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Duedu KO, Gyamfi J, Ayivor-Djanie R, Afenya G, Agbuglah IB, Agbogli HK, Essandoh P, Kugbemanya S, Adiku TK. Co-infections of SARS-CoV-2 with respiratory syncytial virus and human influenza A in patients with symptoms of COVID-19 in Ghana: A retrospective study. New Microbes New Infect 2024; 62:101463. [PMID: 39262675 PMCID: PMC11388198 DOI: 10.1016/j.nmni.2024.101463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2024] [Revised: 08/15/2024] [Accepted: 08/19/2024] [Indexed: 09/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Background During the COVID-19 pandemic the aetiology of respiratory illnesses were narrowed to SARS-CoV-2. This prevented diagnosis of other pathogens and patients were not notified of the accurate diagnosis of their illnesses when SARS-CoV-2 was absent. It is therefore important to look back and determine what else was present but was missed. Objective This retrospective study sought to gain insights into prevalence of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) and influenza A alongside SARS-CoV-2 in patients who reported with clinical symptoms of respiratory illnesses. Methods Samples from patients who had reported of respiratory symptoms were selected at random from a pool. RNA was extracted and RT-PCR was performed for SARS-CoV-2, RSV and Influenza A in parallel. Data on the clinical symptoms was extracted from case-base forms and analysed. Results Of the 400 symptomatic samples tested, prevalence of SARS-CoV-2, influenza A and RSV was 20.3 %, 2.0 % and 0.5 % respectively. Only one sample tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 and influenza A. About 77 % of the symptomatic cases did not test positive for any of the three agents. Cough (79 %) was the most common symptom followed by fever and chills, headache, sore throat and runny nose. Conclusion The large proportion of symptomatic cases that tested negative for all three respiratory viruses raises a flag and a need for more investigations into the actual burden of respiratory aetiologic agents during the pandemic. With the low levels of co-infections, parallel testing may not be needed however, a strong case for multiplex tests for respiratory agents exists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kwabena Obeng Duedu
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Basic and Biomedical Sciences, University of Health and Allied Sciences, PMB 31, Ho, VH0194, Ghana
- College of Life Sciences, Birmingham City University, City South Campus, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Jones Gyamfi
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, School of Allied Health Sciences, University of Health and Allied Sciences, PMB 31, Ho, VH0194, Ghana
- School of Health & Life Sciences, Teesside University, Middlesbrough, United Kingdom
| | - Reuben Ayivor-Djanie
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Basic and Biomedical Sciences, University of Health and Allied Sciences, PMB 31, Ho, VH0194, Ghana
- West African Centre for Cell Biology of Infectious Pathogens (WACCBIP), University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana
| | - Godknows Afenya
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Basic and Biomedical Sciences, University of Health and Allied Sciences, PMB 31, Ho, VH0194, Ghana
| | - Isaac Buertey Agbuglah
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Basic and Biomedical Sciences, University of Health and Allied Sciences, PMB 31, Ho, VH0194, Ghana
| | - Hubert Kwame Agbogli
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Basic and Biomedical Sciences, University of Health and Allied Sciences, PMB 31, Ho, VH0194, Ghana
| | - Priscilla Essandoh
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Basic and Biomedical Sciences, University of Health and Allied Sciences, PMB 31, Ho, VH0194, Ghana
| | - Seraphine Kugbemanya
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Basic and Biomedical Sciences, University of Health and Allied Sciences, PMB 31, Ho, VH0194, Ghana
| | - Theophilus Koku Adiku
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Basic and Biomedical Sciences, University of Health and Allied Sciences, PMB 31, Ho, VH0194, Ghana
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P. P, Shetty U, Parida P, Varamballi P, Mukhopadhyay C, N S. Molecular detection and genotyping of HMPV in patients with severe acute respiratory infection in India. Ann Med 2024; 56:2398719. [PMID: 39221771 PMCID: PMC11370674 DOI: 10.1080/07853890.2024.2398719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2023] [Revised: 08/03/2024] [Accepted: 08/13/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human metapneumovirus (HMPV) is a common respiratory pathogen that causes respiratory tract infections. In India, HMPV has been identified as one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality in infants and young children with respiratory tract infections. The most reported sublineages of HMPV in India are B1, B2, A2b and A2c. OBJECTIVE A retrospective study was conducted to determine the circulating genotypes of HMPV among SARI cases from January 2016 to December 2018. MATERIALS AND METHODS Positive throat swab samples were confirmed with real-time RT-PCR. Subsequently, these samples were analysed using semi-nested conventional RT-PCR targeting the G gene, followed by sequencing and phylogenetic analysis. Clinical data analysis was also performed using SPSS 15.0 software. RESULTS All 20 samples from the SARI cases were classified under the A2c sublineage of HMPV. Phylogenetic analysis indicated that these strains were genetically related to those circulating in Japan, China, and Croatia. Among the samples, ten showed 111-nucleotide duplications, while the other ten had 180-nucleotide duplications. CONCLUSION Clinical analysis showed that four cases had coinfections with other pathogens. Our extensive analysis of patient samples determined that HMPV, especially the A2c genotype, significantly contributed to SARI cases within our study population, which signifies the importance of considering HMPV as a probable aetiological agent when investigating SARI outbreaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pragathi P.
