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Lee K, Kim S, Liu W. Assessing eating ability and mealtime behaviors of persons living with dementia: A systematic review of instruments. Geriatr Nurs 2024; 58:76-86. [PMID: 38781628 DOI: 10.1016/j.gerinurse.2024.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2024] [Revised: 04/29/2024] [Accepted: 05/06/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
This systematic review aimed to describe the characteristics of instruments that assess eating ability and/or mealtime behaviors in persons living with dementia, and evaluate their psychometric properties. Five databases were searched for relevant records between 1/1/1980 and 5/25/2023. Records included instruments assessing eating ability and/or mealtime behaviors of people with dementia. The psychometric quality of the instruments was evaluated using the Psychometric Assessment for Self-report and Observational Tools (PAT). 45 eligible instruments were identified from 115 records. While 38 instruments were scored as having low psychometric quality, 7 had moderate quality. Edinburgh Feeding Evaluation in Dementia (EdFED), Mealtime Difficulty Scale for older adults with Dementia (MDSD), and Dementia Hyperphagic Behavior Scale (DHBS) were scored as having the highest quality (total PAT score = 9). Further refinement of existing instruments and additional psychometric testing in larger, diverse samples will improve pragmatic use in dementia mealtime care research and practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyuri Lee
- University of Iowa College of Nursing, 50 Newton Road, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States.
| | - Sohyun Kim
- University of Texas at Arlington College of Nursing and Health Innovation, 411 S. Nedderman Drive, Arlington, Texas 76019, United States
| | - Wen Liu
- University of Iowa College of Nursing, 50 Newton Road, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States
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2
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Jan D, Kim KY. End-of-Life Care of Persons with Alzheimer's Disease and Other Dementias. Am J Hosp Palliat Care 2024:10499091241253838. [PMID: 38714329 DOI: 10.1177/10499091241253838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2024] Open
Abstract
End-of-life (EOL) care has been a common option for patients with terminal medical conditions such as cancers. However, the utilization of EOL care in Alzheimer disease and other dementing conditions have become available relatively recently. As the end-stage dementia approaches, the clinicians and caregivers become faced with numerous clinical challenges-delirium, neuropbehavioral symptoms, the patient's inability to communicate pain and associated discomfort, food refusal, and so on. In addition to providing quality clinical care to the EOL patients, clinicians should pay special attention to their families, assuring that their loved ones will receive supportive measures to improve quality of life (QOL).
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Affiliation(s)
- Darlon Jan
- Psychiatry Residency Program, Virginia Tech Carilion School of Medicine, Roanoke, VA, USA
- Center for Healthy Aging, Carilion Clinic, Roanoke, VA, USA
| | - Kye Y Kim
- Psychiatry Residency Program, Virginia Tech Carilion School of Medicine, Roanoke, VA, USA
- Center for Healthy Aging, Carilion Clinic, Roanoke, VA, USA
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Tan F, Li N, Wu Y, Zhang C. Palliative sedation determinants: systematic review and meta-analysis in palliative medicine. BMJ Support Palliat Care 2024; 13:e664-e675. [PMID: 37553203 PMCID: PMC10850834 DOI: 10.1136/spcare-2022-004085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 08/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The utilisation of palliative sedation is often favoured by patients approaching end of life due to the presence of multiple difficult-to-manage symptoms during the terminal stage. This study aimed to identify the determinants of the use of palliative sedation. METHODS To identify pertinent observational studies, a comprehensive search was performed in PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library, and PsycINFO databases from their inception until March 2022. The methodological quality of the chosen prospective and retrospective cohort studies was assessed using the Newcastle Ottawa Scale, while the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality was used to evaluate the methodological quality of the selected cross-sectional studies. For each potential determinant of interest, the collected data were synthesised and analysed, and in cases where data could not be combined, a narrative synthesis approach was adopted. RESULTS A total of 21 studies were analysed in this research, consisting of 4 prospective cohort studies, 7 retrospective cohort studies, and 10 cross-sectional studies. The findings indicated that several determinants were significantly associated with palliative sedation. These determinants included younger age, male gender, presence of tumours, dyspnoea, pain, delirium, making advanced medical end-of-life decisions, and dying in a hospital setting. CONCLUSIONS The findings of our review could help physicians identify patients who may need palliative sedation in advance and implement targeted interventions to reverse refractory symptoms, develop personalized palliative sedation programs, and ultimately improve the quality of palliative care services. TRIAL REGISTRATION PROSPERO registration number CRD42022324720.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Tan
- Department of Palliative Medicine, West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- Medicine Research Center, West China-PUMC C.C. Chen Institute of Health, West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Na Li
- Department of Palliative Medicine, West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- Medicine Research Center, West China-PUMC C.C. Chen Institute of Health, West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Yan Wu
- Department of Palliative Medicine, West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- Medicine Research Center, West China-PUMC C.C. Chen Institute of Health, West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Chuan Zhang
- Department of Palliative Medicine, West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- Medicine Research Center, West China-PUMC C.C. Chen Institute of Health, West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
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Wu SH, Lin CF, Lu IC, Yeh MS, Hsu CC, Yang YH. Association between pain and cognitive and daily functional impairment in older institutional residents: a cross-sectional study. BMC Geriatr 2023; 23:756. [PMID: 37980463 PMCID: PMC10657596 DOI: 10.1186/s12877-023-04337-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 11/20/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pain is often neglected in disabled older population, especially in Taiwan where the population of institutional residents is rapidly growing. Our study aimed to investigate pain prevalence and associated factors among institutional residents to improve pain assessment and management. METHODS This nationwide study recruited 5,746 institutional residents in Taiwan between July 2019 and February 2020. Patient self-report was considered the most valid and reliable indicator of pain. A 5-point verbal rating scale was used to measure pain intensity, with a score ranging from 2 to 5 indicating the presence of pain. Associated factors with pain, including comorbidities, functional dependence, and quality of life, were also assessed. RESULTS The mean age of the residents was 77.1 ± 13.4 years, with 63.1% of them aged over 75 years. Overall, 40.3% of the residents reported pain, of whom 51.2% had moderate to severe pain. Pain was more common in residents with comorbidities and significantly impacted emotions and behavior problems, and the mean EQ5D score, which is a measure of health-related quality of life (p < .001). Interestingly, pain was only related to instrumental activities of daily living (IADL) and not activities of daily living (ADL). On the other hand, dementia was significantly negatively associated with pain (p < .001), with an estimated odds of 0.63 times (95% CI: 0.53-0.75) for the presence of pain when compared to residents who did not have dementia. CONCLUSIONS Unmanaged pain is common among institutional residents and is associated with comorbidities, IADL, emotional/behavioral problems, and health-related quality of life. Older residents may have lower odds of reporting pain due to difficulty communicating their pain, even through the use of a simple 5-point verbal rating scale. Therefore, more attention and effort should be directed towards improving pain evaluation in this vulnerable population .
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng-Hua Wu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Kaohsiung Municipal Ta-Tung Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Department of Anesthesiology, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Department of Anesthesiology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Chung-Fen Lin
- Institute of Population Health Sciences, National Health Research Institutes, 35 Keyan Road, Zhunan, Miaoli County, 35053, Taiwan
| | - I-Cheng Lu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Department of Anesthesiology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Department of Anesthesiology, Kaohsiung Municipal Siaogang Hospital, Kaohsiung, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Sung Yeh
- Department of Anesthesiology, Kaohsiung Municipal Ta-Tung Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Department of Anesthesiology, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Chin-Cheng Hsu
- Institute of Population Health Sciences, National Health Research Institutes, 35 Keyan Road, Zhunan, Miaoli County, 35053, Taiwan.
- Department of Family Medicine, Min-Sheng General Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan.
- Department of Health Services Administration, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.
- Center for Geriatrics and Welfare Research, National Health Research Institutes, Yunlin, Taiwan.
| | - Yuan-Han Yang
- Department of Neurology, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
- Neuroscience Research Center, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
- Department of Neurology, Kaohsiung Municipal Ta-Tung Hospital, No. 68, Jhonghua 3Rd Road, Cianjin District, Kaohsiung, 80145, Taiwan.
- Post Baccalaureat Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
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Del Tedesco F, Sessa F, Xhemalaj R, Sollazzi L, Dello Russo C, Aceto P. Perioperative analgesia in the elderly. Saudi J Anaesth 2023; 17:491-499. [PMID: 37779570 PMCID: PMC10540995 DOI: 10.4103/sja.sja_643_23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2023] [Revised: 07/23/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The administration of analgesic drugs in elderly patients should take into account age-related physiological changes, loss of efficiency of homeostatic mechanisms, and pharmacological interactions with chronic therapies. Underestimation of pain in patients with impaired cognition is often linked to difficulties in pain assessment. In the preoperative phase, it is essential to assess the physical status, cognitive reserve, and previous chronic pain conditions to plan effective analgesia. Furthermore, an accurate pharmacological history of the patient must be collected to establish any possible interaction with the whole perioperative analgesic plan. The use of analgesic drugs with different mechanisms of action for pain relief in the intraoperative phase is a crucial step to achieve adequate postoperative pain control in older adults. The combined multimodal and opioid-sparing strategy is strongly recommended to reduce side effects. The use of various adjuvants is also preferable. Moreover, the implementation of non-pharmacological approaches may lead to faster recovery. High-quality postoperative analgesia in older patients can be achieved only with a collaborative interdisciplinary team. The aim of this review is to highlight the perioperative pain management strategies in the elderly with a special focus on intraoperative pharmacological interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filippo Del Tedesco
- Dipartimento di Scienze dell’emergenza, anestesiologiche e della rianimazione, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Largo A. Gemelli, 8, 00168, Rome, Italy
| | - Flaminio Sessa
- Dipartimento di Scienze dell’emergenza, anestesiologiche e della rianimazione, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Largo A. Gemelli, 8, 00168, Rome, Italy
| | - Rikardo Xhemalaj
- Dipartimento di Scienze dell’emergenza, anestesiologiche e della rianimazione, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Largo A. Gemelli, 8, 00168, Rome, Italy
| | - Liliana Sollazzi
- Dipartimento di Scienze dell’emergenza, anestesiologiche e della rianimazione, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Largo A. Gemelli, 8, 00168, Rome, Italy
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biotecnologiche di Base, Cliniche Intensivologiche e Perioperatorie, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - Cinzia Dello Russo
- Dipartimento di Sicurezza e Bioetica, Sezione di Farmacologia, Università Cattolica Del Sacro Cuore, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Institute of Systems Molecular and Integrative Biology (ISMIB), University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Paola Aceto
- Dipartimento di Scienze dell’emergenza, anestesiologiche e della rianimazione, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Largo A. Gemelli, 8, 00168, Rome, Italy
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biotecnologiche di Base, Cliniche Intensivologiche e Perioperatorie, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
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van Eijk J, Rutten JJS, Hertogh CMPM, Smalbrugge M, van Buul LW. Observation of urinary tract infection signs and symptoms in nursing home residents with impaired awareness or ability to communicate signs and symptoms: The development of supportive tools. Int J Older People Nurs 2023; 18:e12560. [PMID: 37563799 DOI: 10.1111/opn.12560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Revised: 05/24/2023] [Accepted: 07/08/2023] [Indexed: 08/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Antibiotics are often inappropriately prescribed for urinary tract infections (UTIs) in nursing home (NH) residents. Research emphasises the importance of prescribing antibiotics only if there are UTI-related signs and symptoms (S&S). However, for many NH residents it is challenging to find out whether such S&S are present, for example due to cognitive disorders. OBJECTIVES To provide insight into the assessment of UTI-related S&S in NH residents with impaired awareness or ability to communicate S&S, and to develop supportive tools for the observation of UTI-related S&S in this subgroup of NH residents, by nursing staff. METHODS We performed a practice-based study using mixed methods. Data of 295 cases of suspected UTI were analysed to determine how often UTI-related S&S were 'not assessed/non-assessable' in residents with and without dementia. Barriers and facilitators in observing UTI-related S&S in NH residents with impaired awareness or ability to communicate S&S were derived from interviews and focus groups with nursing staff. Literature review, focus group data, additional telephone interviews and questionnaires with nursing staff were used in a step-by-step process, including pilot testing, to develop supportive tools for the observation of UTI-related S&S. RESULTS UTI-related S&S were assessable in the majority of NH residents with dementia. The proportion 'not assessed/non-assessable' S&S in residents with dementia increased with increasing severity of dementia. In residents with very severe dementia, up to 58% of the S&S were 'not assessed/non-assessable'. Knowing the resident, working methodologically, and being sufficiently skilled to interpret observations in residents facilitate the assessment of UTI-related S&S. Insights acquired during the different study elements resulted in the development of an observation checklist and a 24-h observation tool. CONCLUSIONS The more NH residents have impaired awareness of ability to communicate S&S, the more difficult it seems to be to assess UTI-related S&S. The observation checklist and 24-h observation tool developed in the current study may support nursing staff in their observation of UTI-related S&S in this group of NH residents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorna van Eijk
- Department of Medicine for Older People, Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jeanine J S Rutten
- Department of Medicine for Older People, Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Cees M P M Hertogh
- Department of Medicine for Older People, Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Martin Smalbrugge
- Department of Medicine for Older People, Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Laura W van Buul
