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Matczuk AK, Kublicka A, Chodaczek G, Siedlecka M. Dual topology of equine arteritis virus GP3 protein and the role of arginine motif RXR in GP3 ER retention. Virology 2024; 597:110122. [PMID: 38850896 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2024.110122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2023] [Revised: 05/07/2024] [Accepted: 05/21/2024] [Indexed: 06/10/2024]
Abstract
Glycoprotein 3 (GP3) serves as a structural protein in equine arteritis virus (EAV), forming a heterotrimeric complex that plays a pivotal role in virus tropism. In this study, we tested the membrane topology of GP3, both when expressed separately and during infection with recombinant tagged EAV GP3-HA. In our antibody accessibility experiment, we made a noteworthy discovery: GP3, when expressed separately, exhibits a dual topology. We introduced an additional N-glycosylation site, which was only partially used, providing further evidence for the dual topology of GP3. Intriguingly, this mutated GP3 was secreted into the medium, a result of the disruption of the ER retention motif RXR. The additional glycosylation site was not used when we examined the recombinant EAV virus with the same mutation. Despite the fact of higher expression levels of mutant GP3-HA, the protein was not secreted, and the recombinant mutant virus did not have growth delay compared to the EAV wild-type virus. This finding suggests that GP3 has a single type one membrane topology in virus infected cells, whereas the expression of GP3 in trans results in the dual topology of this protein. The RXR motif in the C-terminus is a co-factor of ER retention of the protein, but the main retention signal remains elusive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna K Matczuk
- Department of Pathology, Division of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Wrocław, Poland.
| | - Agata Kublicka
- Department of Pathology, Division of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Grzegorz Chodaczek
- Lukasiewicz Research Network - PORT Polish Center for Technology Development, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Magdalena Siedlecka
- Department of Epizootiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Wrocław, Poland
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2
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Ali H, Noyvert D, Hankinson J, Lindsey G, Lulla A, Lulla V. The astrovirus N-terminal nonstructural protein anchors replication complexes to the perinuclear ER membranes. PLoS Pathog 2024; 20:e1011959. [PMID: 39008516 PMCID: PMC11271882 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1011959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2024] [Revised: 07/25/2024] [Accepted: 06/20/2024] [Indexed: 07/17/2024] Open
Abstract
An essential aspect of positive-sense RNA virus replication is anchoring the replication complex (RC) to cellular membranes. Positive-sense RNA viruses employ diverse strategies, including co-translational membrane targeting through signal peptides and co-opting cellular membrane trafficking components. Often, N-terminal nonstructural proteins play a crucial role in linking the RC to membranes, facilitating the early association of the replication machinery. Astroviruses utilize a polyprotein strategy to synthesize nonstructural proteins, relying on subsequent processing to form replication-competent complexes. This study provides evidence for the perinuclear ER membrane association of RCs in five distinct human astrovirus strains. Using tagged recombinant classical human astrovirus 1 and neurotropic MLB2 strains, we establish that the N-terminal domain guides the ER membrane association. We identified di-arginine motifs responsible for the perinuclear ER retention and formation of functional RCs through mutational analysis of the N-terminal domain in replicon and reverse genetics systems. In addition, we demonstrate the association of key components of the astrovirus replication complex: double-stranded RNA, RNA-dependent RNA polymerase, protease, and N-terminal protein. Our findings highlight the intricate virus-ER interaction mechanism employed by astroviruses, potentially leading to the development of novel antiviral intervention strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hashim Ali
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - David Noyvert
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | | | - Gemma Lindsey
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Aleksei Lulla
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Valeria Lulla
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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3
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Ci Y, Han K, Kong J, Huang S, Yang Y, Qin C, Shi L. Flavivirus Concentrates Host ER in Main Replication Compartments to Facilitate Replication. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2023; 10:e2305093. [PMID: 37888856 PMCID: PMC10754076 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202305093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023]
Abstract
Flavivirus remodels the host endoplasmic reticulum (ER) to generate replication compartments (RCs) as the fundamental structures to accommodate viral replication. Here, a centralized replication mode of flavivirus is reported, i.e., flavivirus concentrates host ER in perinuclear main replication compartments (MRCs) for efficient replication. Superresolution live-cell imaging demonstrated that flavivirus MRCs formed via a series of events, including multisite ER clustering, growth and merging of ER clusters, directional movement, and convergence in the perinuclear region. The dynamic activities of viral RCs are driven by nonstructural (NS) proteins and are independent of microtubules and actin. Moreover, disrupting MRCs formation by small molecule compounds inhibited flavivirus replication. Overall, the findings reveal unprecedented insight into dynamic ER reorganization by flavivirus and identify a new inhibition strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yali Ci
- State Key Laboratory of Common Mechanism Research for Major DiseasesInstitute of Basic Medical SciencesChinese Academy of Medical Sciences and School of Basic MedicinePeking Union Medical CollegeBeijing100005China
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular BiologyInstitute of Basic Medical SciencesChinese Academy of Medical Sciences and School of Basic MedicinePeking Union Medical CollegeBeijing100005China
| | - Kai Han
- State Key Laboratory of Common Mechanism Research for Major DiseasesInstitute of Basic Medical SciencesChinese Academy of Medical Sciences and School of Basic MedicinePeking Union Medical CollegeBeijing100005China
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular BiologyInstitute of Basic Medical SciencesChinese Academy of Medical Sciences and School of Basic MedicinePeking Union Medical CollegeBeijing100005China
| | - Jie Kong
- State Key Laboratory of Common Mechanism Research for Major DiseasesInstitute of Basic Medical SciencesChinese Academy of Medical Sciences and School of Basic MedicinePeking Union Medical CollegeBeijing100005China
| | - Shuhan Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Common Mechanism Research for Major DiseasesInstitute of Basic Medical SciencesChinese Academy of Medical Sciences and School of Basic MedicinePeking Union Medical CollegeBeijing100005China
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular BiologyInstitute of Basic Medical SciencesChinese Academy of Medical Sciences and School of Basic MedicinePeking Union Medical CollegeBeijing100005China
| | - Yang Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Common Mechanism Research for Major DiseasesInstitute of Basic Medical SciencesChinese Academy of Medical Sciences and School of Basic MedicinePeking Union Medical CollegeBeijing100005China
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular BiologyInstitute of Basic Medical SciencesChinese Academy of Medical Sciences and School of Basic MedicinePeking Union Medical CollegeBeijing100005China
| | - Cheng‐Feng Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and BiosecurityBeijing Institute of Microbiology and EpidemiologyBeijing100071China
| | - Lei Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Common Mechanism Research for Major DiseasesInstitute of Basic Medical SciencesChinese Academy of Medical Sciences and School of Basic MedicinePeking Union Medical CollegeBeijing100005China
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular BiologyInstitute of Basic Medical SciencesChinese Academy of Medical Sciences and School of Basic MedicinePeking Union Medical CollegeBeijing100005China
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4
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Han K, Huang S, Kong J, Yang Y, Shi L, Ci Y. A novel fluorescent endoplasmic reticulum marker for super-resolution imaging in live cells. FEBS Lett 2023; 597:693-701. [PMID: 36694281 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.14581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2022] [Revised: 01/06/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is a highly complicated and dynamic organelle that actively changes its shape and communicates with other organelles. Visualization of ER in live cells is of great importance to understand cellular activities. Here, we designed a novel ER marker, RR-mNeonGreen, which comprised an N-terminal ER retention signal, a bright fluorescent protein (mNeonGreen), and a C-terminal transmembrane region. Colocalization of RR-mNeonGreen with mCherry-KDEL verified that RR-mNeonGreen perfectly labeled the ER. RR-mNeonGreen showed better continuity of ER tubules when imaged by super-resolution microscopy. Moreover, RR-mNeonGreen is competent for live-cell imaging of ER dynamics and tracing of the interaction between ER and mitochondria at high spatiotemporal resolution. In summary, RR-mNeonGreen is a novel ER marker for super-resolution live-cell imaging with multiple merits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Han
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Shuhan Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Jie Kong
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Yang Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Lei Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Yali Ci
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
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5
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Winichayakul S, Curran A, Moraga R, Cookson R, Xue H, Crowther T, Roldan M, Bryan G, Roberts N. An alternative angiosperm DGAT1 topology and potential motifs in the N-terminus. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:951389. [PMID: 36186081 PMCID: PMC9523541 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.951389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2022] [Accepted: 08/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The highly variable cytoplasmic N-terminus of the plant diacylglycerol acyltransferase 1 (DGAT1) has been shown to have roles in oligomerization as well as allostery; however, the biological significance of the variation within this region is not understood. Comparing the coding sequences over the variable N-termini revealed the Poaceae DGAT1s contain relatively high GC compositional gradients as well as numerous direct and inverted repeats in this region. Using a variety of reciprocal chimeric DGAT1s from angiosperms we show that related N-termini had similar effects (positive or negative) on the accumulation of the recombinant protein in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. When expressed in Camelina sativa seeds the recombinant proteins of specific chimeras elevated total lipid content of the seeds as well as increased seed size. In addition, we combine N- and C-terminal as well as internal tags with high pH membrane reformation, protease protection and differential permeabilization. This led us to conclude the C-terminus is in the ER lumen; this contradicts earlier reports of the cytoplasmic location of plant DGAT1 C-termini.
