1
|
Liu L, Ito M, Sakai S, Liu J, Ohta K, Saito K, Nakashima K, Satoh S, Konno A, Suzuki T. FGF21 upregulation by hepatitis C virus via the eIF2α-ATF4 pathway: implications for interferon signaling suppression and TRIM31-mediated TSC degradation. Front Microbiol 2024; 15:1456108. [PMID: 39211324 PMCID: PMC11357932 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2024.1456108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2024] [Accepted: 07/23/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is a major cause of chronic liver diseases and is known to induce endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, which alters cellular homeostasis and metabolic processes. While ER stress is implicated in HCV-related diseases, its precise role remains unclear. This study identifies fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) as a key host factor significantly upregulated by HCV infection. Mechanistic analyses reveal that the activation of the FGF21 promoter by HCV is primarily mediated by the transcription factor ATF4, which is upregulated through the phosphorylation of eIF2α induced by ER stress. Additionally, CREBH activation further enhances ATF4 expression, contributing to increased FGF21 levels. TRIB3, upregulated by ATF4, acts as a negative regulator of FGF21 expression. The study also identifies FGF21-dependent upregulation of SOCS2 and TRIM31 in HCV-infected cells. SOCS2 contributes to the suppression of type 1 interferon signaling, aiding viral persistence, while TRIM31 promotes the degradation of the tumor suppressor protein TSC, activating the mTORC1 pathway and potentially promoting liver cell proliferation. These findings suggest that FGF21 upregulation in HCV-infected cells may play a role in both immune response regulation and cell proliferation, contributing to sustained viral infection and disease progression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Liang Liu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Masahiko Ito
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Satoshi Sakai
- Department of Molecular Biology, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Jie Liu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Kazuyoshi Ohta
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Shizuoka, Japan
- 2nd Department of Internal Medicine, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Kenji Saito
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Kenji Nakashima
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Shinya Satoh
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Alu Konno
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Tetsuro Suzuki
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Shizuoka, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Li S, Zou T, Chen J, Li J, You J. Fibroblast growth factor 21: An emerging pleiotropic regulator of lipid metabolism and the metabolic network. Genes Dis 2024; 11:101064. [PMID: 38292170 PMCID: PMC10825286 DOI: 10.1016/j.gendis.2023.06.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2022] [Revised: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 02/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) was originally identified as an important metabolic regulator which plays a crucial physiological role in regulating a variety of metabolic parameters through the metabolic network. As a novel multifunctional endocrine growth factor, the role of FGF21 in the metabolic network warrants extensive exploration. This insight was obtained from the observation that the FGF21-dependent mechanism that regulates lipid metabolism, glycogen transformation, and biological effectiveness occurs through the coordinated participation of the liver, adipose tissue, central nervous system, and sympathetic nerves. This review focuses on the role of FGF21-uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1) signaling in lipid metabolism and how FGF21 alleviates non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Additionally, this review reveals the mechanism by which FGF21 governs glucolipid metabolism. Recent research on the role of FGF21 in the metabolic network has mostly focused on the crucial pathway of glucolipid metabolism. FGF21 has been shown to have multiple regulatory roles in the metabolic network. Since an adequate understanding of the concrete regulatory pathways of FGF21 in the metabolic network has not been attained, this review sheds new light on the metabolic mechanisms of FGF21, explores how FGF21 engages different tissues and organs, and lays a theoretical foundation for future in-depth research on FGF21-targeted treatment of metabolic diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jun Chen
- Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330045, China
| | - Jiaming Li
- Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330045, China
| | - Jinming You
- Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330045, China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Shen W, Yang M, Chen H, He C, Li H, Yang X, Zhuo J, Lin Z, Hu Z, Lu D, Xu X. FGF21-mediated autophagy: Remodeling the homeostasis in response to stress in liver diseases. Genes Dis 2024; 11:101027. [PMID: 38292187 PMCID: PMC10825283 DOI: 10.1016/j.gendis.2023.05.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2023] [Revised: 04/23/2023] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 02/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Liver diseases are worldwide problems closely associated with various stresses, such as endoplasmic reticulum stress. The exact interplay between stress and liver diseases remains unclear. Autophagy plays an essential role in maintaining homeostasis, and recent studies indicate tight crosstalk between stress and autophagy in liver diseases. Once the balance between damage and autophagy is broken, autophagy can no longer resist injury or maintain homeostasis. In recent years, FGF21 (fibroblast growth factor 21)-induced autophagy has attracted much attention. FGF21 is regarded as a stress hormone and can be up-regulated by an abundance of signaling pathways in response to stress. Also, increased FGF21 activates autophagy by a complicated signaling network in which mTOR plays a pivotal role. This review summarizes the mechanism of FGF21-mediated autophagy and its derived application in the defense of stress in liver diseases and offers a glimpse into its promising prospect in future clinical practice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wei Shen
- Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Oncology and Intelligent Medicine of Zhejiang Province, Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Affiliated Hangzhou First People's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310006, China
- The Institute for Organ Repair and Regenerative Medicine of Hangzhou, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310006, China
- Institute of Organ Transplantation, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310003, China
| | - Modan Yang
- Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Oncology and Intelligent Medicine of Zhejiang Province, Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Affiliated Hangzhou First People's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310006, China
- The Institute for Organ Repair and Regenerative Medicine of Hangzhou, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310006, China
- Institute of Organ Transplantation, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310003, China
| | - Hao Chen
- Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Oncology and Intelligent Medicine of Zhejiang Province, Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Affiliated Hangzhou First People's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310006, China
- The Institute for Organ Repair and Regenerative Medicine of Hangzhou, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310006, China
- Institute of Organ Transplantation, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310003, China
| | - Chiyu He
- Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Oncology and Intelligent Medicine of Zhejiang Province, Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Affiliated Hangzhou First People's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310006, China
- The Institute for Organ Repair and Regenerative Medicine of Hangzhou, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310006, China
- Institute of Organ Transplantation, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310003, China
| | - Huigang Li
- Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Oncology and Intelligent Medicine of Zhejiang Province, Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Affiliated Hangzhou First People's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310006, China
- The Institute for Organ Repair and Regenerative Medicine of Hangzhou, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310006, China
- Institute of Organ Transplantation, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310003, China
| | - Xinyu Yang
- Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Oncology and Intelligent Medicine of Zhejiang Province, Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Affiliated Hangzhou First People's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310006, China
- The Institute for Organ Repair and Regenerative Medicine of Hangzhou, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310006, China
- Institute of Organ Transplantation, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310003, China
| | - Jianyong Zhuo
- Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Oncology and Intelligent Medicine of Zhejiang Province, Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Affiliated Hangzhou First People's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310006, China
- The Institute for Organ Repair and Regenerative Medicine of Hangzhou, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310006, China
- Institute of Organ Transplantation, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310003, China
| | - Zuyuan Lin
- Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Oncology and Intelligent Medicine of Zhejiang Province, Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Affiliated Hangzhou First People's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310006, China
- The Institute for Organ Repair and Regenerative Medicine of Hangzhou, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310006, China
- Institute of Organ Transplantation, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310003, China
| | - Zhihang Hu
- Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Oncology and Intelligent Medicine of Zhejiang Province, Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Affiliated Hangzhou First People's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310006, China
- The Institute for Organ Repair and Regenerative Medicine of Hangzhou, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310006, China
- Institute of Organ Transplantation, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310003, China
| | - Di Lu
- Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Oncology and Intelligent Medicine of Zhejiang Province, Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Affiliated Hangzhou First People's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310006, China
- The Institute for Organ Repair and Regenerative Medicine of Hangzhou, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310006, China
- Institute of Organ Transplantation, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310003, China
| | - Xiao Xu
- Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
- The Institute for Organ Repair and Regenerative Medicine of Hangzhou, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310006, China
- Institute of Organ Transplantation, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310003, China
- National Center for Healthcare Quality Management in Liver Transplant, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310003, China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Jung YS, Radhakrishnan K, Hammad S, Müller S, Müller J, Noh JR, Kim J, Lee IK, Cho SJ, Kim DK, Kim YH, Lee CH, Dooley S, Choi HS. ERRγ-inducible FGF23 promotes alcoholic liver injury through enhancing CYP2E1 mediated hepatic oxidative stress. Redox Biol 2024; 71:103107. [PMID: 38479224 PMCID: PMC10950689 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2024.103107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2024] [Revised: 02/21/2024] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 03/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23) is a member of endocrine FGF family, along with FGF15/19 and FGF21. Recent reports showed that under pathological conditions, liver produces FGF23, although the role of hepatic FGF23 remains nebulous. Here, we investigated the role of hepatic FGF23 in alcoholic liver disease (ALD) and delineated the underlying molecular mechanism. FGF23 expression was compared in livers from alcoholic hepatitis patients and healthy controls. The role of FGF23 was examined in hepatocyte-specific knock-out (LKO) mice of cannabinoid receptor type 1 (CB1R), estrogen related receptor γ (ERRγ), or FGF23. Animals were fed with an alcohol-containing liquid diet alone or in combination with ERRγ inverse agonist. FGF23 is mainly expressed in hepatocytes in the human liver, and it is upregulated in ALD patients. In mice, chronic alcohol feeding leads to liver damage and induced FGF23 in liver, but not in other organs. FGF23 is transcriptionally regulated by ERRγ in response to alcohol-mediated activation of the CB1R. Alcohol induced upregulation of hepatic FGF23 and plasma FGF23 levels is lost in ERRγ-LKO mice, and an inverse agonist mediated inhibition of ERRγ transactivation significantly improved alcoholic liver damage. Moreover, hepatic CYP2E1 induction in response to alcohol is FGF23 dependent. In line, FGF23-LKO mice display decreased hepatic CYP2E1 expression and improved ALD through reduced hepatocyte apoptosis and oxidative stress. We recognized CBIR-ERRγ-FGF23 axis in facilitating ALD pathology through hepatic CYP2E1 induction. Thus, we propose FGF23 as a potential therapeutic target to treat ALD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yoon Seok Jung
- Host-derived Antiviral Research Center, School of Biological Sciences and Technology, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea
| | - Kamalakannan Radhakrishnan
- Host-derived Antiviral Research Center, School of Biological Sciences and Technology, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea
| | - Seddik Hammad
- Molecular Hepatology Section, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Theodor-Kutzer-Ufer 1-3 (H42, Floor 4), 68167, Mannheim, Germany; Department of Forensic Medicine and Veterinary Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, South Valley University, 83523 Qena, Egypt
| | - Sebastian Müller
- Center for Alcohol Research (CAR), University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 350, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Johannes Müller
- Center for Alcohol Research (CAR), University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 350, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jung-Ran Noh
- Department of Functional Genomics, KRIBB School of Bioscience, Korea University of Science and Technology (UST), Daejeon 34113, Republic of Korea
| | - Jina Kim
- New Drug Development Center, Daegu-Gyeongbuk Medical Innovation Foundation, Daegu 41061, Republic of Korea
| | - In-Kyu Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Kyungpook National University Hospital, Daegu 41944, Republic of Korea; Research Institute of Aging and Metabolism, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41940, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Jin Cho
- Center for Brain Disorders, Brain Science Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Don-Kyu Kim
- Host-derived Antiviral Research Center, Department of Integrative Food, Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, 61186, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong-Hoon Kim
- Department of Functional Genomics, KRIBB School of Bioscience, Korea University of Science and Technology (UST), Daejeon 34113, Republic of Korea; Laboratory Animal Resource Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, 125 Gwahak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea.
| | - Chul-Ho Lee
- Department of Functional Genomics, KRIBB School of Bioscience, Korea University of Science and Technology (UST), Daejeon 34113, Republic of Korea; Laboratory Animal Resource Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, 125 Gwahak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea.
| | - Steven Dooley
- Molecular Hepatology Section, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Theodor-Kutzer-Ufer 1-3 (H42, Floor 4), 68167, Mannheim, Germany.
| | - Hueng-Sik Choi
- Host-derived Antiviral Research Center, School of Biological Sciences and Technology, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Hu Y, Wang R, An N, Li C, Wang Q, Cao Y, Li C, Liu J, Wang Y. Unveiling the power of microenvironment in liver regeneration: an in-depth overview. Front Genet 2023; 14:1332190. [PMID: 38152656 PMCID: PMC10751322 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2023.1332190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2023] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 12/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The liver serves as a vital regulatory hub for various physiological processes, including sugar, protein, and fat metabolism, coagulation regulation, immune system maintenance, hormone inactivation, urea metabolism, and water-electrolyte acid-base balance control. These functions rely on coordinated communication among different liver cell types, particularly within the liver's fundamental hepatic lobular structure. In the early stages of liver development, diverse liver cells differentiate from stem cells in a carefully orchestrated manner. Despite its susceptibility to damage, the liver possesses a remarkable regenerative capacity, with the hepatic lobule serving as a secure environment for cell division and proliferation during liver regeneration. This regenerative process depends on a complex microenvironment, involving liver resident cells, circulating cells, secreted cytokines, extracellular matrix, and biological forces. While hepatocytes proliferate under varying injury conditions, their sources may vary. It is well-established that hepatocytes with regenerative potential are distributed throughout the hepatic lobules. However, a comprehensive spatiotemporal model of liver regeneration remains elusive, despite recent advancements in genomics, lineage tracing, and microscopic imaging. This review summarizes the spatial distribution of cell gene expression within the regenerative microenvironment and its impact on liver regeneration patterns. It offers valuable insights into understanding the complex process of liver regeneration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuelei Hu
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Jilin University, Changchun, China
- Hepato-Pancreato-Biliary Center, Beijing Tsinghua Changgung Hospital, School of Clinical Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Ruilin Wang
- Department of Cadre’s Wards Ultrasound Diagnostics, Ultrasound Diagnostic Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Ni An
- Clinical Translational Science Center, Beijing Tsinghua Changgung Hospital, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Chen Li
- Hepato-Pancreato-Biliary Center, Beijing Tsinghua Changgung Hospital, School of Clinical Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
- College of Life Science and Bioengineering, Faculty of Environmental and Life Sciences, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Qi Wang
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Jilin University, Changchun, China
- Hepato-Pancreato-Biliary Center, Beijing Tsinghua Changgung Hospital, School of Clinical Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Yannan Cao
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Jilin University, Changchun, China
- Hepato-Pancreato-Biliary Center, Beijing Tsinghua Changgung Hospital, School of Clinical Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Chao Li
- Hepato-Pancreato-Biliary Center, Beijing Tsinghua Changgung Hospital, School of Clinical Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Juan Liu
- Hepato-Pancreato-Biliary Center, Beijing Tsinghua Changgung Hospital, School of Clinical Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Yunfang Wang
- Hepato-Pancreato-Biliary Center, Beijing Tsinghua Changgung Hospital, School of Clinical Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
- Clinical Translational Science Center, Beijing Tsinghua Changgung Hospital, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Tuero C, Becerril S, Ezquerro S, Neira G, Frühbeck G, Rodríguez A. Molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying the hepatoprotective role of ghrelin against NAFLD progression. J Physiol Biochem 2023; 79:833-849. [PMID: 36417140 DOI: 10.1007/s13105-022-00933-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2022] [Accepted: 11/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The underlying mechanisms for the development and progression of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) are complex and multifactorial. Within the last years, experimental and clinical evidences support the role of ghrelin in the development of NAFLD. Ghrelin is a gut hormone that plays a major role in the short-term regulation of appetite and long-term regulation of adiposity. The liver constitutes a target for ghrelin, where this gut-derived peptide triggers intracellular pathways regulating lipid metabolism, inflammation, and fibrosis. Interestingly, circulating ghrelin levels are altered in patients with metabolic diseases, such as obesity, type 2 diabetes, and metabolic syndrome, which, in turn, are well-known risk factors for the pathogenesis of NAFLD. This review summarizes the molecular and cellular mechanisms involved in the hepatoprotective action of ghrelin, including the reduction of hepatocyte lipotoxicity via autophagy and fatty acid β-oxidation, mitochondrial dysfunction, endoplasmic reticulum stress and programmed cell death, the reversibility of the proinflammatory phenotype in Kupffer cells, and the inactivation of hepatic stellate cells. Together, the metabolic and inflammatory pathways regulated by ghrelin in the liver support its potential as a therapeutic target to prevent NAFLD in patients with metabolic disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carlota Tuero
- Department of General Surgery, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, School of Medicine, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Sara Becerril
- Metabolic Research Laboratory, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, 31008, Pamplona, Irunlarrea 1, Spain
- CIBER Fisiopatología de La Obesidad Y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Obesity and Adipobiology Group, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdiSNA), Pamplona, Spain
| | - Silvia Ezquerro
- Metabolic Research Laboratory, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, 31008, Pamplona, Irunlarrea 1, Spain
| | - Gabriela Neira
- Metabolic Research Laboratory, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, 31008, Pamplona, Irunlarrea 1, Spain
| | - Gema Frühbeck
- Metabolic Research Laboratory, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, 31008, Pamplona, Irunlarrea 1, Spain
- CIBER Fisiopatología de La Obesidad Y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Obesity and Adipobiology Group, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdiSNA), Pamplona, Spain
- Department of Endocrinology & Nutrition, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Amaia Rodríguez
- Metabolic Research Laboratory, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, 31008, Pamplona, Irunlarrea 1, Spain.
