS/MB treatments. Afterwards, the involvement of Aβ and tau pathology were assessed by immunohistochemical analysis. Neuronal health and phagocytosis of Aβ deposits by microglia in the hippocampus were examined by confocal microscopy. Further, hippocampal proteomic alterations were analyzed by employing two-dimensional fluorescence difference gel electrophoresis (2D-DIGE) combined with mass spectrometry. Results: The three independent memory tasks were indicative of evident learning and memory impairments in eight-month-old 3×Tg-AD mice, which developed intraneuronal Aβ, extracellular diffuse Aβ deposits and phosphorylated tau in the hippocampus and amygdala. Following repeated FUS/MB treatments, significant improvement in learning and memory ability of the 3×Tg-AD mice was achieved. Amelioration in both Aβ deposits and phosphorylated tau in the sonicated hemisphere was induced in FUS/MB-treated 3×Tg-AD mice. Albeit without increase in neuron density, enhancement in axonal neurofilaments emerged from the FUS/MB treatment. Confocal microscopy revealed activated microglia engulfing Aβ deposits in the FUS/MB-treated hippocampus. Further, proteomic analysis revealed 20 differentially expressed proteins, associated with glycolysis, neuron projection, mitochondrial pathways, metabolic process and ubiquitin binding etc., in the hippocampus between FUS/MB-treated and sham-treated 3×Tg-AD mice. Conclusions: Our findings reinforce the positive therapeutic effects on AD models with both Aβ and tau pathology induced by FUS/MB-mediated BBB opening, further supporting the potential of this treatment regime for clinical applications.
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Losurdo M, Pedrazzoli M, D'Agostino C, Elia CA, Massenzio F, Lonati E, Mauri M, Rizzi L, Molteni L, Bresciani E, Dander E, D'Amico G, Bulbarelli A, Torsello A, Matteoli M, Buffelli M, Coco S. Intranasal delivery of mesenchymal stem cell-derived extracellular vesicles exerts immunomodulatory and neuroprotective effects in a 3xTg model of Alzheimer's disease. Stem Cells Transl Med 2020; 9:1068-1084. [PMID: 32496649 PMCID: PMC7445021 DOI: 10.1002/sctm.19-0327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2019] [Revised: 03/18/2020] [Accepted: 04/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The critical role of neuroinflammation in favoring and accelerating the pathogenic process in Alzheimer's disease (AD) increased the need to target the cerebral innate immune cells as a potential therapeutic strategy to slow down the disease progression. In this scenario, mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have risen considerable interest thanks to their immunomodulatory properties, which have been largely ascribed to the release of extracellular vesicles (EVs), namely exosomes and microvesicles. Indeed, the beneficial effects of MSC-EVs in regulating the inflammatory response have been reported in different AD mouse models, upon chronic intravenous or intracerebroventricular administration. In this study, we use the triple-transgenic 3xTg mice showing for the first time that the intranasal route of administration of EVs, derived from cytokine-preconditioned MSCs, was able to induce immunomodulatory and neuroprotective effects in AD. MSC-EVs reached the brain, where they dampened the activation of microglia cells and increased dendritic spine density. MSC-EVs polarized in vitro murine primary microglia toward an anti-inflammatory phenotype suggesting that the neuroprotective effects observed in transgenic mice could result from a positive modulation of the inflammatory status. The possibility to administer MSC-EVs through a noninvasive route and the demonstration of their anti-inflammatory efficacy might accelerate the chance of a translational exploitation of MSC-EVs in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morris Losurdo
- School of Medicine and SurgeryUniversity of Milano‐BicoccaMonzaItaly
| | - Matteo Pedrazzoli
- Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement SciencesUniversity of VeronaVeronaItaly
| | | | - Chiara A. Elia
- Laboratory of Pharmacology and Brain Pathology, Neuro CenterHumanitas Clinical and Research Center—IRCCSRozzano (MI)Italy
- CNR, Institute of NeuroscienceMilanoItaly
| | - Francesca Massenzio
- Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement SciencesUniversity of VeronaVeronaItaly
| | - Elena Lonati
- School of Medicine and SurgeryUniversity of Milano‐BicoccaMonzaItaly
| | - Mario Mauri
- School of Medicine and SurgeryUniversity of Milano‐BicoccaMonzaItaly
| | - Laura Rizzi
- School of Medicine and SurgeryUniversity of Milano‐BicoccaMonzaItaly
| | - Laura Molteni
- School of Medicine and SurgeryUniversity of Milano‐BicoccaMonzaItaly
| | - Elena Bresciani
- School of Medicine and SurgeryUniversity of Milano‐BicoccaMonzaItaly