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Affiliation(s)
- Somrutai Winichayakul
- Resilient Agriculture Innovation Centre of Excellence, AgResearch Ltd., Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Amy Curran
- ZeaKal Inc., San Diego, CA, United States
| | - Roger Moraga
- Bioinformatics and Statistics, AgResearch Ltd., Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Ruth Cookson
- Resilient Agriculture Innovation Centre of Excellence, AgResearch Ltd., Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Hong Xue
- Resilient Agriculture Innovation Centre of Excellence, AgResearch Ltd., Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Tracey Crowther
- Resilient Agriculture Innovation Centre of Excellence, AgResearch Ltd., Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Marissa Roldan
- Resilient Agriculture Innovation Centre of Excellence, AgResearch Ltd., Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Greg Bryan
- Resilient Agriculture Innovation Centre of Excellence, AgResearch Ltd., Palmerston North, New Zealand
- ZeaKal Inc., San Diego, CA, United States
| | - Nick Roberts
- Resilient Agriculture Innovation Centre of Excellence, AgResearch Ltd., Palmerston North, New Zealand
- ZeaKal Inc., San Diego, CA, United States
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Shi Y, Luo Z, You J. Subcellular delivery of lipid nanoparticles to endoplasmic reticulum and mitochondria. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS. NANOMEDICINE AND NANOBIOTECHNOLOGY 2022; 14:e1803. [PMID: 35441489 DOI: 10.1002/wnan.1803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2022] [Revised: 03/23/2022] [Accepted: 03/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Primarily responsible for the biogenesis and metabolism of biomolecules, endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and mitochondria are gradually becoming the targets of therapeutic modulation, whose physiological activities and pathological manifestations determine the functional capacity and even the survival of cells. Drug delivery systems with specific physicochemical properties (passive targeting), or modified by small molecular compounds, polypeptides, and biomembranes demonstrating tropism for ER and mitochondria (active targeting) are able to reduce the nonselective accumulation of drugs, enhancing efficacy while reducing side effects. Lipid nanoparticles feature high biocompatibility, diverse cargo loading, and flexible structure modification, which are frequently used for subcellular organelle-targeted delivery of therapeutics. However, there is still a lack of systematic understanding of lipid nanoparticle-based ER and mitochondria targeting. Herein, we review the pathological significance of drug selectively delivered to the ER and mitochondria. We also summarize the molecular basis and application prospects of lipid nanoparticle-based ER and mitochondria targeting strategies, which may provide guidance for the prevention and treatment of associated diseases and disorders. This article is categorized under: Therapeutic Approaches and Drug Discovery > Nanomedicine for Oncologic Disease Biology-Inspired Nanomaterials > Lipid-Based Structures Nanotechnology Approaches to Biology > Nanoscale Systems in Biology Diagnostic Tools > In Vivo Nanodiagnostics and Imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingying Shi
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Zhenyu Luo
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jian You
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
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7
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Zhang N, Zabotina OA. Critical Determinants in ER-Golgi Trafficking of Enzymes Involved in Glycosylation. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 11:plants11030428. [PMID: 35161411 PMCID: PMC8840164 DOI: 10.3390/plants11030428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Revised: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 02/01/2022] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
All living cells generate structurally complex and compositionally diverse spectra of glycans and glycoconjugates, critical for organismal evolution, development, functioning, defense, and survival. Glycosyltransferases (GTs) catalyze the glycosylation reaction between activated sugar and acceptor substrate to synthesize a wide variety of glycans. GTs are distributed among more than 130 gene families and are involved in metabolic processes, signal pathways, cell wall polysaccharide biosynthesis, cell development, and growth. Glycosylation mainly takes place in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and Golgi, where GTs and glycosidases involved in this process are distributed to different locations of these compartments and sequentially add or cleave various sugars to synthesize the final products of glycosylation. Therefore, delivery of these enzymes to the proper locations, the glycosylation sites, in the cell is essential and involves numerous secretory pathway components. This review presents the current state of knowledge about the mechanisms of protein trafficking between ER and Golgi. It describes what is known about the primary components of protein sorting machinery and trafficking, which are recognition sites on the proteins that are important for their interaction with the critical components of this machinery.
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8
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Lujan P, Campelo F. Should I stay or should I go? Golgi membrane spatial organization for protein sorting and retention. Arch Biochem Biophys 2021; 707:108921. [PMID: 34038703 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2021.108921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Revised: 04/12/2021] [Accepted: 05/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The Golgi complex is the membrane-bound organelle that lies at the center of the secretory pathway. Its main functions are to maintain cellular lipid homeostasis, to orchestrate protein processing and maturation, and to mediate protein sorting and export. These functions are not independent of one another, and they all require that the membranes of the Golgi complex have a well-defined biochemical composition. Importantly, a finely-regulated spatiotemporal organization of the Golgi membrane components is essential for the correct performance of the organelle. In here, we review our current mechanistic and molecular understanding of how Golgi membranes are spatially organized in the lateral and axial directions to fulfill their functions. In particular, we highlight the current evidence and proposed models of intra-Golgi transport, as well as the known mechanisms for the retention of Golgi residents and for the sorting and export of transmembrane cargo proteins. Despite the controversies, conflicting evidence, clashes between models, and technical limitations, the field has moved forward and we have gained extensive knowledge in this fascinating topic. However, there are still many important questions that remain to be completely answered. We hope that this review will help boost future investigations on these issues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Lujan
- ICFO-Institut de Ciencies Fotoniques, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, 08860, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Felix Campelo
- ICFO-Institut de Ciencies Fotoniques, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, 08860, Barcelona, Spain.
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Rangel-Garcia CI, Salvador C, Chavez-Garcia K, Diaz-Bello B, Lopez-Gonzalez Z, Vazquez-Cruz L, Angel Vazquez-Martinez J, Ortiz-Navarrete V, Riveros-Rosas H, Escobar LI. Identification of a unique endoplasmic retention motif in the Xenopus GIRK5 channel and its contribution to oocyte maturation. FEBS Open Bio 2021; 11:1093-1108. [PMID: 33565726 PMCID: PMC8016131 DOI: 10.1002/2211-5463.13113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2020] [Revised: 12/17/2020] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
G protein‐activated inward‐rectifying potassium (K+) channels (Kir3/GIRK) participate in cell excitability. The GIRK5 channel is present in Xenopus laevis oocytes. In an attempt to investigate the physiological role of GIRK5, we identified a noncanonical di‐arginine endoplasmic reticulum (ER) retention motif (KRXY). This retention motif is located at the N‐terminal region of GIRK5, coded by two small exons found only in X. laevis and X. tropicalis. These novel exons are expressed through use of an alternative transcription start site. Mutations in the sequence KRXY produced functional channels and induced progesterone‐independent oocyte meiotic progression. The chimeric proteins enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP)‐GIRK5‐WT and the EGFP‐GIRK5K13AR14A double mutant, were localized to the ER and the plasma membrane of the vegetal pole of the oocyte, respectively. Silencing of GIRK5 or blocking of this channel by external barium prevented progesterone‐induced meiotic progression. The endogenous level of GIRK5 protein decreased through oocyte stages in prophase I augmenting by progesterone. In conclusion, we have identified a unique mechanism by which the expression pattern of a K+ channel evolved to control Xenopus oocyte maturation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia I Rangel-Garcia
- Departamento de Fisiologia, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, Ciudad de Mexico, Mexico
| | - Carolina Salvador
- Departamento de Fisiologia, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, Ciudad de Mexico, Mexico
| | - Karla Chavez-Garcia
- Departamento de Fisiologia, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, Ciudad de Mexico, Mexico
| | - Beatriz Diaz-Bello
- Departamento de Fisiologia, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, Ciudad de Mexico, Mexico
| | - Zinaeli Lopez-Gonzalez
- Departamento de Fisiologia, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, Ciudad de Mexico, Mexico
| | - Lourdes Vazquez-Cruz
- Departamento de Fisiologia, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, Ciudad de Mexico, Mexico
| | - Julio Angel Vazquez-Martinez
- Departamento de Biomedicina Molecular, Centro de Investigacion y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politecnico Nacional, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Vianney Ortiz-Navarrete
- Departamento de Biomedicina Molecular, Centro de Investigacion y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politecnico Nacional, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Hector Riveros-Rosas
- Departamento de Bioquimica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, Ciudad de Mexico, Mexico
| | - Laura I Escobar
- Departamento de Fisiologia, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, Ciudad de Mexico, Mexico
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Stührwohldt N, Ehinger A, Thellmann K, Schaller A. Processing and Formation of Bioactive CLE40 Peptide Are Controlled by Posttranslational Proline Hydroxylation. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2020; 184:1573-1584. [PMID: 32907884 PMCID: PMC7608152 DOI: 10.1104/pp.20.00528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Accepted: 08/27/2020] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Small posttranslationally modified signaling peptides are proteolytically derived from larger precursor proteins and subject to several additional steps of modification, including Pro hydroxylation, Hyp glycosylation, and/or Tyr sulfation. The processing proteases and the relevance of posttranslational modifications for peptide biogenesis and activity are largely unknown. In this study these questions were addressed for the Clavata3/Endosperm Surrounding Region (CLE) peptide CLE40, a peptide regulator of stem cell differentiation in the Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) root meristem. We identify three subtilases (SBT1.4, SBT1.7, and SBT4.13) that cleave the CLE40 precursor redundantly at two sites. C-terminal processing releases the mature peptide from its precursor and is thus required for signal biogenesis. SBT-mediated cleavage at a second site within the mature peptide attenuates the signal. The second cleavage is prevented by Pro hydroxylation, resulting in the formation of mature and bioactive CLE40 in planta. Our data reveal a role for posttranslational modification by Pro hydroxylation in the regulation of CLE40 formation and activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nils Stührwohldt
- Department of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, Institute of Biology, University of Hohenheim, 70593 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Alexandra Ehinger
- Department of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, Institute of Biology, University of Hohenheim, 70593 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Kerstin Thellmann
- Department of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, Institute of Biology, University of Hohenheim, 70593 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Andreas Schaller
- Department of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, Institute of Biology, University of Hohenheim, 70593 Stuttgart, Germany
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11
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Zia MA. Streptokinase: An Efficient Enzyme in Cardiac Medicine. Protein Pept Lett 2020; 27:111-119. [PMID: 31612811 DOI: 10.2174/0929866526666191014150408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2018] [Revised: 04/22/2019] [Accepted: 08/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
An imbalance in oxygen supply to cardiac tissues or formation of thrombus leads to deleterious results like pulmonary embolism, coronary heart disease and acute cardiac failure. The formation of thrombus requires clinical encounter with fibrinolytic agents including streptokinase, urokinase or tissue plasminogen activator. Irrespective to urokinase and tissue plasminogen activator, streptokinase is still a significant agent in treatment of cardiovascular diseases. Streptokinase, being so economical, has an important value in treating cardiac diseases in developing countries. This review paper will provide the maximum information to enlighten all the pros and cons of streptokinase up till now. It has been concluded that recent advances in structural/synthetic biology improved SK with enhanced half-life and least antigenicity. Such enzyme preparations would be the best thrombolytic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad A Zia
- Enzyme Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad-38040,Pakistan
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12
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Yuan Y, Arondel V, Domergue F. Characterization and heterologous expression of three DGATs from oil palm (Elaeis guineensis) mesocarp in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Biochimie 2020; 169:18-28. [PMID: 31536755 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2019.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2019] [Accepted: 09/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Oil palm (Elaeis guineensis) can accumulate up to 88% oil in fruit mesocarp. A previous transcriptome study of oil palm fruits indicated that genes coding for three diacylglycerol acyltransferases (DGATs), designated as EgDGAT1_3, EgDGAT2_2 and EgWS/DGAT_1 (according to Rosli et al., 2018) were highly expressed in mesocarp during oil accumulation. In the present study, the corresponding open reading frames were isolated, and characterized by heterologous expression in the mutant yeast H1246, which is devoid of neutral lipid synthesis. Expression of EgDGAT1_3 or EgDGAT2_2 could restore TAG synthesis, confirming that both proteins are true DGAT. In contrast, expression of EgWS/DGAT_1 resulted in the synthesis of fatty acid isoamyl esters (FAIEs) with saturated long-chain and very-long-chain fatty acids. In the presence of exogenously supplied fatty alcohols, EgWS/DGAT_1 was able to produce wax esters, indicating that EgWS/DGAT_1 codes for an acyltransferase with wax ester synthase but no DGAT activity. Finally, the complete wax ester biosynthetic pathway was reconstituted in yeast by coexpressing EgWS/DGAT_1 with a fatty acyl reductase from Tetrahymena thermophila. Altogether, our results characterized two novel DGATs from oil palm as well as a putative wax ester synthase that preferentially using medium chain fatty alcohols and saturated very-long chain fatty acids as substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yijun Yuan
- Laboratoire de Biogenèse Membranaire, CNRS - University of Bordeaux - UMR 5200, Bâtiment A3 - INRA Bordeaux Aquitaine, 71 Avenue Edouard Bourlaux - CS 20032, 33140, Villenave d'Ornon, France
| | - Vincent Arondel
- Laboratoire de Biogenèse Membranaire, CNRS - University of Bordeaux - UMR 5200, Bâtiment A3 - INRA Bordeaux Aquitaine, 71 Avenue Edouard Bourlaux - CS 20032, 33140, Villenave d'Ornon, France
| | - Frédéric Domergue
- Laboratoire de Biogenèse Membranaire, CNRS - University of Bordeaux - UMR 5200, Bâtiment A3 - INRA Bordeaux Aquitaine, 71 Avenue Edouard Bourlaux - CS 20032, 33140, Villenave d'Ornon, France.