- CIBER Fisiopatología de La Obesidad Y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.
- Obesity and Adipobiology Group, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdiSNA), Pamplona, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Biagi F, Carlomagno F, Carbone M, Veralli R, Vespasiani-Gentilucci U, Riva E, Manfrini S, Tuccinardi D, De Santis A, Gnessi L, Watanabe M. Fibroblast Growth Factor 21 in Chronic Hepatitis C: A Potential Non-Invasive Biomarker of Liver Status upon Viral Eradication. Metabolites 2023; 13:1119. [PMID: 37999215 PMCID: PMC10673401 DOI: 10.3390/metabo13111119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2023] [Revised: 10/26/2023] [Accepted: 10/27/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF-21), previously recognized as a marker of liver damage and a potential drug target in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), has unclear implications in hepatitis C virus (HCV) infections. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between FGF-21 levels and liver health in patients with HCV undergoing direct-acting antiviral (DAA) treatment. Forty-five patients were assessed for liver stiffness, blood chemistry, and other relevant metrics before and after achieving sustained viral response (SVR), defined as the absence of detectable HCV-RNA after 24 weeks of treatment. Post-treatment, all patients showed a decrease in liver stiffness and improved liver enzyme levels (AST and ALT), alongside an increase in FGF-21 levels. Interestingly, the increase in FGF-21 correlated negatively with liver stiffness but showed no correlation with hepatic steatosis. The observed elevation in FGF-21 levels at SVR following DAA therapy for chronic HCV infection can be attributed to the restoration of hepatic function, including its synthetic capabilities. Specifically, the mitigation of liver fibrosis post-HCV eradication is expected to lead to improvements in liver function, such as enhanced albumin and FGF-21 production. This improvement in synthetic function likely drives the increase in FGF-21 levels, rather than changes in liver fat content. We suggest a potential role of FGF-21 as a marker of fibrosis and hepatic cytotoxicity and as a drug target beyond NAFLD, to be confirmed by additional studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Filippo Biagi
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Medical Pathophysiology, Food Science and Endocrinology, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy (F.C.); (M.W.)
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, 50134 Florence, Italy
| | - Francesco Carlomagno
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Medical Pathophysiology, Food Science and Endocrinology, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy (F.C.); (M.W.)
| | - Martina Carbone
- Department of Translational and Precision Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy (A.D.S.)
- Department of General Surgery, Section of Gastroenterology, Azienda Sanitaria Universitaria Friuli Centrale–P.O. Santa Maria della Misericordia di Udine, 33100 Udine, Italy
| | - Roberta Veralli
- Clinical Laboratory Unit, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Campus Bio-Medico, 00128 Rome, Italy;
- Unit of Virology, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Campus Bio-Medico, 00128 Rome, Italy
| | | | - Elisabetta Riva
- Unit of Virology, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Campus Bio-Medico, 00128 Rome, Italy
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, Campus Bio-Medico University of Rome, 00128 Rome, Italy
| | - Silvia Manfrini
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Campus Bio-Medico University of Rome, 00128 Rome, Italy
| | - Dario Tuccinardi
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Campus Bio-Medico University of Rome, 00128 Rome, Italy
| | - Adriano De Santis
- Department of Translational and Precision Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy (A.D.S.)
| | - Lucio Gnessi
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Medical Pathophysiology, Food Science and Endocrinology, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy (F.C.); (M.W.)
| | - Mikiko Watanabe
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Medical Pathophysiology, Food Science and Endocrinology, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy (F.C.); (M.W.)
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Hu Y, Wang R, Liu J, Wang Y, Dong J. Lipid droplet deposition in the regenerating liver: A promoter, inhibitor, or bystander? Hepatol Commun 2023; 7:e0267. [PMID: 37708445 PMCID: PMC10503682 DOI: 10.1097/hc9.0000000000000267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2023] [Accepted: 07/29/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Liver regeneration (LR) is a complex process involving intricate networks of cellular connections, cytokines, and growth factors. During the early stages of LR, hepatocytes accumulate lipids, primarily triacylglycerol, and cholesterol esters, in the lipid droplets. Although it is widely accepted that this phenomenon contributes to LR, the impact of lipid droplet deposition on LR remains a matter of debate. Some studies have suggested that lipid droplet deposition has no effect or may even be detrimental to LR. This review article focuses on transient regeneration-associated steatosis and its relationship with the liver regenerative response.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuelei Hu
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Ruilin Wang
- Department of Cadre’s Wards Ultrasound Diagnostics. Ultrasound Diagnostic Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Juan Liu
- Research Unit of Precision Hepatobiliary Surgery Paradigm, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- Hepatopancreatobiliary Center, Beijing Tsinghua Changgung Hospital, School of Clinical Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
- Institute for Organ Transplant and Bionic Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
- Clinical Translational Science Center, Beijing Tsinghua Changgung Hospital, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Yunfang Wang
- Research Unit of Precision Hepatobiliary Surgery Paradigm, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- Hepatopancreatobiliary Center, Beijing Tsinghua Changgung Hospital, School of Clinical Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
- Institute for Organ Transplant and Bionic Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
- Clinical Translational Science Center, Beijing Tsinghua Changgung Hospital, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Jiahong Dong
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Jilin University, Changchun, China
- Research Unit of Precision Hepatobiliary Surgery Paradigm, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- Hepatopancreatobiliary Center, Beijing Tsinghua Changgung Hospital, School of Clinical Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
- Institute for Organ Transplant and Bionic Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Wang J, Luo LZ, Liang DM, Guo C, Huang ZH, Jian XH, Wen J. Recent progress in understanding mitokines as diagnostic and therapeutic targets in hepatocellular carcinoma. World J Clin Cases 2023; 11:5416-5429. [PMID: 37637689 PMCID: PMC10450380 DOI: 10.12998/wjcc.v11.i23.5416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2023] [Revised: 07/14/2023] [Accepted: 08/03/2023] [Indexed: 08/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most prevalent tumors worldwide and the leading contributor to cancer-related deaths. The progression and metastasis of HCC are closely associated with altered mitochondrial metabolism, including mitochondrial stress response. Mitokines, soluble proteins produced and secreted in response to mitochondrial stress, play an essential immunomodulatory role. Immunotherapy has emerged as a crucial treatment option for HCC. However, a positive response to therapy is typically dependent on the interaction of tumor cells with immune regulation within the tumor microenvironment. Therefore, exploring the specific immunomodulatory mechanisms of mitokines in HCC is essential for improving the efficacy of immunotherapy. This study provides a comprehensive overview of the association between HCC and the immune microenvironment and highlights recent progress in understanding the involvement of mitochondrial function in preserving liver function. In addition, a systematic review of mitokines-mediated immunomodulation in HCC is presented. Finally, the potential diagnostic and therapeutic roles of mitokines in HCC are prospected and summarized. Recent progress in mitokine research represents a new prospect for mitochondrial therapy. Considering the potential of mitokines to regulate immune function, investigating them as a relevant molecular target holds great promise for the diagnosis and treatment of HCC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiang Wang
- Children Medical Center, Hunan Provincial People's Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410013, Hunan Province, China
| | - Lan-Zhu Luo
- Children Medical Center, Hunan Provincial People's Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410013, Hunan Province, China
| | - Dao-Miao Liang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Hunan Provincial People's Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410013, Hunan Province, China
| | - Chao Guo
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Hunan Provincial People's Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410013, Hunan Province, China
| | - Zhi-Hong Huang
- Children Medical Center, Hunan Provincial People's Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410013, Hunan Province, China
| | - Xiao-Hong Jian
- Department of Anatomy, Hunan Normal University School of Medicine, Changsha 410013, Hunan Province, China
| | - Jie Wen
- Department of Pediatric Orthopedics, Hunan Provincial People's Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410013, Hunan Province, China
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Pokhrel S, Dilts M, Stahl Z, Boehme S, Frame G, Chiang JY, Ferrell JM. Tgr5-/- mice are protected from ethanol-induced metabolic alterations through enhanced leptin and Fgf21 signaling. Hepatol Commun 2023; 7:e0138. [PMID: 37185802 PMCID: PMC10145946 DOI: 10.1097/hc9.0000000000000138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2022] [Accepted: 02/23/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alcohol-associated liver disease (ALD) is caused by chronic use of alcohol and ranges from hepatic steatosis to fibrosis and cirrhosis. Bile acids are physiological detergents that also regulate hepatic glucose and lipid homeostasis by binding to several receptors. One such receptor, Takeda G protein-coupled receptor 5 (TGR5), may represent a therapeutic target for ALD. Here, we used a chronic 10-day + binge ethanol-feeding model in mice to study the role of TGR5 in alcohol-induced liver injury. METHODS Female C57BL/6J wild-type mice and Tgr5-/- mice were pair-fed Lieber-DeCarli liquid diet with ethanol (5% v/v) or isocaloric control diet for 10 days followed by a gavage of 5% ethanol or isocaloric maltose control, respectively, to represent a binge-drinking episode. Tissues were harvested 9 hours following the binge, and metabolic phenotypes were characterized through examination of liver, adipose, and brain mechanistic pathways. RESULTS Tgr5-/- mice were protected from alcohol-induced accumulation of hepatic triglycerides. Interestingly, liver and serum levels of Fgf21 were significantly increased during ethanol feeding in Tgr5-/- mice, as was phosphorylation of Stat3. Parallel to Fgf21 levels, increased leptin gene expression in white adipose tissue and increased leptin receptor in liver were detected in Tgr5-/- mice fed ethanol diet. Adipocyte lipase gene expression was significantly increased in Tgr5-/- mice regardless of diet, whereas adipose browning markers were also increased in ethanol-fed Tgr5-/- mice, indicating potential for enhanced white adipose metabolism. Lastly, hypothalamic mRNA targets of leptin, involved in the regulation of food intake, were significantly increased in Tgr5-/- mice fed ethanol diet. CONCLUSIONS Tgr5-/- mice are protected from ethanol-induced liver damage and lipid accumulation. Alterations in lipid uptake and Fgf21 signaling, and enhanced metabolic activity of white adipose tissue, may mediate these effects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sabita Pokhrel
- Department of Integrative Medical Sciences, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, Ohio, USA
| | - Matthew Dilts
- Department of Integrative Medical Sciences, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, Ohio, USA
| | - Zachary Stahl
- Department of Integrative Medical Sciences, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, Ohio, USA
| | - Shannon Boehme
- Department of Integrative Medical Sciences, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, Ohio, USA
| | - Gabrielle Frame
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, Ohio, USA
| | - John Y.L. Chiang
- Department of Integrative Medical Sciences, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, Ohio, USA
| | - Jessica M. Ferrell
- Department of Integrative Medical Sciences, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, Ohio, USA
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
De Sousa-Coelho AL, Gacias M, O'Neill BT, Relat J, Link W, Haro D, Marrero PF. FOXO1 represses PPARα-Mediated induction of FGF21 gene expression. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2023; 644:122-129. [PMID: 36640666 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2023.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2022] [Accepted: 01/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) has emerged as a metabolic regulator that exerts potent anti-diabetic and lipid-lowering effects in animal models of obesity and type 2 diabetes, showing a protective role in fatty liver disease and hepatocellular carcinoma progression. Hepatic expression of FGF21 is regulated by PPARα and is induced by fasting. Ablation of FoxO1 in liver has been shown to increase FGF21 expression in hyperglycemia. To better understand the role of FOXO1 in the regulation of FGF21 expression we have modified HepG2 human hepatoma cells to overexpress FoxO1 and PPARα. Here we show that FoxO1 represses PPARα-mediated FGF21 induction, and that the repression acts on the FGF21 gene promoter without affecting other PPARα target genes. Additionally, we demonstrate that FoxO1 physically interacts with PPARα and that FoxO1/3/4 depletion in skeletal muscle contributes to increased Fgf21 tissue levels. Taken together, these data indicate that FOXO1 is a PPARα-interacting protein that antagonizes PPARα activity on the FGF21 promoter. Because other PPARα target genes remained unaffected, these results suggest a highly specific mechanism implicated in FGF21 regulation. We conclude that FGF21 can be specifically modulated by FOXO1 in a PPARα-dependent manner.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ana Luísa De Sousa-Coelho
- Algarve Biomedical Center Research Institute (ABC-RI), Universidade do Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, Edifício 2, 8005-139, Faro, Portugal; Algarve Biomedical Center (ABC), Campus de Gambelas, Edifício 2, 8005-139, Faro, Portugal; Escola Superior de Saúde, Universidade do Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, Edifício 1, 8005-139, Faro, Portugal.