| | - Erica Dander
- Centro Ricerca Tettamanti, Pediatric DepartmentUniversity of Milano‐Bicocca, Fondazione MBBMMonzaItaly
| | - Giovanna D'Amico
- Centro Ricerca Tettamanti, Pediatric DepartmentUniversity of Milano‐Bicocca, Fondazione MBBMMonzaItaly
| | - Alessandra Bulbarelli
- School of Medicine and SurgeryUniversity of Milano‐BicoccaMonzaItaly
- NeuroMI‐Milan Center for NeuroscienceUniversity of Milano‐BicoccaMilano (MI)Italy
| | - Antonio Torsello
- School of Medicine and SurgeryUniversity of Milano‐BicoccaMonzaItaly
| | - Michela Matteoli
- Laboratory of Pharmacology and Brain Pathology, Neuro CenterHumanitas Clinical and Research Center—IRCCSRozzano (MI)Italy
- Department of Biomedical SciencesHumanitas UniversityPieve Emanuele (MI)Italy
| | - Mario Buffelli
- Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement SciencesUniversity of VeronaVeronaItaly
| | - Silvia Coco
- School of Medicine and SurgeryUniversity of Milano‐BicoccaMonzaItaly
- NeuroMI‐Milan Center for NeuroscienceUniversity of Milano‐BicoccaMilano (MI)Italy
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41
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Lee S, Jiang K, McIlmoyle B, To E, Xu QA, Hirsch-Reinshagen V, Mackenzie IR, Hsiung GYR, Eadie BD, Sarunic MV, Beg MF, Cui JZ, Matsubara JA. Amyloid Beta Immunoreactivity in the Retinal Ganglion Cell Layer of the Alzheimer's Eye. Front Neurosci 2020; 14:758. [PMID: 32848548 PMCID: PMC7412634 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2020.00758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2020] [Accepted: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the most prevalent form of dementia, accounting for 60–70% of all dementias. AD is often under-diagnosed and recognized only at a later, more advanced stage, and this delay in diagnosis has been suggested as a contributing factor in the numerous unsuccessful AD treatment trials. Although there is no known cure for AD, early diagnosis is important for disease management and care. A hallmark of AD is the deposition of amyloid-β (Aβ)-containing senile neuritic plaques and neurofibrillary tangles composed of hyperphosporylated tau in the brain. However, current in vivo methods to quantify Aβ in the brain are invasive, requiring radioactive tracers and positron emission tomography. Toward development of alternative methods to assess AD progression, we focus on the retinal manifestation of AD pathology. The retina is an extension of the central nervous system uniquely accessible to light-based, non-invasive ophthalmic imaging. However, earlier studies in human retina indicate that the literature is divided on the presence of Aβ in the AD retina. To help resolve this disparity, this study assessed retinal tissues from neuropathologically confirmed AD cases to determine the regional distribution of Aβ in retinal wholemounts and to inform on future retinal image studies targeting Aβ. Concurrent post-mortem brain tissues were also collected. Neuropathological cortical assessments including neuritic plaque (NP) scores and cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA) were correlated with retinal Aβ using immunohistochemistry, confocal microscopy, and quantitative image analysis. Aβ load was compared between AD and control (non-AD) eyes. Our results indicate that levels of intracellular and extracellular Aβ retinal deposits were significantly higher in AD than controls. Mid-peripheral Aβ levels were greater than central retina in both AD and control eyes. In AD retina, higher intracellular Aβ was associated with lower NP score, while higher extracellular Aβ was associated with higher CAA score. Our data support the feasibility of using the retinal tissue to assess ocular Aβ as a surrogate measure of Aβ in the brain of individuals with AD. Specifically, mid-peripheral retina possesses more Aβ deposition than central retina, and thus may be the optimal location for future in vivo ocular imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sieun Lee
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,School of Engineering Science, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada
| | - Kailun Jiang
- Department of Surgery, Division of Ophthalmology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Brandon McIlmoyle
- Department of Family Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada
| | - Eleanor To
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Qinyuan Alis Xu
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Veronica Hirsch-Reinshagen
- Department of Pathology, Vancouver General Hospital, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Ian R Mackenzie
- Department of Pathology, Vancouver General Hospital, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Ging-Yuek R Hsiung
- Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Brennan D Eadie
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - Marinko V Sarunic
- School of Engineering Science, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada
| | - Mirza Faisal Beg
- School of Engineering Science, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada
| | - Jing Z Cui
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Joanne A Matsubara
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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Griffith CM, Macklin LN, Cai Y, Sharp AA, Yan XX, Reagan LP, Strader AD, Rose GM, Patrylo PR. Impaired Glucose Tolerance and Reduced Plasma Insulin Precede Decreased AKT Phosphorylation and GLUT3 Translocation in the Hippocampus of Old 3xTg-AD Mice. J Alzheimers Dis 2020; 68:809-837. [PMID: 30775979 DOI: 10.3233/jad-180707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Several studies have demonstrated that mouse models of Alzheimer's disease (AD) can exhibit impaired peripheral glucose tolerance. Further, in the APP/PS1 mouse model, this is observed prior to the appearance of AD-related neuropathology (e.g., amyloid-β plaques; Aβ) or cognitive impairment. In the current study, we examined whether impaired glucose tolerance also preceded AD-like changes in the triple transgenic model of AD (3xTg-AD). Glucose tolerance testing (GTT), insulin ELISAs, and insulin tolerance testing (ITT) were performed at ages prior to (1-3 months and 6-8 months old) and post-pathology (16-18 months old). Additionally, we examined for altered insulin signaling in the hippocampus. Western blots were used to evaluate the two-primary insulin signaling pathways: PI3K/AKT and MAPK/ERK. Since the PI3K/AKT pathway affects several downstream targets associated with metabolism (e.g., GSK3, glucose transporters), western blots were used to examine possible alterations in the expression, translocation, or activation of these targets. We found that 3xTg-AD mice display impaired glucose tolerance as early as 1 month of age, concomitant with a decrease in plasma insulin levels well prior to the detection of plaques (∼14 months old), aggregates of hyperphosphorylated tau (∼18 months old), and cognitive decline (≥18 months old). These alterations in peripheral metabolism were seen at all time points examined. In comparison, PI3K/AKT, but not MAPK/ERK, signaling was altered in the hippocampus only in 18-20-month-old 3xTg-AD mice, a time point at which there was a reduction in GLUT3 translocation to the plasma membrane. Taken together, our results provide further evidence that disruptions in energy metabolism may represent a foundational step in the development of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chelsea M Griffith
- Department of Physiology, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, Carbondale, IL, USA.,Center for Integrated Research in Cognitive and Neural Sciences, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, IL, USA
| | - Lauren N Macklin
- Department of Physiology, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, Carbondale, IL, USA.,Center for Integrated Research in Cognitive and Neural Sciences, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, IL, USA
| | - Yan Cai
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Central South University Xiangya School of Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, China.,Key Laboratory of Hunan Province in Neurodegenerative Disorders, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Andrew A Sharp
- Department of Physiology, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, Carbondale, IL, USA.,Department of Anatomy, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, Carbondale, IL, USA.,Center for Integrated Research in Cognitive and Neural Sciences, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, IL, USA
| | - Xiao-Xin Yan
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Central South University Xiangya School of Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, China.,Key Laboratory of Hunan Province in Neurodegenerative Disorders, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Lawrence P Reagan
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology & Neuroscience, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA.,WJB Dorn Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - April D Strader
- Department of Physiology, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, Carbondale, IL, USA.,Center for Integrated Research in Cognitive and Neural Sciences, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, IL, USA
| | - Gregory M Rose