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13
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Welch LG, Munro S. A tale of short tails, through thick and thin: investigating the sorting mechanisms of Golgi enzymes. FEBS Lett 2019; 593:2452-2465. [DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.13553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2019] [Revised: 07/18/2019] [Accepted: 07/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Lawrence G. Welch
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology Francis Crick Avenue Cambridge UK
| | - Sean Munro
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology Francis Crick Avenue Cambridge UK
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14
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Lyu C, Cai X. A GFP-tagged version of the pseudorabies virus protein UL56 localizes to the Golgi and trans-Golgi network through a predicted C-terminal leucine-rich helix in transfected cells. Virol J 2019; 16:81. [PMID: 31221185 PMCID: PMC6585060 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-019-1191-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2019] [Accepted: 06/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pseudorabies virus (PRV) protein UL56 (pUL56) has been implicated in viral dissemination and virulence in vivo. However, the properties of PRV pUL56 remain largely unknown. In the present study, we aim to investigate the subcellular localization of pUL56 and the underlying molecular basis in transfected cells. METHODS Constructs of N-terminal green fluorescent protein (GFP) fused pUL56 and its truncations were employed for investigating subcellular localization and further identifying amino acids crucial for pUL56 localization in transfected Vero cells. Finally, the identified amino acids were replaced with alanine for confirming if these mutations could impair the specific localization of pUL56. RESULTS The pUL56 predominantly localized at the Golgi and trans-Golgi network (TGN) through its predicted C-terminal transmembrane helix in transfected Vero cells. A Golgi-associated protein Rab6a, independent of interaction with pUL56, was significantly downregulated by pUL56. Further, we found three truncated pUL56 C-terminal fragments (174-184, 175-185 and 191-195) could restrict GFP in the perinuclear region, respectively. Within these truncations, the 174proline (P), 181leucine (L), 185L and 191L were essential for maintaining perinuclear accumulation, thus suggesting an important role of leucine. Alanine (A) mutagenesis assays were employed to generate a series of pUL56 C-terminal mutants on the basis of leucine. Finally, a pUL56 mutant M10 (174P/A-177L/A-181L/A-185L/A-191L/A-194L/A-195I/A-196-197L/A-200L/A) lost Golgi-TGN localization. Thus, our data revealed that the leucine-rich transmembrane helix was responsible for pUL56 Golgi-TGN localization and retention, probably through specific intracellular membrane insertion. CONCLUSION Our data indicated that the C-terminal transmembrane helix was responsible for the Golgi-TGN localization of pUL56. In addition, the leucines within C-terminal transmembrane helix were essential for maintaining pUL56 Golgi-TGN retention in cells. Further, the pUL56 can induce downregulation of Golgi-associated protein Rab6a.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuang Lyu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Haping Road No.678, Xiang Fang District, Harbin, 150069, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Xuehui Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Haping Road No.678, Xiang Fang District, Harbin, 150069, Heilongjiang, China.
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15
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Hacker B, Schultheiß C, Kurzik-Dumke U. Sequential cleavage of the proteins encoded by HNOT/ALG3, the human counterpart of the Drosophila NOT and yeast ALG3 gene, results in products acting in distinct cellular compartments. Hum Mol Genet 2018; 27:4231-4248. [PMID: 30192950 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddy315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2017] [Accepted: 09/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
This study provides first insights into the biosynthesis, structure, biochemistry and complex processing of the proteins encoded by hNOT/ALG3, the human counterpart of the Drosophila Neighbour of TID (NOT) and the yeast asparagine linked glycosylation 3 gene (ALG3), which encodes a mannosyltransferase. Unambiguous evidence that both the fly and human proteins act as mannosyltransferases has not been provided yet. Previously, we showed that hNOT/ALG3 encodes two alternatively spliced main transcripts, hNOT-1/ALG3-1 and hNOT-4/ALG3-4, and their 15 truncated derivatives that lack diverse sets of exons and/or carry point mutations that result in premature termination codons. Here we show that the truncated transcripts are not translated. The two main forms hNOT-1/ALG3-1 and -4, distinguishable by alternative exon 1, encode full-length precursors that undergo a complex posttranslational processing. To specifically detect the two full-length hNOT/ALG3 proteins and their distinct derivatives and to examine their expression profiles and cellular location we generated polyclonal antibodies against diverse parts of the putative full-length proteins. We provide experimental evidence for the N-glycosylation of the two precursors. This modification seems to be a prerequisite for their sequential cleavage resulting in derivatives destined to distinct cellular compartments and links them with the N-glycosylation machinery not as its functional component but as molecules functionally dependent on its action. We present the expression profiles and subcellular location of the two full-length proteins, their N-glycosylated forms and distinct cleavage products. Furthermore, using diverse bioinformatics tools, we characterize the properties and predict the 2D and 3D structure of the two proteins and, for comparative purposes, of their Drosophila counterpart.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benedikt Hacker
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, Laboratory for Comparative Tumour Biology, University Medical Centre, Johannes Gutenberg University, Obere Zahlbacher, Mainz, Germany
| | - Christoph Schultheiß
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, Laboratory for Comparative Tumour Biology, University Medical Centre, Johannes Gutenberg University, Obere Zahlbacher, Mainz, Germany
| | - Ursula Kurzik-Dumke
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, Laboratory for Comparative Tumour Biology, University Medical Centre, Johannes Gutenberg University, Obere Zahlbacher, Mainz, Germany
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16
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Rozov SM, Permyakova NV, Deineko EV. Main Strategies of Plant Expression System Glycoengineering for Producing Humanized Recombinant Pharmaceutical Proteins. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2018; 83:215-232. [PMID: 29625542 DOI: 10.1134/s0006297918030033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Most the pharmaceutical proteins are derived not from their natural sources, rather their recombinant analogs are synthesized in various expression systems. Plant expression systems, unlike mammalian cell cultures, combine simplicity and low cost of procaryotic systems and the ability for posttranslational modifications inherent in eucaryotes. More than 50% of all human proteins and more than 40% of the currently used pharmaceutical proteins are glycosylated, that is, they are glycoproteins, and their biological activity, pharmacodynamics, and immunogenicity depend on the correct glycosylation pattern. This review examines in detail the similarities and differences between N- and O-glycosylation in plant and mammalian cells, as well as the effect of plant glycans on the activity, pharmacokinetics, immunity, and intensity of biosynthesis of pharmaceutical proteins. The main current strategies of glycoengineering of plant expression systems aimed at obtaining fully humanized proteins for pharmaceutical application are summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- S M Rozov
- Federal Research Center Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia.