- Department of Medicine for Older People, Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Kim S, Liu W, Daack-Hirsch S, Williams KN. Development and psychometric testing of the dyadic communication observational coding scheme in DEmentia care (DCODE): family dyadic communication in dementia. Aging Ment Health 2023; 27:1770-1779. [PMID: 36178152 DOI: 10.1080/13607863.2022.2126819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2022] [Accepted: 09/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Understanding family dyadic communication in dementia is essential to promote the well-being of family caregivers and persons living with dementia. The Dyadic Communication Observational coding scheme in DEmentia care (DCODE) was developed and tested to assess family dyadic communication in dementia. METHODS The DCODE was developed from a review of literature, expert review, and pretesting. A secondary analysis of the 75 in-home care video observations from 19 family caregiver-care recipient dyads was conducted to test psychometric properties. RESULTS The DCODE consists of 43 caregiver items and 41 care recipient items. We observed internal consistency, intra-rater reliability, and inter-rater reliability as adequate. Content validity and convergent validity were moderate. Predictive validity was moderate in predicting caregiver burden. The overall psychometric properties demonstrated a moderate quality of the DCODE. CONCLUSIONS Findings provided the preliminary psychometric evidence of the DCODE as a promising instrument to assess family dyadic communication in dementia. Future testing for concurrent, divergent, and structural validity of the DCODE is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sohyun Kim
- Elaine Marieb College of Nursing, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, USA
| | - Wen Liu
- College of Nursing, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
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Smith MG, Farrar LC, Gibson RJ, Russo RN, Harvey AR. Chronic pain interference assessment tools for children and adults who are unable to self-report: A systematic review of psychometric properties. Dev Med Child Neurol 2023; 65:1029-1042. [PMID: 36740907 DOI: 10.1111/dmcn.15535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2022] [Revised: 01/04/2023] [Accepted: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
AIM To identify and evaluate psychometric properties of assessment tools for assessing pain interference in children, adolescents, and adults with chronic pain and the inability to self-report. METHOD The protocol was registered with PROSPERO (CRD42022310102). A search was run in MEDLINE, Embase, and PsycInfo (29th March 2022) to identify articles reporting psychometric properties of pain interference assessment tools for children, adolescents, and adults with chronic pain and the inability to objectively self-report pain. Retrieved studies were reviewed by two authors (MGS, LCF) and study quality was assessed using COSMIN. RESULTS Psychometric properties of 10 pain interference tools were assessed from 33 studies. The Paediatric Pain Profile (PPP) had low-quality evidence for content validity and internal consistency with children and adolescents who are unable to self-report. No tools for adults had evidence for content validity and internal consistency. No tool had evidence for all nine psychometric properties. INTERPRETATION The PPP is recommended for pain interference assessment in children and adolescents with chronic pain and the inability to self-report. Few tools are available for adults. Three tools for children (Patient-Reported Outcome Measurement Information System Pediatric Proxy Pain Interference Scale; Bath Adolescent Pain Questionnaire for Parents; modified Brief Pain Inventory-Proxy [mBPI]) and three tools for adults (Doloplus-2; Patient-Reported Outcome Measurement Information System Pain Interference Scale-proxy; Brief Pain Inventory-proxy) are promising but require further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meredith G Smith
- School of Allied Health Science and Practice, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Lucy C Farrar
- School of Allied Health Science and Practice, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Rachel J Gibson
- School of Allied Health Science and Practice, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Remo N Russo
- College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia
- Paediatric Rehabilitation Department, Women's and Children's Hospital, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Adrienne R Harvey
- Neurodisability and Rehabilitation, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, Australia
- Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
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Shaw C, Ward C, Williams A, Lee K, Herr K. The Relationship Between Rejection of Care Behaviors and Pain and Delirium Severity in Hospital Dementia Care. Innov Aging 2023; 7:igad076. [PMID: 38094937 PMCID: PMC10714906 DOI: 10.1093/geroni/igad076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Indexed: 02/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Background and Objectives Rejection of care is common in hospitalized persons living with dementia. However, distinguishing between rejection of care behaviors related to care practices or other causes, such as pain or delirium, is challenging. The purpose of this study is to further understand the relationship between rejection of care and pain and delirium in hospitalized patients with dementia by identifying which rejection of care behaviors are associated with pain and delirium. Research Design and Methods Care encounters between hospitalized patients with dementia (n = 16) and nursing staff (n = 53) were observed on 88 separate occasions across 35 days. Rejection of care was measured using the 13 behaviors from the Resistiveness to Care Scale. Pain and delirium severity were measured using a variety of scales including the Pain Assessment in Advanced Dementia Scale, Checklist of Nonverbal Pain Indicators, and numeric rating scale for pain severity and the Confusion Assessment Method-Severity short form and Delirium Observation Screening Scale for delirium severity. Linear mixed modeling was used to determine the relationship between rejection of care behaviors and pain and delirium severity for each measure. Results About 48.9% of the observations included rejection of care, 49.9% included a patient in pain, and 12.5% included a patient with delirium. Cry, push away, scream/yell, and turn away indicated a higher pain severity across pain measures. No rejection of care behaviors were found to indicate delirium severity. Discussion and Implications Certain rejection of care behaviors may be helpful in identifying pain in hospitalized patients with dementia, suggesting that caregivers should be cognizant of pain when these rejection of care behaviors are present. However, in this sample rejection of care behaviors was not found to be useful for identifying delirium severity in hospital dementia care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clarissa Shaw
- College of Nursing, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Caitlin Ward
- School of Public Health, Division of Biostatistics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | | | - Kyuri Lee
- College of Nursing, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Keela Herr
- College of Nursing, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
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Arabiat D, Mörelius E, Hoti K, Hughes J. Pain assessment tools for use in infants: a meta-review. BMC Pediatr 2023; 23:307. [PMID: 37337167 DOI: 10.1186/s12887-023-04099-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2022] [Accepted: 05/28/2023] [Indexed: 06/21/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Identifying pain in infants is challenging due to their inability to self-report pain, therefore the availability of valid and reliable means of assessing pain is critical. OBJECTIVE This meta-review sought to identify evidence that could guide the selection of appropriate tools in this vulnerable population. METHODS We searched Scopus, Medline, Embase, CINAHL, MIDRIS, EMCare and Google Scholar for eligible systematic reviews. Eligible reviews documented psychometric properties of available observational tools used to assess pain in infants. RESULTS A total of 516 reviews were identified of which 11 met our inclusion criteria. We identified 36 pain assessment tools (evaluated in 11 reviews) of which seven were reported in at least three reviews. The level of evidence reported on the psychometric properties of pain assessment tools varied widely ranging from low to good reliability and validity, whilst there are limited data on usability and clinical utility. CONCLUSIONS Currently, no observer administered pain assessment tool can be recommended as the gold standard due to limited availability and quality of the evidence that supports their validity, reliability and clinical utility. This meta-review attempts to collate the available evidence to assist clinicians to decide on what is the most appropriate tool to use in their clinical practice setting. It is important that researchers adopt a standard approach to evaluating the psychometric properties of pain assessment tools and evaluations of the clinical utility in order that the highest level of evidence can be used to guide tool selection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Arabiat
- Maternal and Child Nursing Department, Faculty of Nursing, The University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan.
- School of Nursing and Midwifery, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Western Australia, Australia.
| | - Evalotte Mörelius
- School of Nursing and Midwifery, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Western Australia, Australia
- Department of Health, Medicine and Caring Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Kreshnik Hoti
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Prishtina, Pristina, Kosovo
| | - Jeffery Hughes
- Curtin Medical School, Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin University, Bentley, WA, Australia
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Kim S, Lee K, Liu W. Chewing and Swallowing Abilities of Persons Living With Dementia: A Systematic Review of Psychometric Properties of Instruments. Innov Aging 2023; 7:igad052. [PMID: 37457804 PMCID: PMC10340450 DOI: 10.1093/geroni/igad052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2022] [Indexed: 07/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Background and Objectives It is critical to use validated instruments to diagnose and manage chewing and swallowing problems of persons living with dementia. The study aimed to synthesize the characteristics and psychometric quality of instruments that assess the chewing and swallowing abilities of persons living with dementia. Research Design and Methods The systematic review was used to conduct this study. We searched 5 electric databases for records published from January 1, 1980, to July 8, 2022. Records were eligible if they included any instrument to assess chewing ability or swallowing ability in the dementia population. Eight characteristics of eligible instruments were extracted from the records: (1) development process, (2) operationalized concept/construct, (3) sample and setting, (4) administration method, (5) items, (6) scoring format/interpretation, (7) reliability, and (8) validity. The psychometric assessment for self-report and observational tool was used to evaluate 12 psychometric properties of eligible instruments. Results In total, 11,074 records were reviewed. Thirty-five eligible instruments, including observational tools, self-report questionnaires, and physiological instruments, were identified from 60 records. All 8 instruments assessing chewing ability were evaluated as having low psychometric quality, and only 3 out of 27 instruments assessing swallowing ability were evaluated as having moderate psychometric quality. Fifteen instruments were tested for only 1 type of psychometric property, limiting the overall evaluation of psychometric evidence. Discussion and Implications The study findings inform the use and adaptation of appropriate instruments for practice and research. All existing instruments warrant further validation in larger samples to expand use in diverse care settings. This review described and evaluated current instruments measuring chewing and swallowing abilities and potential use in research and clinical practice to plan for and evaluate the effectiveness of mealtime and oral care practice and reduce health-related negative outcomes of persons living with dementia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sohyun Kim
- College of Nursing and Health Innovation, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas, USA
| | - Kyuri Lee
- College of Nursing, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Wen Liu
- College of Nursing, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
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12
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Kim S, Liu W. Psychometric Properties of Instruments Measuring Dyadic Communication and Environment in Dementia Care: A Systematic Review. THE GERONTOLOGIST 2023; 63:52-70. [PMID: 34864998 DOI: 10.1093/geront/gnab178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES A valid and reliable assessment of dementia dyadic communication and environment is essential to understand and facilitate social interaction and quality care. This review described the characteristics and evaluated psychometric properties of instruments that assess dyadic communication and environment between persons living with dementia and their caregivers. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS A systematic review was conducted following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guideline. Literature published until June 30, 2021, was searched. Ten psychometric properties and the ratio of sample size to the number of items were evaluated using the Psychometric Assessment for Self-report and Observational Tool. RESULTS A total of 3,708 scholarly records was identified, and 24 eligible instruments from 48 scholarly records were evaluated. Twenty-two instruments assessed dyadic communication, and 2 assessed both dyadic communication and environment. Eighteen instruments were developed to assess task-related communication and 15 for paid (professional) caregivers. All instruments were scored as low psychometric quality (score range = 0-7). Behavioral Observation Scoring System was scored the highest (total score = 7), followed by Dyadic Dementia Coding System, Grid for observation of physical and verbal behaviors of caregiver and resident, and Trouble-Indicating Behaviors and Repair (total score = 6). These instruments had low psychometric evidence for internal consistency, content validity, and structural validity. DISCUSSION AND IMPLICATIONS Existing instruments are in the early stages of development and validation in dementia population. Further testing is needed in diverse communication types in paid and unpaid dementia caregiver populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sohyun Kim
- College of Nursing, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Wen Liu
- College of Nursing, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
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Smith TO, Harvey K. Psychometric properties of pain measurements for people living with dementia: a COSMIN systematic review. Eur Geriatr Med 2022; 13:1029-1045. [PMID: 35622210 PMCID: PMC9553783 DOI: 10.1007/s41999-022-00655-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2022] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Detecting pain in older people with dementia is challenging. Consequentially, pain is often under-reported and under-treated. There remains uncertainty over what measures should be promoted for use to assess pain in this population. The purpose of this paper is to answer this question. METHODS A search of clinical trials registered on the ClinicalTrial.gov and ISRCTN registries was performed to identify outcome measures used to assess pain in people with dementia. Following this, a systematic review of published and unpublished databases was performed to 01 November 2021 to identify papers assessing the psychometric properties of these identified measures. Each paper and measure was assessed against the COSMIN checklist. A best evidence synthesis analysis was performed to assess the level of evidence for each measure. RESULTS From 188 clinical trials, nine outcome measures were identified. These included: Abbey Pain Scale, ALGOPLUS, DOLOPLUS-2, Facial Action Coding System, MOBID-2, self-reported pain through the NRS or VAS/thermometer or Philadelphia Geriatric Pain Intensity Scale, PACSLAC/PACSLAC-2, Pain Assessment in Advanced Dementia (PAINAD), and Checklist for non-verbal pain behavior (CNPI). From these, 51 papers (5924 people with dementia) were identified assessing the psychometric properties of these measures. From these, there was strong- and moderate-level evidence to support the use of the facial action coding system, PACSLAC and PACSLAC-II, CNPI, DOLOPLUS-2, ALGOPLUS, MOBID, and MOBID-2 tools for the assessment of pain with people living with dementia. CONCLUSION Whilst these reflect measurement tools used in research, further consideration on how these reflect clinical practice should be considered. PROSPERO REGISTRATION CRD42021282032.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toby O Smith
- Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, Botnar Research Centre, NDORMS, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7LD, UK.