| | - Mar Gacias
- Department of Nutrition, Food Sciences and Gastronomy, School of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, Food Torribera Campus, University of Barcelona, E-08921, Santa Coloma de Gramenet, Spain
| | - Brian T O'Neill
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Fraternal Order of Eagles Diabetes Research Center, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, 52242, Iowa, USA
| | - Joana Relat
- Department of Nutrition, Food Sciences and Gastronomy, School of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, Food Torribera Campus, University of Barcelona, E-08921, Santa Coloma de Gramenet, Spain; Institute of Nutrition and Food Safety of the University of Barcelona (INSA-UB), E-08921, Santa Coloma de Gramenet, Spain; CIBER Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBER-OBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, E-28029, Madrid, Spain
| | - Wolfgang Link
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas "Alberto Sols" (CSIC-UAM), Arturo Duperier 4, 28029, Madrid, Spain
| | - Diego Haro
- Department of Nutrition, Food Sciences and Gastronomy, School of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, Food Torribera Campus, University of Barcelona, E-08921, Santa Coloma de Gramenet, Spain; CIBER Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBER-OBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, E-28029, Madrid, Spain; Institute of Biomedicine of the University of Barcelona (IBUB), E-08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Pedro F Marrero
- Department of Nutrition, Food Sciences and Gastronomy, School of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, Food Torribera Campus, University of Barcelona, E-08921, Santa Coloma de Gramenet, Spain; CIBER Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBER-OBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, E-28029, Madrid, Spain; Institute of Biomedicine of the University of Barcelona (IBUB), E-08028 Barcelona, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Ahuja P, Bi X, Ng CF, Tse MCL, Hang M, Pang BPS, Iu ECY, Chan WS, Ooi XC, Sun A, Herlea-Pana O, Liu Z, Yang X, Jiao B, Ma X, Wu KKL, Lee LTO, Cheng KKY, Lee CW, Chan CB. Src homology 3 domain binding kinase 1 protects against hepatic steatosis and insulin resistance through the Nur77-FGF21 pathway. Hepatology 2023; 77:213-229. [PMID: 35363898 DOI: 10.1002/hep.32501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2022] [Revised: 03/26/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Metabolism in the liver is dysregulated in obesity, contributing to various health problems including steatosis and insulin resistance. While the pathogenesis of lipid accumulation has been extensively studied, the protective mechanism against lipid challenge in the liver remains unclear. Here, we report that Src homology 3 domain binding kinase 1 (SBK1) is a regulator of hepatic lipid metabolism and systemic insulin sensitivity in response to obesity. APPROACH AND RESULTS Enhanced Sbk1 expression was found in the liver of high-fat diet (HFD)-induced obese mice and fatty acid (FA)-challenged hepatocytes. SBK1 knockdown in mouse liver cells augmented FA uptake and lipid accumulation. Similarly, liver-specific SBK1 knockout ( Lsko ) mice displayed more severe hepatosteatosis and higher expression of genes in FA uptake and lipogenesis than the Flox/Flox ( Fl/Fl ) control mice when fed the HFD. The HFD-fed Lsko mice also showed symptoms of hyperglycemia, poor systemic glucose tolerance, and lower insulin sensitivity than the Fl/Fl mice. On the other hand, hepatic Sbk1 overexpression alleviated the high-fructose diet-induced hepatosteatosis, hyperlipidemia, and hyperglycemia in mice. White adipose tissue browning was also observed in hepatic SBK1 -overexpressed mice. Moreover, we found that SBK1 was a positive regulator of FGF21 in the liver during energy surplus conditions. Mechanistically, SBK1 phosphorylates the orphan nuclear receptor 4A1 (Nur77) on serine 344 to promote hepatic FGF21 expression and inhibit the transcription of genes involved in lipid anabolism. CONCLUSIONS Collectively, our data suggest that SBK1 is a regulator of the metabolic adaption against obesity through the Nur77-FGF21 pathway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Palak Ahuja
- School of Biological Sciences , The University of Hong Kong , Hong Kong SAR , China
| | - Xinyi Bi
- School of Biological Sciences , The University of Hong Kong , Hong Kong SAR , China
| | - Chun Fai Ng
- School of Biological Sciences , The University of Hong Kong , Hong Kong SAR , China
| | | | - Miaojia Hang
- School of Biological Sciences , The University of Hong Kong , Hong Kong SAR , China
| | - Brian Pak Shing Pang
- School of Biological Sciences , The University of Hong Kong , Hong Kong SAR , China
| | - Elsie Chit Yu Iu
- School of Biological Sciences , The University of Hong Kong , Hong Kong SAR , China
| | - Wing Suen Chan
- School of Biological Sciences , The University of Hong Kong , Hong Kong SAR , China
| | - Xin Ci Ooi
- School of Biological Sciences , The University of Hong Kong , Hong Kong SAR , China
| | - Anqi Sun
- School of Biological Sciences , The University of Hong Kong , Hong Kong SAR , China
| | - Oana Herlea-Pana
- Department of Physiology , The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center , Oklahoma City , Oklahoma , USA
| | - Zhixue Liu
- Center for Molecular & Translational Medicine , Georgia State University , Atlanta , Georgia , USA
| | - Xiuying Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines and Beijing , Key Laboratory of Drug Target and Screening Research , Institute of Materia Medica of Peking Union Medical College , Beijing , China
| | - Baowei Jiao
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution , Kunming Institute of Zoology , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Kunming , China
| | - Xin Ma
- Cancer Centre , Faculty of Health Sciences , University of Macau , Taipa, Macau , China
| | - Kelvin Ka Lok Wu
- Department of Health Technology and Informatics , The Hong Kong Polytechnic University , Hong Kong SAR , China
| | - Leo Tsz On Lee
- Cancer Centre , Faculty of Health Sciences , University of Macau , Taipa, Macau , China
- MOE Frontiers Science Center for Precision Oncology , University of Macau , Taipa, Macau , China
| | - Kenneth King Yip Cheng
- Department of Health Technology and Informatics , The Hong Kong Polytechnic University , Hong Kong SAR , China
| | - Chi Wai Lee
- School of Biomedical Sciences , The University of Hong Kong , Hong Kong SAR , China
| | - Chi Bun Chan
- School of Biological Sciences , The University of Hong Kong , Hong Kong SAR , China
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology , The University of Hong Kong , Hong Kong SAR , China
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Hong F, Lin CY, Yan J, Dong Y, Ouyang Y, Kim D, Zhang X, Liu B, Sun S, Gu W, Li Z. Canopy Homolog 2 contributes to liver oncogenesis by promoting unfolded protein response-dependent destabilization of tumor protein P53. Hepatology 2022; 76:1587-1601. [PMID: 34986508 DOI: 10.1002/hep.32318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2020] [Revised: 12/07/2021] [Accepted: 01/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/08/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUD AND AIMS Abnormalities in the tumor protein P53 (p53) gene and overexpression of mouse double minute 2 homolog (MDM2), a negative regulator of p53, are commonly observed in cancers. p53 destabilization is regulated by endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and unfolded protein response (UPR) in cancer. However, the mechanisms remain enigmatic. Canopy homolog 2 (CNPY2) is a key UPR initiator that primarily involved in ER stress and is highly expressed in the liver, but its functional role in regulating liver carcinogenesis is poorly understood. Therefore, we aimed to investigate the role of CNPY2 in hepartocarcinogenesis through URP-dependent p53 destabilization. APPROACH AND RESULTS Here, we showed that CNPY2 expression is up-regulated in HCC and negatively correlated with survival rate in liver cancer patients. Deletion of Cnpy2 obliterates diethylnitrosamine (DEN)-induced HCC in mice. Mechanistic studies demonstrated that CNPY2 binds and prevents ribosome proteins from inhibiting MDM2 and enhances the UPR activity of protein kinase RNA-like endoplasmic reticulum kinase and inositol-requiring transmembrane kinase endoribonuclease-1α, leading to p53 destabilization and cell-cycle progression. In addition, transcriptome analyses uncovered that CNPY2 is also required for DEN-induced expression of oncogenes, including c-Jun and fibroblast growth factor 21. Intratumoral injection of nanoparticle-based CRISPR single-guide RNA/CRISPR-associated protein 9 mRNA against Cnpy2 has antitumor effects in HCC. CONCLUSIONS These findings demonstrate that CNPY2 is crucial for liver oncogenesis through UPR-dependent repression of p53 and activation of oncogenes, providing insights into the design of a therapeutic target for HCC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Feng Hong
- Pelotonia Institute for Immune-OncologyThe Ohio State University Wexner Medical CenterColumbusOhioUSA.,The Ohio State University James Comprehensive Cancer CenterThe Ohio State University Wexner Medical CenterColumbusOhioUSA.,Division of Medical OncologyThe Ohio State University Wexner Medical CenterColumbusOhioUSA
| | - Ching Ying Lin
- Department of Microbiology & ImmunologyMedical University of South CarolinaCharlestonSouth CarolinaUSA
| | - Jingyue Yan
- Division of Pharmaceutics & PharmacologyCollege of PharmacyThe Ohio State UniversityColumbusOhio43210USA
| | - Yizhou Dong
- Division of Pharmaceutics & PharmacologyCollege of PharmacyThe Ohio State UniversityColumbusOhio43210USA
| | - Yuli Ouyang
- Pelotonia Institute for Immune-OncologyThe Ohio State University Wexner Medical CenterColumbusOhioUSA.,The Ohio State University James Comprehensive Cancer CenterThe Ohio State University Wexner Medical CenterColumbusOhioUSA.,Division of Medical OncologyThe Ohio State University Wexner Medical CenterColumbusOhioUSA
| | - Doyeon Kim
- Pelotonia Institute for Immune-OncologyThe Ohio State University Wexner Medical CenterColumbusOhioUSA.,The Ohio State University James Comprehensive Cancer CenterThe Ohio State University Wexner Medical CenterColumbusOhioUSA.,Division of Medical OncologyThe Ohio State University Wexner Medical CenterColumbusOhioUSA
| | - Xiaoli Zhang
- Department of Biomedical InformaticsThe Ohio State University Wexner Medical CenterColumbusOhioUSA
| | - Bei Liu
- Division of HematologyThe Ohio State University Wexner Medical CenterColumbusOhioUSA
| | - Shaoli Sun
- Department of PathologyThe Ohio State University Wexner Medical CenterColumbusOhioUSA
| | - Wei Gu
- Institute for Cancer GeneticsColumbia UniversityNew YorkNew YorkUSA
| | - Zihai Li
- Pelotonia Institute for Immune-OncologyThe Ohio State University Wexner Medical CenterColumbusOhioUSA.,The Ohio State University James Comprehensive Cancer CenterThe Ohio State University Wexner Medical CenterColumbusOhioUSA.,Division of Medical OncologyThe Ohio State University Wexner Medical CenterColumbusOhioUSA
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Falamarzi K, Malekpour M, Tafti MF, Azarpira N, Behboodi M, Zarei M. The role of FGF21 and its analogs on liver associated diseases. Front Med (Lausanne) 2022; 9:967375. [PMID: 36457562 PMCID: PMC9705724 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2022.967375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 07/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21), a member of fibroblast growth factor family, is a hormone-like growth factor that is synthesized mainly in the liver and adipose tissue. FGF21 regulates lipid and glucose metabolism and has substantial roles in decreasing lipogenesis and increasing hepatic insulin sensitivity which causing lipid profile improvement. FGF21 genetic variations also affect nutritional and addictive behaviors such as smoking and alcohol consumption and eating sweets. The role of FGF21 in metabolic associated diseases like diabetes mellitus had been confirmed previously. Recently, several studies have demonstrated a correlation between FGF21 and liver diseases. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the most prevalent type of chronic liver disease worldwide. NAFLD has a wide range from simple steatosis to steatohepatitis with or without fibrosis and cirrhosis. Elevated serum levels of FGF21 associated with NAFLD and its pathogenesis. Alcoholic fatty liver disease (AFLD), another condition that cause liver injury, significantly increased FGF21 levels as a protective factor; FGF21 can reverse the progression of AFLD and can be a potential therapeutic agent for it. Also, NAFLD and AFLD are the most important risk factors for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) which is the fourth deadliest cancer in the world. Several studies showed that lack of FGF21 induced oncogenic condition and worsened HCC. In this review article, we intend to discuss different aspects of FGF21 in NAFLD, AFLD and HCC; including the role of FGF21 in pathophysiology of these conditions, the effects of FGF21 mutations, the possible use of the FGF21 as a biomarker in different stages of these diseases, as well as the usage of FGF21 and its analog molecules in the treatment of these diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kimia Falamarzi
- Student Research Committee, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
- Transplant Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Mahdi Malekpour
- Student Research Committee, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
- Transplant Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Mobin Fallah Tafti
- Student Research Committee, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
- Transplant Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Negar Azarpira
- Transplant Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Mehrdad Behboodi
- Student Research Committee, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
- Transplant Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Mohammad Zarei
- Renal Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
- John B. Little Center for Radiation Sciences, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, United States
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
SUI Y, CHEN J. Hepatic FGF21: Its Emerging Role in Inter-Organ Crosstalk and Cancers. Int J Biol Sci 2022; 18:5928-5942. [PMID: 36263162 PMCID: PMC9576513 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.76924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Accepted: 09/18/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factor (FGF) 21 is one of the FGF members with special endocrine properties. In the last twenty years, it has attracted intense research and development for its physiological functions that respond to dietary manipulation, pharmacological benefits of improving the macronutrient metabolism, and clinical values as a biomarker of various human diseases. Generally, FGF21 can be produced by major metabolic organs, but only the subgroup from the liver shows canonical endocrine properties, which emphasizes the special value of delineating the unique secretory and functional characteristics of hepatic FGF21. There has been a growth in literature to address the extra-hepatic activities of FGF21, and many striking findings have therefore been published. Yet, they are fragmented and scattered, and controversies are raised from divergent findings. For this reason, there is a need for a systematic and critical evaluation of current research in this aspect. In this review, we focus on the current knowledge about the molecular biology of endocrine FGF21, especially present details on the regulation of circulating levels of FGF21. We also emphasize its emerging roles in inter-organ crosstalk and cancer development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yue SUI
- School of Chinese Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China
| | - Jianping CHEN
- School of Chinese Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China
- Shenzhen Institute of Research and Innovation, The University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, China
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Korkmaz D, Konya P, Demirtürk N. Investigation of the Characteristics of Crimean Congo Hemorrhagic Fever Cases Reported in Afyonkarahisar Province. TURKIYE PARAZITOLOJII DERGISI 2022; 46:224-227. [PMID: 36094125 DOI: 10.4274/tpd.galenos.2022.14633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Crimean Congo Hemorrhagic Fever (CCHF); fever, widespread pain in the body, deterioration in liver function tests; it is a tick-borne viral infectious disease that can cause bleeding and death in the skin, mucous membranes, and sometimes internal organs. In this study, we retrospectively evaluated the clinical, laboratory, and epidemiological characteristics of CCHF cases diagnosed in Afyonkarahisar. METHODS Demographic and clinical characteristics, laboratory findings, treatments, and prognoses of patients diagnosed with CCHF in Afyonkarahisar were retrospectively analyzed. RESULTS In Afyonkarahisar, it was determined that 35 case reports were made between 2002 and November 2019, the date when the CCHF was first seen in Turkey. A history of tick attachment was detected in 31 subjects. Tick arrest cases were most common in June (12 cases; 34.3%) and July (9 cases; 2.9%). There was a history of living in rural areas in twenty-seven (77.1%) patients, close contact with animals in 12 patients, and a history of contact with animal blood in 4 patients. All the 35 cases that followed resulted in healing and no mortality was observed. CONCLUSION CCHF is an endemic disease that still maintains its importance in our country. The most important factor in the control with the disease is to prevent virus contact to prevent transmission. People living in endemic areas should be informed about the precautions to be taken against tick bites, and awareness should be raised by providing education about the disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Derya Korkmaz
- Afyonkarahisar Sağlık Bilimleri Üniversitesi, Sağlık Uygulama ve Araştırma Merkezi, Enfeksiyon Hastalıkları ve Klinik Mikrobiyoloji Anabilim Dalı, Afyonkarahisar, Türkiye
| | - Petek Konya
- Afyonkarahisar Sağlık Bilimleri Üniversitesi, Sağlık Uygulama ve Araştırma Merkezi, Enfeksiyon Hastalıkları ve Klinik Mikrobiyoloji Anabilim Dalı, Afyonkarahisar, Türkiye
| | - Neşe Demirtürk
- Afyonkarahisar Sağlık Bilimleri Üniversitesi, Sağlık Uygulama ve Araştırma Merkezi, Enfeksiyon Hastalıkları ve Klinik Mikrobiyoloji Anabilim Dalı, Afyonkarahisar, Türkiye
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Fibroblast growth factor 21 is related to cisplatin resistance in ovarian cancer. Chin Med J (Engl) 2022; 135:1500-1502. [PMID: 35861481 PMCID: PMC9481425 DOI: 10.1097/cm9.0000000000002095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
|
18
|
Zheng S, Wu J, Xiang S, Zang Y, Kong D, Wei X, Sun W, Li W. An fgf21-like gene from swamp eel (Monopterus albus): Recombinant expression and its potential roles in glucose and lipid homeostasis. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2022; 267:111170. [PMID: 35189343 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2022.111170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Revised: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 02/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) plays important roles in the regulation of glucose and lipid metabolism and energy balance in mammals. In this study, the full-length cDNA of swamp eel fgf21 was cloned. Sequence analysis showed that swamp eel FGF21 displayed high similarity with FGF21 of other vertebrates. Subsequently, a prokaryotic expression vector for swamp eel fgf21 was constructed, and recombinant FGF21 (rFGF21) was successfully induced and purified. To investigate the potential roles of swamp eel FGF21 in glucose and lipid metabolism, we examined the effects of rFGF21 on regulation of glucose and lipid homeostasis in type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) mice as well as swamp eels under glucose stress. In T1DM mice, the levels of blood glucose, serum triglyceride (TG), liver TG, serum total cholesterol (TC), and liver TC were significantly downregulated after repeated daily injection of rFGF21 for 15 days. In addition, liver pathological section analysis indicated that rFGF21 alleviated the degree of damage to liver cells in T1DM mice. Furthermore, rFGF21 significantly upregulated the mRNA expression levels of peroxisome proliferators-activated receptor alpha (Pparα), β-Klotho, fibroblast growth factor receptor 1 (Fgfr1), phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (Pepck), glucose transporter 1 (Glut1), and glucose transporter 4 (Glut4) in T1DM mouse livers. Moreover, in swamp eels, rFGF21 significantly decreased blood glucose and liver TC levels under glucose stress and upregulated the mRNA expression levels of fgf21, pparα, β-klotho, and fgfr1 in liver tissue. These results suggested that FGF21 plays important roles in the regulation of glucose and lipid homeostasis in swamp eel.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shuting Zheng
- College of Life Sciences, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434025, China
| | - Jianfen Wu
- College of Life Sciences, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434025, China
| | - Shenghan Xiang
- College of Life Sciences, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434025, China
| | - Yuwei Zang
- College of Life Sciences, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Dan Kong
- College of Life Sciences, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434025, China
| | - Xiping Wei
- College of Life Sciences, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434025, China
| | - Wenxiu Sun
- College of Life Sciences, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434025, China
| | - Wei Li
- College of Life Sciences, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434025, China; Institute of Food Science and Technology, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434025, China.