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17
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Wudick MM, Michard E, Oliveira Nunes C, Feijó JA. Comparing Plant and Animal Glutamate Receptors: Common Traits but Different Fates? JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2018; 69:4976335. [PMID: 29684179 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/ery153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2017] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Animal ionotropic glutamate receptors (iGluRs) are ligand-gated channels whose evolution is intimately linked to the one of the nervous system, where the agonist glutamate and co-agonists glycine/D-serine act as neuro-transmitters or -modulators. While iGluRs are specialized in neuronal communication, plant glutamate receptor-like (GLR) homologues have evolved many plant-specific physiological functions, such as sperm signaling in moss, pollen tube growth, root meristem proliferation, innate immune and wound responses. GLRs have been associated with Ca2+ signaling by directly channeling its extracellular influx into the cytosol. Nevertheless, very limited information on functional properties of GLRs is available, and we mostly rely on structure/function data obtained for animal iGluRs to interpret experimental results obtained for plant GLRs. Yet, a deeper characterization and better understanding of plant GLRs is progressively unveiling original and different mode of functions when compared to their mammalian counterparts. Here, we review the function of plant GLRs comparing their predicted structure and physiological roles to the well-documented ones of iGluRs. We conclude that interpreting GLR function based on comparison to their animal counterparts calls for caution, especially when presuming physiological roles and mode of action for plant GLRs from comparison to iGluRs in peripheral, non-neuronal tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael M Wudick
- University of Maryland Dept. of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, MD, U.S.A
| | - Erwan Michard
- University of Maryland Dept. of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, MD, U.S.A
| | | | - José A Feijó
- University of Maryland Dept. of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, MD, U.S.A
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18
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Niemann MCE, Weber H, Hluska T, Leonte G, Anderson SM, Novák O, Senes A, Werner T. The Cytokinin Oxidase/Dehydrogenase CKX1 Is a Membrane-Bound Protein Requiring Homooligomerization in the Endoplasmic Reticulum for Its Cellular Activity. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2018; 176:2024-2039. [PMID: 29301955 PMCID: PMC5841711 DOI: 10.1104/pp.17.00925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2017] [Accepted: 12/29/2017] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Degradation of the plant hormone cytokinin is controlled by cytokinin oxidase/dehydrogenase (CKX) enzymes. The molecular and cellular behavior of these proteins is still largely unknown. In this study, we show that CKX1 is a type II single-pass membrane protein that localizes predominantly to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana). This indicates that this CKX isoform is a bona fide ER protein directly controlling the cytokinin, which triggers the signaling from the ER. By using various approaches, we demonstrate that CKX1 forms homodimers and homooligomers in vivo. The amino-terminal part of CKX1 was necessary and sufficient for the protein oligomerization as well as for targeting and retention in the ER. Moreover, we show that protein-protein interaction is largely facilitated by transmembrane helices and depends on a functional GxxxG-like interaction motif. Importantly, mutations rendering CKX1 monomeric interfere with its steady-state localization in the ER and cause a loss of the CKX1 biological activity by increasing its ER-associated degradation. Therefore, our study provides evidence that oligomerization is a crucial parameter regulating CKX1 biological activity and the cytokinin concentration in the ER. The work also lends strong support for the cytokinin signaling from the ER and for the functional relevance of the cytokinin pool in this compartment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael C E Niemann
- Institute of Biology/Applied Genetics, Dahlem Centre of Plant Sciences, Freie Universität Berlin, D-14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Henriette Weber
- Institute of Biology/Applied Genetics, Dahlem Centre of Plant Sciences, Freie Universität Berlin, D-14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Tomáš Hluska
- Department of Molecular Biology, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Palacký University, 78371 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Georgeta Leonte
- Institute of Biology/Applied Genetics, Dahlem Centre of Plant Sciences, Freie Universität Berlin, D-14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Samantha M Anderson
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706
| | - Ondřej Novák
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Palacký University and Institute of Experimental Botany ASCR, 78371 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Alessandro Senes
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706
| | - Tomáš Werner
- Institute of Biology/Applied Genetics, Dahlem Centre of Plant Sciences, Freie Universität Berlin, D-14195 Berlin, Germany
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Palacký University and Institute of Experimental Botany ASCR, 78371 Olomouc, Czech Republic
- Institute of Plant Sciences, University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
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19
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Hayes M, Choudhary V, Ojha N, Shin JJ, Han GS, Carman GM, Loewen CJ, Prinz WA, Levine T. Fat storage-inducing transmembrane (FIT or FITM) proteins are related to lipid phosphatase/phosphotransferase enzymes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017; 5:88-103. [PMID: 29417057 PMCID: PMC5798408 DOI: 10.15698/mic2018.02.614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Fat storage-inducing transmembrane (FIT or FITM) proteins have been implicated in the partitioning of triacylglycerol to lipid droplets and the budding of lipid droplets from the ER. At the molecular level, the sole relevant interaction is that FITMs directly bind to triacyglycerol and diacylglycerol, but how they function at the molecular level is not known. Saccharomyces cerevisiae has two FITM homologues: Scs3p and Yft2p. Scs3p was initially identified because deletion leads to inositol auxotrophy, with an unusual sensitivity to addition of choline. This strongly suggests a role for Scs3p in phospholipid biosynthesis. Looking at the FITM family as widely as possible, we found that FITMs are widespread throughout eukaryotes, indicating presence in the last eukaryotic common ancestor. Protein alignments also showed that FITM sequences contain the active site of lipid phosphatase/phosphotransferase (LPT) enzymes. This large family transfers phosphate-containing headgroups either between lipids or in exchange for water. We confirmed the prediction that FITMs are related to LPTs by showing that single amino-acid substitutions in the presumptive catalytic site prevented their ability to rescue growth of the mutants on low inositol/high choline media when over-expressed. The substitutions also prevented rescue of other phenotypes associated with loss of FITM in yeast, including mistargeting of Opi1p, defective ER morphology, and aberrant lipid droplet budding. These results suggest that Scs3p, Yft2p and FITMs in general are LPT enzymes involved in an as yet unknown critical step in phospholipid metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Hayes
- University College London Institute of Ophthalmology. 11-43 Bath Street, London, EC1V 9EL, UK
| | - Vineet Choudhary
- Laboratory of Cell and Molecular Biology, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Namrata Ojha
- Laboratory of Cell and Molecular Biology, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - John Jh Shin
- Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Gil-Soo Han
- Department of Food Science and Rutgers Center for Lipid Research, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08901, USA
| | - George M Carman
- Department of Food Science and Rutgers Center for Lipid Research, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08901, USA
| | - Christopher Jr Loewen
- Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - William A Prinz
- Laboratory of Cell and Molecular Biology, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Timothy Levine
- University College London Institute of Ophthalmology. 11-43 Bath Street, London, EC1V 9EL, UK
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20
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Identification of major quantitative trait loci for root diameter in synthetic hexaploid wheat under phosphorus-deficient conditions. J Appl Genet 2017; 58:437-447. [PMID: 28887804 DOI: 10.1007/s13353-017-0406-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2017] [Revised: 08/11/2017] [Accepted: 08/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Synthetic hexaploid wheat (SHW) possesses numerous genes for resistance to stress, including phosphorus (P) deficiency. Root diameter (RDM) plays an important role in P-deficiency tolerance, but information related to SHW is still limited. Thus, the objective of this study was to investigate the genetic architecture of RDM in SHW under P-deficient conditions. To this end, we measured the RDM of 138 F9 recombinant inbred lines derived from an F2 population of a synthetic hexaploid wheat line (SHW-L1) and a common wheat line (Chuanmai32) under two P conditions, P sufficiency (PS) and P deficiency (PD), and mapped quantitative trait loci (QTL) for RDM using an enriched high-density genetic map, containing 120,370 single nucleotide polymorphisms, 733 diversity arrays technology markers, and 119 simple sequence repeats. We identified seven RDM QTL for P-deficiency tolerance that individually explained 11-14.7% of the phenotypic variation. Five putative candidate genes involved in root composition, energy supply, and defense response were predicted. Overall, our results provided essential information for cloning genes related to P-deficiency tolerance in common wheat that might help in breeding P-deficiency-tolerant wheat cultivars.
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21
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Liu DYT, Smith PMC, Barton DA, Day DA, Overall RL. Characterisation of Arabidopsis calnexin 1 and calnexin 2 in the endoplasmic reticulum and at plasmodesmata. PROTOPLASMA 2017; 254:125-136. [PMID: 26680228 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-015-0921-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2015] [Accepted: 12/01/2015] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Calnexin (CNX) is a highly conserved endoplasmic reticulum (ER) chaperone protein. Both calnexin and the homologous ER-lumenal protein, calreticulin, bind calcium ions and participate in protein folding. There are two calnexins in Arabidopsis thaliana, CNX1 and CNX2. GUS expression demonstrated that these are expressed in most Arabidopsis tissues throughout development. Calnexin transfer DNA (T-DNA) mutant lines exhibited increased transcript abundances of a number of other ER chaperones, including calreticulins, suggesting a degree of redundancy. CNX1 and CNX2 localised to the ER membrane including that within plasmodesmata, the intercellular channels connecting plant cells. This is comparable with the previous localisations of calreticulin in the ER lumen and at plasmodesmata. However, from green fluorescent protein (GFP) diffusion studies in single and double T-DNA insertion mutant lines, as well as overexpression lines, we found no evidence that CNX1 or CNX2 play a role in intercellular transport through plasmodesmata. In addition, calnexin T-DNA mutant lines showed no change in transcript abundance of a number of plasmodesmata-related proteins. CNX1 and CNX2 do not appear to have a specific localisation or function at plasmodesmata-rather the association of calnexin with the ER is simply maintained as the ER passes through plasmodesmata.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danny Y T Liu
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Sydney, Macleay Building A12, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
- Learning and Teaching Centre, Macquarie University, Building C3B 417, Sydney, NSW, 2109, Australia
| | - Penelope M C Smith
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Sydney, Macleay Building A12, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - Deborah A Barton
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Sydney, Macleay Building A12, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - David A Day
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Sydney, Macleay Building A12, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
- School of Biological Sciences, Flinders University, GPO Box 2100, Adelaide, SA, 5001, Australia
| | - Robyn L Overall
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Sydney, Macleay Building A12, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia.