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, NR4 7TJ, UK.
| | - Karmen Harvey
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, NR4 7TJ, UK
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Imai K, Morita T, Yokomichi N, Mori M, Naito AS, Yamauchi T, Tsukuura H, Uneno Y, Tsuneto S, Inoue S. Association of the RASS Score with Intensity of Symptoms, Discomfort, and Communication Capacity in Terminally Ill Cancer Patients Receiving Palliative Sedation: Is RASS an Appropriate Outcome Measure? Palliat Med Rep 2022; 3:47-54. [PMID: 35558868 PMCID: PMC9080998 DOI: 10.1089/pmr.2021.0087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Palliative sedation is sometimes needed for refractory symptoms, and the Richmond Agitation–Sedation Scale (RASS) is one of the key measures. The primary aim of this study was to explore the association between RASS and degree of distress quantified by other measures: Item “symptom control” of Support Team Assessment Schedule (STAS, item 2), Discomfort Scale for Dementia of Alzheimer Type (Discomfort Scale), and Noncommunicative Patient's Pain Assessment Instrument (NOPPAIN), as well as a communication capacity measured by the Communication Capacity Scale (CCS), item 4. Methods: This was a prospective observational study on terminally ill cancer patients with palliative sedation in a palliative care unit of a designated cancer hospital. Primarily responsible palliative care physicians rated RASS, Discomfort Scale, NOPPAIN, and CCS just before sedation and 1, 4, 24, and 48 hours after, and ward nurses rated STAS at the same time. Since the ward nurses evaluated STAS during palliative sedation, we regarded STAS as a standard of distress measure. Results: A total of 249 assessments were performed for 55 patients. RASS was moderately to highly associated with symptom intensity measured by STAS, discomfort measured by the Discomfort Scale, and pain measured by NOPPAIN (r = 0.63 to 0.73). But communication capacity measured by CCS is not parallel with RASS and demonstrated a valley shape. In 82 assessments with an RASS score of −1 to −3, 11 patients (13%) had physical symptoms of STAS of 2 or more. Conclusions: RASS can roughly estimate physical distress in patients with palliative sedation, but a measure to more precisely quantify the symptom experience is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kengo Imai
- Seirei Hospice, Seirei Mikatahara General Hospital, Hamamatsu, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Morita
- Division of Palliative and Supportive Care, Seirei Mikatahara General Hospital, Hamamatsu, Japan
| | - Naosuke Yokomichi
- Division of Palliative and Supportive Care, Seirei Mikatahara General Hospital, Hamamatsu, Japan
| | - Masanori Mori
- Division of Palliative and Supportive Care, Seirei Mikatahara General Hospital, Hamamatsu, Japan
| | - Akemi Shirado Naito
- Department of Palliative Care, Miyazaki Medical Association Hospital, Miyazaki, Japan
| | | | | | - Yu Uneno
- Department of Therapeutic Oncology and Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Satoru Tsuneto
- Department of Human Health Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Satoshi Inoue
- Seirei Hospice, Seirei Mikatahara General Hospital, Hamamatsu, Japan
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Lanci A, Benedetti B, Freccero F, Castagnetti C, Mariella J, van Loon JPAM, Padalino B. Development of a Composite Pain Scale in Foals: A Pilot Study. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12040439. [PMID: 35203146 PMCID: PMC8868425 DOI: 10.3390/ani12040439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2021] [Revised: 02/05/2022] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Prompt pain management is crucial in horses; however, tools to assess pain are limited. This study aimed to develop and pilot a composite scale for pain estimation in foals. The “Foal Composite Pain Scale” (FCPS) was developed based on literature and authors’ expertise. The FCPS consisted of 11 facial expressions, 4 behavioural items, and 5 physical items. Thirty-five pain-free foals (Control Group) and 15 foals experiencing pain (Pain Group) were used. Foals were video-recorded at different time points: the Control Group only at inclusion (C), while the Pain Group at inclusion (T1), after an analgesic treatment (T2), and at recovery (T3). Physical items were also recorded at the same time points. Videos were scored twice by five trained observers, blinded to group and time points, to calculate inter- and intra-observer reliability of each scale item. Fleiss’ kappa values ranged from moderate to almost perfect for the majority of the items, while the intraclass correlation coefficient was excellent (ICC = 0.923). The consistency of FCPS was also excellent (Cronbach’s alpha = 0.842). A cut-off ≥ 7 indicated the presence of pain. The Pain Group scores were significantly higher (p < 0.001) than the Control Group and decreased over time (T1, T2 > T3; p = 0.001). Overall, FCPS seems clinically applicable to quantify pain and improve the judgment of the quality of life in foals, but it needs modifications based on these preliminary findings. Consequently, further studies on a larger sample size are needed to test the feasibility and validity of the refined FCPS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aliai Lanci
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Via Tolara di Sora 50, Ozzano dell’Emilia, 40064 Bologna, Italy; (A.L.); (B.B.); (C.C.); (J.M.)
| | - Beatrice Benedetti
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Via Tolara di Sora 50, Ozzano dell’Emilia, 40064 Bologna, Italy; (A.L.); (B.B.); (C.C.); (J.M.)
| | - Francesca Freccero
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Via Tolara di Sora 50, Ozzano dell’Emilia, 40064 Bologna, Italy; (A.L.); (B.B.); (C.C.); (J.M.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Carolina Castagnetti
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Via Tolara di Sora 50, Ozzano dell’Emilia, 40064 Bologna, Italy; (A.L.); (B.B.); (C.C.); (J.M.)
- Health Science and Technologies Interdepartmental Center for Industrial Research (HST-ICIR), University of Bologna, Ozzano dell’Emilia, 40064 Bologna, Italy
| | - Jole Mariella
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Via Tolara di Sora 50, Ozzano dell’Emilia, 40064 Bologna, Italy; (A.L.); (B.B.); (C.C.); (J.M.)
| | - Johannes P. A. M. van Loon
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Equine Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 112–114, 3584 CM Utrecht, The Netherlands; or
- Sporthorse Medical Diagnostic Centre (SMDC), Hooge Wijststraat 7, 5384 RC Heesch, The Netherlands
| | - Barbara Padalino
- Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences (DISTAL), University of Bologna, Viale Fanin 46, 40127 Bologna, Italy;
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Rao N, Perdomo S, Jonassaint C. A Novel Method for Digital Pain Assessment Using Abstract Animations: Human-Centered Design Approach. JMIR Hum Factors 2022; 9:e27689. [PMID: 34994697 PMCID: PMC8783278 DOI: 10.2196/27689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Revised: 03/17/2021] [Accepted: 09/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Patients with chronic pain face several challenges in using clinical tools to help them monitor, understand, and make meaningful decisions about their pain conditions. Our group previously presented data on Painimation, a novel electronic tool for communicating and assessing pain. Objective This paper describes the human-centered design and development approach (inspiration, ideation, and implementation) that led to the creation of Painimation. Methods We planned an iterative and cyclical development process that included stakeholder engagement and feedback from users. Stakeholders included patients with acute and chronic pain, health care providers, and design students. Target users were adults with acute or chronic pain who needed clinical assessment and tracking of the course of their pain over time. Phase I (inspiration) consisted of empathizing with users, understanding how patients experience pain, and identifying the barriers to accurately expressing and assessing pain. This phase involved understanding how patients communicate pain symptoms to providers, as well as defining limitations of current models of clinical pain assessment tools. In Phase II (ideate) we conceptualized and evaluated different approaches to expressing and assessing pain. The most promising concept was developed through an iterative process that involved end users and stakeholders. In Phase III (implementation), based on stakeholder feedback from initial designs and prototypes of abstract pain animations (painimations), we incorporated all concepts to test a minimally viable product, a fully functioning pain assessment app. We then gathered feedback through an agile development process and applied this feedback to finalizing a testable version of the app that could ultimately be used in a pain clinic. Results Engaging intended users and stakeholders in an iterative, human-centered design process identified 5 criteria that a pain assessment tool would need to meet to be effective in the medical setting. These criteria were used as guiding design principles to generate a series of pain assessment concept ideas. This human-centered approach generated 8 highly visual painimations that were found to be acceptable and useable for communicating pain with medical providers, by both patients with general pain and patients with sickle cell disease (SCD). While these initial steps continued refinement of the tool, further data are needed. Agile development will allow us to continue to incorporate precision medicine tools that are validated in the clinical research arena. Conclusions A multiphase, human-centered design approach successfully resulted in the development of an innovation that has potential to improve the quality of medical care, particularly for underserved populations. The use of Painimation may especially benefit the medical care of minority populations with chronic and difficult-to-treat pain, such as adults with SCD. The insights generated from this study can be applied to the development of patient-reported outcomes tools that are more patient-centered, engaging, and effective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nema Rao
- Microsoft Inc, SharePoint Spaces, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Sophy Perdomo
- Center for Behavioral Health and Smart Technology, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Charles Jonassaint
- Center for Behavioral Health and Smart Technology, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
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Hirahara S, Yamaguchi Y, Yamanaka T, Hirakawa Y, Miura H. [A systematic review of distress due to pneumonia experienced by older people with end-stage dementia]. Nihon Ronen Igakkai Zasshi 2021; 58:610-616. [PMID: 34880180 DOI: 10.3143/geriatrics.58.610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
AIM Many older people with end-stage dementia die of pneumonia, but the details of their distress have been unclear. The present study clarified the distress experienced by such individuals due to pneumonia. METHODS We searched for literature corresponding to 5 clinical questions (CQs) concerning including "What distress is experienced by older people with end-stage dementia due to pneumonia (CQ1) ?" using a search formula with the Web version of the Central Medical Magazine, MEDLINE (STN)/EMBASE (STN), Cochrane Library, and extracted 604 articles. Forty-two articles corresponding to 5 CQs were extracted by primary screening using abstracts, and 17 articles were adopted after the secondary screening. A total of six articles corresponding to CQ1 were ultimately analyzed. RESULTS Older people with end-stage dementia who died of pneumonia reported more discomfort and dyspnea than those who died of dehydration. Their main symptoms were respiratory symptoms, such as cough, sputum, and dyspnea, a fever and somnolence. Distress such as dyspnea and discomfort among older people with end-stage dementia recovering from pneumonia peaked on the day of the diagnosis. Furthermore, in older people with end-stage dementia dying of pneumonia, distresses began approximately one week before death and peaked on the day before death. A few days before death, several distressing symptoms, such as pain, dyspnea and restlessness/agitation, were often observed at the same time. CONCLUSIONS If older people with end-stage dementia contract pneumonia and die from it, attentive palliative care is needed to manage their severe discomfort, dyspnea and other sources of distress.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yasuhiro Yamaguchi
- Jichi Medical University Saitama Medical Center, Department of Respiratory Medicine
| | - Takashi Yamanaka
- The University of Tokyo, Graduate School of Medicine, Department of Home Care Medicine
| | - Yoshihisa Hirakawa
- Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Department of Public Health and Health Systems
| | - Hisayuki Miura
- National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, Department of Home Care and Regional Liaison Promotion
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Liu W, Kim S. Dyadic interactions and physical and social environment in dementia mealtime care: a systematic review of instruments. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2021; 1505:23-39. [PMID: 34310706 PMCID: PMC8688242 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.14667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2021] [Revised: 06/16/2021] [Accepted: 07/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Using valid instruments to measure dyadic interactions and physical and social environment during mealtime care of persons with dementia is critical to evaluate the process, fidelity, and impact of mealtime interventions. However, the characteristics and quality of existing instruments remain unexplored. This systematic review described the characteristics and synthesized the psychometric quality of instruments originally developed or later modified to measure mealtime dyadic interactions and physical and/or social dining environment for people with dementia, on the basis of published reports between January 1, 1980 and December 31, 2020. We identified 26 instruments: 17 assessed dyadic interactions, one assessed physical environment, and eight assessed physical and social environment. All instruments were used in research and none in clinical practice. All instruments were observational tools and scored as having low psychometric quality, except for the refined Cue Utilization and Engagement in Dementia (CUED) mealtime video-coding scheme rated as having moderate quality. Reasons for low quality are the use of small samples compared with the number of items, limited psychometric testing, and inadequate estimates. All existing tools warrant further testing in larger diverse samples in varied settings and validation for use in clinical practice. The refined CUED is a potential tool for use and requires testing in direct on-site observations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Liu
- The University of Iowa, College of Nursing, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Sohyun Kim
- The University of Iowa, College of Nursing, Iowa City, IA, USA
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Felton N, Lewis JS, Cockburn SJ, Hodgson M, Dawson S. Pain Assessment for Individuals with Advanced Dementia in Care Homes: A Systematic Review. Geriatrics (Basel) 2021; 6:geriatrics6040101. [PMID: 34698157 PMCID: PMC8544573 DOI: 10.3390/geriatrics6040101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2021] [Revised: 10/12/2021] [Accepted: 10/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Pain is prevalent in older people, especially in those with advanced dementia who have communication impairments. Although pain is recognised to be present in this population, it is often under-assessed and ineffectively managed. The assessment of pain in advanced dementia is extremely challenging and complex, particularly in institutional settings such as care homes. This study systematically reviews the literature to examine and characterise the evidence for the use of pain assessment tools in care homes with individuals living with advanced dementia. Relevant publications were sourced from electronic bibliometric medical databases including AMED, CINAHL Plus, Medline, PsycINFO, EMBASE, TRIP Pro, Google Scholar, and HINARI. The database search was supplemented by screening citations and reference lists, in addition to a grey literature searches. The search identified 2221 studies, among which 26 were included in the review. The majority of the studies were observational, which created a rich source of data to create four major themes. The findings were informed and shaped by working with key stakeholders to develop a conceptual model that can contribute to developing evidence-based practice. This highlights the importance of a comprehensive, multi-disciplinary approach to pain assessment in this population, which is beyond the use of tools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nansi Felton
- Avon and Wiltshire Mental Health Partnership NHS Trust, Bath NHS House, Newbridge Hill, Bath BA1 3QE, UK; (S.-J.C.); (M.H.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Jennifer S. Lewis
- School for Health and Social Wellbeing, University of the West of England, Bristol BS16 1DD, UK;
- National Complex Regional Pain Syndrome Service, Pain Specialty, Royal United Hospitals NHS Trust, Bath BA1 3NG, UK
| | - Sarah-Jane Cockburn
- Avon and Wiltshire Mental Health Partnership NHS Trust, Bath NHS House, Newbridge Hill, Bath BA1 3QE, UK; (S.-J.C.); (M.H.)