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Berthou F, Sobolewski C, Abegg D, Fournier M, Maeder C, Dolicka D, Correia de Sousa M, Adibekian A, Foti M. Hepatic PTEN Signaling Regulates Systemic Metabolic Homeostasis through Hepatokines-Mediated Liver-to-Peripheral Organs Crosstalk. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23073959. [PMID: 35409319 PMCID: PMC8999584 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23073959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Revised: 03/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Liver-derived circulating factors deeply affect the metabolism of distal organs. Herein, we took advantage of the hepatocyte-specific PTEN knockout mice (LPTENKO), a model of hepatic steatosis associated with increased muscle insulin sensitivity and decreased adiposity, to identify potential secreted hepatic factors improving metabolic homeostasis. Our results indicated that protein factors, rather than specific metabolites, released by PTEN-deficient hepatocytes trigger an improved muscle insulin sensitivity and a decreased adiposity in LPTENKO. In this regard, a proteomic analysis of conditioned media from PTEN-deficient primary hepatocytes identified seven hepatokines whose expression/secretion was deregulated. Distinct expression patterns of these hepatokines were observed in hepatic tissues from human/mouse with NAFLD. The expression of specific factors was regulated by the PTEN/PI3K, PPAR or AMPK signaling pathways and/or modulated by classical antidiabetic drugs. Finally, loss-of-function studies identified FGF21 and the triad AHSG, ANGPTL4 and LECT2 as key regulators of insulin sensitivity in muscle cells and in adipocytes biogenesis, respectively. These data indicate that hepatic PTEN deficiency and steatosis alter the expression/secretion of hepatokines regulating insulin sensitivity in muscles and the lipid metabolism in adipose tissue. These hepatokines could represent potential therapeutic targets to treat obesity and insulin resistance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Flavien Berthou
- Department of Cellular Physiology and Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, 1206 Geneva, Switzerland; (F.B.); (C.S.); (M.F.); (C.M.); (D.D.); (M.C.d.S.)
| | - Cyril Sobolewski
- Department of Cellular Physiology and Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, 1206 Geneva, Switzerland; (F.B.); (C.S.); (M.F.); (C.M.); (D.D.); (M.C.d.S.)
| | - Daniel Abegg
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA; (D.A.); (A.A.)
| | - Margot Fournier
- Department of Cellular Physiology and Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, 1206 Geneva, Switzerland; (F.B.); (C.S.); (M.F.); (C.M.); (D.D.); (M.C.d.S.)
| | - Christine Maeder
- Department of Cellular Physiology and Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, 1206 Geneva, Switzerland; (F.B.); (C.S.); (M.F.); (C.M.); (D.D.); (M.C.d.S.)
| | - Dobrochna Dolicka
- Department of Cellular Physiology and Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, 1206 Geneva, Switzerland; (F.B.); (C.S.); (M.F.); (C.M.); (D.D.); (M.C.d.S.)
| | - Marta Correia de Sousa
- Department of Cellular Physiology and Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, 1206 Geneva, Switzerland; (F.B.); (C.S.); (M.F.); (C.M.); (D.D.); (M.C.d.S.)
| | - Alexander Adibekian
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA; (D.A.); (A.A.)
| | - Michelangelo Foti
- Department of Cellular Physiology and Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, 1206 Geneva, Switzerland; (F.B.); (C.S.); (M.F.); (C.M.); (D.D.); (M.C.d.S.)
- Diabetes Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, 1206 Geneva, Switzerland
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +41-(22)-379-52-04
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Kim J, Lee S, Lee MS. Suppressive Effect of Autocrine FGF21 on Autophagy-Deficient Hepatic Tumorigenesis. Front Oncol 2022; 12:832804. [PMID: 35321438 PMCID: PMC8936433 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.832804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Mice with hepatocyte-specific deletion of autophagy-related 7 (Atg7ΔHep mice) develop hepatoma, suggesting that autophagy deficiency could be a factor in the initiation of tumorigenesis. We have shown that FGF21 is induced as a ‘mitokine’ when Atg7 is disrupted in insulin target tissues such as the liver, which could affect systemic metabolism through endocrine activity. Since FGF21 or other endocrine FGF such as FGF19 can affect tumor growth, we hypothesized that FGF21 produced by Atg7-knockout (KO) hepatocytes may affect the behavior of Atg7-KO hepatoma in an autocrine manner. We, thus, crossed Atg7ΔHep mice with systemic Fgf21-KO (Fgf21−/−) mice to generate Atg7ΔHepFgf21−/− mice. The number and size of hepatoma of Atg7ΔHep mice were significantly increased by additional Fgf21 KO. The proliferation of Atg7-KO hepatocyte was significantly increased by Fgf21 KO. pYAP1/YAP1 representing YAP1 degradation was significantly decreased in the liver of Atg7ΔHepFgf21−/− mice compared to Atg7ΔHepFgf21+/+ mice. Consistently, expression of YAP1/TAZ downstream genes was significantly increased in the liver of Atg7ΔHepFgf21−/− mice compared to Atg7ΔHepFgf21+/+ mice, which could explain the increased size of hepatoma in Atg7ΔHepFgf21−/− mice. Accumulation of ROS and ROS-mediated DNA damage were increased in the liver of Atg7ΔHepFgf21+/+ mice, which was further aggravated by additional Fgf21 KO probably due to the absence of positive effect of FGF21 on mitochondrial function, explaining the increased number of hepatoma in Atg7ΔHepFgf21−/− mice compared to Atg7ΔHepFgf21+/+ mice. These results show that FGF21 produced by autophagy-deficient hepatocytes could have autocrine or paracrine effects on the number and proliferation of autophagy-deficient hepatoma, suggesting that hormones or factors released from autophagy-deficient tumors can influence the behavior or prognosis of the tumor in addition to the effects on host metabolism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jinyoung Kim
- Severance Biomedical Science Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Soyeon Lee
- Severance Biomedical Science Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
- Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Myung-Shik Lee
- Severance Biomedical Science Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
- Soonchunhyang Institute of Medi-bio Science, Soonchunhyang University, Cheonan, South Korea
- *Correspondence: Myung-Shik Lee, ;
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Yano K, Yamaguchi K, Seko Y, Okishio S, Ishiba H, Tochiki N, Takahashi A, Kataoka S, Okuda K, Liu Y, Fujii H, Umemura A, Moriguchi M, Okanoue T, Itoh Y. Hepatocyte-specific fibroblast growth factor 21 overexpression ameliorates high-fat diet-induced obesity and liver steatosis in mice. J Transl Med 2022; 102:281-289. [PMID: 34732847 DOI: 10.1038/s41374-021-00680-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2021] [Revised: 09/11/2021] [Accepted: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factor (FGF) 21 is an endocrine growth factor mainly secreted by the liver in response to a ketogenic diet and alcohol consumption. FGF21 signaling requires co-receptor β-klotho (KLB) co-acting with FGF receptors, which has pleiotropic metabolic effects, including induced hepatic fatty acid oxidation and ketogenesis, in human and animal models of obesity. We examined the hepatocyte-specific enhancer/promoter of FGF21 expression plasmids in high-fat diet-fed mice for 12 weeks. Hydrodynamic injection for FGF21 delivery every 6 weeks sustained high circulating levels of FGF21, resulting in marked reductions in body weight, epididymal fat mass, insulin resistance, and liver steatosis. FGF21-induced lipolysis in the adipose tissue enabled the liver to be flooded with fat-derived FFAs. The hepatic expression of Glut2 and Bdh1 was upregulated, whereas that of gluconeogenesis-related genes, G6p and Pepck, and lipogenesis-related genes, Srebp-1 and Srebp-2, was significantly suppressed. FGF21 induced the phosphorylation of AMPK at Thr172 and Raptor at ser792 and suppressed that of mTOR at ser2448, which downregulated mTORC1 signaling and reduced IRS-1 phosphorylation at ser1101. Finally, in the skeletal muscle, FGF21 increased Glut4 and Mct2, a membrane protein that acts as a carrier for ketone bodies. Enzymes for ketone body catabolism (Scot) and citrate cycle (Cs, Idh3a), and a marker of regenerating muscle (myogenin) were also upregulated via increased KLB expression. Thus, FGF21-induced lipolysis was continuously induced by a high-fat diet and fat-derived FFAs might cause liver damage. Hepatic fatty acid oxidation and ketone body synthesis may act as hepatic FFAs' disposal mechanisms and contribute to improved liver steatosis. Liver-derived ketone bodies might be used for energy in the skeletal muscle. The potential FGF21-related crosstalk between the liver and extraliver organs is a promising strategy to prevent and treat metabolic syndrome-related nonalcoholic steatohepatitis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kota Yano
- Molecular Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Kanji Yamaguchi
- Molecular Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan.