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22
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Hayashi Y, Nemoto-Sasaki Y, Matsumoto N, Tanikawa T, Oka S, Tanaka Y, Arai S, Wada I, Sugiura T, Yamashita A. Carboxyl-terminal Tail-mediated Homodimerizations of Sphingomyelin Synthases Are Responsible for Efficient Export from the Endoplasmic Reticulum. J Biol Chem 2016; 292:1122-1141. [PMID: 27927984 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.746602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2016] [Revised: 11/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Sphingomyelin synthase (SMS) is the key enzyme for cross-talk between bioactive sphingolipids and glycerolipids. In mammals, SMS consists of two isoforms: SMS1 is localized in the Golgi apparatus, whereas SMS2 is localized in both the Golgi and plasma membranes. SMS2 seems to exert cellular functions through protein-protein interactions; however, the existence and functions of quaternary structures of SMS1 and SMS2 remain unclear. Here we demonstrate that both SMS1 and SMS2 form homodimers. The SMSs have six membrane-spanning domains, and the N and C termini of both proteins face the cytosolic side of the Golgi apparatus. Chemical cross-linking and bimolecular fluorescence complementation revealed that the N- and/or C-terminal tails of the SMSs were in close proximity to those of the other SMS in the homodimer. Homodimer formation was significantly decreased by C-terminal truncations, SMS1-ΔC22 and SMS2-ΔC30, indicating that the C-terminal tails of the SMSs are primarily responsible for homodimer formation. Moreover, immunoprecipitation using deletion mutants revealed that the C-terminal tail of SMS2 mainly interacted with the C-terminal tail of its homodimer partner, whereas the C-terminal tail of SMS1 mainly interacted with a site other than the C-terminal tail of its homodimer partner. Interestingly, homodimer formation occurred in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membrane before trafficking to the Golgi apparatus. Reduced homodimerization caused by C-terminal truncations of SMSs significantly reduced ER-to-Golgi transport. Our findings suggest that the C-terminal tails of SMSs are involved in homodimer formation, which is required for efficient transport from the ER.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuhiro Hayashi
- From the Faculty of Pharma Sciences, Teikyo University, Kaga 2-11-1, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo 173-8605, Japan and
| | - Yoko Nemoto-Sasaki
- From the Faculty of Pharma Sciences, Teikyo University, Kaga 2-11-1, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo 173-8605, Japan and
| | - Naoki Matsumoto
- From the Faculty of Pharma Sciences, Teikyo University, Kaga 2-11-1, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo 173-8605, Japan and
| | - Takashi Tanikawa
- From the Faculty of Pharma Sciences, Teikyo University, Kaga 2-11-1, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo 173-8605, Japan and
| | - Saori Oka
- From the Faculty of Pharma Sciences, Teikyo University, Kaga 2-11-1, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo 173-8605, Japan and
| | - Yusuke Tanaka
- From the Faculty of Pharma Sciences, Teikyo University, Kaga 2-11-1, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo 173-8605, Japan and
| | - Seisuke Arai
- the Department of Cell Science, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, Hikarigaoka-1, Fukushima City, Fukushima 960-1295, Japan
| | - Ikuo Wada
- the Department of Cell Science, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, Hikarigaoka-1, Fukushima City, Fukushima 960-1295, Japan
| | - Takayuki Sugiura
- From the Faculty of Pharma Sciences, Teikyo University, Kaga 2-11-1, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo 173-8605, Japan and
| | - Atsushi Yamashita
- From the Faculty of Pharma Sciences, Teikyo University, Kaga 2-11-1, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo 173-8605, Japan and
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23
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Nie YW, Wang M, Zhang P, Huan L, Liu DJ. Identification and characterization of an endoplasmic reticulum localization motif. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2016; 473:249-254. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2016.03.087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2016] [Accepted: 03/18/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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24
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Jiang N, Wiemels RE, Soya A, Whitley R, Held M, Faik A. Composition, Assembly, and Trafficking of a Wheat Xylan Synthase Complex. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2016; 170:1999-2023. [PMID: 26917684 PMCID: PMC4825154 DOI: 10.1104/pp.15.01777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2015] [Accepted: 02/23/2016] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Xylans play an important role in plant cell wall integrity and have many industrial applications. Characterization of xylan synthase (XS) complexes responsible for the synthesis of these polymers is currently lacking. We recently purified XS activity from etiolated wheat (Triticum aestivum) seedlings. To further characterize this purified activity, we analyzed its protein composition and assembly. Proteomic analysis identified six main proteins: two glycosyltransferases (GTs) TaGT43-4 and TaGT47-13; two putative mutases (TaGT75-3 and TaGT75-4) and two non-GTs; a germin-like protein (TaGLP); and a vernalization related protein (TaVER2). Coexpression of TaGT43-4, TaGT47-13, TaGT75-3, and TaGT75-4 in Pichia pastoris confirmed that these proteins form a complex. Confocal microscopy showed that all these proteins interact in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) but the complexes accumulate in Golgi, and TaGT43-4 acts as a scaffold protein that holds the other proteins. Furthermore, ER export of the complexes is dependent of the interaction between TaGT43-4 and TaGT47-13. Immunogold electron microscopy data support the conclusion that complex assembly occurs at specific areas of the ER before export to the Golgi. A di-Arg motif and a long sequence motif within the transmembrane domains were found conserved at the NH2-terminal ends of TaGT43-4 and homologous proteins from diverse taxa. These conserved motifs may control the forward trafficking of the complexes and their accumulation in the Golgi. Our findings indicate that xylan synthesis in grasses may involve a new regulatory mechanism linking complex assembly with forward trafficking and provide new insights that advance our understanding of xylan biosynthesis and regulation in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Jiang
- Department of Environmental and Plant Biology (N.J., R.E.W., A.S., R.W., A.F.) and Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry (M.H.), Ohio University, Athens, Ohio 45701
| | - Richard E Wiemels
- Department of Environmental and Plant Biology (N.J., R.E.W., A.S., R.W., A.F.) and Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry (M.H.), Ohio University, Athens, Ohio 45701
| | - Aaron Soya
- Department of Environmental and Plant Biology (N.J., R.E.W., A.S., R.W., A.F.) and Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry (M.H.), Ohio University, Athens, Ohio 45701
| | - Rebekah Whitley
- Department of Environmental and Plant Biology (N.J., R.E.W., A.S., R.W., A.F.) and Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry (M.H.), Ohio University, Athens, Ohio 45701
| | - Michael Held
- Department of Environmental and Plant Biology (N.J., R.E.W., A.S., R.W., A.F.) and Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry (M.H.), Ohio University, Athens, Ohio 45701
| | - Ahmed Faik
- Department of Environmental and Plant Biology (N.J., R.E.W., A.S., R.W., A.F.) and Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry (M.H.), Ohio University, Athens, Ohio 45701
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Ferrero S, Grados-Torrez RE, Leivar P, Antolín-Llovera M, López-Iglesias C, Cortadellas N, Ferrer JC, Campos N. Proliferation and Morphogenesis of the Endoplasmic Reticulum Driven by the Membrane Domain of 3-Hydroxy-3-Methylglutaryl Coenzyme A Reductase in Plant Cells. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2015; 168:899-914. [PMID: 26015445 PMCID: PMC4741317 DOI: 10.1104/pp.15.00597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2015] [Accepted: 05/23/2015] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
The enzyme 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase (HMGR) has a key regulatory role in the mevalonate pathway for isoprenoid biosynthesis and is composed of an endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-anchoring membrane domain with low sequence similarity among eukaryotic kingdoms and a conserved cytosolic catalytic domain. Organized smooth endoplasmic reticulum (OSER) structures are common formations of hypertrophied tightly packed ER membranes devoted to specific biosynthetic and secretory functions, the biogenesis of which remains largely unexplored. We show that the membrane domain of plant HMGR suffices to trigger ER proliferation and OSER biogenesis. The proliferating membranes become highly enriched in HMGR protein, but they do not accumulate sterols, indicating a morphogenetic rather than a metabolic role for HMGR. The N-terminal MDVRRRPP motif present in most plant HMGR isoforms is not required for retention in the ER, which was previously proposed, but functions as an ER morphogenic signal. Plant OSER structures are morphologically similar to those of animal cells, emerge from tripartite ER junctions, and mainly build up beside the nuclear envelope, indicating conserved OSER biogenesis in high eukaryotes. Factors other than the OSER-inducing HMGR construct mediate the tight apposition of the proliferating membranes, implying separate ER proliferation and membrane association steps. Overexpression of the membrane domain of Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) HMGR leads to ER hypertrophy in every tested cell type and plant species, whereas the knockout of the HMG1 gene from Arabidopsis, encoding its major HMGR isoform, causes ER aggregation at the nuclear envelope. Our results show that the membrane domain of HMGR contributes to ER morphogenesis in plant cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergi Ferrero
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain (S.F., P.L., M.A.-L., J.C.F., N.Ca.);Departament de Genètica Molecular, Centre de Recerca en Agrigenòmica (Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Institut de Recerca i Tecnologia Agroalimentàries-Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona-Universitat de Barcelona), Bellaterra (Cerdanyola del Vallès), 08193 Barcelona, Spain (R.E.G.-T., N.Ca.);Crio-Microscopia Electrònica, Centres Científics i Tecnològics, Campus Pedralbes, Universitat de Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain (C.L.-I.); andUnitat de Microscopia Electrònica, Centres Científics i Tecnològics, Campus Casanova, Universitat de Barcelona, 08036 Barcelona, Spain (N.Co.)
| | - Ricardo Enrique Grados-Torrez
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain (S.F., P.L., M.A.-L., J.C.F., N.Ca.);Departament de Genètica Molecular, Centre de Recerca en Agrigenòmica (Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Institut de Recerca i Tecnologia Agroalimentàries-Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona-Universitat de Barcelona), Bellaterra (Cerdanyola del Vallès), 08193 Barcelona, Spain (R.E.G.-T., N.Ca.);Crio-Microscopia Electrònica, Centres Científics i Tecnològics, Campus Pedralbes, Universitat de Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain (C.L.-I.); andUnitat de Microscopia Electrònica, Centres Científics i Tecnològics, Campus Casanova, Universitat de Barcelona, 08036 Barcelona, Spain (N.Co.)
| | - Pablo Leivar
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain (S.F., P.L., M.A.-L., J.C.F., N.Ca.);Departament de Genètica Molecular, Centre de Recerca en Agrigenòmica (Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Institut de Recerca i Tecnologia Agroalimentàries-Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona-Universitat de Barcelona), Bellaterra (Cerdanyola del Vallès), 08193 Barcelona, Spain (R.E.G.-T., N.Ca.);Crio-Microscopia Electrònica, Centres Científics i Tecnològics, Campus Pedralbes, Universitat de Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain (C.L.-I.); andUnitat de Microscopia Electrònica, Centres Científics i Tecnològics, Campus Casanova, Universitat de Barcelona, 08036 Barcelona, Spain (N.Co.)