- Manipal Institute of Virology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India
| | - Ujwal Shetty
- Manipal Institute of Virology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India
| | - Preetiparna Parida
- Manipal Institute of Virology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India
| | - Prasad Varamballi
- Manipal Institute of Virology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India
| | | | - Sudheesh N
- Manipal Institute of Virology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India
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3
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Zhao X, Hu M, Zhou H, Yang Y, Shen S, You Y, Xue Z. The role of gut microbiome in the complex relationship between respiratory tract infection and asthma. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1219942. [PMID: 37577440 PMCID: PMC10413575 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1219942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2023] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 08/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Asthma is one of the common chronic respiratory diseases in children, which poses a serious threat to children's quality of life. Respiratory infection is a risk factor for asthma. Compared with healthy children, children with early respiratory infections have a higher risk of asthma and an increased chance of developing severe asthma. Many clinical studies have confirmed the correlation between respiratory infections and the pathogenesis of asthma, but the underlying mechanism is still unclear. The gut microbiome is an important part of maintaining the body's immune homeostasis. The imbalance of the gut microbiome can affect the lung immune function, and then affect lung health and cause respiratory diseases. A large number of evidence supports that there is a bidirectional regulation between intestinal flora and respiratory tract infection, and both are significantly related to the development of asthma. The changes of intestinal microbial components and their metabolites in respiratory tract infection may affect the occurrence and development of asthma through the immune pathway. By summarizing the latest advancements in research, this review aims to elucidate the intricate connection between respiratory tract infections and the progression of asthma by highlighting its bridging role of the gut microbiome. Furthermore, it offers novel perspectives and ideas for future investigations into the mechanisms that underlie the relationship between respiratory tract infections and asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Yannan You
- Shanghai Municipal Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Zheng Xue
- Shanghai Municipal Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
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Zhang Q, Xie Z, Xia B, Wang Y, Xu W, Zhang Y. Identification of two proposed novel human rhinovirus types: Bpat107 and Cpat58. J Med Virol 2023; 95:e28531. [PMID: 36698256 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.28531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2022] [Revised: 12/30/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Human rhinovirus (RV) is an important viral pathogen associated with severe acute respiratory tract infection. The present study retrospectively identified RV types in hospitalized patients with severe acute respiratory infection (SARI) from October 2017 to June 2019 in Henan Province, China. Real-time PCR was used to screen pharyngeal swab samples for RV. Then, the VP1 gene sequences of RV-positive samples were amplified and sequenced with nested primer PCR; subsequently, analyses of the molecular epidemiology and genetic diversity characteristics of the RV types were performed. Seventy-three out of 1015 respiratory samples were identified as RV-positive, from which 65 complete VP1 sequences were successfully sequenced. These RVs were classified into 41 different types, including 26 RV-A types, 2 RV-B types, and 13 RV-C types. The RVs showed an obvious seasonal distribution, with peaks in summer and autumn. The epidemic peak of RV-C was later than that of RV-A. In addition, two new types of species, B and C, were proposed, Bpat107 and Cpat58, respectively. Compared with other types in the same RV species, the pairwise nucleotide p-distances of the two novel RV types were 0.262~0.402 and 0.251~0.508, respectively. This study analyzed the seasonal and genetic characteristics of RV associated with SARI cases in Henan Province, China. Two novel RV types were proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Zhang
- NHC Key Laboratory of Medical Virology and Viral Diseases, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Zhibo Xie
- NHC Key Laboratory of Medical Virology and Viral Diseases, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Baicheng Xia
- NHC Key Laboratory of Medical Virology and Viral Diseases, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Yage Wang
- NHC Key Laboratory of Medical Virology and Viral Diseases, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Wenbo Xu
- NHC Key Laboratory of Medical Virology and Viral Diseases, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China.,Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- NHC Key Laboratory of Medical Virology and Viral Diseases, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China.,Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
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Grandinetti R, Fainardi V, Caffarelli C, Capoferri G, Lazzara A, Tornesello M, Meoli A, Bergamini BM, Bertelli L, Biserna L, Bottau P, Corinaldesi E, De Paulis N, Dondi A, Guidi B, Lombardi F, Magistrali MS, Marastoni E, Pastorelli S, Piccorossi A, Poloni M, Tagliati S, Vaienti F, Gregori G, Sacchetti R, Mari S, Musetti M, Antodaro F, Bergomi A, Reggiani L, Caramelli F, De Fanti A, Marchetti F, Ricci G, Esposito S. Risk Factors Affecting Development and Persistence of Preschool Wheezing: Consensus Document of the Emilia-Romagna Asthma (ERA) Study Group. J Clin Med 2022; 11:6558. [PMID: 36362786 PMCID: PMC9655250 DOI: 10.3390/jcm11216558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2022] [Revised: 11/01/2022] [Accepted: 11/02/2022] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Wheezing at preschool age (i.e., before the age of six) is common, occurring in about 30% of children before the age of three. In terms of health care burden, preschool children with wheeze show double the rate of access to the emergency department and five times the rate of hospital admissions compared with school-age asthmatics. The consensus document aims to analyse the underlying mechanisms involved in the pathogenesis of preschool wheezing and define the risk factors (i.e., allergy, atopy, infection, bronchiolitis, genetics, indoor and outdoor pollution, tobacco smoke exposure, obesity, prematurity) and the protective