- Doctoral College, Department of Psychology, University of Southampton, Building 44, Highfield Campus, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK
| | - Margot Hodgson
- Avon and Wiltshire Mental Health Partnership NHS Trust, Bath NHS House, Newbridge Hill, Bath BA1 3QE, UK; (S.-J.C.); (M.H.)
| | - Shoba Dawson
- Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 2PS, UK;
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Liao YJ, Parajuli J, Jao YL, Kitko L, Berish D. Non-pharmacological interventions for pain in people with dementia: A systematic review. Int J Nurs Stud 2021; 124:104082. [PMID: 34607070 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2021.104082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Revised: 08/23/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Pain commonly occurs in people living with dementia but is often undertreated. Non-pharmacological interventions are a safer first-line option for pain management, but evidence-based interventions for people living with dementia have not been established. An increasing number of studies have examined the effect of non-pharmacological interventions in pain management. However, the evidence that specifically focuses on people living with dementia has not been systematically reviewed. OBJECTIVES This review aimed to systematically synthesize current evidence on non-pharmacological interventions to manage pain in people living with dementia. METHODS A comprehensive search of the literature was conducted in PubMed, CINAHL, Scopus, and Web of Science databases. Studies were included if they were 1) peer-reviewed original quantitative research, 2) tested the effect of non-pharmacological interventions on pain in people with dementia, and 3) English language. Studies were excluded if they 1) included both pharmacological and non-pharmacological interventions and did not report separate results for the non-pharmacological interventions; 2) enrolled participants with and without dementia and did not have separate results reported for individuals with dementia; 3) tested dietary supplements as the intervention; and 4) were not original research, such as reviews, editorials, commentaries, or case studies. Title, abstract, and full text were screened. Quality assessment was conducted using the Cochrane Risk of Bias tool and Johns Hopkins Level of Evidence. Pain assessment tools, participant characteristics, study designs, intervention condition, and results were extracted. Results were synthesized through grouping the type of the interventions and weighting evidence based on quality and design of the studies. RESULTS A total of 11 articles and 12 interventions were identified. A total of 486 participants were included. Interventions that have shown a positive impact on pain include ear acupressure, music therapy, reflexology, tailored pain intervention, painting and singing, personal assistive robot, cognitive-behavioral therapy, play activity, and person-centered environment program. Nevertheless, a majority of the interventions were only evaluated once. Moreover, most studies had similar sample characteristics and setting. CONCLUSION Overall, the quality of included studies were mostly low to mixed quality and most participants only had mild to moderate baseline pain, which limits detection of the intervention's effect. Hence, these findings need to be duplicated in studies with a greater sample size, a more diverse population (race, gender, and settings), and a more rigorous design to validate the results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yo-Jen Liao
- Pennsylvania State University, Ross and Carol Nese College of Nursing, 307 Nursing Sciences Building, University Park, PA, 16802, United States.
| | - Jyotsana Parajuli
- Assistant Professor, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, School of Nursing, 9201 University City Blvd, Charlotte, NC, 28223, United States.
| | - Ying-Ling Jao
- Assistant Professor, Pennsylvania State University, Ross and Carol Nese College of Nursing, 307B Nursing Sciences Building, University Park, PA, 16802, United States.
| | - Lisa Kitko
- Associate Professor, Pennsylvania State University, Ross and Carol Nese College of Nursing, 311 Nursing Sciences Building, University Park, PA, 16802, United States.
| | - Diane Berish
- Assistant Research Professor, Pennsylvania State University, Ross and Carol Nese College of Nursing, 304A Nursing Sciences Building, University Park, PA, 16802, United States.
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Towers AM, Smith N, Allan S, Vadean F, Collins G, Rand S, Bostock J, Ramsbottom H, Forder J, Lanza S, Cassell J. Care home residents’ quality of life and its association with CQC ratings and workforce issues: the MiCareHQ mixed-methods study. HEALTH SERVICES AND DELIVERY RESEARCH 2021. [DOI: 10.3310/hsdr09190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background
Care home staff have a critical bearing on quality. The staff employed, the training they receive and how well they identify and manage residents’ needs are likely to influence outcomes. The Care Act 2014 (Great Britain. The Care Act 2014. London: The Stationery Office; 2014) requires services to improve ‘well-being’, but many residents cannot self-report and are at risk of exclusion from giving their views. The Adult Social Care Outcomes Toolkit enables social care-related quality of life to be measured using a mixed-methods approach. There is currently no equivalent way of measuring aspects of residents’ health-related quality of life. We developed new tools for measuring pain, anxiety and depression using a mixed-methods approach. We also explored the relationship between care home quality, residents’ outcomes, and the skill mix and employment conditions of the workforce who support them.
Objectives
The objectives were to develop and test measures of pain, anxiety and depression for residents unable to self-report; to assess the extent to which regulator quality ratings reflect residents’ care-related quality of life; and to assess the relationship between aspects of the staffing of care homes and the quality of care homes.
Design
This was a mixed-methods study.
Setting
The setting was care homes for older adults in England.
Participants
Care home residents participated.
Results
Three measures of pain, anxiety and low mood were developed and tested, using a mixed-methods approach, with 182 care home residents in 20 care homes (nursing and residential). Psychometric testing found that the measures had good construct validity. The mixed-methods approach was both feasible and necessary with this population, as the majority of residents could not self-report. Using a combined data set (n = 475 residents in 54 homes) from this study and the Measuring Outcomes in Care Homes study (Towers AM, Palmer S, Smith N, Collins G, Allan S. A cross-sectional study exploring the relationship between regulator quality ratings and care home residents’ quality of life in England. Health Qual Life Outcomes 2019;17:22) we found a significant positive association between residents’ social care-related quality of life and regulator (i.e. Care Quality Commission) quality ratings. Multivariate regression revealed that homes rated ‘good/outstanding’ are associated with a 12% improvement in mean current social care-related quality of life among residents who have higher levels of dependency. Secondary data analysis of a large, national sample of care homes over time assessed the impact of staffing and employment conditions on Care Quality Commission quality ratings. Higher wages and a higher prevalence of training in both dementia and dignity-/person-centred care were positively associated with care quality, whereas high staff turnover and job vacancy rates had a significant negative association. A 10% increase in the average care worker wage increased the likelihood of a ‘good/outstanding’ rating by 7%.
Limitations
No care homes rated as inadequate were recruited to the study.
Conclusions
The most dependent residents gain the most from homes rated ‘good/outstanding’. However, measuring the needs and outcomes of these residents is challenging, as many cannot self-report. A mixed-methods approach can reduce methodological exclusion and an over-reliance on proxies. Improving working conditions and reducing staff turnover may be associated with better outcomes for residents.
Future work
Further work is required to explore the relationship between pain, anxiety and low mood and other indicators of care homes quality and to examine the relationship between wages, training and social care outcomes.
Funding
This project was funded by the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Health Services and Delivery Research programme and will be published in full in Health Services and Delivery Research; Vol. 9, No. 19. See the NIHR Journals Library website for further project information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann-Marie Towers
- Centre for Health Services Studies, University of Kent, Canterbury, UK
| | - Nick Smith
- Personal Social Services Research Unit, University of Kent, Canterbury, UK
| | - Stephen Allan
- Personal Social Services Research Unit, University of Kent, Canterbury, UK
| | - Florin Vadean
- Personal Social Services Research Unit, University of Kent, Canterbury, UK
| | - Grace Collins
- Personal Social Services Research Unit, University of Kent, Canterbury, UK
| | - Stacey Rand
- Personal Social Services Research Unit, University of Kent, Canterbury, UK
| | | | | | - Julien Forder
- Personal Social Services Research Unit, University of Kent, Canterbury, UK
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Ammar MA, Ammar AA, Cheung CC, Akhtar S. Pharmacological Adjuncts to Palliation in the Trauma Patient: Optimal Symptom Management. CURRENT TRAUMA REPORTS 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s40719-021-00215-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Instruments for pain assessment in patients with advanced dementia: A systematic review of the evidence for Latin America. Palliat Support Care 2021; 18:741-747. [PMID: 31918779 DOI: 10.1017/s147895151900107x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Pain treatment is an essential component of care for elderly patients with advanced dementia. The objective of this study was to identify and analyze the different scales used for pain assessment in elderly persons diagnosed with dementia, in the literature available at the Latin American level. METHOD A systematic review was performed on the existing scales for pain assessment in elderly people diagnosed with Alzheimer's disease, vascular dementia, and dementia with Lewy bodies. RESULTS 226 articles were retrieved from the PUBMED, BIREME, and Scielo databases, of which a total of 10 articles entered the systematic review. The instruments identified in these publications were PAINAD, Abbey, McGill, and PACSLAC, while the Colored Pain Scale, Faces Pain Scale, and VAS scales were used as the silver standard. In Spanish, the Abbey scale, and in Portuguese, the PACSLAC scale showed the best reliability and validity coefficients. SIGNIFICANCE OF RESULTS It is concluded that there are only two appropriate scales for the assessment of pain in people with dementia in the region of interest of this study. It is recommended to generate more evidence for a more accurate assessment of pain in people with dementia.
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Kaufmann L, Moeller K, Marksteiner J. Pain and Associated Neuropsychiatric Symptoms in Patients Suffering from Dementia: Challenges at Different Levels and Proposal of a Conceptual Framework. J Alzheimers Dis 2021; 83:1003-1009. [PMID: 34366340 PMCID: PMC8543251 DOI: 10.3233/jad-210263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Old age is critically associated with multi-morbidity, chronic pain, and high risk for dementia. Recognizing and treating pain is very much dependent on language comprehension and production. Both may be impaired in dementia. Moreover, neuropsychiatric symptoms may interact with pain perception. The main aims of the present article were 1) to identify key areas for future research to elucidate the relation between pain and associated neuropsychiatric symptoms in dementia, and 2) to provide a conceptual framework for ameliorating the clinical process of recognizing, assessing, and managing pain in non-communicating patients with advanced dementia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liane Kaufmann
- Depatment of Psychology, University of Innsbruck, Austria.,Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy A, General Hospital Hall in Tirol, Austria
| | - Korbinian Moeller
- School of Science, Centre for Mathematical Cognition, Loughborough University, United Kingdom.,Leibniz-Institut fuer Wissensmedien, Tuebingen, Germany.,LEAD Graduate School & Research Network, University of Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Josef Marksteiner
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy A, General Hospital Hall in Tirol, Austria
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Babicova I, Cross A, Forman D, Hughes J, Hoti K. Evaluation of the Psychometric Properties of PainChek® in UK Aged Care Residents with advanced dementia. BMC Geriatr 2021; 21:337. [PMID: 34049501 PMCID: PMC8161561 DOI: 10.1186/s12877-021-02280-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2020] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim of this study was to further validate PainChek®, an electronic pain assessment instrument, with a population living with dementia in a UK care home. METHOD This study utilised a correlational design to evaluate the psychometric properties of PainChek® when compared to the Abbey Pain Scale (APS). Blinded paired pain assessments were completed at rest and immediately post-movement by a researcher and a nurse. A total of 22 participants with a diagnosis of moderate-to-severe dementia and a painful condition were recruited using opportunity sampling. RESULTS Overall, 302 paired assessments were collected for 22 participants. Out of these 179 were conducted during rest and 123 were immediately post-movement. The results demonstrated a positive significant correlation between overall PainChek® pain scores and overall APS pain scores (r = 0.818, N = 302, p < .001, one-tailed), satisfactory internal consistency (α = 0.810), moderate single measure intraclass correlation (ICC = 0.680) and substantial inter-rater agreement (κ = 0.719). CONCLUSIONS PainChek® has demonstrated to be a valid and reliable instrument to assess the presence and severity of pain in people with moderate-to-severe dementia living in aged care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivana Babicova
- College of Health, Psychology & Social Care, University of Derby, Derby, UK.
| | - Ainslea Cross
- University of Derby Online Learning, University of Derby, Derby, UK
| | - Dawn Forman
- College of Health, Psychology & Social Care, University of Derby, Derby, UK
| | - Jeffery Hughes
- Curtin Medical School, Curtin University, Perth, Australia
| | - Kreshnik Hoti
- Curtin Medical School, Curtin University, Perth, Australia
- Division of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Prishtina, Prishtina, Kosovo
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The Short-Term Kinetics of sICAM-1 after Induction of Acute Experimental Pain in Healthy Volunteers. J Clin Med 2021; 10:jcm10092021. [PMID: 34065075 PMCID: PMC8125896 DOI: 10.3390/jcm10092021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Revised: 04/28/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) mediates extravasation of leukocytes, releasing proinflammatory cytokines or endogenous opioids in the inflamed tissue. Thus, ICAM-1 is a crucial component of peripheral antinociception. Previously, we demonstrated a significant correlation between the soluble form of ICAM (sICAM-1) in serum and pain intensity reported by chronic pain patients. The present study examines the role and kinetics of sICAM-1 in experimentally induced acute pain. Three groups of 10 subjects were exposed to 10 min of high (capsaicin-enhanced) or low-intensity heat pain or cold pain, respectively. Thermal stimuli were induced using a device for quantitative sensory testing. Topical capsaicin significantly increased heat pain intensity without the risk of thermal tissue damage. Pain intensity was recorded every minute during testing. sICAM-1 concentrations in serum were determined by ELISA before, immediately after, and 60 min after test termination. Among all experimental groups, sICAM-1 significantly decreased immediately after pain induction. After 60 min, sICAM-1 concentrations returned towards initial values. Interestingly, a linear correlation was found between the extent of sICAM-1 changes and the initial concentrations. Whereas high initial values led to a distinct decrease of sICAM-1, low concentrations tended to increase. There was no statistically significant correlation between levels or alterations of serum sICAM-1 and pain intensity reported by the test subjects. In contrast to our previous findings in chronic pain patients, the present results show that sICAM-1 values do not correlate with the intensity of acute experimental pain. However, we were able to detect short-term changes of sICAM-1 after induction of nociceptive thermal stimuli, suggesting that this marker is part of a demand-oriented homeostatically controlled system.