| | - Yuya Seko
- Molecular Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Shinya Okishio
- Molecular Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Ishiba
- Molecular Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Nozomi Tochiki
- Molecular Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Aya Takahashi
- Molecular Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Seita Kataoka
- Molecular Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Keiichiroh Okuda
- Molecular Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yu Liu
- Molecular Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Hideki Fujii
- Molecular Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Atsushi Umemura
- Molecular Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Michihisa Moriguchi
- Molecular Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Takeshi Okanoue
- Department of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Saiseikai Suita Hospital, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yoshito Itoh
- Molecular Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Liu ZY, Luo Y, Fang AP, Wusiman M, He TT, Liu XZ, Yishake D, Chen S, Lu XT, Zhang YJ, Zhu HL. High serum fibroblast growth factor 21 is associated with inferior hepatocellular carcinoma survival: A prospective cohort study. Liver Int 2022; 42:663-673. [PMID: 34812573 DOI: 10.1111/liv.15100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2021] [Revised: 11/09/2021] [Accepted: 11/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Epidemiological evidence linking fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) prognosis lacked. We aimed to evaluate the associations between serum FGF21 levels and HCC survival in a large prospective cohort. METHODS 825 newly diagnosed, previously untreated HCC patients from the Guangdong Liver Cancer Cohort were enrolled between September 2013 and April 2017. Serum FGF21 levels were measured by ELISA. Liver cancer-specific survival (LCSS) and overall survival (OS) were calculated. Multivariable Cox proportional hazards models were performed to calculate the hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). RESULTS Compared with patients in the lowest tertile of serum FGF21 levels, patients in the highest tertile had inferior survival outcomes. HRs in the fully adjusted models were 1.44 (95% CI: 1.07, 1.94; P-trend = .014) and 1.48 (95% CI: 1.12, 1.97; P-trend = .002) for LCSS and OS, respectively. The associations were not significantly modified by selected metabolic disorder diseases or state such as arterial hypertension, diabetes, dyslipidemia, fatty liver, cirrhosis, and body mass index ≥25.0 kg/m2 , except for that stronger associations were observed in patients co-occurred more than three metabolic disorder diseases (P-interaction = .046 for OS and .151 for LCSS), with an HR of 2.01 (95% CI: 1.04, 3.85; P-trend = .009) for OS and 1.51 (95% CI: 0.73, 3.10; P-trend = .195) for LCSS. CONCLUSIONS Higher serum FGF21 levels were associated with worse survival in HCC patients, suggesting that serum FGF21 may be used as a novel metabolism-related prognostic biomarker for HCC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhao-Yan Liu
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yan Luo
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ai-Ping Fang
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Maierhaba Wusiman
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Tong-Tong He
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiao-Zhan Liu
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Dinuerguli Yishake
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Si Chen
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiao-Ting Lu
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yao-Jun Zhang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Oncology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China.,State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hui-Lian Zhu
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Zhang Q, Deng X, Tang X, You Y, Mei M, Liu D, Gui L, Cai Y, Xin X, He X, Huang J. MicroRNA-20a Suppresses Tumor Proliferation and Metastasis in Hepatocellular Carcinoma by Directly Targeting EZH1. Front Oncol 2022; 11:737986. [PMID: 34976797 PMCID: PMC8716374 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.737986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), a worldwide leading cause of morbidity and mortality, is the most frequent primary liver tumor. Most HCC patients are diagnosed with advanced liver cancer, resulting in a very low 5-year survival rate. Thus, there is an urgent need for the development of targeted therapies. In this study, we aimed to investigate the effect and mechanism of the miR-20a/EZH1 axis on the proliferation and metastasis of HCC and the inhibitory effect of the EZH1/EZH2 inhibitor UNC1999 on HCC. Materials and Methods The expression of miR-20a in human HCC tissues and cell lines was detected using quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR). The expressions of proteins were analyzed with immunohistochemistry and Western blotting. Luciferase assay was used to verify whether miR-20a targets EZH1 or EZH2. The effect of miR-20a on HCC progression was studied in vivo and in vitro. The tumor inhibitory effect of UNC1999 was confirmed in vivo. CCK8 assay, wound healing assay, cell migration and invasion assay were used to evaluate the synergistic effect of UNC1999 with sorafenib. RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) was performed to screen the differentially expressed genes in the Huh7 and SMMC7721 cell lines after UNC1999, sorafenib, and combination treatments. Results In this study, miR-20a showed a lower expression in both HCC tissues and cell lines. MiR-20a inhibited the proliferation and migration of SMMC7721 and Huh7 cells. The results of the luciferase assay and Western blot analysis revealed that miR-20a directly targeted EZH1, a histone methyltransferase. We demonstrated that miR-20a negatively regulated the expression of EZH1 and inhibited the proliferation and metastasis of HCC by reducing H3K27 methylation. We found UNC1999 inhibited tumor cells proliferation and enhanced the inhibitory effect of sorafenib. Conclusion We demonstrated that miR-20a suppresses the tumor proliferation and metastasis in HCC by directly targeting EZH1. UNC1999 can inhibit tumor proliferation in vivo and increase the sensitivity of hepatoma cell lines to sorafenib.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qianqian Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biomedical Imaging and Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center of Molecular Imaging, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, China
| | - Xiaohong Deng
- Organ Transplant Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Organ Donation and Transplant Immunology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial International Cooperation Base of Science and Technology (Organ Transplantation), The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiuxin Tang
- Organ Transplant Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Organ Donation and Transplant Immunology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial International Cooperation Base of Science and Technology (Organ Transplantation), The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ying You
- Organ Transplant Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Organ Donation and Transplant Immunology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial International Cooperation Base of Science and Technology (Organ Transplantation), The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Meihua Mei
- Organ Transplant Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Organ Donation and Transplant Immunology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial International Cooperation Base of Science and Technology (Organ Transplantation), The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Danping Liu
- Organ Transplant Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Organ Donation and Transplant Immunology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial International Cooperation Base of Science and Technology (Organ Transplantation), The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lian Gui
- Organ Transplant Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Organ Donation and Transplant Immunology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial International Cooperation Base of Science and Technology (Organ Transplantation), The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yan Cai
- Organ Transplant Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Organ Donation and Transplant Immunology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial International Cooperation Base of Science and Technology (Organ Transplantation), The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoping Xin
- Organ Transplant Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Organ Donation and Transplant Immunology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial International Cooperation Base of Science and Technology (Organ Transplantation), The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoshun He
- Organ Transplant Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Organ Donation and Transplant Immunology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial International Cooperation Base of Science and Technology (Organ Transplantation), The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Junqi Huang
- Organ Transplant Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Organ Donation and Transplant Immunology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial International Cooperation Base of Science and Technology (Organ Transplantation), The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Iacob SA, Iacob DG. Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease in HIV/HBV Patients - a Metabolic Imbalance Aggravated by Antiretroviral Therapy and Perpetuated by the Hepatokine/Adipokine Axis Breakdown. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:814209. [PMID: 35355551 PMCID: PMC8959898 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.814209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2021] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is strongly associated with the metabolic syndrome and is one of the most prevalent comorbidities in HIV and HBV infected patients. HIV plays an early and direct role in the development of metabolic syndrome by disrupting the mechanism of adipogenesis and synthesis of adipokines. Adipokines, molecules that regulate the lipid metabolism, also contribute to the progression of NAFLD either directly or via hepatic organokines (hepatokines). Most hepatokines play a direct role in lipid homeostasis and liver inflammation but their role in the evolution of NAFLD is not well defined. The role of HBV in the pathogenesis of NAFLD is controversial. HBV has been previously associated with a decreased level of triglycerides and with a protective role against the development of steatosis and metabolic syndrome. At the same time HBV displays a high fibrogenetic and oncogenetic potential. In the HIV/HBV co-infection, the metabolic changes are initiated by mitochondrial dysfunction as well as by the fatty overload of the liver, two interconnected mechanisms. The evolution of NAFLD is further perpetuated by the inflammatory response to these viral agents and by the variable toxicity of the antiretroviral therapy. The current article discusses the pathogenic changes and the contribution of the hepatokine/adipokine axis in the development of NAFLD as well as the implications of HIV and HBV infection in the breakdown of the hepatokine/adipokine axis and NAFLD progression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Simona Alexandra Iacob
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
- Department of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Infectious Diseases “Prof. Dr. Matei Bals”, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Diana Gabriela Iacob
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Emergency University Hospital, Bucharest, Romania
- *Correspondence: Diana Gabriela Iacob,
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Qiang W, Shen T, Noman M, Guo J, Jin Z, Lin D, Pan J, Lu H, Li X, Gong F. Fibroblast Growth Factor 21 Augments Autophagy and Reduces Apoptosis in Damaged Liver to Improve Tissue Regeneration in Zebrafish. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:756743. [PMID: 34746149 PMCID: PMC8570170 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.756743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2021] [Accepted: 10/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Regeneration of a part of the diseased liver after surgical resection is mainly achieved by the proliferation of the remaining healthy liver cells. However, in case of extreme loss of liver cells or in the final stages of chronic liver disease, most liver cells are depleted or lose their ability to proliferate. Therefore, to foster liver regeneration, it is of great clinical and scientific significance to improve the survival and proliferation ability of residual hepatocytes. In this study, we conducted experiments on a zebrafish model of targeted ablation of liver cells to clarify the role of fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21). We found that FGF21 increased the regeneration area of the damaged liver and improved the survival rate of damaged liver cells by inhibiting cell apoptosis and reducing oxidative stress. Our results also showed that administration of FGF21 upregulated autophagy, and the beneficial effects of FGF21 were reversed by the well-known autophagy inhibitor chloroquine (CQ), indicating that FGF21-activated autophagy played a central role in the treatment. We further showed that the enhancement of autophagy induced by FGF21 was due to the activation of the AMPK-mTOR signaling pathway. Taken together, these data provide new evidence that FGF21 is an effective autophagy regulator that can significantly improve the survival of damaged livers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Weidong Qiang
- College of Life Sciences, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Tianzhu Shen
- School of Pharmacy, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Muhammad Noman
- College of Life Sciences, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Jinnan Guo
- College of Life Sciences, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Zhongqian Jin
- School of Pharmacy, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Danfeng Lin
- School of Pharmacy, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Jiaxuan Pan
- School of Pharmacy, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Huiqiang Lu
- Center for Drug Screening and Research, College of Geography and Environmental Engineering, Gannan Normal University, Ganzhou, China
- Center for Developmental Biology of Jinggangshan University, College of Life Sciences, Jinggangshan University, Ji’an, China
| | - Xiaokun Li
- College of Life Sciences, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
- School of Pharmacy, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Fanghua Gong
- School of Pharmacy, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Wegner MS, Schömel N, Olzomer EM, Trautmann S, Olesch C, Byrne FL, Brüne B, Gurke R, Ferreirós N, Weigert A, Geisslinger G, Hoehn KL. Increased glucosylceramide production leads to decreased cell energy metabolism and lowered tumor marker expression in non-cancerous liver cells. Cell Mol Life Sci 2021; 78:7025-7041. [PMID: 34626204 PMCID: PMC8558193 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-021-03958-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2021] [Revised: 09/15/2021] [Accepted: 09/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most difficult cancer types to treat. Liver cancer is often diagnosed at late stages and therapeutic treatment is frequently accompanied by development of multidrug resistance. This leads to poor outcomes for cancer patients. Understanding the fundamental molecular mechanisms leading to liver cancer development is crucial for developing new therapeutic approaches, which are more efficient in treating cancer. Mice with a liver specific UDP-glucose ceramide glucosyltransferase (UGCG) knockout (KO) show delayed diethylnitrosamine (DEN)-induced liver tumor growth. Accordingly, the rationale for our study was to determine whether UGCG overexpression is sufficient to drive cancer phenotypes in liver cells. We investigated the effect of UGCG overexpression (OE) on normal murine liver (NMuLi) cells. Increased UGCG expression results in decreased mitochondrial respiration and glycolysis, which is reversible by treatment with EtDO-P4, an UGCG inhibitor. Furthermore, tumor markers such as FGF21 and EPCAM are lowered following UGCG OE, which could be related to glucosylceramide (GlcCer) and lactosylceramide (LacCer) accumulation in glycosphingolipid-enriched microdomains (GEMs) and subsequently altered signaling protein phosphorylation. These cellular processes lead to decreased proliferation in NMuLi/UGCG OE cells. Our data show that increased UGCG expression itself does not induce pro-cancerous processes in normal liver cells, which indicates that increased GlcCer expression leads to different outcomes in different cancer types.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marthe-Susanna Wegner
- Pharmazentrum Frankfurt/ZAFES, Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Johann Wolfgang Goethe University, House 74, Theodor Stern-Kai 7, 60590, Frankfurt am Main, Germany. .,School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia.
| | - Nina Schömel
- Pharmazentrum Frankfurt/ZAFES, Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Johann Wolfgang Goethe University, House 74, Theodor Stern-Kai 7, 60590, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Ellen M Olzomer
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Sandra Trautmann
- Pharmazentrum Frankfurt/ZAFES, Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Johann Wolfgang Goethe University, House 74, Theodor Stern-Kai 7, 60590, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Catherine Olesch
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Biochemistry I, Johann Wolfgang Goethe University, Theodor Stern-Kai 7, 60590, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Frances L Byrne
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Bernhard Brüne
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Biochemistry I, Johann Wolfgang Goethe University, Theodor Stern-Kai 7, 60590, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Robert Gurke
- Pharmazentrum Frankfurt/ZAFES, Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Johann Wolfgang Goethe University, House 74, Theodor Stern-Kai 7, 60590, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.,Fraunhofer Institute for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology (ITMP), Theodor Stern-Kai 7, 60590, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Nerea Ferreirós
- Pharmazentrum Frankfurt/ZAFES, Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Johann Wolfgang Goethe University, House 74, Theodor Stern-Kai 7, 60590, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Andreas Weigert
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Biochemistry I, Johann Wolfgang Goethe University, Theodor Stern-Kai 7, 60590, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Gerd Geisslinger
- Pharmazentrum Frankfurt/ZAFES, Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Johann Wolfgang Goethe University, House 74, Theodor Stern-Kai 7, 60590, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.,Fraunhofer Institute for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology (ITMP), Theodor Stern-Kai 7, 60590, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Kyle L Hoehn
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Zhao Y, Reyes J, Rovira-Diaz E, Fox BA, Bzik DJ, Yap GS. Cutting Edge: CD36 Mediates Phagocyte Tropism and Avirulence of Toxoplasma gondii. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2021; 207:1507-1512. [PMID: 34400524 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2100605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Resistance and tolerance are vital for survivability of the host-pathogen relationship. Virulence during Toxoplasma infection in mice is mediated by parasite kinase-dependent antagonism of IFN-γ-induced host resistance. Whether avirulence requires expression of parasite factors that induce host tolerance mechanisms or is a default status reflecting the absence of resistance-interfering factors is not known. In this study, we present evidence that avirulence in Toxoplasma requires parasite engagement of the scavenger receptor CD36. CD36 promotes macrophage tropism but is dispensable for the development of resistance mechanisms. Instead CD36 is critical for re-establishing tissue homeostasis and survival following the acute phase of infection. The CD36-binding capacity of T. gondii strains is negatively controlled by the virulence factor, ROP18. Thus, the absence of resistance-interfering virulence factors and the presence of tolerance-inducing avirulence factors are both required for long-term host-pathogen survival.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yanlin Zhao
- Department of Medicine and Center for Immunity and Inflammation, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ; and
| | - Jojo Reyes
- Department of Medicine and Center for Immunity and Inflammation, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ; and
| | - Eliezer Rovira-Diaz
- Department of Medicine and Center for Immunity and Inflammation, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ; and
| | - Barbara A Fox
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, NH
| | - David J Bzik
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, NH
| | - George S Yap
- Department of Medicine and Center for Immunity and Inflammation, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ; and
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Mitochondrial Metabolic Signatures in Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Cells 2021; 10:cells10081901. [PMID: 34440674 PMCID: PMC8391498 DOI: 10.3390/cells10081901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2021] [Revised: 07/18/2021] [Accepted: 07/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the leading causes of cancer death worldwide. HCC progression and metastasis are closely related to altered mitochondrial metabolism, including mitochondrial stress responses, metabolic reprogramming, and mitoribosomal defects. Mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) defects and reactive oxygen species (ROS) production are attributed to mitochondrial dysfunction. In response to oxidative stress caused by increased ROS production, misfolded or unfolded proteins can accumulate in the mitochondrial matrix, leading to initiation of the mitochondrial unfolded protein response (UPRmt). The mitokines FGF21 and GDF15 are upregulated during UPRmt and their levels are positively correlated with liver cancer development, progression, and metastasis. In addition, mitoribosome biogenesis is important for the regulation of mitochondrial respiration, cell viability, and differentiation. Mitoribosomal defects cause OXPHOS impairment, mitochondrial dysfunction, and increased production of ROS, which are associated with HCC progression in mouse models and human HCC patients. In this paper, we focus on the role of mitochondrial metabolic signatures in the development and progression of HCC. Furthermore, we provide a comprehensive review of cell autonomous and cell non-autonomous mitochondrial stress responses during HCC progression and metastasis.
Collapse
|
29
|
Kim H, Lee DS, An TH, Park HJ, Kim WK, Bae KH, Oh KJ. Metabolic Spectrum of Liver Failure in Type 2 Diabetes and Obesity: From NAFLD to NASH to HCC. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22094495. [PMID: 33925827 PMCID: PMC8123490 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22094495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2021] [Revised: 04/22/2021] [Accepted: 04/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Liver disease is the spectrum of liver damage ranging from simple steatosis called as nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) to hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Clinically, NAFLD and type 2 diabetes coexist. Type 2 diabetes contributes to biological processes driving the severity of NAFLD, the primary cause for development of chronic liver diseases. In the last 20 years, the rate of non-viral NAFLD/NASH-derived HCC has been increasing rapidly. As there are currently no suitable drugs for treatment of NAFLD and NASH, a class of thiazolidinediones (TZDs) drugs for the treatment of type 2 diabetes is sometimes used to improve liver failure despite the risk of side effects. Therefore, diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of the development and progression of NAFLD and NASH are important issues. In this review, we will discuss the pathogenesis of NAFLD/NASH and NAFLD/NASH-derived HCC and the current promising pharmacological therapies of NAFLD/NASH. Further, we will provide insights into "adipose-derived adipokines" and "liver-derived hepatokines" as diagnostic and therapeutic targets from NAFLD to HCC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hyunmi Kim
- Metabolic Regulation Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), 125 Gwahak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, Korea; (H.K.); (D.S.L.); (T.H.A.); (H.-J.P.); (W.K.K.)
- Department of Functional Genomics, KRIBB School of Bioscience, Korea University of Science and Technology (UST), 217 Gajeong-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, Korea
| | - Da Som Lee
- Metabolic Regulation Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), 125 Gwahak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, Korea; (H.K.); (D.S.L.); (T.H.A.); (H.-J.P.); (W.K.K.)
| | - Tae Hyeon An
- Metabolic Regulation Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), 125 Gwahak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, Korea; (H.K.); (D.S.L.); (T.H.A.); (H.-J.P.); (W.K.K.)