factors (i.e., probiotics, breastfeeding, vitamin D, influenza vaccination, non-specific immunomodulators) associated with the development of the disease in the young child. A multidisciplinary panel of experts from the Emilia-Romagna Region, Italy, addressed twelve key questions regarding managing preschool wheezing. Clinical questions have been formulated by the expert panel using the PICO format (Patients, Intervention, Comparison, Outcomes). Systematic reviews have been conducted on PubMed to answer these specific questions and formulate recommendations. The GRADE approach has been used for each selected paper to assess the quality of the evidence and the degree of recommendations. Based on a panel of experts and extensive updated literature, this consensus document provides insight into the pathogenesis, risk and protective factors associated with the development and persistence of preschool wheezing. Undoubtedly, more research is needed to improve our understanding of the disease and confirm the associations between certain factors and the risk of wheezing in early life. In addition, preventive strategies must be promoted to avoid children's exposure to risk factors that may permanently affect respiratory health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Grandinetti
- Pediatric Clinic, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, 43126 Parma, Italy
| | - Valentina Fainardi
- Pediatric Clinic, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, 43126 Parma, Italy
| | - Carlo Caffarelli
- Pediatric Clinic, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, 43126 Parma, Italy
| | - Gaia Capoferri
- Pediatric Clinic, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, 43126 Parma, Italy
| | - Angela Lazzara
- Pediatric Clinic, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, 43126 Parma, Italy
| | - Marco Tornesello
- Pediatric Clinic, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, 43126 Parma, Italy
| | - Aniello Meoli
- Pediatric Clinic, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, 43126 Parma, Italy
| | - Barbara Maria Bergamini
- Paediatric Unit, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences of Mothers, Children and Adults, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41125 Modena, Italy
| | - Luca Bertelli
- Pediatric Clinic, Scientific Institute for Research and Healthcare (IRCCS) Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy
| | - Loretta Biserna
- Paediatrics and Neonatology Unit, Ravenna Hospital, AUSL Romagna, 48121 Ravenna, Italy
| | - Paolo Bottau
- Paediatrics Unit, Imola Hospital, 40026 Imola, Italy
| | | | - Nicoletta De Paulis
- Paediatrics and Neonatology Unit, Guglielmo da Saliceto Hospital, 29121 Piacenza, Italy
| | - Arianna Dondi
- Pediatric Clinic, Scientific Institute for Research and Healthcare (IRCCS) Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy
| | - Battista Guidi
- Hospital and Territorial Paediatrics Unit, Pavullo, 41026 Pavullo Nel Frignano, Italy
| | | | - Maria Sole Magistrali
- Paediatrics and Neonatology Unit, Guglielmo da Saliceto Hospital, 29121 Piacenza, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Marastoni
- Paediatrics Unit, Santa Maria Nuova Hospital, AUSL-IRCCS of Reggio Emilia, 42123 Reggio Emilia, Italy
| | | | - Alessandra Piccorossi
- Paediatrics and Paediatric Intensive Care Unit, Cesena Hospital, AUSL Romagna, 47521 Cesena, Italy
| | - Maurizio Poloni
- Paediatrics Unit, Rimini Hospital, AUSL Romagna, 47921 Rimini, Italy
| | | | - Francesca Vaienti
- Paediatrics Unit, G.B. Morgagni—L. Pierantoni Hospital, AUSL Romagna, 47121 Forlì, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Gregori
- Primary Care Pediatricians, AUSL Piacenza, 29121 Piacenza, Italy
| | | | - Sandra Mari
- Primary Care Pediatricians, AUSL Parma, 43126 Parma, Italy
| | | | | | - Andrea Bergomi
- Primary Care Pediatricians, AUSL Modena, 41125 Modena, Italy
| | | | - Fabio Caramelli
- Pediatric Intensive Care Unit, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy
| | - Alessandro De Fanti
- Paediatrics Unit, Santa Maria Nuova Hospital, AUSL-IRCCS of Reggio Emilia, 42123 Reggio Emilia, Italy
| | - Federico Marchetti
- Paediatrics and Neonatology Unit, Ravenna Hospital, AUSL Romagna, 48121 Ravenna, Italy
| | - Giampaolo Ricci
- Pediatric Clinic, Scientific Institute for Research and Healthcare (IRCCS) Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy
| | - Susanna Esposito
- Pediatric Clinic, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, 43126 Parma, Italy
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Nagasawa K, Ishiwada N. Disease burden of respiratory syncytial virus infection in the pediatric population in Japan. J Infect Chemother 2021; 28:146-157. [PMID: 34952776 DOI: 10.1016/j.jiac.2021.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Revised: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 11/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is one of the most common causes of lower respiratory tract infections in children aged <5 years and is associated with long-term respiratory morbidities such as recurrent wheezing and asthma, decreased lung function, and allergic sensitization. The objective of this review was to evaluate the epidemiology and burden of RSV infection in the pediatric population in Japan. METHODS Studies indexed in PubMed and ICHUSHI databases during January 2010-December 2020 were manually reviewed. Data on proportion of RSV infections, seasonality, length of stay (LoS), mortality, medical expenses, and palivizumab use were extracted from the selected articles. RESULTS Ninety-three articles were included (PubMed, 64; ICHUSHI, 29). The proportion of patients/samples with an RSV infection was 5.5%-66.7%, and 6.0%-29.9% in the inpatient and outpatient departments, respectively. RSV infections generally occurred during autumn/winter; however, recently the peak has shifted to summer. The LoS was variable and depended on factors such as age, infection severity, wheezing, and RSV subgroups. Mortality rates varied from <1% to 19% depending on the infection severity. The average daily hospitalization and intensive care unit cost was JPY 34,548 while intensive care unit incurred an additional cost of JPY 541,293. Palivizumab was indicated for high-risk infants and 0%-3% of patients required hospitalization despite palivizumab use. CONCLUSIONS RSV imposes a significant burden on the Japanese healthcare system, suggesting a need to create awareness among caregivers of children, pregnant women and healthcare professionals to ensure early recognition of infection and adequate treatment or prophylaxis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koo Nagasawa
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Chiba Children's Hospital, 579-1, Heta-cho, Midori-ku, Chiba 266-0007, Japan; Laboratory of Cancer Genetics, Chiba Cancer Center Research Institute, 666-2, Nitona-cho, Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-8717, Japan.