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Achterberg WP, Erdal A, Husebo BS, Kunz M, Lautenbacher S. Are Chronic Pain Patients with Dementia Being Undermedicated? J Pain Res 2021; 14:431-439. [PMID: 33623425 PMCID: PMC7894836 DOI: 10.2147/jpr.s239321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2020] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
In dementia, neuropathological changes alter the perception and expression of pain. For clinicians and family members, this knowledge gap leads to difficulties in recognizing and assessing chronic pain, which may consequently result in persons with dementia receiving lower levels of pain medication compared to those without cognitive impairment. Although this situation seems to have improved in recent years, considerable geographical variation persists. Over the last decade, opioid use has received global attention as a result of overuse and the risk of addiction, while the literature on older persons with dementia actually suggests undertreatment. This review stresses the importance of reliable assessment and the regular evaluation and monitoring of symptoms in persons with dementia. Based on current evidence, we concluded that chronic pain is still undertreated in dementia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wilco P Achterberg
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Leiden University Medical Center, RC Leiden, 2300, the Netherlands
| | - Ane Erdal
- Department of Global Public Health and Primary Care, University of Bergen, Bergen, 5020, Norway
| | - Bettina S Husebo
- Department of Global Public Health and Primary Care, University of Bergen, Bergen, 5020, Norway
| | - Miriam Kunz
- Department of Medical Psychology, University of Augsburg, Augsburg, 86156, Germany
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Vitou V, Gély-Nargeot MC, Bayard S. Interrater Variability in Pain Assessment of Long-term Care Residents with Dementia. Pain Manag Nurs 2021; 22:377-385. [PMID: 33446451 DOI: 10.1016/j.pmn.2020.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2020] [Revised: 11/17/2020] [Accepted: 12/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE People with dementia are at great risk of their pain being undetected. In long-term care facilities, certified nursing assistants are on the front-line to detect whether a resident with dementia is experiencing pain, but research on certified nursing assistants' abilities to accurately assess pain are scarce. This study aims to examine certified nursing assistants' pain assessment skills using a simulated standardized video context. DESIGN A cross-sectional study was conducted. METHODS Fifty certified nursing assistants and 40 individuals with no professional experience in the field of care (controls) watched the same video of an older adult woman with dementia experiencing pain. Afterwards, they completed visual analog scales (pain intensity, affective distress), an observational pain assessment scale (Algoplus), and a set of questionnaires. RESULTS In both groups, pain intensity assessment and empathic reaction scores showed important interrater variability. Moreover, certified nursing assistants and controls did not differ in detecting the presence of pain or assessing its intensity. But certified nursing assistants displayed lower empathic reactions and dispositions. Certified nursing assistants pain assessment scores decreased with experience and expertise. CONCLUSIONS The practice of pain assessment is challenging for certified nursing assistants in long-term care facilities. Their professional status does not prevent inter-personal inconsistency and tends to lower their empathic dispositions. Personal determinants may interfere with their assessment behaviors and must be considered to enhance pain management for residents with dementia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valérie Vitou
- University Paul Valéry Montpellier 3, University Montpellier, Montpellier, France; Fondation Partage et Vie, Montrouge, France.
| | | | - Sophie Bayard
- University Paul Valéry Montpellier 3, University Montpellier, Montpellier, France
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Sjölund BM, Mamhidir AG, Engström M. Pain prevalence among residents living in nursing homes and its association with quality of life and well-being. Scand J Caring Sci 2021; 35:1332-1341. [PMID: 33410189 DOI: 10.1111/scs.12955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2020] [Revised: 11/24/2020] [Accepted: 12/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pain is common and often more complex to assess among nursing homes residents with cognitive impairments. Thus, more research is needed of different pain assessment methods in elderly care and how these assessments outcomes are related to quality of life, as there mostly should be a negative relationship. There is a risk that pain are under diagnosed among persons with cognitive impairment. AIM The aim was to describe and compare pain prevalence among nursing home residents (1) using different pain assessment methods (2) in relation to cognitive status and to (3) examine associations between pain and quality of life or well-being. METHODS A cross-sectional correlational design was used, participants were 213 nursing home residents and data were collected through interviews using standardised protocols. Instrument used were Katz index of ADL, Mini-Mental-State-Examination, Quality of Life in Late-Stage Dementia scale, WHO-5 well-being index, Numeric Rating Scale and Doloplus-2 scale. RESULTS The results showed high pain prevalence, but no significant difference based on cognitive level. Pain classification at the individual level varied somewhat when different instruments are used. The results indicated that use of a single-item proxy-measure for pain tends to show higher pain prevalence and was not statistically significant related to quality of life. The relationship with quality of life was statistically significant when self-rated pain instruments or multi-component observation were used. CONCLUSIONS The study shows that it is difficult to estimate pain in residents living at nursing homes and that it continues to be a challenge to solve. Self-rated pain should be used primarily to assess pain, and a multi-component observation scale for pain should be used when residents are cognitively impaired. Both self-rated pain and multi-component observation also support the well-known link between pain and quality of life. Single-item proxy assessments should only be used in exceptional cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Britt-Marie Sjölund
- Faculty of Health and Occupational Studies, Department of Caring Sciences, University of Gävle, Gävle, Sweden.,Aging Research Center (ARC), Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society (NVS) Karolinska Institutet and Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Anna-Greta Mamhidir
- Faculty of Health and Occupational Studies, Department of Caring Sciences, University of Gävle, Gävle, Sweden.,Department of Public Health and Caring Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Maria Engström
- Faculty of Health and Occupational Studies, Department of Caring Sciences, University of Gävle, Gävle, Sweden.,Department of Public Health and Caring Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.,Nursing Department, Medicine and Health College, Lishui University, Lishui, China
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Jonassaint CR. If you Can't Assess It, How Can you Treat It? Improving Pain Management in Sickle Cell Disease. J Emerg Nurs 2021; 47:10-15. [PMID: 33390216 DOI: 10.1016/j.jen.2020.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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The effect of PARO robotic seals for hospitalized patients with dementia: A feasibility study. Geriatr Nurs 2020; 42:37-45. [PMID: 33221556 DOI: 10.1016/j.gerinurse.2020.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2020] [Revised: 11/03/2020] [Accepted: 11/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Robotic seals have been studied in long-term care settings; though, no studies of patients with dementia in the acute care setting have been reported. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the feasibility of PARO interventions for hospitalized patients with dementia, determine physiological effects and describe social-affective interactions. Using a prospective descriptive design with pre-post PARO intervention physiological measurements, we studied 55 participants who received up to five 15-min PARO interventions. The PARO was favorably accepted for 212 (95%) of the 223 PARO interventions. Differences in pre- and post-physiological measures for mean arterial pressure, pulse, respiration, oxygenation, stress, and pain levels were evaluated using Wilcoxon Signed Rank test with statistically significant pre and post differences (p=<0.05); however, the differences were not clinically significant. Participants (95%) demonstrated beneficial PARO interactions with the most frequent interactions being speaking and petting. The PARO shows promise for enhancing social and affective responses for hospitalized patients with dementia.
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Giménez-Llort L, Bernal ML, Docking R, Muntsant-Soria A, Torres-Lista V, Bulbena A, Schofield PA. Pain in Older Adults With Dementia: A Survey in Spain. Front Neurol 2020; 11:592366. [PMID: 33329344 PMCID: PMC7715009 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2020.592366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2020] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The risk of suffering pain increases significantly throughout life, reaching the highest levels in its latest years. Prevalence of pain in nursing homes is estimated to range from 40 to 80% of residents, most of them old adults affected with dementia. It is already known that pain is under-diagnosed and under-treated in patients with severe cognitive impairment and poor/absent verbal communication, resulting in a serious impact on their quality of life, psychosocial, and physical functioning. Under-treated pain is commonly the cause of behavioral symptoms, which can lead to misuse of antipsychotic treatments. Here, we present two Regional and National Surveys in Spain (2015–2017) on the current practices, use of observational tools for pain assessment, guidelines, and policies. Results, discussed as compared to the survey across central/north Europe, confirm the professional concerns on pain in severe dementia, due to poor standardization and lack of guidelines/recommendations. In Spain, observational tools are scarcely used because of their difficulty and low reliability in severe dementia, since the poor/absent verbal communication and comprehension are considered limiting factors. Behavioral observation tools should be used while attending the patients, in a situation including rest and movement, should be short (3–5 min) and scored using a numeric scale. Among the pain items to score, “Facial expression” and “Verbalization” were considered essential and very useful, respectively. This was in contrast to “Body movements” and “Vocalizations,” respectively, according to the survey in central/north Europe. Scarce time availability for pain assessment and monitoring, together with low feasible and time-consuming tools, can make pain assessment a challenge. The presence of confounding factors, the low awareness and poor knowledge/education of specific tools for this population are worrisome. These complaints draw future directions to improve pain assessment. More time available, awareness, and involvement of the teams would also benefit pain assessment and management in cognitive impairment. The experiences and opinions recorded in these surveys in Spain and other E.U. countries were considered sources of knowledge for designing the “PAIC-15 scale,” a new internationally agreed-on meta-tool for Pain Assessment in Impaired Cognition and the “Observational pain assessment” in older persons with dementia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lydia Giménez-Llort
- Department of Psychiatry and Forensic Medicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain.,Institut de Neurociències, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
| | - Maria Luisa Bernal
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Aragón, Zaragoza, Spain
| | | | - Aida Muntsant-Soria
- Department of Psychiatry and Forensic Medicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain.,Institut de Neurociències, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
| | - Virginia Torres-Lista
- Department of Psychiatry and Forensic Medicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain.,Institut de Neurociències, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
| | - Antoni Bulbena
- Department of Psychiatry and Forensic Medicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
| | - Patricia A Schofield
- Abertay University, Dundee, United Kingdom.,Sheffield Hallam University, Sheffield, United Kingdom
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Liu W, Kim S, Alessio H. Mealtime caregiving knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors for persons living with dementia: A systematic review of psychometric properties of instruments. Int J Nurs Stud 2020; 114:103824. [PMID: 33352436 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2020.103824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2020] [Revised: 10/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Using valid instruments to assess caregiving knowledge, attitudes, skills, and behaviors in mealtime care for people living with dementia is critical to evaluate the process and effects of mealtime assistance interventions. Yet, the quantity and psychometric quality of such instruments are unknown. OBJECTIVES This systematic review described and evaluated psychometric properties of instruments that were developed and used to assess mealtime caregiving knowledge, attitudes, skills, and behaviors for people with dementia. METHODS We searched Pubmed, CINAHL, AgeLine, PsychINFO, and Cochrane Library for records published between January 1st, 1980 and June 31st, 2019, with follow-up searches by December 20th, 2019. Records were eligible if they included any instrument developed, tested, and/or used to measure the concepts of interest, including mealtime caregiving knowledge, attitudes, skills, and/or behaviors. After eligible records were identified, instruments that were reported in the eligible records were identified and extracted. Instruments were eligible if they were originally developed to measure the concepts of interest or developed in non-mealtime activities and later used or tested to measure the concepts of interest. From eligible records, eight characteristics of eligible instruments were extracted: (1) development process, (2) the concept/construct the instrument operationalizes, (3) sample and setting the instrument was used/tested in, (4) administration method, (5) description of items, (6) scoring format/interpretation, (7) reliability, and (8) validity. The psychometric quality of eligible instruments was evaluated using a newly developed psychometric quality assessment tool. RESULTS A total of 9438 records were retrieved and 19 eligible instruments were identified. Ten instruments assessed mealtime caregiving skills or behaviors; 5 assessed attitudes, intention, self-efficacy, empathy; and 4 assessed knowledge. All instruments were scored as having low psychometric quality, except for Mealtime Engagement Scale with moderate psychometric quality in assessing mealtime engagement toward people with dementia. Reasons for low psychometric quality included limited psychometric testing, inadequate estimates of psychometric properties, and use of small sample size. CONCLUSIONS While all instruments warrant further testing, Mealtime Engagement Scale demonstrated moderate psychometric quality with preliminary evidence of reliability and validity to assess mealtime engagement toward people with dementia. Future testing of Mealtime Engagement Scale is needed in larger diverse samples in different care settings to accumulate psychometric evidence and expand the use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Liu
- The University of Iowa, College of Nursing, 432 CNB, 50 Newton Road, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA.