| | - Meritxell Antolín-Llovera
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain (S.F., P.L., M.A.-L., J.C.F., N.Ca.);Departament de Genètica Molecular, Centre de Recerca en Agrigenòmica (Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Institut de Recerca i Tecnologia Agroalimentàries-Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona-Universitat de Barcelona), Bellaterra (Cerdanyola del Vallès), 08193 Barcelona, Spain (R.E.G.-T., N.Ca.);Crio-Microscopia Electrònica, Centres Científics i Tecnològics, Campus Pedralbes, Universitat de Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain (C.L.-I.); andUnitat de Microscopia Electrònica, Centres Científics i Tecnològics, Campus Casanova, Universitat de Barcelona, 08036 Barcelona, Spain (N.Co.)
| | - Carmen López-Iglesias
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain (S.F., P.L., M.A.-L., J.C.F., N.Ca.);Departament de Genètica Molecular, Centre de Recerca en Agrigenòmica (Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Institut de Recerca i Tecnologia Agroalimentàries-Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona-Universitat de Barcelona), Bellaterra (Cerdanyola del Vallès), 08193 Barcelona, Spain (R.E.G.-T., N.Ca.);Crio-Microscopia Electrònica, Centres Científics i Tecnològics, Campus Pedralbes, Universitat de Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain (C.L.-I.); andUnitat de Microscopia Electrònica, Centres Científics i Tecnològics, Campus Casanova, Universitat de Barcelona, 08036 Barcelona, Spain (N.Co.)
| | - Nuria Cortadellas
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain (S.F., P.L., M.A.-L., J.C.F., N.Ca.);Departament de Genètica Molecular, Centre de Recerca en Agrigenòmica (Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Institut de Recerca i Tecnologia Agroalimentàries-Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona-Universitat de Barcelona), Bellaterra (Cerdanyola del Vallès), 08193 Barcelona, Spain (R.E.G.-T., N.Ca.);Crio-Microscopia Electrònica, Centres Científics i Tecnològics, Campus Pedralbes, Universitat de Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain (C.L.-I.); andUnitat de Microscopia Electrònica, Centres Científics i Tecnològics, Campus Casanova, Universitat de Barcelona, 08036 Barcelona, Spain (N.Co.)
| | - Joan Carles Ferrer
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain (S.F., P.L., M.A.-L., J.C.F., N.Ca.);Departament de Genètica Molecular, Centre de Recerca en Agrigenòmica (Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Institut de Recerca i Tecnologia Agroalimentàries-Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona-Universitat de Barcelona), Bellaterra (Cerdanyola del Vallès), 08193 Barcelona, Spain (R.E.G.-T., N.Ca.);Crio-Microscopia Electrònica, Centres Científics i Tecnològics, Campus Pedralbes, Universitat de Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain (C.L.-I.); andUnitat de Microscopia Electrònica, Centres Científics i Tecnològics, Campus Casanova, Universitat de Barcelona, 08036 Barcelona, Spain (N.Co.)
| | - Narciso Campos
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain (S.F., P.L., M.A.-L., J.C.F., N.Ca.);Departament de Genètica Molecular, Centre de Recerca en Agrigenòmica (Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Institut de Recerca i Tecnologia Agroalimentàries-Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona-Universitat de Barcelona), Bellaterra (Cerdanyola del Vallès), 08193 Barcelona, Spain (R.E.G.-T., N.Ca.);Crio-Microscopia Electrònica, Centres Científics i Tecnològics, Campus Pedralbes, Universitat de Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain (C.L.-I.); andUnitat de Microscopia Electrònica, Centres Científics i Tecnològics, Campus Casanova, Universitat de Barcelona, 08036 Barcelona, Spain (N.Co.)
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Subcellular Targeting of Proteins Involved in Modification of Plant N- and O-Glycosylation. Methods Mol Biol 2015; 1321:249-67. [PMID: 26082228 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-2760-9_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Plants are attractive expression hosts for the production of recombinant glycoprotein therapeutics. The quality and efficiency of these biopharmaceuticals are very often influenced by the glycosylation profile. Consequently, approaches are needed that enable the production of recombinant glycoproteins with customized and homogenous N- and O-glycan structures. Here, we describe convenient tools that allow targeting and retention of glycan-modifying enzymes in the early secretory pathway of plants. These protocols can be used to fine-tune the subcellular localization of glycosyltransferases and glycosidases in plants and consequently to increase the homogeneity of glycosylation on recombinant glycoproteins.
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27
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Ito Y, Uemura T, Nakano A. Formation and maintenance of the Golgi apparatus in plant cells. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2014; 310:221-87. [PMID: 24725428 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-800180-6.00006-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The Golgi apparatus plays essential roles in intracellular trafficking, protein and lipid modification, and polysaccharide synthesis in eukaryotic cells. It is well known for its unique stacked structure, which is conserved among most eukaryotes. However, the mechanisms of biogenesis and maintenance of the structure, which are deeply related to ER-Golgi and intra-Golgi transport systems, have long been mysterious. Now having extremely powerful microscopic technologies developed for live-cell imaging, the plant Golgi apparatus provides an ideal system to resolve the question. The plant Golgi apparatus has unique features that are not conserved in other kingdoms, which will also give new insights into the Golgi functions in plant life. In this review, we will summarize the features of the plant Golgi apparatus and transport mechanisms around it, with a focus on recent advances in Golgi biogenesis by live imaging of plants cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoko Ito
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Uemura
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Akihiko Nakano
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan; Live Cell Molecular Imaging Research Team, RIKEN Center for Advanced Photonics, Wako, Saitama, Japan.
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Noirot E, Der C, Lherminier J, Robert F, Moricova P, Kiêu K, Leborgne-Castel N, Simon-Plas F, Bouhidel K. Dynamic changes in the subcellular distribution of the tobacco ROS-producing enzyme RBOHD in response to the oomycete elicitor cryptogein. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2014; 65:5011-22. [PMID: 24987013 PMCID: PMC4144778 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eru265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Plant NADPH oxidases, also known as respiratory burst oxidase homologues (RBOHs), have been identified as a major source of reactive oxygen species (ROS) during plant-microbe interactions. The subcellular localization of the tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) ROS-producing enzyme RBOHD was examined in Bright Yellow-2 cells before and after elicitation with the oomycete protein cryptogein using electron and confocal microscopy. The plasma membrane (PM) localization of RBOHD was confirmed and immuno-electron microscopy on purified PM vesicles revealed its distribution in clusters. The presence of the protein fused to GFP was also seen in intracellular compartments, mainly Golgi cisternae. Cryptogein induced, within 1h, a 1.5-fold increase in RBOHD abundance at the PM and a concomitant decrease in the internal compartments. Use of cycloheximide revealed that most of the proteins targeted to the PM upon elicitation were not newly synthesized but may originate from the Golgi pool. ROS accumulation preceded RBOHD transcript- and protein-upregulation, indicating that ROS resulted from the activation of a PM-resident pool of enzymes, and that enzymes newly addressed to the PM were inactive. Taken together, the results indicate that control of RBOH abundance and subcellular localization may play a fundamental role in the mechanism of ROS production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elodie Noirot
- INRA, UMR1347 Agroécologie, ERL CNRS 6300, Plateforme DImaCell, Centre de Microscopie INRA/Université de Bourgogne, BP 86510, F-21065 Dijon Cedex, France
| | - Christophe Der
- Université de Bourgogne, UMR1347 Agroécologie, ERL CNRS 6300, BP 86510, F-21065 Dijon Cedex, France
| | - Jeannine Lherminier
- INRA, UMR1347 Agroécologie, ERL CNRS 6300, Plateforme DImaCell, Centre de Microscopie INRA/Université de Bourgogne, BP 86510, F-21065 Dijon Cedex, France
| | - Franck Robert
- INRA, UMR1347 Agroécologie, ERL CNRS 6300, BP 86510, F-21065 Dijon Cedex, France
| | - Pavla Moricova
- INRA, UMR1347 Agroécologie, ERL CNRS 6300, BP 86510, F-21065 Dijon Cedex, France Present address: Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Palacký University in Olomouc, Šlechtitelů 11, CZ-783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Kiên Kiêu
- INRA, UR341 Mathématiques et Informatique Appliquées, F-78352 Jouy-en-Josas Cedex, France
| | - Nathalie Leborgne-Castel
- Université de Bourgogne, UMR1347 Agroécologie, ERL CNRS 6300, BP 86510, F-21065 Dijon Cedex, France
| | - Françoise Simon-Plas
- INRA, UMR1347 Agroécologie, ERL CNRS 6300, BP 86510, F-21065 Dijon Cedex, France
| | - Karim Bouhidel
- Université de Bourgogne, UMR1347 Agroécologie, ERL CNRS 6300, BP 86510, F-21065 Dijon Cedex, France
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29
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Gao C, Cai Y, Wang Y, Kang BH, Aniento F, Robinson DG, Jiang L. Retention mechanisms for ER and Golgi membrane proteins. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2014; 19:508-15. [PMID: 24794130 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2014.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2014] [Revised: 03/27/2014] [Accepted: 04/03/2014] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Unless there are mechanisms to selectively retain membrane proteins in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) or in the Golgi apparatus, they automatically proceed downstream to the plasma or vacuole membranes. Two types of coat protein complex I (COPI)-interacting motifs in the cytosolic tails of membrane proteins seem to facilitate membrane retention in the early secretory pathway of plants: a dilysine (KKXX) motif (which is typical of p24 proteins) for the ER and a KXE/D motif (which occurs in the Arabidopsis endomembrane protein EMP12) for the Golgi apparatus. The KXE/D motif is highly conserved in all eukaryotic EMPs and is additionally present in hundreds of other proteins of unknown subcellular localization and function. This novel signal may represent a new general mechanism for Golgi targeting and the retention of polytopic integral membrane proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caiji Gao
- School of Life Sciences, Centre for Cell and Developmental Biology and State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yi Cai
- School of Life Sciences, Centre for Cell and Developmental Biology and State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yejun Wang
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization, University of Saskatchewan, 120 Veterinary Road, Saskatoon, SK, S7N5E3, Canada
| | - Byung-Ho Kang
- Microbiology and Cell Science, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Fernando Aniento
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Valencia, Spain
| | - David G Robinson
- Department of Plant Cell Biology, Centre for Organismal Studies, University of Heidelberg, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Liwen Jiang
- School of Life Sciences, Centre for Cell and Developmental Biology and State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, China.