| | - Naruhiko Ishiwada
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Medical Mycology Research Center, Chiba University, 1-8-1, Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba-shi, Chiba 260-8673, Japan
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Saeed NM, Rashid PMA, Dyary HO. Genetic characterization of highly pathogenic avian influenza A (H5N8) virus isolated from domestic geese in Iraq, 2018. BMC Vet Res 2021; 17:124. [PMID: 33740981 PMCID: PMC7980536 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-021-02831-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2021] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Influenza viruses are a continuous threat to avian and mammalian species, causing epidemics and pandemics. After the circulation of H5N1 in 2006, 2015, and 2016 in Iraq, an H5N8 influenza virus emerged in domestic geese in Sulaymaniyah Province, Iraq. This study analyzed the genetic characteristics of the Iraqi H5N8 viruses. Results An HPAI virus subtype H5N8 was identified from domestic backyard geese in the Kurdistan Region, north Iraq. Phylogenic analyses of the hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA) genes indicated that Iraq H5N8 viruses belonged to clade 2.3.4.4 group B and clustered with isolates from Iran, Israel, and Belgium. Genetic analysis of the HA gene indicated molecular markers for avian-type receptors. Characterization of the NA gene showed that the virus had sensitive molecular markers for antiviral drugs. Conclusions This is the first study ever on H5N8 in Iraq, and it is crucial to understand the epidemiology of the viruses in Iraq and the Middle East. The results suggest a possible role of migratory birds in the introduction of HPAI subtype H5N8 into Iraq.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nahla Muhammad Saeed
- College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sulaimani, Sulaymaniyah, Kurdistan Region, Iraq
| | - Peshnyar Muhammad Atta Rashid
- Molecular Diagnostic Laboratory, Directorate of Veterinary Services, Sulaymaniyah, Kurdistan Region, Iraq.,Kurdistan Institution for Strategic Studies and Scientific Research, Sulaymaniyah, Kurdistan Region, Iraq
| | - Hiewa Othman Dyary
- College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sulaimani, Sulaymaniyah, Kurdistan Region, Iraq.
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Kengne–Nde C, Kenmoe S, Modiyinji AF, Njouom R. Prevalence of respiratory viruses using polymerase chain reaction in children with wheezing, a systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0243735. [PMID: 33315873 PMCID: PMC7735590 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0243735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2020] [Accepted: 11/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Wheezing is a major problem in children, and respiratory viruses are often believed to be the causative agent. While molecular detection tools enable identification of respiratory viruses in wheezing children, it remains unclear if and how these viruses are associated with wheezing. The objective of this systematic review is to clarify the prevalence of different respiratory viruses in children with wheezing. METHODS We performed an electronic in Pubmed and Global Index Medicus on 01 July 2019 and manual search. We performed search of studies that have detected common respiratory viruses in children ≤18 years with wheezing. We included only studies using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays. Study data were extracted and the quality of articles assessed. We conducted sensitivity, subgroup, publication bias, and heterogeneity analyses using a random effects model. RESULTS The systematic review included 33 studies. Rhinovirus, with a prevalence of 35.6% (95% CI 24.6-47.3, I2 98.4%), and respiratory syncytial virus, at 31.0% (95% CI 19.9-43.3, I2 96.4%), were the most common viruses detected. The prevalence of other respiratory viruses was as follows: human bocavirus 8.1% (95% CI 5.3-11.3, I2 84.6%), human adenovirus 7.7% (95% CI 2.6-15.0, I2 91.0%), influenza virus6.5% (95% CI 2.2-12.6, I2 92.4%), human metapneumovirus5.8% (95% CI 3.4-8.8, I2 89.0%), enterovirus 4.3% (95% CI 0.1-12.9, I2 96.2%), human parainfluenza virus 3.8% (95% CI 1.5-6.9, I2 79.1%), and human coronavirus 2.2% (95% CI 0.6-4.4, I2 79.4%). CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that rhinovirus and respiratory syncytial virus may contribute to the etiology of wheezing in children. While the clinical implications of molecular detection of respiratory viruses remains an interesting question, this study helps to illuminate the potential of role respiratory viruses in pediatric wheezing. REVIEW REGISTRATION PROSPERO, CRD42018115128.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cyprien Kengne–Nde
- National AIDS Control Committee, Epidemiological Surveillance, Evaluation and Research Unit, Yaounde, Cameroon
| | - Sebastien Kenmoe
- Department of Virology, Centre Pasteur of Cameroon, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Abdou Fatawou Modiyinji
- Department of Virology, Centre Pasteur of Cameroon, Yaoundé, Cameroon
- Faculty of Sciences, Department of Animals Biology and Physiology, University of Yaoundé I, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Richard Njouom
- Department of Virology, Centre Pasteur of Cameroon, Yaoundé, Cameroon