- Department of Functional Genomics, KRIBB School of Bioscience, Korea University of Science and Technology (UST), 217 Gajeong-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, Korea
| | - Hyun-Ju Park
- Metabolic Regulation Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), 125 Gwahak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, Korea; (H.K.); (D.S.L.); (T.H.A.); (H.-J.P.); (W.K.K.)
- Department of Functional Genomics, KRIBB School of Bioscience, Korea University of Science and Technology (UST), 217 Gajeong-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, Korea
| | - Won Kon Kim
- Metabolic Regulation Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), 125 Gwahak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, Korea; (H.K.); (D.S.L.); (T.H.A.); (H.-J.P.); (W.K.K.)
- Department of Functional Genomics, KRIBB School of Bioscience, Korea University of Science and Technology (UST), 217 Gajeong-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, Korea
| | - Kwang-Hee Bae
- Metabolic Regulation Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), 125 Gwahak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, Korea; (H.K.); (D.S.L.); (T.H.A.); (H.-J.P.); (W.K.K.)
- Department of Functional Genomics, KRIBB School of Bioscience, Korea University of Science and Technology (UST), 217 Gajeong-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, Korea
- Correspondence: (K.-H.B.); (K.-J.O.); Tel.: +82-42-860-4268 (K.-H.B.); +82-42-879-8265 (K.-J.O.)
| | - Kyoung-Jin Oh
- Metabolic Regulation Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), 125 Gwahak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, Korea; (H.K.); (D.S.L.); (T.H.A.); (H.-J.P.); (W.K.K.)
- Department of Functional Genomics, KRIBB School of Bioscience, Korea University of Science and Technology (UST), 217 Gajeong-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, Korea
- Correspondence: (K.-H.B.); (K.-J.O.); Tel.: +82-42-860-4268 (K.-H.B.); +82-42-879-8265 (K.-J.O.)
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Wang H, Yang J, Zhang K, Liu J, Li Y, Su W, Song N. Advances of Fibroblast Growth Factor/Receptor Signaling Pathway in Hepatocellular Carcinoma and its Pharmacotherapeutic Targets. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:650388. [PMID: 33935756 PMCID: PMC8082422 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.650388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2021] [Accepted: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a type of primary liver cancer with poor prognosis, and its incidence and mortality rate are increasing worldwide. It is refractory to conventional chemotherapy and radiotherapy owing to its high tumor heterogeneity. Accumulated genetic alterations and aberrant cell signaling pathway have been characterized in HCC. The fibroblast growth factor (FGF) family and their receptors (FGFRs) are involved in diverse biological activities, including embryonic development, proliferation, differentiation, survival, angiogenesis, and migration, etc. Data mining results of The Cancer Genome Atlas demonstrate high levels of FGF and/or FGFR expression in HCC tumors compared with normal tissues. Moreover, substantial evidence indicates that the FGF/FGFR signaling axis plays an important role in various mechanisms that contribute to HCC development. At present, several inhibitors targeting FGF/FGFR, such as multikinase inhibitors, specific FGFR4 inhibitors, and FGF ligand traps, exhibit antitumor activity in preclinical or early development phases in HCC. In this review, we summarize the research progress regarding the molecular implications of FGF/FGFR-mediated signaling and the development of FGFR-targeted therapeutics in hepatocarcinogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Haijun Wang
- Key Laboratory of Clinical Molecular Pathology, Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China.,School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Jie Yang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Ke Zhang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Jia Liu
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Yushan Li
- School of Public Health, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Wei Su
- Key Laboratory of Clinical Molecular Pathology, Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Na Song
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China.,Institute of Precision Medicine, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
FGF21 facilitates autophagy in prostate cancer cells by inhibiting the PI3K-Akt-mTOR signaling pathway. Cell Death Dis 2021; 12:303. [PMID: 33753729 PMCID: PMC7985321 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-021-03588-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2020] [Revised: 02/27/2021] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) plays an important role in regulating glucose and lipid metabolism, but its role in cancer is less well-studied. We aimed to investigate the action of FGF21 in the development of prostate cancer (PCa). Herein, we found that FGF21 expression was markedly downregulated in PCa tissues and cell lines. FGF21 inhibited the proliferation and clone formation of LNCaP cells (a PCa cell line) and promoted apoptosis. FGF21 also inhibited PCa cell migration and invasiveness. The Gene Ontology and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes analyses revealed that FGF21 was related to autophagy and the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase–Akt kinase–mammalian target of rapamycin (PI3K–Akt–mTOR) pathway. Mechanistically, FGF21 promoted autophagy in LNCaP cells by inhibiting the PI3K–Akt–mTOR–70S6K pathway. In addition, FGF21 inhibited PCa tumorigenesis in vivo in nude mice. Altogether, our findings show that FGF21 inhibits PCa cell proliferation and promoted apoptosis in PCa cells through facilitated autophagy. Therefore, FGF21 might be a potential novel target in PCa therapy.
Collapse
|
32
|
Luo Y, Li X, Ma J, Abbruzzese JL, Lu W. Pancreatic Tumorigenesis: Oncogenic KRAS and the Vulnerability of the Pancreas to Obesity. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13040778. [PMID: 33668583 PMCID: PMC7918840 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13040778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2021] [Revised: 02/08/2021] [Accepted: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Pancreatic cancer is a devastating disease with a poor survival rate, and oncogenic mutant KRAS is a major driver of its initiation and progression; however, effective strategies/drugs targeting major forms of mutant KRAS have not been forthcoming. Of note, obesity is known to worsen mutant KRAS-mediated pathologies, leading to PDAC with high penetrance; however, the mechanistic link between obesity and pancreatic cancer remains elusive. The recent discovery of FGF21 as an anti-obesity and anti-inflammation factor and as a downstream target of KRAS has shed new light on the problem. Abstract Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is one of the most lethal malignancies and KRAS (Kirsten rat sarcoma 2 viral oncogene homolog) mutations have been considered a critical driver of PDAC initiation and progression. However, the effects of mutant KRAS alone do not recapitulate the full spectrum of pancreatic pathologies associated with PDAC development in adults. Historically, mutant KRAS was regarded as constitutively active; however, recent studies have shown that endogenous levels of mutant KRAS are not constitutively fully active and its activity is still subject to up-regulation by upstream stimuli. Obesity is a metabolic disease that induces a chronic, low-grade inflammation called meta-inflammation and has long been recognized clinically as a major modifiable risk factor for pancreatic cancer. It has been shown in different animal models that obesogenic high-fat diet (HFD) and pancreatic inflammation promote the rapid development of mutant KRAS-mediated PDAC with high penetrance. However, it is not clear why the pancreas with endogenous levels of mutant KRAS is vulnerable to chronic HFD and inflammatory challenges. Recently, the discovery of fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) as a novel anti-obesity and anti-inflammatory factor and as a downstream target of mutant KRAS has shed new light on this problem. This review is intended to provide an update on our knowledge of the vulnerability of the pancreas to KRAS-mediated invasive PDAC in the context of challenges engendered by obesity and associated inflammation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yongde Luo
- The First Affiliated Hospital & School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, Zhejiang, China;
- Department of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA;
- Correspondence: (Y.L.); (W.L.)
| | - Xiaokun Li
- The First Affiliated Hospital & School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, Zhejiang, China;
| | - Jianjia Ma
- Department of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA;
| | - James L. Abbruzzese
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, Duke Cancer Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA;
| | - Weiqin Lu
- Department of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA;
- Correspondence: (Y.L.); (W.L.)
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Kucukoglu O, Sowa JP, Mazzolini GD, Syn WK, Canbay A. Hepatokines and adipokines in NASH-related hepatocellular carcinoma. J Hepatol 2021; 74:442-457. [PMID: 33161047 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2020.10.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2020] [Revised: 10/26/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The incidence of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is increasing in industrialised societies; this is likely secondary to the increasing burden of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), its progressive form non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), and the metabolic syndrome. Cumulative studies suggest that NAFLD-related HCC may also develop in non-cirrhotic livers. However, prognosis and survival do not differ between NAFLD- or virus-associated HCC. Thus, research has increasingly focused on NAFLD-related risk factors to better understand the biology of hepatocarcinogenesis and to develop new diagnostic, preventive, and therapeutic strategies. One important aspect thereof is the role of hepatokines and adipokines in NAFLD/NASH-related HCC. In this review, we compile current data supporting the use of hepatokines and adipokines as potential markers of disease progression in NAFLD or as early markers of NAFLD-related HCC. While much work must be done to elucidate the mechanisms and interactions underlying alterations to hepatokines and adipokines, current data support the possible utility of these factors - in particular, angiopoietin-like proteins, fibroblast growth factors, and apelin - for detection or even as therapeutic targets in NAFLD-related HCC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ozlem Kucukoglu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Infectious Diseases, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Jan-Peter Sowa
- Department of Medicine, Ruhr University Bochum, University Hospital Knappschaftskrankenhaus Bochum, 44892 Bochum, Germany
| | - Guillermo Daniel Mazzolini
- Laboratory of Gene Therapy, Instituto de Investigaciones en Medicina Traslacional, CONICET-Universidad Austral, Buenos Aires 999071, Argentina; Liver Unit, Hospital Universitario Austral, Universidad Austral, Argentina
| | - Wing-Kin Syn
- Section of Gastroenterology, Ralph H. Johnson Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Charleston, SC, USA; Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA; Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Nursing, University of Basque Country UPV/EHU, 48940 Leioa, Vizcaya, Spain
| | - Ali Canbay
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Infectious Diseases, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany; Department of Medicine, Ruhr University Bochum, University Hospital Knappschaftskrankenhaus Bochum, 44892 Bochum, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Lu W, Li X, Luo Y. FGF21 in obesity and cancer: New insights. Cancer Lett 2020; 499:5-13. [PMID: 33264641 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2020.11.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Revised: 10/23/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The endocrine FGF21 was discovered as a novel metabolic regulator in 2005 with new functions bifurcating from the canonic heparin-binding FGFs that directly promote cell proliferation and growth independent of a co-receptor. Early studies have demonstrated that FGF21 is a stress sensor in the liver and possibly, several other endocrine and metabolic tissues. Hepatic FGF21 signals via endocrine routes to quench episodes of metabolic derangements, promoting metabolic homeostasis. The convergence of mouse and human studies shows that FGF21 promotes lipid catabolism, including lipolysis, fatty acid oxidation, mitochondrial oxidative activity, and thermogenic energy dissipation, rather than directly regulating insulin and appetite. The white and brown adipose tissues and, to some extent, the hypothalamus, all of which host a transmembrane receptor binary complex of FGFR1 and co-receptor KLB, are considered the essential tissue and molecular targets of hepatic or pharmacological FGF21. On the other hand, a growing body of work has revealed that pancreatic acinar cells form a constitutive high-production site for FGF21, which then acts in an autocrine or paracrine mode. Beyond regulation of macronutrient metabolism and physiological energy expenditure, FGF21 appears to function in forestalling the development of fatty pancreas, steato-pancreatitis, fatty liver, and steato-hepatitis, thereby preventing the development of advanced pathologies such as pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma or hepatocellular carcinoma. This review is intended to provide updates on these new discoveries that illuminate the protective roles of FGF21-FGFR1-KLB signal pathway in metabolic anomalies-associated severe tissue damage and malignancy, and to inform potential new preventive or therapeutic strategies for obesity-inflicted cancer patients via reducing metabolic risks and inflammation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Weiqin Lu
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, 11794, USA.
| | - Xiaokun Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Wenzhou Medical University, China; The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325000, China.
| | - Yongde Luo
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, 11794, USA; School of Pharmaceutical Science, Wenzhou Medical University, China; The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325000, China; Centeer BioTherapeutics Ltd Co, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Endoplasmic reticulum stress and protein degradation in chronic liver disease. Pharmacol Res 2020; 161:105218. [PMID: 33007418 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2020.105218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Revised: 09/21/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress is easily observed in chronic liver disease, which often causes accumulation of unfolded or misfolded proteins in the ER, leading to unfolded protein response (UPR). Regulating protein degradation is an integral part of UPR to relieve ER stress. The major protein degradation system includes the ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS) and autophagy. All three arms of UPR triggered in response to ER stress can regulate UPS and autophagy. Accumulated misfolded proteins could activate these arms, and then generate various transcription factors to regulate the expression of UPS-related and autophagy-related genes. The protein degradation process regulated by UPR has great significance in many chronic liver diseases, including non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), alcoholic liver disease (ALD), viral hepatitis, liver fibrosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC). In most instances, the degradation of excessive proteins protects cells with ER stress survival from apoptosis. According to the specific functions of protein degradation in chronic liver disease, choosing to promote or inhibit this process is promising as a potential method for treating chronic liver disease.
Collapse
|
36
|
Florea A, Harris RB, Klimentidis YC, Kohler LN, Jurutka PW, Jacobs ET. Circulating Fibroblast Growth Factor-21 and Risk of Metachronous Colorectal Adenoma. J Gastrointest Cancer 2020; 52:940-946. [PMID: 32918272 DOI: 10.1007/s12029-020-00515-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Prior work has shown that higher circulating concentrations of fibroblast growth factor-21 (FGF-21) are associated with an increased likelihood of developing colorectal cancer. We conducted a prospective study to assess the relationship between circulating FGF-21 and odds of developing early neoplastic lesions in the colorectum. METHODS A total of 94 study participants were included from the ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) trial, a phase III, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial of the effect of 8-10 mg/kg of body weight UDCA vs. placebo. Logistic regression analyses were conducted to evaluate the association between baseline FGF-21 concentrations and odds of developing a metachronous adenoma. RESULTS Of the characteristics compared across tertiles of FGF-21 concentrations, including age, race, sex, BMI, and other variables, only a previous personal history of colorectal polyps prior to entry into the UDCA trial was statistically significantly related to FGF-21 levels, with a proportion of 26.7%, 56.7%, and 50.0% across the first, second, and third tertiles, respectively (p < 0.05). Higher circulating concentrations of FGF-21 were statistically significantly associated with greater odds of developing a metachronous colorectal adenoma. After adjusting for potential confounders and when compared with the lowest tertile of FGF-21, the adjusted ORs (95% CIs) for metachronous colorectal adenoma in the second and third tertiles were 4.72 (95% CI, 1.42-15.72) and 3.82 (95% CI, 1.15-12.68), respectively (p trend < 0.05). CONCLUSION Our results reveal for the first time that, in addition to a recently discovered association with colorectal cancer, circulating FGF-21 concentrations are significantly and directly associated with odds of developing metachronous colorectal adenoma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ana Florea
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Mel and Enid Zuckerman College of Public Health, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA. .,Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, College of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA.