| | - Sohyun Kim
- The University of Iowa, College of Nursing, 432 CNB, 50 Newton Road, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Holly Alessio
- The University of Iowa, College of Nursing, 432 CNB, 50 Newton Road, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
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Gallant NL, Peckham A, Marchildon G, Hadjistavropoulos T, Roblin B, Stopyn RJN. Provincial legislative and regulatory standards for pain assessment and management in long-term care homes: a scoping review and in-depth case analysis. BMC Geriatr 2020; 20:458. [PMID: 33167897 PMCID: PMC7650170 DOI: 10.1186/s12877-020-01758-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2020] [Accepted: 09/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Among Canadian residents living in long-term care (LTC) facilities, and especially among those with limited ability to communicate due to dementia, pain remains underassessed and undermanaged. Although evidence-based clinical guidelines for the assessment and management of pain exist, these clinical guidelines are not widely implemented in LTC facilities. A relatively unexplored avenue for change is the influence that statutes and regulations could exert on pain practices within LTC. This review is therefore aimed at identifying the current landscape of policy levers used across Canada to assess and manage pain among LTC residents and to evaluate the extent to which they are concordant with evidence-based clinical guidelines proposed by an international consensus group consisting of both geriatric pain and public policy experts. METHODS Using scoping review methodology, a search for peer-reviewed journal articles and government documents pertaining to pain in Canadian LTC facilities was carried out. This scoping review was complemented by an in-depth case analysis of Alberta, Saskatchewan, and Ontario statutes and regulations. RESULTS Across provinces, pain was highly prevalent and was associated with adverse consequences among LTC residents. The considerable benefits of using a standardized pain assessment protocol, along with the barriers in implementing such a protocol, were identified. For most provinces, pain assessment and management in LTC residents was not specifically addressed in their statutes or regulations. In Alberta, Saskatchewan, and Ontario, regulations mandate the use of the interRAI suite of assessment tools for the assessment and reporting of pain. CONCLUSION The prevalence of pain and the benefits of implementing standardized pain assessment protocols has been reported in the research literature. Despite occasional references to pain, however, existing regulations do not recommend assessments of pain at the frequency specified by experts. Insufficient direction on the use of specialized pain assessment tools (especially in the case of those with limited ability to communicate) that minimize reliance on subjective judgements was also identified in current regulations. Existing policies therefore fail to adequately address the underassessment and undermanagement of pain in older adults residing in LTC facilities in ways that are aligned with expert consensus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natasha L. Gallant
- Department of Psychology and Center on Aging and Health, University of Regina, 3737 Wascana Parkway, Regina, Saskatchewan S4S 0A2 Canada
| | - Allie Peckham
- Edson College of Nursing and Health Innovation, Arizona State University, 550 N 3rd Street, Phoenix, AZ 85004 USA
- Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation, University of Toronto, 425–155 College Street, Toronto, Ontario M5T 3M6 Canada
| | - Gregory Marchildon
- Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation, University of Toronto, 425–155 College Street, Toronto, Ontario M5T 3M6 Canada
| | - Thomas Hadjistavropoulos
- Department of Psychology and Center on Aging and Health, University of Regina, 3737 Wascana Parkway, Regina, Saskatchewan S4S 0A2 Canada
| | - Blair Roblin
- Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation, University of Toronto, 425–155 College Street, Toronto, Ontario M5T 3M6 Canada
| | - Rhonda J. N. Stopyn
- Department of Psychology and Center on Aging and Health, University of Regina, 3737 Wascana Parkway, Regina, Saskatchewan S4S 0A2 Canada
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Borg C, Sala E, Chainay H, Labouré J, Getenet JC, Dorey JM, Laurent B, Rouch I. How do patients with Alzheimer's disease imagine their pain? Eur J Pain 2020; 25:466-472. [PMID: 33078485 DOI: 10.1002/ejp.1685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Revised: 10/16/2020] [Accepted: 10/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Pain is underdiagnosed and undertreated in patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD). Pain management is of major importance in this population to limit behavioural and functional consequences. Our study aimed to assess the capacity of AD patients to represent pain using a questionnaire exploring daily painful situations and to determine the most appropriate pain scale assessment. METHODS Twenty-eight patients with mild AD, 21 with moderate AD and 28 matched controls underwent the Situation Pain Questionnaire (SP-Q) and assessed imaginary pain with four pain scales. Two scores were compared between the three groups: the P(A) discrimination score and the response bias β score. P(A) reflects the degree of discrimination between high-pain and low-pain events, whereas the β score means the degree to which situations are considered as painful. RESULTS Our results showed that AD patients hardly discriminated the high- from low-pain events. Compared to controls, the mean P(A) score was significantly lower for Mild AD (p < 0.03) and Moderate AD (p < 0.004). In addition, the β score indicated that the response bias is higher for AD patients (p < 0.01) in that they overestimated the level of pain. CONCLUSION The present results suggest that patients with Mild and Moderate AD are able to recognize and assess an imagined painful situation even though their pain tolerance is lower than that of controls. The pain scales used should be chosen according to the cognitive, sensorial and personal profiles of the patients. SIGNIFICANCE The present research is significant because it examines how patients with Alzheimer's disease understand and assess painful situations. Cognitive impairments can modify this ability. Pain is a sensory and subjective experience and to define its feeling can help us in our clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Céline Borg
- Neurology/Neuropsychology CMRR Unit, Hospital Nord, Saint Priest-en-Jarez, France.,Psychology Department, University of Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Emilie Sala
- Neurology/Neuropsychology CMRR Unit, Hospital Nord, Saint Priest-en-Jarez, France
| | - Hanna Chainay
- EMC Laboratory (EA 3082), Université Lyon 2, University of Lyon, Bron, France
| | - Julien Labouré
- Neurology/Neuropsychology CMRR Unit, Hospital Nord, Saint Priest-en-Jarez, France
| | - Jean-Claude Getenet
- Neurology/Neuropsychology CMRR Unit, Hospital Nord, Saint Priest-en-Jarez, France
| | | | - Bernard Laurent
- Neurology/Neuropsychology CMRR Unit, Hospital Nord, Saint Priest-en-Jarez, France.,Neuropain Team, INSERM U1028, Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, Lyon, France
| | - Isabelle Rouch
- Neurology/Neuropsychology CMRR Unit, Hospital Nord, Saint Priest-en-Jarez, France
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Dube CE, Morrison RA, Mack DS, Jesdale BM, Nunes AP, Liu SH, Lapane KL. Prevalence of Pain on Admission by Level of Cognitive Impairment in Nursing Homes. J Pain Res 2020; 13:2663-2672. [PMID: 33116808 PMCID: PMC7586014 DOI: 10.2147/jpr.s270689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2020] [Accepted: 08/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To provide contemporary estimates of pain by level of cognitive impairment among US nursing home residents without cancer. METHODS Newly admitted US nursing home residents without cancer assessed with the Minimum Data Set 3.0 at admission (2010-2016) were eligible (n=8,613,080). The Cognitive Function Scale was used to categorize level of cognitive impairment. Self-report or staff-assessed pain was used based on a 5-day look-back period. Estimates of adjusted prevalence ratios (aPR) were derived from modified Poisson models. RESULTS Documented prevalence of pain decreased with increased levels of cognitive impairment in those who self-reported pain (68.9% no/mild, 32.9% severe) and those with staff-assessed pain (50.6% no/mild, 37.2% severe staff-assessed pain). Relative to residents with no/mild cognitive impairment, pharmacologic pain management was less prevalent in those with severe cognitive impairment (self-reported: 51.3% severe vs 76.9% in those with no/mild; staff assessed: 52.0% severe vs 67.7% no/mild). CONCLUSION Pain was less frequently documented in those with severe cognitive impairment relative to those with no/mild impairments. Failure to identify pain may result in untreated or undertreated pain. Interventions to improve evaluation of pain in nursing home residents with cognitive impairment are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine E Dube
- Division of Epidemiology, Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Reynolds A Morrison
- Division of Epidemiology, Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Deborah S Mack
- Division of Epidemiology, Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Bill M Jesdale
- Division of Epidemiology, Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Anthony P Nunes
- Division of Epidemiology, Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Shao-Hsien Liu
- Division of Epidemiology, Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Kate L Lapane
- Division of Epidemiology, Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
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Kielo E, Suhonen R, Ylönen M, Viljamaa J, Wahlroos N, Stolt M. A systematic and psychometric review of tests measuring nurses' wound care knowledge. Int Wound J 2020; 17:1209-1224. [PMID: 32496632 PMCID: PMC7948782 DOI: 10.1111/iwj.13417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2020] [Revised: 05/18/2020] [Accepted: 05/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Wound care is an important realm of nurses' clinical responsibilities, and a broad knowledge and range of skills are needed to perform efficient and safe patient care. Nurses' knowledge on this matter can be measured using knowledge tests. This study aims to identify, define, and analyse the knowledge tests developed for the measurement of nurses' wound care knowledge, and to evaluate the psychometric properties of the tests. This study was a systematic literature review. A total of 52 studies and 18 instruments were found. Of the 18 instruments, only 5 had been used more than once and were successful in a psychometric evaluation. These five instruments were analysed on the basis of their psychometric properties by using Zwakhalen et al.'s (2006) psychometric testing framework. According to the analysis, the Pressure Ulcer Knowledge Test (PUKT) and the Pressure Ulcer Knowledge Assessment Tool (PUKAT) were the most valid and reliable instruments for measuring nurses' wound care knowledge. Most of the instruments identified and analysed focused on pressure ulcers, indicating that future instruments could focus more on other types of wounds or on wound care in general in order to receive a broader understanding of nurses' wound care knowledge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilia Kielo
- Department of Nursing ScienceUniversity of TurkuTurkuFinland
| | - Riitta Suhonen
- Department of Nursing ScienceUniversity of TurkuTurkuFinland
- Turku University HospitalTurkuFinland
- City of Turku, Welfare DivisionTurkuFinland
| | - Minna Ylönen
- Department of Nursing ScienceUniversity of TurkuTurkuFinland
- City of Turku, Welfare DivisionTurkuFinland
| | - Jaakko Viljamaa
- Department of Vascular SurgeryTurku University HospitalTurkuFinland
- University of TurkuTurkuFinland
| | - Niina Wahlroos
- Department of Nursing ScienceUniversity of TurkuTurkuFinland
| | - Minna Stolt
- Department of Nursing ScienceUniversity of TurkuTurkuFinland
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Abstract
Persistent pain in older adults is a widely prevalent and disabling condition that is the manifestation of multiple contributing physical, mental, social, and age-related factors. To effectively treat pain, the clinician must assess and address contributing factors using a comprehensive approach that includes pharmacologic and nonpharmacologic therapies within the context of a strong therapeutic relationship among the patient, caregivers, and a multidisciplinary team. This article reviews the current understanding of persistent pain in older adults and suggests a general approach to its assessment and management, followed by specific considerations for musculoskeletal pain conditions commonly seen in older adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Travis P Welsh
- Department of Internal Medicine, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Ailing E Yang
- Department of Internal Medicine, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA. https://twitter.com/AilingEYang
| | - Una E Makris
- Department of Internal Medicine, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA; Medical Service, VA North Texas Health Care System, Dallas, TX, USA.
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Robinson L, Poole M, McLellan E, Lee R, Amador S, Bhattarai N, Bryant A, Coe D, Corbett A, Exley C, Goodman C, Gotts Z, Harrison-Dening K, Hill S, Howel D, Hrisos S, Hughes J, Kernohan A, Macdonald A, Mason H, Massey C, Neves S, Paes P, Rennie K, Rice S, Robinson T, Sampson E, Tucker S, Tzelis D, Vale L, Bamford C. Supporting good quality, community-based end-of-life care for people living with dementia: the SEED research programme including feasibility RCT. PROGRAMME GRANTS FOR APPLIED RESEARCH 2020. [DOI: 10.3310/pgfar08080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Background
In the UK, most people with dementia die in the community and they often receive poorer end-of-life care than people with cancer.
Objective
The overall aim of this programme was to support professionals to deliver good-quality, community-based care towards, and at, the end of life for people living with dementia and their families.