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Kim Y, Abafogi AT, Tran BM, Kim J, Lee J, Chen Z, Bae PK, Park K, Shin YB, van Noort D, Lee NY, Park S. Integrated Microfluidic Preconcentration and Nucleic Amplification System for Detection of Influenza A Virus H1N1 in Saliva. MICROMACHINES 2020; 11:E203. [PMID: 32079062 PMCID: PMC7074655 DOI: 10.3390/mi11020203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2020] [Revised: 02/10/2020] [Accepted: 02/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Influenza A viruses are often present in environmental and clinical samples at concentrations below the limit of detection (LOD) of molecular diagnostics. Here we report an integrated microfluidic preconcentration and nucleic amplification system (μFPNAS) which enables both preconcentration of influenza A virus H1N1 (H1N1) and amplification of its viral RNA, thereby lowering LOD for H1N1. H1N1 virus particles were first magnetically preconcentrated using magnetic nanoparticles conjugated with an antibody specific for the virus. Their isolated RNA was amplified to cDNA through thermocycling in a trapezoidal chamber of the μFPNAS. A detection limit as low as 100 TCID50 (50% tissue culture infective dose) in saliva can be obtained within 2 hours. These results suggest that the LOD of molecular diagnostics for virus can be lowered by systematically combining immunomagnetic separation and reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) in one microfluidic device.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yonghee Kim
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Korea; (Y.K.); (A.T.A.); (J.K.); (J.L.); (Z.C.)
| | - Abdurhaman Teyib Abafogi
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Korea; (Y.K.); (A.T.A.); (J.K.); (J.L.); (Z.C.)
| | - Buu Minh Tran
- Department of BioNano Technology, College of BioNano Technology, Gachon University, Seongnam 13120, Korea; (B.M.T.); (N.Y.L.)
| | - Jaewon Kim
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Korea; (Y.K.); (A.T.A.); (J.K.); (J.L.); (Z.C.)
| | - Jinyeop Lee
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Korea; (Y.K.); (A.T.A.); (J.K.); (J.L.); (Z.C.)
| | - Zhenzhong Chen
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Korea; (Y.K.); (A.T.A.); (J.K.); (J.L.); (Z.C.)
| | - Pan Kee Bae
- BioNano Health Guard Research Center (H-GUARD), Daejeon 34141, Korea; (P.K.B.); (K.P.); (Y.-B.S.)
| | - Kyoungsook Park
- BioNano Health Guard Research Center (H-GUARD), Daejeon 34141, Korea; (P.K.B.); (K.P.); (Y.-B.S.)
| | - Yong-Beom Shin
- BioNano Health Guard Research Center (H-GUARD), Daejeon 34141, Korea; (P.K.B.); (K.P.); (Y.-B.S.)
- Bionanotechnology Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon 34141, Korea
- Department of bioengineering, KRIBB School, University of science and Technology (UST), Daejeon 34141, Korea
| | - Danny van Noort
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology, Linköping University, 581 83 Linköping, Sweden
- Chair of Micro Process Engineering and Technology (COMPETE), University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Centro de Investigación en Bioingeniería -BIO, Universidad de Ingenieria y Tecnologia—UTEC, Barranco 15036, Peru
| | - Nae Yoon Lee
- Department of BioNano Technology, College of BioNano Technology, Gachon University, Seongnam 13120, Korea; (B.M.T.); (N.Y.L.)
| | - Sungsu Park
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Korea; (Y.K.); (A.T.A.); (J.K.); (J.L.); (Z.C.)
- Biomedical Institute for Convergence at SKKU (BICS), Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Korea
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10
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Su YT, Lin YT, Yang CC, Tsai SS, Wang JY, Huang YL, Lin TI, Lin TM, Tsai YC, Yu HR, Tsai CC, Yang MC. High correlation between human rhinovirus type C and children with asthma exacerbations in Taiwan. JOURNAL OF MICROBIOLOGY, IMMUNOLOGY, AND INFECTION = WEI MIAN YU GAN RAN ZA ZHI 2018; 53:561-568. [PMID: 30591259 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmii.2018.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2017] [Revised: 10/21/2018] [Accepted: 12/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/PURPOSES Human rhinovirus type C (HRV-C) has been associated with asthma exacerbation (AE) in children in several countries. However, in Taiwan the association between HRV, especially HRV-C, and AE in children has yet to be elucidated. We sought to investigate the prevalence of respiratory viruses in children with acute lower respiratory tract infection (ALRTI) in Taiwan and the association between different types of HRV and AE in children. METHODS This prospective study was conducted from 2011 to 2013, and enrolled children with ALRTI, including an asthma exacerbation group (AE; n = 28) and a Non-asthma group (n = 66). Viruses were detected by culture, reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction, and molecular sequencing of nasopharyngeal swabs. RESULTS The prevalence of identified respiratory viruses was 78.6% in the AE group and 65.2% in the Non-asthma group. The prevalence rates of HRV and HRV-C were significantly higher in the AE group than in the Non-asthma group (67.9% vs. 33.3% in HRV, p = 0.002; and 50% vs. 15.2% in HRV-C, p < 0.001). Among the children with HRV, the prevalence of HRV-C (68.4%) was higher than that of the other types of HRV (31.6%, including HRV-A 26.3%, and HRV-B 5.3%) in the AE group but not in the Non-asthma group (40.9% vs. 59.1%). CONCLUSIONS HRV is the most predominant viral infection responsible for pediatric AE in Taiwan, and HRV-C is responsible for more of these exacerbations than HRV-A or HRV-B.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Tsun Su
- Division of Pediatric Allergy, Immunology, and Pulmonology, Department of Pediatrics, E-Da Hospital/I-Shou University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; School of Medicine for International Students, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; School of Chinese Medicine for Post Baccalaureate, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Yen-Ting Lin
- Division of Pediatric Infectious Disease, Department of Pediatrics, E-Da Hospital/I-Shou University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Asanga International Aid, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Chi Yang
- Division of Pediatric Infectious Disease, Department of Pediatrics, E-Da Hospital/I-Shou University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Love Child Clinic, Hsinchu County, Taiwan
| | - Shang-Shyue Tsai
- Department of Healthcare Administration, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Jiu-Yao Wang
- The Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan; Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan.