- Department of Physiology, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, Carbondale, IL, USA.,Department of Anatomy, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, Carbondale, IL, USA.,Center for Integrated Research in Cognitive and Neural Sciences, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, IL, USA
| | - Peter R Patrylo
- Department of Physiology, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, Carbondale, IL, USA.,Department of Anatomy, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, Carbondale, IL, USA.,Center for Integrated Research in Cognitive and Neural Sciences, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, IL, USA
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IL-6 Trans-Signaling in the Brain Influences the Metabolic Phenotype of the 3xTg-AD Mouse Model of Alzheimer's Disease. Cells 2020; 9:cells9071605. [PMID: 32630818 PMCID: PMC7407279 DOI: 10.3390/cells9071605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Revised: 06/30/2020] [Accepted: 07/01/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disorder that causes the most prevalent dementia in the elderly people. Obesity and insulin resistance, which may cause major health problems per se, are risk factors for AD, and cytokines such as interleukin-6 (IL-6) have a role in these conditions. IL-6 can signal either through a membrane receptor or by trans-signaling, which can be inhibited by the soluble form of the co-receptor gp130 (sgp130). We have addressed the possibility that blocking IL-6 trans-signaling in the brain could have an effect in the triple transgenic 3xTg-AD mouse model of AD and/or in obesity progression, by crossing 3xTg-AD mice with GFAP-sgp130Fc mice. To serve as control groups, GFAP-sgp130Fc mice were also crossed with C57BL/6JOlaHsd mice. Seventeen-month-old mice were fed a control diet (18% kcal from fat) and a high-fat diet (HFD; 58.4% kcal from fat). In our experimental conditions, the 3xTg-AD model showed a mild amyloid phenotype, which nevertheless altered the control of body weight and related endocrine and metabolic factors, suggestive of a hypermetabolic state. The inhibition of IL-6 trans-signaling modulated some of these traits in both 3xTg-AD and control mice, particularly during HFD, and in a sex-dependent manner. These experiments provide evidence of IL-6 trans-signaling playing a role in the CNS of a mouse model of AD.
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Disruption of oligodendrocyte progenitor cells is an early sign of pathology in the triple transgenic mouse model of Alzheimer's disease. Neurobiol Aging 2020; 94:130-139. [PMID: 32619874 PMCID: PMC7453384 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2020.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Revised: 05/29/2020] [Accepted: 05/31/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
There is increasing evidence that myelin disruption is related to cognitive decline in Alzheimer's disease (AD). In the CNS, myelin is produced by oligodendrocytes, which are generated throughout life by adult oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPCs), also known as NG2-glia. To address whether alterations in myelination are related to age-dependent changes in OPCs, we analyzed NG2 and myelin basic protein (MBP) immunolabelling in the hippocampus of 3×Tg-AD mice at 6 and 24 months of age, compared with non-Tg age-matched controls. There was an age-related decrease in MBP immunostaining and OPC density, together with a decline in the number of OPC sister cells, a measure of OPC replication. Notably, the loss of myelin and OPC sister cells occurred earlier at 6 months in 3xTg-AD, suggesting accelerated aging, although there was not a concomitant decline in OPC numbers at this age, suggesting the observed changes in myelin were not a consequence of replicative exhaustion, but possibly of OPC disruption or senescence. In line with this, a key finding is that compared to age-match controls, OPC displayed marked morphological atrophy at 6 months in 3xTg-AD followed by morphological hypertrophy at 24 months, as deduced from significant changes in total cell surface area, total cell volume, somata volume and branching of main processes. Moreover, we show that hypertrophic OPCs surround and infiltrate amyloid-β (Aβ) plaques, a key pathological hallmark of AD. The results indicate that OPCs undergo complex age-related remodeling in the hippocampus of the 3xTg-AD mouse model. We conclude that OPC disruption is an early pathological sign in AD and is a potential factor in accelerated myelin loss and cognitive decline. Life-long generation of myelin is the function of adult oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPCs). Age-related loss of myelin is accelerated in the 3xTg-AD mouse model of Alzheimer's disease (AD). OPCs are disrupted at an early stage of 3xTg-AD. Dysregulation of OPC and myelin loss are important biomarkers for AD-like pathology.