| | - Robin B Harris
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Mel and Enid Zuckerman College of Public Health, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Yann C Klimentidis
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Mel and Enid Zuckerman College of Public Health, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Lindsay N Kohler
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Mel and Enid Zuckerman College of Public Health, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA.,Department of Health Promotion Sciences, Mel and Enid Zuckerman College of Public Health, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Peter W Jurutka
- School of Mathematical and Natural Sciences, Arizona State University, Glendale, AZ, USA.,Department of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Elizabeth T Jacobs
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Mel and Enid Zuckerman College of Public Health, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Zheng Q, Martin RC, Shi X, Pandit H, Yu Y, Liu X, Guo W, Tan M, Bai O, Meng X, Li Y. Lack of FGF21 promotes NASH-HCC transition via hepatocyte-TLR4-IL-17A signaling. Theranostics 2020; 10:9923-9936. [PMID: 32929325 PMCID: PMC7481424 DOI: 10.7150/thno.45988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2020] [Accepted: 07/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Rationale: Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) has been increasingly recognized in nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) patients. Fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) is reported to prevent NASH and delay HCC development. In this study, the effects of FGF21 on NASH progression and NASH-HCC transition and the potential mechanism(s) were investigated. Methods: NASH models and NASH-HCC models were established in FGF21Knockout (KO) mice to evaluate NASH-HCC transition. IL-17A signaling was investigated in the isolated hepatic parenchymal cells, splenocytes, and hepatocyte and HCC cell lines. Results: Lack of FGF21 caused significant up-regulation of the hepatocyte-derived IL-17A via Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) and NF-κB signaling. Restoration of FGF21 alleviated the high NAFLD activity score (NAS) and attenuated the TLR4-triggered hepatocyte-IL-17A expression. The HCC nodule number and tumor size were significantly alleviated by treatments of anti-IL-17A antibody. Conclusion: This study revealed a novel anti-inflammatory mechanism of FGF21 via inhibiting the hepatocyte-TLR4-IL-17A signaling in NASH-HCC models. The negative feedback loop on the hepatocyte-TLR4-IL-17A axis could be a potential anti-carcinogenetic mechanism for FGF21 to prevent NASH-HCC transition.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qianqian Zheng
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
- Department of Pathophysiology, Basic Medicine College, China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, China
| | - Robert C. Martin
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
| | - Xiaoju Shi
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Harshul Pandit
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
| | - Youxi Yu
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Xingkai Liu
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Wei Guo
- Department of Hematology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Min Tan
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
| | - Ou Bai
- Department of Hematology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Xin Meng
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Life Science, China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, China
| | - Yan Li
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Cymbaluk-Płoska A, Gargulińska P, Chudecka-Głaz A, Kwiatkowski S, Pius-Sadowska E, Machaliński B. The Suitability of FGF21 and FGF23 as New Biomarkers in Endometrial Cancer Patients. Diagnostics (Basel) 2020; 10:diagnostics10060414. [PMID: 32570721 PMCID: PMC7344631 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics10060414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Revised: 05/29/2020] [Accepted: 06/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Endometrial cancer is one of the most common cancers of the reproductive organ in women. The incidence of it increases from year to year. In our study we assessed role of FGF21 and FGF23 in the diagnostics of patients with endometrial cancer. The study involved 182 patients, who were undergoing abrasion due to perimenopausal bleeding. FGF21, FGF23, and leptin concentration were quantified in serum by multiplex fluorescent bead-based immunoassays (Luminex Corporation). The median of FGF21 protein (181.8 pg/mL) as well as leptin (16.9 ng/mL) in patients with endometrial cancer was statistically significant higher compared to median of those proteins among patients from control group (152.1 pg/mL and 14.1 ng/mL, respectively). However, no significant differences were found in these groups at median FGF23 concentrations. For FGF21 and leptin, the AUC values were 0.81/0.79, while FGF23, the AUC values was 0.66 for all study patients. Leptin and FGF21 concentrations were statistically significantly higher in patients with poorly differentiated G3 tumors compared to patients with moderately differentiated G2 tumors and with moderately differentiated G2 with highly differentiated G1 respectively: p = 0.02/p = 0.03 and p = 0.02/p = 0.005. FGF21 appears to be useful as a diagnostic as well as prognostic factor in patients with endometrioid endometrial carcinoma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aneta Cymbaluk-Płoska
- Department of Gynecological Surgery and Gynecological Oncology of Adults and Adolescents, Pomeranian Medical University, Al. Powstańców Wielkopolskich 72, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland; (P.G.); (A.C.-G.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Paula Gargulińska
- Department of Gynecological Surgery and Gynecological Oncology of Adults and Adolescents, Pomeranian Medical University, Al. Powstańców Wielkopolskich 72, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland; (P.G.); (A.C.-G.)
| | - Anita Chudecka-Głaz
- Department of Gynecological Surgery and Gynecological Oncology of Adults and Adolescents, Pomeranian Medical University, Al. Powstańców Wielkopolskich 72, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland; (P.G.); (A.C.-G.)
| | - Sebastian Kwiatkowski
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Pomeranian Medical University, Al. Powstańców Wielkopolskich 72, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland;
| | - Ewa Pius-Sadowska
- General Pathology Department, Pomeranian Medical University, Al. Powstańców Wielkopolskich 72, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland; (E.P.-S.); (B.M.)
| | - Bogusław Machaliński
- General Pathology Department, Pomeranian Medical University, Al. Powstańców Wielkopolskich 72, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland; (E.P.-S.); (B.M.)
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Wang SF, Chen S, Tseng LM, Lee HC. Role of the mitochondrial stress response in human cancer progression. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2020; 245:861-878. [PMID: 32326760 PMCID: PMC7268930 DOI: 10.1177/1535370220920558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
IMPACT STATEMENT Dysregulated mitochondria often occurred in cancers. Mitochondrial dysfunction might contribute to cancer progression. We reviewed several mitochondrial stresses in cancers. Mitochondrial stress responses might contribute to cancer progression. Several mitochondrion-derived molecules (ROS, Ca2+, oncometabolites, exported mtDNA, mitochondrial double-stranded RNA, humanin, and MOTS-c), integrated stress response, and mitochondrial unfolded protein response act as retrograde signaling pathways and might be critical in the development and progression of cancer. Targeting these mitochondrial stress responses may be an important strategy for cancer treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sheng-Fan Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, 112 Taipei
- School of Pharmacy, Taipei Medical University, 110 Taipei
- Department and Institute of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, 112 Taipei
| | - Shiuan Chen
- Department of Cancer Biology, Beckman Research Institute of the City of Hope, CA 91010, USA
| | - Ling-Ming Tseng
- Division of General Surgery, Department of Surgery, Comprehensive Breast Health Center, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, 112 Taipei
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, 112 Taipei
| | - Hsin-Chen Lee
- Department and Institute of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, 112 Taipei
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
FGF21 Mimics a Fasting-Induced Metabolic State and Increases Appetite in Zebrafish. Sci Rep 2020; 10:6993. [PMID: 32332781 PMCID: PMC7181725 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-63726-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2019] [Accepted: 04/06/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) is a member of the FGF superfamily that acts in an endocrine manner. FGF21 is a key regulator of energy balance and metabolism in mammals, and has emerged as a therapeutic potential for treating obesity and diabetes. Here, we report that mRNAs encoding FGF21 and its receptors are widely distributed within the zebrafish tissues and are importantly modulated by fasting (decreased in brain and liver, and increased in gut). FGF21 stimulates food intake in zebrafish, likely in part by modulating brain npy/agrp and nucb2/nesfatin-1 and gut ghrelin and cck mRNA expression. In accordance with this orexigenic role, the expression of FGF21 and its receptors were observed to increase preprandially and decrease post-feeding in the foregut and/or liver. Finally, we found important evidence in favor of a role for FGF21 in regulating glucose and lipid metabolism in the zebrafish liver in a way that mimics a fasting metabolic state.
Collapse
|
41
|
Skoczeń S, Rej M, Kwiecińska K, Pietrys D, Tomasik PJ, Wójcik M, Strojny W, Dłużniewska A, Klimasz K, Fijorek K, Korostyński M, Piechota M, Balwierz W. Gastrointestinal peptides in children before and after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. BMC Cancer 2020; 20:306. [PMID: 32293354 PMCID: PMC7161205 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-020-06790-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2019] [Accepted: 03/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gastrointestinal tract function and it's integrity are controlled by a number of peptides whose secretion is influenced by severe inflammation. In stomach the main regulatory peptide is ghrelin. For upper small intestine cholecystokinin and lower small intestine glucagon-like peptide- 1 are secreted, while fibroblast growth factor-21 is secreted by several organs, including the liver, pancreas, and adipose tissue [12]. Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation causes serious mucosal damage, which can reflect on this peptides. METHODS The aim of the study was to determine fasting plasma concentrations of ghrelin, cholecystokinin, glucagon- like peptide-1, and fibroblast growth factor-21, and their gene expressions, before and 6 months after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation.27 children were studied, control group included 26 healthy children. RESULTS Acute graft versus host disease was diagnosed in 11 patients (41%, n = 27). Median pre-transplantation concentrations of gastrointestinal peptides, as well as their gene expressions, were significantly lower in studied group compared with the control group. Only median of fibroblast growth factor-21 concentration was near-significantly higher before stem cell transplantation than in the control group. The post-hematopoietic transplant results revealed significantly higher concentrations of the studied peptides (except fibroblast growth factor-21) and respective gene expressions as compare to pre transplant results. Median glucagone like peptide-1 concentrations were significantly decreased in patients with features of acute graft versus host disease. Moreover, negative correlation between glucagone like peptide-1 concentrations and acute graft versus host disease severity was found. CONCLUSIONS Increased concentrations and gene expressions of gastrointestinal tract regulation peptides can be caused by stimulation of regeneration in the severe injured organ. Measurement of these parameters may be a useful method of assessment of severity of gastrointestinal tract complications of hematopoietic stem cell transplantation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Szymon Skoczeń
- Department of Oncology and Hematology, University Children's Hospital in Krakow, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Wielicka St. 265, 30-663, Krakow, Poland
| | - Magdalena Rej
- Department of Oncology and Hematology, University Children's Hospital in Krakow, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Wielicka St. 265, 30-663, Krakow, Poland.
| | - Kinga Kwiecińska
- Department of Oncology and Hematology, University Children's Hospital in Krakow, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Wielicka St. 265, 30-663, Krakow, Poland
| | - Danuta Pietrys
- Department of Oncology and Hematology, University Children's Hospital in Krakow, Wielicka St. 265, 30-663, Krakow, Poland
| | - Przemysław J Tomasik
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, University Children's Hospital in Krakow, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Wielicka St. 265, 30-663, Krakow, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Wójcik
- Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Endocrinology, University Children's Hospital in Krakow, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Wielicka St. 265, 30-663, Krakow, Poland
| | - Wojciech Strojny
- Department of Oncology and Hematology, University Children's Hospital in Krakow, Wielicka St. 265, 30-663, Krakow, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Dłużniewska
- Stem Cell Transplantation Center, University Children's Hospital in Krakow, Wielicka St. 265, 30-663, Krakow, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Klimasz
- Department of Biochemistry, University Children's Hospital in Krakow, Wielicka St. 265, 30-663, Krakow, Poland
| | - Kamil Fijorek
- Department of Statistics, Cracow University of Economics, 27 Rakowicka Str., 31-510, Krakow, Poland
| | - Michał Korostyński
- Department of Molecular Neuropharmacology, Institute of Pharmacology of Polish Academy of Sciences, 12 Smętna St., 31-343, Krakow, Poland
| | - Marcin Piechota
- Department of Molecular Neuropharmacology, Institute of Pharmacology of Polish Academy of Sciences, 12 Smętna St., 31-343, Krakow, Poland
| | - Walentyna Balwierz
- Department of Oncology and Hematology, University Children's Hospital in Krakow, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Wielicka St. 265, 30-663, Krakow, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is closely associated with metabolic diseases like type 2 diabetes and obesity. In recent decades, accumulating evidence has revealed that the hepatokines, proteins mainly secreted by the liver, play important roles in the development of NAFLD by acting directly on the lipid and glucose metabolism. As a member of organokines, the hepatokines establish the communication between the liver and the adipose, muscular tissues. In this review, we summarize the current understanding of the hepatokines and how they modulate the pathogenesis of metabolic disorders especially NAFLD.
Collapse
|
43
|
Luo Y, Yang Y, Liu M, Wang D, Wang F, Bi Y, Ji J, Li S, Liu Y, Chen R, Huang H, Wang X, Swidnicka-Siergiejko AK, Janowitz T, Beyaz S, Wang G, Xu S, Bialkowska AB, Luo CK, Pin CL, Liang G, Lu X, Wu M, Shroyer KR, Wolff RA, Plunkett W, Ji B, Li Z, Li E, Li X, Yang VW, Logsdon CD, Abbruzzese JL, Lu W. Oncogenic KRAS Reduces Expression of FGF21 in Acinar Cells to Promote Pancreatic Tumorigenesis in Mice on a High-Fat Diet. Gastroenterology 2019; 157:1413-1428.e11. [PMID: 31352001 PMCID: PMC6815712 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2019.07.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2018] [Revised: 07/02/2019] [Accepted: 07/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Obesity is a risk factor for pancreatic cancer. In mice, a high-fat diet (HFD) and expression of oncogenic KRAS lead to development of invasive pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) by unknown mechanisms. We investigated how oncogenic KRAS regulates the expression of fibroblast growth factor 21, FGF21, a metabolic regulator that prevents obesity, and the effects of recombinant human FGF21 (rhFGF21) on pancreatic tumorigenesis. METHODS We performed immunohistochemical analyses of FGF21 levels in human pancreatic tissue arrays, comprising 59 PDAC specimens and 45 nontumor tissues. We also studied mice with tamoxifen-inducible expression of oncogenic KRAS in acinar cells (KrasG12D/+ mice) and fElasCreERT mice (controls). KrasG12D/+ mice were placed on an HFD or regular chow diet (control) and given injections of rhFGF21 or vehicle; pancreata were collected and analyzed by histology, immunoblots, quantitative polymerase chain reaction, and immunohistochemistry. We measured markers of inflammation in the pancreas, liver, and adipose tissue. Activity of RAS was measured based on the amount of bound guanosine triphosphate. RESULTS Pancreatic tissues of mice expressed high levels of FGF21 compared with liver tissues. FGF21 and its receptor proteins were expressed by acinar cells. Acinar cells that expressed KrasG12D/+ had significantly lower expression of Fgf21 messenger RNA compared with acinar cells from control mice, partly due to down-regulation of PPARG expression-a transcription factor that activates Fgf21 transcription. Pancreata from KrasG12D/+ mice on a control diet and given injections of rhFGF21 had reduced pancreatic inflammation, infiltration by immune cells, and acinar-to-ductal metaplasia compared with mice given injections of vehicle. HFD-fed KrasG12D/+ mice given injections of vehicle accumulated abdominal fat, developed extensive inflammation, pancreatic cysts, and high-grade pancreatic intraepithelial neoplasias (PanINs); half the mice developed PDAC with liver metastases. HFD-fed KrasG12D/+ mice given injections of rhFGF21 had reduced accumulation of abdominal fat and pancreatic triglycerides, fewer pancreatic cysts, reduced systemic and pancreatic markers of inflammation, fewer PanINs, and longer survival-only approximately 12% of the mice developed PDACs, and none of the mice had metastases. Pancreata from HFD-fed KrasG12D/+ mice given injections of rhFGF21 had lower levels of active RAS than from mice given vehicle. CONCLUSIONS Normal acinar cells from mice and humans express high levels of FGF21. In mice, acinar expression of oncogenic KRAS significantly reduces FGF21 expression. When these mice are placed on an HFD, they develop extensive inflammation, pancreatic cysts, PanINs, and PDACs, which are reduced by injection of FGF21. FGF21 also reduces the guanosine triphosphate binding capacity of RAS. FGF21 might be used in the prevention or treatment of pancreatic cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yongde Luo
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China; Department of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York.
| | - Yaying Yang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology, University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Muyun Liu
- Department of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology, University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Dan Wang
- Department of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, 11794, USA
| | - Feng Wang
- Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, 510060, China
| | - Yawei Bi
- Department of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, 11794, USA
| | - Juntao Ji
- Department of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, 11794, USA
| | - Suyun Li
- Department of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, 11794, USA
| | - Yan Liu
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Rong Chen
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Haojie Huang
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Xiaojie Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | | | - Tobias Janowitz
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY, 11724, USA
| | - Semir Beyaz
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY, 11724, USA
| | - Guoqiang Wang
- Department of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, 11794, USA
| | - Sulan Xu
- Department of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, 11794, USA
| | | | - Catherine K. Luo
- Department of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, 11794, USA
| | - Christoph L. Pin
- Departments of Pediatrics, Oncology, and Physiology and Pharmacology, Schulich School of Medicine, University of Western Ontario Children’s Health Research Institute, London, ON, Canana N5C 2V5
| | - Guang Liang
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xiongbin Lu
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine. Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Maoxin Wu
- Department of Pathology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, 11794, USA
| | - Kenneth R. Shroyer
- Department of Pathology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, 11794, USA
| | - Robert A. Wolff
- Department of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology, University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - William Plunkett
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Baoan Ji
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA
| | - Zhaoshen Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, Changhai Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Ellen Li
- Department of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, 11794, USA
| | - Xiaokun Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Vincent W. Yang
- Department of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, 11794, USA
| | - Craig D. Logsdon
- Department of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology, University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 77030, USA,Department of Cancer Biology, University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - James L. Abbruzzese
- Department of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology, University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 77030, USA,Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, Duke Cancer Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | - Weiqin Lu
- Department of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York; Department of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology, University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas.