| | - Ya-Ling Huang
- The Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan; Department of Laboratory Medicine, E-Da Hospital, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
| | - Ting-I Lin
- Division of Pediatric Allergy, Immunology, and Pulmonology, Department of Pediatrics, E-Da Hospital/I-Shou University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Division of Pediatric Infectious Disease, Department of Pediatrics, E-Da Hospital/I-Shou University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Tsun-Mei Lin
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, E-Da Hospital, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Medical Research, E-Da Hospital/I-Shou University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Department of Medical Laboratory Science, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Cheng Tsai
- Division of Pediatric Allergy, Immunology, and Pulmonology, Department of Pediatrics, E-Da Hospital/I-Shou University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Hong-Ren Yu
- Department of Pediatrics, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital-Kaohsiung Medical Center, Taiwan; Graduate Institute of Clinical Medical Science, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Chung Tsai
- School of Chinese Medicine for Post Baccalaureate, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Department of Pediatrics, E-Da Hospital/I-Shou University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Chun Yang
- School of Medicine for International Students, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; School of Chinese Medicine for Post Baccalaureate, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Department of Pediatrics, E-Da Hospital/I-Shou University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
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11
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Baroudy NRE, Refay ASE, Hamid TAA, Hassan DM, Soliman MS, Sherif L. Respiratory Viruses and Atypical Bacteria Co-Infection in Children with Acute Respiratory Infection. Open Access Maced J Med Sci 2018; 6:1588-1593. [PMID: 30337970 PMCID: PMC6182545 DOI: 10.3889/oamjms.2018.332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2018] [Revised: 07/28/2018] [Accepted: 07/29/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Acute respiratory infections (ARI) are one of the prevalent pediatric diseases. Coinfections of respiratory viruses and atypical bacterial respiratory pathogens are common. AIM This study aimed to determine the prevalence of co-infection between respiratory pathogens including viruses, bacteria and atypical bacteria in a sample of Egyptian children presenting with symptoms of acute respiratory tract infection. METHODS This one-year prospective cohort study conducted in Abo El Rish Pediatric Hospital, Cairo University over one year included children presenting with symptoms of acute respiratory infection. Enrolled children were subjected to nasopharyngeal swabs or throat swabs and then processed to detect viral, bacterial and atypical bacterial causative agents by culture), retrotranscription polymerase, Monoplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and Multiplex PCR. RESULTS Viral etiological agents were detected in 20 cases (20.8%), while 76 patients (79.2%) had no definite viral aetiology. The most abundant virus detected was Rhinovirus in 36 (27.3%), followed by 21 (15.9%) were positive for RSV, 12 (9.1%) were positive for HMPV, 6 (4.5%) were positive for adenovirus and 3 (2.3%) were positive for influenza B. For Atypical bacterial causes Mycoplasma were positive for 9 (6.8%) cases and one case was positive for Bordetella parapertussis. Viral and atypical bacteria Co infection were detected in 14 (10.6%) of cases. CONCLUSION These results suggest that coinfection with bacteria or atypical bacteria in children with acute respiratory tract infection is common and this co-infection can induce serious illness. The multiplex reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction should become an essential tool for epidemiological studies and can fill the gap between clinical presentation and definitive diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nevine R El Baroudy
- Department of Paediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Amira S El Refay
- Departments of Child Health, National Research Centre, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Tamer A Abdel Hamid
- Department of Paediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Dina M Hassan
- Department of Clinical and Chemical Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - May S Soliman
- Department of Clinical and Chemical Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Lobna Sherif
- Departments of Child Health, National Research Centre, Cairo, Egypt
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12
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Costa LDC, Camargos PAM, Brand PLP, Fiaccadori FS, de Lima Dias E Souza MB, das Dôres de Paula Cardoso D, de Araújo Castro Í, Minamisava R, Sucasas da Costa PS. Asthma exacerbations in a subtropical area and the role of respiratory viruses: a cross-sectional study. BMC Pulm Med 2018; 18:109. [PMID: 29970066 PMCID: PMC6029112 DOI: 10.1186/s12890-018-0669-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2018] [Accepted: 06/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Multiple factors are involved in asthma exacerbations, including environmental exposure and viral infections. We aimed to assess the association between severe asthma exacerbations, acute respiratory viral infections and other potential risk factors. METHODS Asthmatic children aged 4-14 years were enrolled for a period of 12 months and divided into two groups: those with exacerbated asthma (group 1) and non-exacerbated asthma (group 2). Clinical data were obtained and nasopharyngeal samples were collected through nasopharyngeal aspirate or swab and analysed via indirect fluorescent immunoassays to detect influenza A and B viruses, parainfluenza 1-3, adenovirus and respiratory syncytial virus. Rhinovirus was detected via molecular