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Dionisio-Santos DA, Behrouzi A, Olschowka JA, O'Banion MK. Evaluating the Effect of Interleukin-4 in the 3xTg Mouse Model of Alzheimer's Disease. Front Neurosci 2020; 14:441. [PMID: 32528242 PMCID: PMC7247853 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2020.00441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2020] [Accepted: 04/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic neuroinflammation has long been hypothesized to be involved in Alzheimer's Disease (AD) progression. Previous research suggests that both anti-inflammatory and inflammatory microglia ameliorate amyloid pathology, but the latter worsen tau pathology. In this study, we sought to determine whether induction of arginase-1 positive microglia with the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-4 modulates pathology in the 3xTg mouse model of AD. Our findings indicate that a single intracranial IL-4 injection positively modulated performance of 3xTg AD mice in a Novel Object Recognition task, and locally increased the levels of arginase-1 positive myeloid cells when assessed one-week post injection. Furthermore, immunohistochemical analysis revealed decreased tau phosphorylation in IL-4 injected animals; however, we were not able to detect significant changes in tau phosphorylation utilizing Western blot. Lastly, IL-4 injection did not appear to cause significant changes in amyloid β load. In conclusion, acute intracranial IL-4 led to some positive benefits in the 3xTg mouse model of AD. Although more work remains, these results support therapeutic strategies aimed at modifying microglial activation states in neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dawling A Dionisio-Santos
- Department of Neuroscience, Del Monte Institute for Neuroscience, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY, United States
| | - Adib Behrouzi
- Department of Neuroscience, Del Monte Institute for Neuroscience, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY, United States
| | - John A Olschowka
- Department of Neuroscience, Del Monte Institute for Neuroscience, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY, United States
| | - M Kerry O'Banion
- Department of Neuroscience, Del Monte Institute for Neuroscience, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY, United States
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46
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Güell-Bosch J, Lope-Piedrafita S, Esquerda-Canals G, Montoliu-Gaya L, Villegas S. Progression of Alzheimer's disease and effect of scFv-h3D6 immunotherapy in the 3xTg-AD mouse model: An in vivo longitudinal study using Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Spectroscopy. NMR IN BIOMEDICINE 2020; 33:e4263. [PMID: 32067292 DOI: 10.1002/nbm.4263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2019] [Revised: 12/19/2019] [Accepted: 01/11/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is an incurable disease that affects most of the 47 million people estimated as living with dementia worldwide. The main histopathological hallmarks of AD are extracellular β-amyloid (Aβ) plaques and intracellular neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs) composed of hyperphosphorylated tau protein. In recent years, Aβ-immunotherapy has been revealed as a potential tool in AD treatment. One strategy consists of using single-chain variable fragments (scFvs), which avoids the fragment crystallizable (Fc) effects that are supposed to trigger a microglial response, leading to microhemorrhages and vasogenic edemas, as evidenced in clinical trials with bapineuzumab. The scFv-h3D6 generated by our research group derives from this monoclonal antibody, which targets the N-terminal of the Aβ peptide and recognizes monomers, oligomers and fibrils. In this study, 3xTg-AD mice were intraperitoneally and monthly treated with 100 μg of scFv-h3D6 (a dose of ~3.3 mg/kg) or PBS, from 5 to 12 months of age (-mo), the age at which the mice were sacrificed and samples collected for histological and biochemical analyses. During treatments, four monitoring sessions using magnetic resonance imaging and spectroscopy (MRI/MRS) were performed at 5, 7, 9, and 12 months of age. MRI/MRS techniques are widely used in both human and mouse research, allowing to draw an in vivo picture of concrete aspects of the pathology in a non-invasive manner and allowing to monitor its development across time. Compared with the genetic background, 3xTg-AD mice presented a smaller volume in almost all cerebral regions and ages examined, an increase in both the intra and extracellular Aβ1-42 at 12-mo, and an inflammation process at this age, in both the hippocampus (IL-6 and mIns) and cortex (IL-6). In addition, treatment with scFv-h3D6 partially recovered the values in brain volume, and Aβ, IL-6, and mIns concentrations, among others, encouraging further studies with this antibody fragment.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Güell-Bosch
- Protein Design and Immunotherapy Group, Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Facultat de Biociències, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Barcelona, Spain
| | - S Lope-Piedrafita
- Servei de Ressonància Magnètica Nuclear, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red-Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
| | - G Esquerda-Canals
- Protein Design and Immunotherapy Group, Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Facultat de Biociències, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Barcelona, Spain