Design
The Supporting Excellence in End-of-life care in Dementia (SEED) programme comprised six interlinked workstreams. Workstream 1 examined existing guidance and outcome measures using systematic reviews, identified good practice through a national e-survey and explored outcomes of end-of-life care valued by people with dementia and family carers (n = 57) using a Q-sort study. Workstream 2 explored good-quality end-of-life care in dementia from the perspectives of a range of stakeholders using qualitative methods (119 interviews, 12 focus groups and 256 observation hours). Using data from workstreams 1 and 2, workstream 3 used co-design methods with key stakeholders to develop the SEED intervention. Worksteam 4 was a pilot study of the SEED intervention with an embedded process evaluation. Using a cluster design, we assessed the feasibility and acceptability of recruitment and retention, outcome measures and our intervention. Four general practices were recruited in North East England: two were allocated to the intervention and two provided usual care. Patient recruitment was via general practitioner dementia registers. Outcome data were collected at baseline, 4, 8 and 12 months. Workstream 5 involved economic modelling studies that assessed the potential value of the SEED intervention using a contingent valuation survey of the general public (n = 1002). These data informed an economic decision model to explore how the SEED intervention might influence care. Results of the model were presented in terms of the costs and consequences (e.g. hospitalisations) and, using the contingent valuation data, a cost–benefit analysis. Workstream 6 examined commissioning of end-of-life care in dementia through a narrative review of policy and practice literature, combined with indepth interviews with a national sample of service commissioners (n = 20).
Setting
The workstream 1 survey and workstream 2 included services throughout England. The workstream 1 Q-sort study and workstream 4 pilot trial took place in North East England. For workstream 4, four general practices were recruited; two received the intervention and two provided usual care.
Results
Currently, dementia care and end-of-life care are commissioned separately, with commissioners receiving little formal guidance and training. Examples of good practice rely on non-recurrent funding and leadership from an interested clinician. Seven key components are required for good end-of-life care in dementia: timely planning discussions, recognising end of life and providing supportive care, co-ordinating care, effective working with primary care, managing hospitalisation, continuing care after death, and valuing staff and ongoing learning. Using co-design methods and the theory of change, the seven components were operationalised as a primary care-based, dementia nurse specialist intervention, with a care resource kit to help the dementia nurse specialist improve the knowledge of family and professional carers. The SEED intervention proved feasible and acceptable to all stakeholders, and being located in the general practice was considered beneficial. None of the outcome measures was suitable as the primary outcome for a future trial. The contingent valuation showed that the SEED intervention was valued, with a wider package of care valued more than selected features in isolation. The SEED intervention is unlikely to reduce costs, but this may be offset by the value placed on the SEED intervention by the general public.
Limitations
The biggest challenge to the successful delivery and completion of this research programme was translating the ‘theoretical’ complex intervention into practice in an ever-changing policy and service landscape at national and local levels. A major limitation for a future trial is the lack of a valid and relevant primary outcome measure to evaluate the effectiveness of a complex intervention that influences outcomes for both individuals and systems.
Conclusions
Although the dementia nurse specialist intervention was acceptable, feasible and integrated well with existing care, it is unlikely to reduce costs of care; however, it was highly valued by all stakeholders (professionals, people with dementia and their families) and has the potential to influence outcomes at both an individual and a systems level.
Future work
There is no plan to progress to a full randomised controlled trial of the SEED intervention in its current form. In view of new National Institute for Health and Care Excellence dementia guidance, which now recommends a care co-ordinator for all people with dementia, the feasibility of providing the SEED intervention throughout the illness trajectory should be explored. Appropriate outcome measures to evaluate the effectiveness of such a complex intervention are needed urgently.
Trial registration
Current Controlled Trials ISRCTN21390601.
Funding
This project was funded by the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Programme Grants for Applied Research programme and will be published in full in Programme Grants for Applied Research, Vol. 8, No. 8. See the NIHR Journals Library website for further project information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louise Robinson
- Population Health Sciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Marie Poole
- Population Health Sciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Emma McLellan
- Population Health Sciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Richard Lee
- Social Work, Education and Community Wellbeing, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Sarah Amador
- Division of Psychiatry, University College London, London, UK
| | - Nawaraj Bhattarai
- Population Health Sciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Andrew Bryant
- Population Health Sciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Dorothy Coe
- North East and North Cumbria Local Clinical Research Network, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Anne Corbett
- College of Medicine and Health, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - Catherine Exley
- Population Health Sciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Claire Goodman
- School of Health and Social Work, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield, UK
| | - Zoe Gotts
- Cumbria, Northumberland, Tyne and Wear NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | | | - Sarah Hill
- Population Health Sciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Denise Howel
- Population Health Sciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Susan Hrisos
- Population Health Sciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | | | - Ashleigh Kernohan
- Population Health Sciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | | | - Helen Mason
- Yunus Centre for Social Business and Health, Glasgow Caledonian University, Glasgow, UK
| | - Christopher Massey
- Cumbria, Northumberland, Tyne and Wear NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | | | - Paul Paes
- Northumbria Healthcare NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Katherine Rennie
- Faculty of Medical Sciences, Professional Services, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Stephen Rice
- Population Health Sciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Tomos Robinson
- Population Health Sciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Elizabeth Sampson
- Marie Curie Palliative Care Research Department, University College London, London, UK
| | | | - Dimitrios Tzelis
- Population Health Sciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Luke Vale
- Population Health Sciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Claire Bamford
- Population Health Sciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
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Lapkin S, Ellwood L, Diwan A, Fernandez R. Reliability, validity, and responsiveness of multidimensional pain assessment tools used in postoperative adult patients: a systematic review of measurement properties. JBI Evid Synth 2020; 19:284-307. [PMID: 32833789 DOI: 10.11124/jbisrir-d-19-00407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The objective of this systematic review was to synthesize the best available evidence relating to the measurement properties of the multidimensional pain assessment tools used to assess postoperative pain in adults. INTRODUCTION Pain is a common and poorly managed occurrence in patients during the postoperative period. Currently, postoperative pain is usually evaluated with assessment tools that measure one dimension of pain, namely pain intensity, resulting in inadequate management of postoperative pain. It is important to understand the complex nature of pain by considering all dimensions for optimal postoperative pain management. Systematic, robust evidence is lacking regarding the most psychometrically reliable and valid multidimensional pain assessment tool for adult postoperative patients. INCLUSION CRITERIA This systematic review considered all study types for inclusion. Studies were considered if they assessed the measurement properties of a multidimensional pain assessment tool in adult postoperative patients within two weeks post-surgery. The outcomes included measurement of at least one of the psychometric properties, including reliability, validity, and responsiveness. METHODS A three-step search strategy was undertaken, including a search of the MEDLINE, Embase, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL), and CINAHL databases performed in October 2019. We also searched Dissertation Abstracts International, ProQuest Dissertations and Theses, MedNar, and ClinicalTrials.gov to identify unpublished studies. The title and abstracts of the studies were reviewed by two independent reviewers against the inclusion/exclusion criteria. The methodological quality of the potential studies was assessed independently by three reviewers using the COSMIN checklist. RESULTS Seventeen studies involving five multidimensional postoperative pain assessment tools were included in the review: American Pain Society Pain Outcomes Questionnaire-Revised; Brief Pain Inventory; Houston Pain Outcome Instrument; McGill Pain Questionnaire; and the Quality Improvement in Postoperative Pain Management Postoperative Pain Questionnaire. The two most commonly used tools were the Brief Pain Inventory and the American Pain Society Pain Outcomes Questionnaire-Revised, which were assessed in six studies each. The included studies mainly reported internal consistency reliability, with four of the five identified tools demonstrating high Cronbach's alpha values ranging from 0.72 to 0.92. However, the Houston Pain Outcome Instrument demonstrated mixed findings, with eight of the nine subscales having moderate to high reliability while the expectations about pain subscale had poor reliability (α=0.003). CONCLUSIONS This review provides much needed information about the current tools used in many clinical, educational, and research settings. Of the five tools included in this review, the Brief Pain Inventory demonstrated strong evidence of psychometric validity and is recommended for use in assessing postoperative pain. Further psychometric validation of multidimensional postoperative pain assessment tools with emphasis on responsiveness and measurement error is required in order to accurately assess the minimal clinically important difference in postoperative pain outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Lapkin
- School of Nursing, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia.,Centre for Evidence Based Initiatives in Health Care: A JBI Centre of Excellence, Wollongong, NSW, Australia.,Spine Service, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, St George Hospital Campus, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Laura Ellwood
- Centre for Evidence Based Initiatives in Health Care: A JBI Centre of Excellence, Wollongong, NSW, Australia.,Centre for Research in Nursing and Health, St George Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Ashish Diwan
- Spine Service, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, St George Hospital Campus, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,SpineLabs, St George & Sutherland Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Ritin Fernandez
- School of Nursing, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia.,Centre for Evidence Based Initiatives in Health Care: A JBI Centre of Excellence, Wollongong, NSW, Australia.,Centre for Research in Nursing and Health, St George Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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42
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Bartels SL, Assander S, Patomella AH, Jamnadas-Khoda J, Malinowsky C. Do you observe what I perceive? The relationship between two perspectives on the ability of people with cognitive impairments to use everyday technology. Aging Ment Health 2020; 24:1295-1305. [PMID: 31056927 DOI: 10.1080/13607863.2019.1609902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Objectives: Everyday technologies (ETs) can be challenging to use, particularly for older adults with cognitive impairments. This study evaluated the relationship between the self-perceived ability to use ET and observable performance of self-chosen and familiar, but challenging ETs in people with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) or dementia.Method: A self-perceived report, the Everyday Technology Use Questionnaire (S-ETUQ), and a structured observational tool, the Management of Everyday Technology Assessment (META), assessing the perceived and observed ability to use ET, were used in 41 people with MCI and 38 people with dementia. Correlations were investigated with non-parametric statistical tests.Results: In the dementia group, self-perceived report and observational scores correlated on a significant medium level (Rs=0.44, p = 0.006). In the MCI group, no significant correlation was found.Conclusion: The findings of this study suggest the ability of older adults with cognitive impairments to use ETs can be depicted with self-perceived reports as well as with observations. However, the combination of both approaches is recommended to get a comprehensive picture. While the S-ETUQ provides a broad picture of the use, presence and relevance of technologies in an individual's life, the META describes a specific human-technology interaction in detail. Furthermore, the results suggest people with early dementia retain the ability and insight to accurately reflect on their own ability to use ET, emphasizing the need to include their experiences in research and clinical work.
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Affiliation(s)
- S L Bartels
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology and Alzheimer Centre Limburg School for Mental Health and Neurosciences, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - S Assander
- Division of Occupational Therapy Department of Neurobiology Care Science and Society (NVS), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - A-H Patomella
- Division of Occupational Therapy Department of Neurobiology Care Science and Society (NVS), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - J Jamnadas-Khoda
- Division of Psychiatry and Applied Psychology, Institute of Mental Health University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - C Malinowsky
- Division of Occupational Therapy Department of Neurobiology Care Science and Society (NVS), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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Olesen AE, Henriksen JN, Nielsen LP, Knudsen P, Poulsen BK. Patient safety incidents involving transdermal opioids: data from the Danish Patient Safety Database. Int J Clin Pharm 2020; 43:351-357. [PMID: 32430881 DOI: 10.1007/s11096-020-01057-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2019] [Accepted: 05/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Background Transdermal opioids are widely used among elderly adults with chronic pain. However, transdermal patches may be involved in a significant proportion of opioid-related patient safety incidents, as the application process includes several subprocesses, each associated with an individual risk of error. Objective The aim was to obtain specific knowledge on patient safety incidents related to transdermal opioid treatment within both the primary care sector and the hospital sector in Denmark. Setting The study is descriptive with data provided by the Danish Patient Safety Database. Methods We manually retrieved all patient safety incidents concerning transdermal opioids reported for 2018 from (1) the hospital sector and (2) the primary care sector. Study data were collected and managed using REDCap electronic data capture tools. Main outcome measure The available information for each incident was sorted into the following categories: location, medication process, type of problem, outcome at time of reporting, and outcome classification. Results A total of 866 patient safety incidents involving transdermal opioids were reported to the Danish Patient Safety Database in 2018. No fatal incidents were present in the database. In 386 cases, the incidents were reported as harmful, and these 386 cases were analysed. Most reports came from the primary care sector (nursing home, home care or social housing). The majority of incidents were related to the administration of the patch in the medication process, and the most prevalent problem was the omission of doses. Conclusion This study has demonstrated that the administration of transdermal opioids is challenging and may cause harm, particularly in the primary care sector. To improve patient safety, optimized systems, including guidelines on drug management and the continuing education of healthcare personnel in transdermal opioid management, are necessary. These guidelines should preferably incorporate reminders and checklists, since the omission of doses was the most reported problem.