assays. Potential risk factors for asthma exacerbation were identified in univariate and multivariate analyses. RESULTS In 153 children (group 1: 92; group 2: 61), median age 7 and 8 years, respectively, the rate of virus detection was 87.7%. There was no difference between groups regarding the frequency of virus detection (p = 0.68); however, group 1 showed a lower frequency (19.2%) of inhaled corticosteroid use (91.4%, p < 0.01) and evidence of inadequate disease control. In the multivariate analysis, the occurrence of three or more visits to the emergency room in the past 12 months (IRR = 1.40; p = 0.04) and nonadherence to inhaled corticosteroid (IRR = 4.87; p < 0.01) were the only factors associated with exacerbation. CONCLUSION Our results suggest an association between asthma exacerbations, poor disease control and nonadherence to asthma medication, suggesting that viruses may not be the only culprits for asthma exacerbations in this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lusmaia Damaceno Camargo Costa
- Pediatric Pulmonology Unit, University Hospital, Federal University of Goiás, Primeira Avenida, S/N. Setor Leste Universitária, Goiânia, CEP: 746050-20, Brazil.
| | | | - Paul L P Brand
- Princess Amalia Children's Centre, Isala Hospital, Zwolle, and UMCG Postgraduate School of Medicine, University Medical Centre and University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Fabíola Souza Fiaccadori
- Human Virology Department, Public Health and Tropical Pathology Institute, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, Brazil
| | | | | | - Ítalo de Araújo Castro
- Human Virology Department, Public Health and Tropical Pathology Institute, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, Brazil
| | - Ruth Minamisava
- Faculty of Nursing, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, GO, Brazil
| | - Paulo Sérgio Sucasas da Costa
- Pediatric Pulmonology Unit, University Hospital, Federal University of Goiás, Primeira Avenida, S/N. Setor Leste Universitária, Goiânia, CEP: 746050-20, Brazil
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13
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Choi E, Ha KS, Song DJ, Lee JH, Lee KC. Clinical and laboratory profiles of hospitalized children with acute respiratory virus infection. KOREAN JOURNAL OF PEDIATRICS 2018; 61:180-186. [PMID: 29963101 PMCID: PMC6021362 DOI: 10.3345/kjp.2018.61.6.180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2017] [Revised: 10/17/2017] [Accepted: 10/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Purpose Despite the availability of molecular methods, identification of the causative virus in children with acute respiratory infections (ARIs) has proven difficult as the same viruses are often detected in asymptomatic children. Methods Multiplex reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction assays were performed to detect 15 common respiratory viruses in children under 15 years of age who were hospitalized with ARI between January 2013 and December 2015. Viral epidemiology and clinical profiles of single virus infections were evaluated. Results Of 3,505 patients, viruses were identified in 2,424 (69.1%), with the assay revealing a single virus in 1,747 cases (49.8%). While major pathogens in single virus-positive cases differed according to age, human rhinovirus (hRV) was common in patients of all ages. Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), influenza virus (IF), and human metapneumovirus (hMPV) were found to be seasonal pathogens, appearing from fall through winter and spring, whereas hRV and adenovirus (AdV) were detected in every season. Patients with ARIs caused by RSV and hRV were frequently afebrile and more commonly had wheezing compared with patients with other viral ARIs. Neutrophil-dominant inflammation was observed in ARIs caused by IF, AdV, and hRV, whereas lymphocyte-dominant inflammation was observed with RSV A, parainfluenza virus, and hMPV. Monocytosis was common with RSV and AdV, whereas eosinophilia was observed with hRV. Conclusion In combination with viral identification, recognition of virus-specific clinical and laboratory patterns will expand our understanding of the epidemiology of viral ARIs and help us to establish more efficient therapeutic and preventive strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eunjin Choi
- Department of Pediatrics, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Kee-Soo Ha
- Department of Pediatrics, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Dae Jin Song
- Department of Pediatrics, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jung Hwa Lee
- Department of Pediatrics, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Kwang Chul Lee
- Department of Pediatrics, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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14
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Rady HI, Kholy AE. Prevalence of Human rhinovirus infection in young children with acute wheezing. EGYPTIAN PEDIATRIC ASSOCIATION GAZETTE 2018; 66:35-38. [PMID: 32288488 PMCID: PMC7110640 DOI: 10.1016/j.epag.2018.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2018] [Accepted: 05/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Recurrent wheezing is one of the leading causes of chronic illness in childhood. We aimed to evaluate the prevalence of Human Rhinovirus (HRV) infection in the acute attack of wheezy chest which began after a respiratory illness. Methodology The study was conducted on 200 children aged 2 months to 5 years presenting to the emergency department with an acute wheezy episode either for the first time or recurrent wheeze defined as >2 reports of wheezing in the first 3 years of life. All subjects were subjected to a complete history and clinical examination. Chest X-ray was done to all subjects. Nasopharyngeal and oropharyngeal swabs were obtained from all subjects and the presence of HRV was determined by PCR examination. Results By PCR method, 163 patients (81.5%) were positive for viral infection. Due to viral co-infection, 49.5% (99 cases) were +ve for Respiratory Syncytial virus followed by HRV 43.5% (87 cases). Conclusion HRV was the second common viral infection in children with wheezes. Its prevalence was more in winter with higher incidence of recurrence. Compared to the other respiratory viruses, it had the higher mortality 43.7%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanaa I Rady