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Fibroblast Growth Factor 21 and the Adaptive Response to Nutritional Challenges. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20194692. [PMID: 31546675 PMCID: PMC6801670 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20194692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2019] [Revised: 09/19/2019] [Accepted: 09/20/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The Fibroblast Growth Factor 21 (FGF21) is considered an attractive therapeutic target for obesity and obesity-related disorders due to its beneficial effects in lipid and carbohydrate metabolism. FGF21 response is essential under stressful conditions and its metabolic effects depend on the inducer factor or stress condition. FGF21 seems to be the key signal which communicates and coordinates the metabolic response to reverse different nutritional stresses and restores the metabolic homeostasis. This review is focused on describing individually the FGF21-dependent metabolic response activated by some of the most common nutritional challenges, the signal pathways triggering this response, and the impact of this response on global homeostasis. We consider that this is essential knowledge to identify the potential role of FGF21 in the onset and progression of some of the most prevalent metabolic pathologies and to understand the potential of FGF21 as a target for these diseases. After this review, we conclude that more research is needed to understand the mechanisms underlying the role of FGF21 in macronutrient preference and food intake behavior, but also in β-klotho regulation and the activity of the fibroblast activation protein (FAP) to uncover its therapeutic potential as a way to increase the FGF21 signaling.
Collapse
|
45
|
Xu X, Guo C, Liang X, Li R, Chen J. Potential biomarker of fibroblast growth factor 21 in valproic acid-treated livers. Biofactors 2019; 45:740-749. [PMID: 31120577 DOI: 10.1002/biof.1519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2019] [Accepted: 05/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Valproic acid (VPA) is a clinical medicine primarily prescribed to control epileptic symptoms. VPA has potential side-effects, such as hepatotoxicity. Fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) is a functional cytokine for metabolic regulation. In this article, we aimed to evaluate the possible clinical application of FGF21 in VPA-treated livers in early undetected liver injury (EULI). METHODS Methodologically, plasma samples of VPA-treated epileptic patients were isolated for biochemical and high-performance liquid chromatography tests. In addition, VPA-dosed mice were subjected to determinations of serological parameters, key regulatory effectors and FGF21 expressions through biochemical analyses, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, immunohistochemistry stain, immunofluorescence stain, and reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) test, respectively. RESULTS The serological data suggested that VPA-treated epileptic patients showed visibly elevated FGF21 contents in plasma samples. However, other diagnostic parameters showed inconspicuous changes. As revealed in animal study, VPA-dosed mice exhibited undetected morphological alterations and hormonal changes in the liver, pancreas, and kidneys. Furthermore, serological parameters and key regulatory proteins in VPA-dosed livers and controls showed inconspicuous changes. Interestingly, endogenous FGF21 expressions in VPA-dosed mice were increased in sera. In further experiments, the findings showed that intracellular expressions of FGF21 mRNA and protein were upregulated in VPA-dosed livers as revealed in RT-PCR and immunoassay. CONCLUSIONS Taken together, these preliminary data reveal that functional FGF21 cytokine may serve as a potent predictor in VPA-related EULI.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxiao Xu
- Key Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Microenvironmental Regulation, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, China
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, China
| | - Chao Guo
- Department of Pharmacy, Guigang City People's Hospital, The Eighth Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Guigang, China
| | - Xiaoliu Liang
- College of Pharmacy, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Rong Li
- Key Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Microenvironmental Regulation, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, China
| | - Jian Chen
- Key Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Microenvironmental Regulation, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, China
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, China
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Association between Circulating Fibroblast Growth Factor 21 and Aggressiveness in Thyroid Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:cancers11081154. [PMID: 31408968 PMCID: PMC6721537 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11081154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2019] [Revised: 07/13/2019] [Accepted: 08/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) plays important roles in regulating glucose, lipid, and energy metabolism; however, its effects in tumors remain poorly understood. To understand the role of FGF21 in regulating tumor aggressiveness in thyroid cancer, serum levels of FGF21 were measured in healthy subjects and patients with papillary thyroid cancer (PTC), and expression levels of FGF21, FGF receptors (FGFRs), and β-klotho (KLB) were investigated in human thyroid tissues. The cell viability, migrating cells, and invading cells were measured in PTC cells after treatment with recombinant FGF21. Higher serum levels of FGF21 were found in patients with thyroid cancer than in control participants, and were significantly associated with body mass index (BMI), fasting glucose levels, triglyceride levels, tumor stage, lymphovascular invasion, and recurrence. Serum FGF21 levels were positively correlated with the BMI in patients with PTC, and significantly associated with recurrence. Recombinant FGF21 led to tumor aggressiveness via activation of the FGFR signaling axis and epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) signaling in PTC cells, and AZD4547, an FGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitor, attenuated the effects of FGF21. Hence, FGF21 may be a new biomarker for predicting tumor progression, and targeting FGFR may be a novel therapy for the treatment of obese patients with PTC.
Collapse
|
47
|
Berezin AE, Berezin AA. Impaired function of fibroblast growth factor 23 / Klotho protein axis in prediabetes and diabetes mellitus: Promising predictor of cardiovascular risk. Diabetes Metab Syndr 2019; 13:2549-2556. [PMID: 31405675 DOI: 10.1016/j.dsx.2019.07.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2019] [Accepted: 07/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The discovery of clear molecular mechanisms of early cardiac and vascular complications in patients with prediabetes and known diabetes mellitus are core element of stratification at risk with predictive model creation further. Previous clinical studies have shown a pivotal role of impaired signaling axis of fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23), FGF23 receptor isoforms and its co-factor Klotho protein in cardiovascular (CV) complications in prediabetes and diabetes. Although there were data received in clinical studies, which confirmed a causative role of altered function of FGF-23/Klotho protein axis in manifestation of CV disease in prediabetes and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), the target therapy of these diseases directing on improvement of metabolic profiles, systemic and adipokine-relating inflammation by beneficial restoring of dysregulation in FGF-23/Klotho protein axis remain to be not fully clear. The aim of the review was to summarize findings regarding the role of impaired FGF-23/Klotho protein axis in developing CV complications in patients with prediabetes and type 2 diabetes mellitus. It has been elucidated that elevated levels of FGF-23 and deficiency of Klotho protein in peripheral blood are predictors of CV disease and CV outcomes in patients with (pre) diabetes, while predictive values of dynamic changes of the concentrations of these biomarkers require to be elucidated in detail in the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander E Berezin
- Internal Medicine Department, State Medical University, Ministry of Health of Ukraine, Zaporozhye, 69035, Ukraine.
| | - Alexander A Berezin
- Internal Medicine Department, Medical Academy of Post-Graduate Education, Ministry of Health of Ukraine, Zaporozhye, 69096, Ukraine
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Li JR, Chiu KY, Ou YC, Wang SS, Chen CS, Yang CK, Ho HC, Cheng CL, Yang CR, Chen CC, Wang SC, Lin CY, Hung SC, Hsu CY, Chen CJ. Alteration in serum concentrations of FGF19, FGF21, and FGF23 in patients with urothelial carcinoma. Biofactors 2019; 45:62-68. [PMID: 30334297 DOI: 10.1002/biof.1460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2018] [Revised: 08/27/2018] [Accepted: 09/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factors (FGF) 19, 21, and 23 have been reported as functional factors in human metabolic diseases and malignancies. We performed a prospective survey to compare circulating FGF levels in urothelial carcinoma (UC) patients and normal controls. Between 2016 and 2017, 39 patients with UC of the urinary bladder or upper urinary tract who received surgical intervention were included. All the serum samples were obtained before surgeries. The control group included 28 healthy volunteers. Analysis of the circulating FGF19, 21, and 23 levels among all 67 subjects, as well as a subgroup analysis of the 39 UC patients were performed. The median levels of serum FGF19, 21, and 23 in the UC patients were 84.2, 505.3, and 117.6 pg/mL, respectively, which were statistically different from levels found in the healthy controls (P = 0.015, <0.001 and < 0.001, respectively). In the subgroup analysis, the FGF19 and FGF21 levels were significantly higher in end-stage renal disease UC patients, while FGF21 was also higher in the UC patients with cardiovascular diseases and history of recurrent UC. In the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis, FGF19, 21, and 23 were all significant predictors of UC [area under the curve (AUC)] 0.674, P = 0.015; AUC 0.918, P < 0.001; AUC 0.897, P < 0.001, respectively). In UC patients, serum FGF19 level was significantly lower, while FGF21 and 23 were significantly higher, than respective levels in healthy controls. All three markers may serve as good predictors of UC occurrence, and FGF21 level was associated with disease recurrence. © 2018 BioFactors, 45(1):62-68, 2019.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Ri Li
- Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
- Institute of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Department of Medicine and Nursing, Hungkuang University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Kun-Yuan Chiu
- Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Chi Nan University, Nantou, Taiwan
| | - Yen-Chuan Ou
- Tung's Taichung MetroHarbor Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Shian-Shiang Wang
- Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
- Institute of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Tung's Taichung MetroHarbor Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chuan-Su Chen
- Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
- Institute of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Kuang Yang
- Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Hao-Chung Ho
- Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chen-Li Cheng
- Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
- Institute of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Rei Yang
- Department of Urology, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Che Chen
- Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Shu-Chi Wang
- Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Yen Lin
- Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Sheng-Chun Hung
- Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chiann-Yi Hsu
- Department of Medical Research, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Jung Chen
- Department of Medical Research, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Fibroblast growth factor 21 as a circulating biomarker at various stages of colorectal carcinogenesis. Br J Cancer 2018; 119:1374-1382. [PMID: 30425347 PMCID: PMC6265243 DOI: 10.1038/s41416-018-0280-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2018] [Revised: 08/14/2018] [Accepted: 09/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Despite evidence that inflammation and metabolism play a crucial role in colorectal carcinogenesis, there have been few studies on the association of inflammatory and metabolic protein biomarkers in various stages of colorectal carcinogenesis. Methods Ninety-two inflammatory and metabolic biomarkers were measured in plasma samples of participants of screening colonoscopy. Markers identified to be significantly associated with the presence of advanced colorectal neoplasia (ACN) in a discovery set (n = 204) were validated in an independent replication set (n = 422). Adjusted associations with the presence of non-advanced adenomas (NAA), advanced precancerous lesions (APL) and colorectal cancer (CRC) were quantified by multiple logistic regression. Results Out of the 92 inflammatory proteins, 72 markers were evaluable and 8 showed statistically significant associations with the odds of ACN after full adjustment for potential risk factors for CRC in the discovery set. One of these, fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF-21), could be validated in the replication set. The multivariable-adjusted odds ratio (OR) reached 2.65 (95% CI, 1.50–4.81) for individuals with FGF-21 levels within the highest tertile, compared to those within the lowest tertile (Ptrend across tertiles = 0.001). Separate models revealed fully adjusted ORs for NAA, APL and CRC of 2.99 (95% CI, 1.45–6.58, Ptrend = 0.005), 2.24 (95% CI, 1.18–4.44, Ptrend = 0.021) and 3.92 (95% CI, 1.51–12.18, Ptrend = 0.003), respectively. Conclusions Circulating FGF-21 level is associated with increased risk of early and late stages of colorectal carcinogenesis, supporting a role of inflammation and metabolism at all stages of colorectal carcinogenesis, and suggesting potential use of this biomarker for risk stratification in CRC screening.
Collapse
|
50
|
Lee KJ, Jang YO, Cha SK, Kim MY, Park KS, Eom YW, Baik SK. Expression of Fibroblast Growth Factor 21 and β-Klotho Regulates Hepatic Fibrosis through the Nuclear Factor-κB and c-Jun N-Terminal Kinase Pathways. Gut Liver 2018; 12:449-456. [PMID: 29699061 PMCID: PMC6027831 DOI: 10.5009/gnl17443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2017] [Revised: 12/03/2017] [Accepted: 12/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background/Aims Fibroblast growth factor (FGF) 21 is associated with hepatic inflammation and fibrosis. However, little is known regarding the effects of inflammation and fibrosis on the β-Klotho and FGF21 pathway in the liver. Methods Enrolled patients had biopsy-confirmed viral or alcoholic hepatitis. FGF19, FGF21 and β-Klotho levels were evaluated using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, real-time polymerase chain reaction, and Western blotting. Furthermore, we explored the underlying mechanisms for this process by evaluating nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) and c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) pathway involvement in Huh-7 cells. Results We observed that the FGF19 and FGF21 serum and mRNA levels in the biopsied liver tissue gradually increased and were correlated with fibrosis stage. Inflammatory markers (interleukin 1β [IL-1β], IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor-α) were positively correlated, while β-Klotho expression was negatively correlated with the degree of fibrosis. In Huh-7 cells, IL-1β increased FGF21 levels and decreased β-Klotho levels. NF-κB and JNK inhibitors abolished the effect of IL-1β on both FGF21 and β-Klotho expression. FGF21 protected IL-1β-induced growth retardation in Huh-7 cells. Conclusions These results indicate that the inflammatory response during fibrogenesis increases FGF21 levels and suppresses β-Klotho via the NF-κB and JNK pathway. In addition, FGF21 likely protects hepatocytes from hepatic inflammation and fibrosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kyong Joo Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, Wonju, Korea
| | - Yoon Ok Jang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, Wonju, Korea.,Cell Therapy and Tissue Engineering Center, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, Wonju, Korea
| | - Seung-Kuy Cha
- Department of Physiology, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, Wonju, Korea
| | - Moon Young Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, Wonju, Korea.,Cell Therapy and Tissue Engineering Center, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, Wonju, Korea
| | - Kyu-Sang Park
- Department of Physiology, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, Wonju, Korea
| | - Young Woo Eom
- Cell Therapy and Tissue Engineering Center, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, Wonju, Korea
| | - Soon Koo Baik
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, Wonju, Korea.,Cell Therapy and Tissue Engineering Center, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, Wonju, Korea.,Institute of Evidence Based Medicine, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, Wonju, Korea
| |
Collapse
|