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Affiliation(s)
- A E Olesen
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Aalborg University Hospital, Gartnerboligen, ground floor Mølleparkvej 8a, 9000, Aalborg, Denmark. .,Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark.
| | - J N Henriksen
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - L P Nielsen
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Aalborg University Hospital, Gartnerboligen, ground floor Mølleparkvej 8a, 9000, Aalborg, Denmark.,Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - P Knudsen
- Division of Knowledge and Learning, The Danish Patient Safety Authority, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - B K Poulsen
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Aalborg University Hospital, Gartnerboligen, ground floor Mølleparkvej 8a, 9000, Aalborg, Denmark
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Haghi M, Fadayevatan R, Alizadeh-Khoei M, Kaboudi B, Foroughan M, Mahdavi B. Validation of Pain Assessment Checklist for Seniors with Limited Ability to Communicate-II (PACSLAC-II) in Iranian older adults with dementia living in nursing homes. Psychogeriatrics 2020; 20:278-287. [PMID: 31802601 DOI: 10.1111/psyg.12496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2019] [Revised: 08/25/2019] [Accepted: 11/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Some dementia patients can self-report pain although the reports are not valid in severe dementia. Observational scales have been developed for pain assessment in these patients. This study aimed to assess the psychometric properties of the Persian version of Pain Assessment Checklist for Seniors with Limited Ability to Communicate-II (PACSLAC-II). METHODS This validation study was conducted on 138 older adults with dementia suffering from chronic pain who lived in nursing homes. The PACSLAC-II Persian version was applied through observations during activity and rest. Reliability of the PACSLAC-II was evaluated by Cronbach's alpha and intra-class correlation coefficients. Construct validity was determined by confirmatory factor analysis, divergent and convergent validity. The Spearman's rank correlation between PACSLAC-II scores and Faces Pain Scale was calculated for concurrent validity. Known-group validity during activity and rest was calculated by Wilcoxon signed ranks test. RESULTS Cronbach's alpha coefficient for facial expression (0.82), verbalisation (0.72), and body movement (0.84) subscales indicated good internal consistency. The intra-class correlation coefficients between two raters was 0.76 and in three times evaluation, the value was 0.76. Convergent validity with Iranian Brief Pain Inventory and divergent validity with 15-item Geriatric Depression Scale confirmed the construct validity of PACSLAC-II. Three factors structure of PACSLAC-II was approved, and most of the variance was explained by facial expressions. The PACSLAC-II can discriminate between pain and non-pain events and has a moderate correlation with Faces Pain Scale (r = 0.33). CONCLUSIONS PACSLAC-II Persian version is a valid and reliable scale for pain assessment in older adults with dementia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marjan Haghi
- Department of Aging, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Reza Fadayevatan
- Department of Aging, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahtab Alizadeh-Khoei
- Clinical Gerontology & Geriatric Department, Medical School, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Bijan Kaboudi
- Imam Ali Cardiovascular Research Center, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Mahshid Foroughan
- Department of Aging, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Behrouz Mahdavi
- Department of Nursing, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Ersek M, Herr K, Hilgeman MM, Neradilek MB, Polissar N, Cook KF, Nash P, Snow AL, McDarby M, Nelson FX. Developing a Pain Intensity Measure for Persons with Dementia: Initial Construction and Testing. PAIN MEDICINE 2020; 20:1078-1092. [PMID: 30285252 DOI: 10.1093/pm/pny180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The goal of this study was to identify a limited set of pain indicators that were most predicive of physical pain. We began with 140 items culled from existing pain observation tools and used a modified Delphi approach followed by statistical analyses to reduce the item pool. METHODS Through the Delphi Method, we created a candidate item set of behavioral indicators. Next, trained staff observed nursing home residents and rated the items on scales of behavior intensity and frequency. We evaluated associations among the items and expert clinicians' assessment of pain intensity. SETTING Four government-owned nursing homes and 12 community nursing homes in Alabama and Southeastern Pennsylvania. PARTICIPANTS Ninety-five residents (mean age = 84.9 years) with moderate to severe cognitive impairment. RESULTS Using the least absolute shrinkage and selection operator model, we identified seven items that best predicted clinicians' evaluations of pain intensity. These items were rigid/stiff body or body parts, bracing, complaining, expressive eyes, grimacing, frowning, and sighing. We also found that a model based on ratings of frequency of behaviors did not have better predictive ability than a model based on ratings of intensity of behaviors. CONCLUSIONS We used two complementary approaches-expert opinion and statistical analysis-to reduce a large pool of behavioral indicators to a parsimonious set of items to predict pain intensity in persons with dementia. Future studies are needed to examine the psychometric properties of this scale, which is called the Pain Intensity Measure for Persons with Dementia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary Ersek
- Corporal Michael J. Crescenz VA Medical Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.,University of Pennsylvania School of Nursing, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Keela Herr
- University of Iowa College of Nursing, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Michelle M Hilgeman
- Tuscaloosa VA Medical Center, Tuscaloosa, Alabama.,Alabama Research Institute on Aging and Department of Psychology, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, Alabama.,Division of Gerontology, Geriatrics, and Palliative Care, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | | | - Nayak Polissar
- The Mountain-Whisper-Light Statistics, Seattle, Washington
| | - Karon F Cook
- Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
| | | | - A Lynn Snow
- Tuscaloosa VA Medical Center, Tuscaloosa, Alabama.,Alabama Research Institute on Aging and Department of Psychology, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, Alabama
| | | | - Francis X Nelson
- Corporal Michael J. Crescenz VA Medical Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
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46
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Ersek M, Neradilek MB, Herr K, Hilgeman MM, Nash P, Polissar N, Nelson FX. Psychometric Evaluation of a Pain Intensity Measure for Persons with Dementia. PAIN MEDICINE 2020; 20:1093-1104. [PMID: 30204895 DOI: 10.1093/pm/pny166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The goal of this study was to conduct initial psychometric analyses of a seven-item pain intensity measure for persons with dementia (PIMD) that was developed using items from existing pain observational measures. DESIGN AND METHODS We evaluated validity by examining associations with an expert clinician's pain intensity rating (ECPIR) and an established pain observation tool (Mobilization Observation Behaviour Intensity Dementia [MOBID]). We also examined correlations between the PIMD and known correlates of pain: depression, sleep disturbances, agitation, painful diagnoses, and caregiver pain reports. We examined the differences between PIMD scores for "at rest" and "during movement" observations. We assessed reliability by calculating Cronbach's alpha and estimating inter-rater reliability using intraclass correlations (ICCs). Finally, we examined whether six additional "recent changes in behavior" items improved the PIMD's ability to predict expert clinicians' pain ratings. SETTING Sixteen nursing homes located in Alabama, Georgia, Pennsylvania, and New Jersey. PARTICIPANTS One hundred ninety residents with moderate to severe cognitive impairment, mean age of 84 years, 49.5% female, and 70% white. RESULTS PIMD during movement scores were highly correlated with the ECPIR and overall MOBID scores. As expected, there were large differences between at rest and during movement PIMD scores. Associations of PIMD with known correlates of pain were generally low and statistically nonsignificant. Internal consistency was supported with a Cronbach alpha of 0.72 and an inter-rater ICC of 0.82 for during movement PIMD scores. CONCLUSIONS Initial evaluation of the PIMD supports its validity and reliability. Additional testing is needed to evaluate the tool's sensitivity to changes in pain intensity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary Ersek
- Corporal Michael J. Crescenz VA Medical Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.,University of Pennsylvania School of Nursing, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | | | - Keela Herr
- University of Iowa College of Nursing, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Michelle M Hilgeman
- Tuscaloosa VA Medical Center, Tuscaloosa, Alabama.,Department of Psychology, Alabama Research Institute on Aging, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, Alabama.,Division of Gerontology, Geriatrics, and Palliative Care, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | | | - Nayak Polissar
- The Mountain-Whisper-Light Statistics, Seattle, Washington
| | - Francis X Nelson
- Corporal Michael J. Crescenz VA Medical Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
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Zahid M, Gallant NL, Hadjistavropoulos T, Stroulia E. Behavioral Pain Assessment Implementation in Long-Term Care Using a Tablet App: Case Series and Quasi-Experimental Design. JMIR Mhealth Uhealth 2020; 8:e17108. [PMID: 32319955 PMCID: PMC7203621 DOI: 10.2196/17108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2019] [Revised: 02/05/2020] [Accepted: 02/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pain is often underassessed and undertreated among long-term care (LTC) residents living with dementia. When used regularly, the Pain Assessment Checklist for Seniors With Limited Ability to Communicate (PACSLAC) scales have been shown to have beneficial effects on pain assessment and management practices and stress and burnout levels in frontline staff in LTC facilities. Such scales, however, are not utilized as often as recommended, which is likely to be related to additional record-keeping and tracking over time involved with their paper-and-pencil administration. OBJECTIVE Using implementation science principles, we assessed the introduction of the PACSLAC-II scale by comparing two methods of administration-a newly developed tablet app version and the original paper-and-pencil version-with respect to the frequency of pain assessment and facility staff feedback. METHODS Using a case series approach, we tracked pain-related quality indicators at baseline, implementation, and follow-up periods. A quasi-experimental design was used to evaluate the effect of the method of administration (ie, paper-and-pencil only [n=18], tablet only [n=12], paper-and-pencil followed by tablet app [n=31], and tablet app followed by paper-and-pencil [n=31]) on pain assessment frequency and frontline staff stress and burnout levels. Finally, semistructured interviews were conducted with frontline staff to obtain perspectives on each method of administration. RESULTS The implementation effort resulted in a great increase in pain assessment frequency across 7 independent LTC units, although these increases were not maintained during the follow-up period. Frontline staff reported lower levels of workload in the paper-and-pencil followed by tablet app condition than those in the paper-and-pencil only (P<.001) and tablet app followed by paper-and-pencil (P<.001) conditions. Frontline staff also reported lower levels of workload in the tablet-only condition than those in the paper-and-pencil only condition (P=.05). Similarly, lower levels of emotional exhaustion were reported by frontline staff in the paper-and-pencil followed by tablet app condition than those in the paper-and-pencil only (P=.002) and tablet app followed by paper-and-pencil (P=.002) conditions. Finally, frontline staff reported higher levels of depersonalization in the paper-and-pencil only condition than those in the tablet app only (P=.008), paper-and-pencil followed by tablet app (P<.001), and tablet app followed by paper-and-pencil (P<.001) conditions. Furthermore, narrative data from individual interviews with frontline staff revealed a preference for the tablet app over the paper-and-pencil method of administration. CONCLUSIONS This study provides support for the use of either the tablet app or the paper-and-pencil version of the PACSLAC-II to improve pain-related quality indicators, but a reported preference for and lower levels of stress and burnout with the use of the tablet app method of administration suggests that the use of the tablet app may have more advantages compared with the paper-and-pencil method of administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahnoor Zahid
- Department of Psychology and Centre on Aging and Health, University of Regina, Regina, SK, Canada
| | - Natasha L Gallant
- Department of Psychology and Centre on Aging and Health, University of Regina, Regina, SK, Canada
| | - Thomas Hadjistavropoulos
- Department of Psychology and Centre on Aging and Health, University of Regina, Regina, SK, Canada
| | - Eleni Stroulia
- Department of Computing Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
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Wennberg P, Möller M, Sarenmalm EK, Herlitz J. Evaluation of the intensity and management of pain before arrival in hospital among patients with suspected hip fractures. Int Emerg Nurs 2020; 49:100825. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ienj.2019.100825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2018] [Revised: 06/26/2019] [Accepted: 11/12/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Yu M, Yan H, Han J, Lin Y, Zhu L, Tang X, Sun G, He Y, Guo Y. EEG-based tonic cold pain assessment using extreme learning machine. INTELL DATA ANAL 2020. [DOI: 10.3233/ida-184388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mingxin Yu
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Optoelectronic Measurement Technology and Instrument, Beijing Information Science and Technology University, Beijing 100015, China
| | - Hao Yan
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Optoelectronic Measurement Technology and Instrument, Beijing Information Science and Technology University, Beijing 100015, China
| | - Jing Han
- Emergency and Critical Care Center, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Yingzi Lin
- School of Life Sciences, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100086, China
- Intelligent Human-Machine Systems Lab, College of Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Lianqing Zhu
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Optoelectronic Measurement Technology and Instrument, Beijing Information Science and Technology University, Beijing 100015, China
| | - Xiaoying Tang
- Intelligent Human-Machine Systems Lab, College of Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Guangkai Sun
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Optoelectronic Measurement Technology and Instrument, Beijing Information Science and Technology University, Beijing 100015, China
| | - Yanlin He
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Optoelectronic Measurement Technology and Instrument, Beijing Information Science and Technology University, Beijing 100015, China
| | - Yikang Guo
- School of Life Sciences, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100086, China
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Abstract
OBJECTIVES Severe brain injury is often accompanied by painful comorbidities and by concurrent limitations in the ability to report pain. Assessment of nociception aids diagnosis and helps balance reduction in suffering with avoidance of sedating medications. Existing assessment methods confound patients' level of consciousness with the intensity of nociception, complicating pain assessment as consciousness evolves. We sought to develop a measure of nociception that is independent of the level of consciousness. MATERIALS AND METHODS We identified 15 behavioral and physiological items likely to be sensitive to nociception. We rated noncommunicative patients with traumatic brain injury in 4 different activities predicted to modulate nociception, on each of 2 days, one randomly chosen for acetaminophen administration. The level of consciousness and level of agitation were also measured. RASCH ANALYSIS Rasch analysis was used to assess item fit to an underlying dimension of nociception. RESULTS Five items that demonstrated poor fit to the dimension were removed. The 10 remaining items demonstrated acceptable fit. Scores were significantly influenced by activity and analgesic treatment and were largely independent of measures of consciousness and agitation. Accurate scores could be obtained in about 10 minutes and were robust to missing data. DISCUSSION The results provide evidence that the Brain Injury Nociception Assessment Measure (BINAM) is reliable and feasible to administer. It can assess the intensity of nociception largely independent of the level of consciousness. Further research is warranted on the impact of BINAM use on the care of patients with severe traumatic brain injury.
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