| | - L Montoliu-Gaya
- Protein Design and Immunotherapy Group, Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Facultat de Biociències, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Barcelona, Spain
| | - S Villegas
- Protein Design and Immunotherapy Group, Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Facultat de Biociències, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Barcelona, Spain
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Gardner MR, Baruah V, Vargas G, Motamedi M, Milner TE, Rylander HG. Scattering Angle Resolved Optical Coherence Tomography Detects Early Changes in 3xTg Alzheimer's Disease Mouse Model. Transl Vis Sci Technol 2020; 9:18. [PMID: 32821490 PMCID: PMC7401921 DOI: 10.1167/tvst.9.5.18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2019] [Accepted: 03/02/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose Clinical intensity-based optical coherence tomographic retinal imaging is unable to resolve some of the earliest changes to Alzheimer's disease (AD) neurons. The aim of this pilot study was to demonstrate that scattering-angle-resolved optical coherence tomography (SAR-OCT), which is sensitive to changes in light scattering angle, is a candidate retinal imaging modality for early AD detection. SAR-OCT signal data may be sensitive to changes in intracellular constituent morphology that are not detectable with conventional OCT. Methods In this cross-sectional study, retinas of a triple transgenic mouse model of AD (3xTg-AD) were imaged alongside age-matched control mice (C57BL/6J) using SAR-OCT. A total of 32 mice (12 control, 20 3xTg-Ad) at four ages (10, 20, 30, and 45 weeks) were included in this cross-sectional study, and three retinal feature sets (scattering, thickness, and angiography) were examined between the disease and control groups. Results AD mice had significantly increased scattering diversity (lower SAR-OCT C parameter) at the earliest imaging time (10 weeks). Differences in the C parameter between AD and control mice were diminished at later times when both groups showed increased scattering diversity. AD mice have reduced retinal thickness compared to controls, particularly in central regions and superficial layers. No differences in vascular density or fractional blood volume between groups were detected. Conclusions SAR-OCT is sensitive to scattering angle changes in a 3xTg-AD mouse model and could provide early-stage biomarkers for neurodegenerative diseases such as AD. Translational Relevance Clinical OCT systems may be modified to record SAR-OCT images for non-invasive retinal diagnostic imaging of patients with neurodegenerative diseases such as AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael R Gardner
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, King Faisal University, Al-Hofuf, Al-Ahsa, Saudi Arabia
| | - Vikram Baruah
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Gracie Vargas
- Center for Biomedical Engineering, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Massoud Motamedi
- Center for Biomedical Engineering, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Thomas E Milner
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Henry G Rylander
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
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Singulani MP, Pereira CPM, Ferreira AFF, Garcia PC, Ferrari GD, Alberici LC, Britto LR. Impairment of PGC-1α-mediated mitochondrial biogenesis precedes mitochondrial dysfunction and Alzheimer's pathology in the 3xTg mouse model of Alzheimer's disease. Exp Gerontol 2020; 133:110882. [PMID: 32084533 DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2020.110882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2019] [Revised: 12/16/2019] [Accepted: 02/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Impairment of mitochondrial biogenesis and mitochondrial dysfunction is a prominent feature of Alzheimer's disease (AD). However, the extent to which the impairment of mitochondrial biogenesis influences mitochondrial dysfunction at the onset and during progression of AD is still unclear. Our study demonstrated that the protein expression pattern of the transcription factor pCREB/CREB, together with the protein expression of PGC-1α, NRF1 and TFAM are all significantly reduced in early ages of 3xTg-AD mice. We also found reduced mRNA expression levels of PKAC-α, CREB, PGC-1α, NRF1, NRF2 and TFAM as early as 1 month-of-age, an age at which there was no significant Aβ oligomer deposition, suggesting that mitochondrial biogenesis is likely impaired in ages preceding the development of the AD pathology. In addition, there was a decrease in VDAC2 expression, which is related to mitochondrial content and mitochondrial function, as demonstrated by protein expression of complex IV, as well as complex II + III, and complex IV activities, at later ages in 3xTg-AD mice. These results suggest that the impairment in mitochondrial biogenesis signaling mediated by PGC-1α at early ages of the AD mice model likely resulted in mitochondrial dysfunction and manifestation of the AD pathology at later ages. Taken together, enhancing mitochondrial biogenesis may represent a potential pharmacological approach for the treatment of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monique Patricio Singulani
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | | | - Ana Flávia Fernandes Ferreira
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Priscila Crespo Garcia
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Gustavo Duarte Ferrari