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30
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Ginglinger JF, Boachon B, Höfer R, Paetz C, Köllner TG, Miesch L, Lugan R, Baltenweck R, Mutterer J, Ullmann P, Beran F, Claudel P, Verstappen F, Fischer MJ, Karst F, Bouwmeester H, Miesch M, Schneider B, Gershenzon J, Ehlting J, Werck-Reichhart D. Gene coexpression analysis reveals complex metabolism of the monoterpene alcohol linalool in Arabidopsis flowers. THE PLANT CELL 2013; 25:4640-57. [PMID: 24285789 PMCID: PMC3875741 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.113.117382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2013] [Revised: 10/16/2013] [Accepted: 11/05/2013] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The cytochrome P450 family encompasses the largest family of enzymes in plant metabolism, and the functions of many of its members in Arabidopsis thaliana are still unknown. Gene coexpression analysis pointed to two P450s that were coexpressed with two monoterpene synthases in flowers and were thus predicted to be involved in monoterpenoid metabolism. We show that all four selected genes, the two terpene synthases (TPS10 and TPS14) and the two cytochrome P450s (CYP71B31 and CYP76C3), are simultaneously expressed at anthesis, mainly in upper anther filaments and in petals. Upon transient expression in Nicotiana benthamiana, the TPS enzymes colocalize in vesicular structures associated with the plastid surface, whereas the P450 proteins were detected in the endoplasmic reticulum. Whether they were expressed in Saccharomyces cerevisiae or in N. benthamiana, the TPS enzymes formed two different enantiomers of linalool: (-)-(R)-linalool for TPS10 and (+)-(S)-linalool for TPS14. Both P450 enzymes metabolize the two linalool enantiomers to form different but overlapping sets of hydroxylated or epoxidized products. These oxygenated products are not emitted into the floral headspace, but accumulate in floral tissues as further converted or conjugated metabolites. This work reveals complex linalool metabolism in Arabidopsis flowers, the ecological role of which remains to be determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-François Ginglinger
- Institute of Plant Molecular Biology, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique Unité Propre de Recherche 2357, University of Strasbourg, F-67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Benoit Boachon
- Institute of Plant Molecular Biology, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique Unité Propre de Recherche 2357, University of Strasbourg, F-67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - René Höfer
- Institute of Plant Molecular Biology, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique Unité Propre de Recherche 2357, University of Strasbourg, F-67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Christian Paetz
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, D-07745 Jena, Germany
| | | | - Laurence Miesch
- Laboratoire de Chimie Organique Synthétique, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique Unité Mixte de Recherche 7177, University of Strasbourg, France
| | - Raphael Lugan
- Institute of Plant Molecular Biology, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique Unité Propre de Recherche 2357, University of Strasbourg, F-67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Raymonde Baltenweck
- Laboratoire Métabolisme Secondaire de la Vigne, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique Unité Mixte de Recherche 1131, University of Strasbourg, Colmar, F-68021 France
| | - Jérôme Mutterer
- Institute of Plant Molecular Biology, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique Unité Propre de Recherche 2357, University of Strasbourg, F-67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Pascaline Ullmann
- Institute of Plant Molecular Biology, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique Unité Propre de Recherche 2357, University of Strasbourg, F-67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Franziska Beran
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, D-07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Patricia Claudel
- Laboratoire Métabolisme Secondaire de la Vigne, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique Unité Mixte de Recherche 1131, University of Strasbourg, Colmar, F-68021 France
| | - Francel Verstappen
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology, Wageningen University, 6700 AR Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Marc J.C. Fischer
- Laboratoire Métabolisme Secondaire de la Vigne, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique Unité Mixte de Recherche 1131, University of Strasbourg, Colmar, F-68021 France
| | - Francis Karst
- Laboratoire Métabolisme Secondaire de la Vigne, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique Unité Mixte de Recherche 1131, University of Strasbourg, Colmar, F-68021 France
| | - Harro Bouwmeester
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology, Wageningen University, 6700 AR Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Michel Miesch
- Laboratoire de Chimie Organique Synthétique, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique Unité Mixte de Recherche 7177, University of Strasbourg, France
| | - Bernd Schneider
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, D-07745 Jena, Germany
| | | | - Jürgen Ehlting
- Department of Biology, Centre for Forest Biology, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia V8P 5C2, Canada
| | - Danièle Werck-Reichhart
- Institute of Plant Molecular Biology, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique Unité Propre de Recherche 2357, University of Strasbourg, F-67000 Strasbourg, France
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Bednarek J, Boulaflous A, Girousse C, Ravel C, Tassy C, Barret P, Bouzidi MF, Mouzeyar S. Down-regulation of the TaGW2 gene by RNA interference results in decreased grain size and weight in wheat. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2012; 63:5945-55. [PMID: 22996678 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/ers249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
For important food crops such as wheat and rice, grain yield depends on grain number and size. In rice (Oryza sativa), GW2 was isolated from a major quantitative trait locus for yield and encodes an E3 RING ligase that negatively regulates grain size. Wheat (Triticum aestivum) has TaGW2 homologues in the A, B, and D genomes, and polymorphisms in TaGW2-A were associated with grain width. Here, to investigate TaGW2 function, RNA interference (RNAi) was used to down-regulate TaGW2 transcript levels. Transgenic wheat lines showed significantly decreased grain size-related dimensions compared with controls. Furthermore, TaGW2 knockdown also caused a significant reduction in endosperm cell number. These results indicate that TaGW2 regulates grain size in wheat, possibly by controlling endosperm cell number. Wheat and rice GW2 genes thus seem to have divergent functions, with rice GW2 negatively regulating grain size and TaGW2 positively regulating grain size. Analysis of transcription of TaGW2 homoeologues in developing grains suggested that TaGW2-A and -D act in both the division and late grain-filling phases. Furthermore, biochemical and molecular analyses revealed that TaGW2-A is a functional E3 RING ubiquitin ligase with nucleocytoplasmic subcellular partitioning. A functional nuclear export sequence responsible for TaGW2-A export from the nucleus to the cytosol and retention in the nucleolus was identified. Therefore, these results show that TaGW2 acts in the regulation of grain size and may provide an important tool for enhancement of grain yield.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Bednarek
- Université Blaise Pascal, UMR 1095 GDEC, 24 avenue des Landais, F-63177 Aubière, France
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Liu Q, Siloto RMP, Lehner R, Stone SJ, Weselake RJ. Acyl-CoA:diacylglycerol acyltransferase: molecular biology, biochemistry and biotechnology. Prog Lipid Res 2012; 51:350-77. [PMID: 22705711 DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2012.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 224] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Triacylglycerol (TG) is a storage lipid which serves as an energy reservoir and a source of signalling molecules and substrates for membrane biogenesis. TG is essential for many physiological processes and its metabolism is widely conserved in nature. Acyl-CoA:diacylglycerol acyltransferase (DGAT, EC 2.3.1.20) catalyzes the final step in the sn-glycerol-3-phosphate pathway leading to TG. DGAT activity resides mainly in two distinct membrane bound polypeptides, known as DGAT1 and DGAT2 which have been identified in numerous organisms. In addition, a few other enzymes also hold DGAT activity, including the DGAT-related acyl-CoA:monoacylglycerol acyltransferases (MGAT). Progress on understanding structure/function in DGATs has been limited by the lack of detailed three-dimensional structural information due to the hydrophobic properties of theses enzymes and difficulties associated with purification. This review examines several aspects of DGAT and MGAT genes and enzymes, including current knowledge on their gene structure, expression pattern, biochemical properties, membrane topology, functional motifs and subcellular localization. Recent progress in probing structural and functional aspects of DGAT1 and DGAT2, using a combination of molecular and biochemical techniques, is emphasized. Biotechnological applications involving DGAT enzymes ranging from obesity therapeutics to oilseed engineering are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qin Liu
- Agricultural Lipid Biotechnology Program, Department of Agricultural, Food, and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6H 2P5.
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33
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Tomková L, Kučera L, Vaculová K, Milotová J. Characterization and mapping of a putative laccase-like multicopper oxidase gene in the barley (Hordeum vulgare L.). PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2012; 183:77-85. [PMID: 22195580 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2011.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2011] [Revised: 11/01/2011] [Accepted: 11/02/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Laccases constitute a multi-gene family of multi-copper glycoproteins. The barley laccase-like multicopper oxidase (LMCO) gene structure, the DNA sequence polymorphism and putative protein have not yet been described. As part of the study of LMCO in cereals, we have characterized the genomic structure of the putative LMCO gene HvLac1 from the barley variety 'Morex' and mapped HvLac1 on chromosome 4H. The genomic sequence of the HvLac1 gene is 2646 bp long and covers 100% of the coding region. It contains four exons and three introns. In this study, we have described the HvLac1 gene nucleotide polymorphisms (In/Del) in 134 barley varieties. Initial characterization of the barley and rice LMCO and the phylogeny analysis indicate that a monocot LMCO family is composed of five members. There are two high pI isoforms of putative HvLac1 protein derived from two in frame translation start codons with 602aa or 592aa residues. Isoforms differ in their predicted subcellular localization and both isoforms are characterized on C-terminus by the presence of the KDEL-like motif, which contributes to the accumulation of soluble proteins in the endoplasmic reticulum. Our results suggest that this unique feature of HvLac1 could be important for their role in physiological processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lenka Tomková
- Crop Research Institute, Drnovská 507, 161 06 Praha 6, Ruzyně, Czech Republic.