- Department of Physics and Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Luciane Carla Alberici
- Department of Physics and Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Luiz Roberto Britto
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
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Mendell AL, Creighton SD, Wilson HA, Jardine KH, Isaacs L, Winters BD, MacLusky NJ. Inhibition of 5α Reductase Impairs Cognitive Performance, Alters Dendritic Morphology and Increases Tau Phosphorylation in the Hippocampus of Male 3xTg-AD Mice. Neuroscience 2020; 429:185-202. [PMID: 31954826 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2020.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2019] [Revised: 12/09/2019] [Accepted: 01/07/2020] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Recent work has suggested that 5α-reduced metabolites of testosterone may contribute to the neuroprotection conferred by their parent androgen, as well as to sex differences in the incidence and progression of Alzheimer's disease (AD). This study investigated the effects of inhibiting 5α-reductase on object recognition memory (ORM), hippocampal dendritic morphology and proteins involved in AD pathology, in male 3xTg-AD mice. Male 6-month old wild-type or 3xTg-AD mice received daily injections of finasteride (50 mg/kg i.p.) or vehicle (18% β-cyclodextrin, 1% v/b.w.) for 20 days. Female wild-type and 3xTg-AD mice received only the vehicle. Finasteride treatment differentially impaired ORM in males after short-term (3xTg-AD only) or long-term (3xTg-AD and wild-type) retention delays. Dendritic spine density and dendritic branching of pyramidal neurons in the CA3 hippocampal subfield were significantly lower in 3xTg-AD females than in males. Finasteride reduced CA3 dendritic branching and spine density in 3xTg-AD males, to within the range observed in vehicle-treated females. In the CA1 hippocampal subfield, dendritic branching and spine density were reduced in both male and female 3xTg-AD mice, compared to wild type controls. Hippocampal amyloid β levels were substantially higher in 3xTg-AD females compared to both vehicle and finasteride-treated 3xTg-AD males. Site-specific Tau phosphorylation was higher in 3xTg-AD mice compared to sex-matched wild-type controls, increasing slightly after finasteride treatment. These results suggest that 5α-reduced neurosteroids may play a role in testosterone-mediated neuroprotection and may contribute to sex differences in the development and severity of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Boyer D Winters
- Psychology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, N1G 2W1, Canada
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50
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Zhang Y, Xiao Z, He Z, Chen J, Wang X, Jiang L. Dendritic complexity change in the triple transgenic mouse model of Alzheimer's disease. PeerJ 2020; 8:e8178. [PMID: 31942251 PMCID: PMC6955100 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.8178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2019] [Accepted: 11/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is an irreversible, neurodegenerative disease that is characterized by memory impairment and executive dysfunction. However, the change of fine structure of neuronal morphology remains unclear in the AD model mouse. In this study, high-resolution mouse brain sectional images were scanned by Micro-Optical Sectioning Tomography (MOST) technology and reconstructed three-dimensionally to obtain the pyramidal neurons. The method of Sholl analysis was performed to analyze the neurons in the brains of 6- and 12-month-old AD mice. The results showed that dendritic complexity was not affected in the entorhinal cortex between 6-month-old mice and 12-month-old mice. The dendritic complexity had increased in the primary motor cortex and CA1 region of hippocampus of 12- month-old mice compared with 6-month-old mice. On the contrary, dendritic complexity in the prefrontal cortex was decreased significantly between 6-month-old and 12-month-old mice. To our knowledge, this is the first study to provide high-resolution brain images of triple transgenic AD mice for statistically analyzing neuronal dendrite complexity by MOST technology to reveal the morphological changes of neurons during AD progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Zhang
- Shenzhen University, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresources and Ecology, Brain Disease and Big Data Research Institute, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen, China
| | - Zhenlong Xiao
- Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Department of Mechanical and Automation Engineering, Shenzhen, China
| | - Zhijun He
- Shenzhen University, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresources and Ecology, Brain Disease and Big Data Research Institute, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen, China
| | - Junyu Chen
- Shenzhen University, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresources and Ecology, Brain Disease and Big Data Research Institute, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xin Wang
- Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Department of Mechanical and Automation Engineering, Shenzhen, China
| | - Liang Jiang
- Shenzhen University, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresources and Ecology, Brain Disease and Big Data Research Institute, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen, China
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