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Ruiz-May E, Kim SJ, Brandizzi F, Rose JKC. The secreted plant N-glycoproteome and associated secretory pathways. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2012; 3:117. [PMID: 22685447 PMCID: PMC3368311 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2012.00117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2012] [Accepted: 05/15/2012] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
N-Glycosylation is a common form of eukaryotic protein post-translational modification, and one that is particularly prevalent in plant cell wall proteins. Large scale and detailed characterization of N-glycoproteins therefore has considerable potential in better understanding the composition and functions of the cell wall proteome, as well as those proteins that reside in other compartments of the secretory pathway. While there have been numerous studies of mammalian and yeast N-glycoproteins, less is known about the population complexity, biosynthesis, structural variation, and trafficking of their plant counterparts. However, technical developments in the analysis of glycoproteins and the structures the glycans that they bear, as well as valuable comparative analyses with non-plant systems, are providing new insights into features that are common among eukaryotes and those that are specific to plants, some of which may reflect the unique nature of the plant cell wall. In this review we present an overview of the current knowledge of plant N-glycoprotein synthesis and trafficking, with particular reference to those that are cell wall localized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eliel Ruiz-May
- Department of Plant Biology, Cornell UniversityIthaca, NY, USA
| | - Sang-Jin Kim
- Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, Michigan State UniversityEast Lansing, MI, USA
- DOE Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State UniversityEast Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Federica Brandizzi
- Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, Michigan State UniversityEast Lansing, MI, USA
- DOE Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State UniversityEast Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Jocelyn K. C. Rose
- Department of Plant Biology, Cornell UniversityIthaca, NY, USA
- *Correspondence: Jocelyn K. C. Rose, Department of Plant Biology, Cornell University, 412 Mann Library Building, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. e-mail:
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Li HJ, Xue Y, Jia DJ, Wang T, hi DQ, Liu J, Cui F, Xie Q, Ye D, Yang WC. POD1 regulates pollen tube guidance in response to micropylar female signaling and acts in early embryo patterning in Arabidopsis. THE PLANT CELL 2011; 23:3288-302. [PMID: 21954464 PMCID: PMC3203432 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.111.088914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
The pollen tube germinates from pollen and, during its migration, it perceives and responds to guidance cues from maternal tissue and from the female gametophyte. The putative female cues have recently been identified, but how the pollen tube responds to these signals remains to be unveiled. In a genetic screen for male determinants of the pollen tube response, we identified the pollen defective in guidance1 (pod1) mutant, in which the pollen tubes fail to target the female gametophyte. POD1 encodes a conserved protein of unknown function and is essential for positioning and orienting the cell division plane during early embryo development. Here, we demonstrate that POD1 is an endoplasmic reticulum (ER) luminal protein involved in ER protein retention. Further analysis shows that POD1 interacts with the Ca(2+) binding ER chaperone CALRETICULIN3 (CRT3), a protein in charge of folding of membrane receptors. We propose that POD1 modulates the activity of CRT3 or other ER resident factors to control the folding of proteins, such as membrane proteins in the ER. By this mechanism, POD1 may regulate the pollen tube response to signals from the female tissues during pollen tube guidance and early embryo patterning in Arabidopsis thaliana.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Ju Li
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular and Developmental Biology, National Center for Plant Gene Research (Beijing), Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- Graduate University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yong Xue
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular and Developmental Biology, National Center for Plant Gene Research (Beijing), Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- Graduate University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Dong-Jie Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 1000193, China
| | - Tong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular and Developmental Biology, National Center for Plant Gene Research (Beijing), Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- Graduate University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Dong-Qiao hi
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular and Developmental Biology, National Center for Plant Gene Research (Beijing), Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Jie Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular and Developmental Biology, National Center for Plant Gene Research (Beijing), Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Feng Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Qi Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - De Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 1000193, China
| | - Wei-Cai Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular and Developmental Biology, National Center for Plant Gene Research (Beijing), Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- Address correspondence to
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Wulfetange K, Lomin SN, Romanov GA, Stolz A, Heyl A, Schmülling T. The cytokinin receptors of Arabidopsis are located mainly to the endoplasmic reticulum. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2011; 156:1808-18. [PMID: 21709172 PMCID: PMC3149959 DOI: 10.1104/pp.111.180539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2011] [Accepted: 06/21/2011] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The plant hormone cytokinin is perceived by membrane-located sensor histidine kinases. Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) possesses three cytokinin receptors: ARABIDOPSIS HISTIDINE KINASE2 (AHK2), AHK3, and CYTOKININ RESPONSE1/AHK4. The current model predicts perception of the cytokinin signal at the plasma membrane. However, cytokinin-binding studies with membrane fractions separated by two-phase partitioning showed that in the wild type, as well as in mutants retaining only single cytokinin receptors, the major part of specific cytokinin binding was associated with endomembranes. Leaf epidermal cells of tobacco (Nicotiana benthamiana) expressing receptor-green fluorescent protein fusion proteins and bimolecular fluorescence complementation analysis showed strong fluorescence of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) network for all three receptors. Furthermore, separation of the microsomal fraction of Arabidopsis plants expressing Myc-tagged AHK2 and AHK3 receptors by sucrose gradient centrifugation followed by immunoblotting displayed the Mg²⁺-dependent density shift typical of ER membrane proteins. Cytokinin-binding assays, fluorescent fusion proteins, and biochemical fractionation all showed that the large majority of cytokinin receptors are localized to the ER, suggesting a central role of this compartment in cytokinin signaling. A modified model for cytokinin signaling is proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Thomas Schmülling
- Institute of Biology/Applied Genetics, Dahlem Centre of Plant Sciences, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin D–14195, Germany (K.W., A.S., A.H., T.S.); Institute of Plant Physiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 127276 Moscow, Russia (S.N.L., G.A.R.)
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Abstract
The protein composition of the Golgi is intimately linked to its structure and function. As the Golgi serves as the major protein-sorting hub for the secretory pathway, it faces the unique challenge of maintaining its protein composition in the face of constant influx and efflux of transient cargo proteins. Much of our understanding of how proteins are retained in the Golgi has come from studies on glycosylation enzymes, largely because of the compartment-specific distributions these proteins display. From these and other studies of Golgi membrane proteins, we now understand that a variety of retention mechanisms are employed, the majority of which involve the dynamic process of iterative rounds of retrograde and anterograde transport. Such mechanisms rely on protein conformation and amino acid-based sorting signals as well as on properties of transmembrane domains and their relationship with the unique lipid composition of the Golgi.
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Affiliation(s)
- David K Banfield
- Division of Life Science, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, SAR of China.
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Sun Q, Ju T, Cummings RD. The transmembrane domain of the molecular chaperone Cosmc directs its localization to the endoplasmic reticulum. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:11529-42. [PMID: 21262965 PMCID: PMC3064207 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.173591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2010] [Revised: 01/11/2011] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The molecular basis for retention of integral membrane proteins in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is not well understood. We recently discovered a novel ER molecular chaperone termed Cosmc, which is essential for folding and normal activity of the Golgi enzyme T-synthase. Cosmc, a type II single-pass transmembrane protein, lacks any known ER retrieval/retention motifs. To explore specific ER localization determinants in Cosmc we generated a series of Cosmc mutants along with chimeras of Cosmc with a non-ER resident type II protein, the human transferrin receptor. Here we show that the 18 amino acid transmembrane domain (TMD) of Cosmc is essential for ER localization and confers ER retention to select chimeras. Moreover, mutations of a single Cys residue within the TMD of Cosmc prevent formation of disulfide-bonded dimers of Cosmc and eliminate ER retention. These studies reveal that Cosmc has a unique ER-retention motif within its TMD and provide new insights into the molecular mechanisms by which TMDs of resident ER proteins contribute to ER localization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Sun
- From the Department of Biochemistry, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30322
| | - Tongzhong Ju
- From the Department of Biochemistry, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30322
| | - Richard D. Cummings
- From the Department of Biochemistry, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30322
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Dai Z, Cui G, Zhou SF, Zhang X, Huang L. Cloning and characterization of a novel 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase gene from Salvia miltiorrhiza involved in diterpenoid tanshinone accumulation. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2011; 168:148-57. [PMID: 0 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2010.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2010] [Revised: 06/19/2010] [Accepted: 06/19/2010] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
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Kasaras A, Kunze R. Expression, localisation and phylogeny of a novel family of plant-specific membrane proteins. PLANT BIOLOGY (STUTTGART, GERMANY) 2010; 12 Suppl 1:140-52. [PMID: 20712629 DOI: 10.1111/j.1438-8677.2010.00381.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
In a screen for senescence-associated genes in Arabidopsis thaliana, a novel, highly up-regulated membrane protein was identified. It is a member of an uncharacterised, strictly plant-specific gene family and was named AtDMP1 (Arabidopsis thaliana DUF679 domain membrane protein 1). The AtDMP proteins are predicted to have four transmembrane spans, with cytosolic amino- and carboxy-termini. In this study, we investigated the phylogenetic distribution of DMP proteins, their tissue-specific expression and subcellular localisation in A. thaliana. The Chlamydomonas reinhardtii and Physcomitrella patens genomes in dicots contain only a single DMP gene copy, whereas there are five to 13 DMP genes and 11-16 in monocots, many of which supposedly result from recent gene duplications. The ubiquitous occurrence of DMP proteins in green plants and their absence from other kingdoms suggest a role in plant-specific processes. In A. thaliana, expression of nine out of ten DMP genes was detected. The expression patterns were found to be markedly tissue- and development-specific; thus, functional redundancy of most proteins is unlikely. The occurrence of several AtDMPs in tissues undergoing senescence (AtDMP1, -3, -4), dehiscence (AtDMP7) or abscission (AtDMP2, -4, -7) suggests involvement of DMPs in different types of programmed cell death. AtDMP-eGFP fusion proteins were found to localise either to the endoplasmic reticulum, the tonoplast or, under certain conditions, to both membrane systems. Further investigations are in progress to elucidate functions of the AtDMP proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Kasaras
- Freie Universität Berlin, Institut für Biologie - Angewandte Genetik, Dahlem Centre of Plant Sciences, Berlin, Germany
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