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Amani El Kholy
- Department of Clinical and Chemical Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
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15
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Haider MSH, Khan WH, Deeba F, Ali S, Ahmed A, Naqvi IH, Dohare R, Alsenaidy HA, Alsenaidy AM, Broor S, Parveen S. BA9 lineage of respiratory syncytial virus from across the globe and its evolutionary dynamics. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0193525. [PMID: 29694383 PMCID: PMC5919079 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0193525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2017] [Accepted: 02/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is an important pathogen of global significance. The BA9 is one of the most predominant lineages of the BA genotype of group B RSV that has acquired a 60bp duplication in its G protein gene. We describe the local and global evolutionary dynamics of the second hyper variable region in the C- terminal of the G protein gene of the BA9 lineage. A total of 418 sequences (including 31 study and 387 GenBank strains) from 29 different countries were used for phylogenetic analysis. This analysis showed that the study strains clustered with BA (BA9 and BA8) and SAB4 genotype of group B RSV. We performed time-scaled evolutionary clock analyses using Bayesian Markov chain Monte Carlo methods. We also carried out glycosylation, selection pressure, mutational, entropy and Network analyses of the BA9 lineage. The time to the most recent common ancestor (tMRCA) of the BA genotype and BA9 lineage were estimated to be the years 1995 (95% HPD; 1987–1997) and 2000 (95% HPD; 1998–2001), respectively. The nucleotide substitution rate of the BA genotype [(4.58×10−3 (95% HPD; 3.89–5.29×10−3) substitution/site/year] was slightly faster than the BA9 lineage [4.03×10−3 (95% HPD; 4.65–5.2492×10−3)]. The BA9 lineage was categorized into 3 sub lineages (I, II and III) based on the Bayesian and Network analyses. The local transmission pattern suggested that BA9 is the predominant lineage of BA viruses that has been circulating in India since 2002 though showing fluctuations in its effective population size. The BA9 lineage established its global distribution with report from 23 different countries over the past 16 years. The present study augments our understanding of RSV infection, its epidemiological dynamics warranting steps towards its overall global surveillance.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Wajihul Hasan Khan
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Basic Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, India
- Kusuma School of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi, India
| | - Farah Deeba
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Basic Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, India
| | - Sher Ali
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Basic Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, India
| | - Anwar Ahmed
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- Centre for Excellence in Biotechnology Research, Department of Biochemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Irshad H. Naqvi
- Dr. M. A. Ansari Health Centre, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, India
| | - Ravins Dohare
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Basic Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, India
| | | | | | - Shobha Broor
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Science, Shree Guru Gobind Singh Tricentenary University, Gurgaon, Haryana, India
| | - Shama Parveen
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Basic Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, India
- * E-mail: ,
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16
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Malhotra B, Swamy MA, Janardhan Reddy PV, Gupta ML. Viruses causing severe acute respiratory infections (SARI) in children ≤5 years of age at a tertiary care hospital in Rajasthan, India. Indian J Med Res 2018; 144:877-885. [PMID: 28474624 PMCID: PMC5433280 DOI: 10.4103/ijmr.ijmr_22_15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND & OBJECTIVES Severe acute respiratory infection (SARI) is one of the leading causes of death among children worldwide. As different respiratory viruses exhibit similar symptoms, simultaneous detection of these viruses in a single reaction mixture can save time and cost. The present study was done in a tertiary care children's hospital for rapid identification of viruses causing SARI among children less than or equal to five years of age using multiplex real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) kit. METHODS A total of 155 throat swabs were collected from equal number of children suspected to have SARI and processed for extraction of nucleic acids using automated extraction system. Multiplex real-time RT-PCR was done to identify the viruses in the samples. RESULTS The overall positivity for viruses in the study was found to be 72.9 per cent with a co-infection rate of 19.5 per cent. Human metapneumovirus (HMPV) was the predominant virus detected in 25.7 per cent children followed by influenza A (H1N1)pdm09, human rhinovirus (HRV) and human adenovirus (HAdV) in 19.9, 11.0 and 8.8 per cent children, respectively. The HMPV was at its peak in February 2013, HAdV showed two peaks in March-April, 2012 and November 2012-March 2013 while HRV was detected throughout the year. INTERPRETATION & CONCLUSIONS Multiplex real-time PCR helped in rapid identification of viruses. Seventeen viruses were detected in SARI cases with overall positivity of 72.9 per cent. HMPV was the most predominant virus. However, for better clinico-virological correlation, studies are required with complete work up of all the aetiological agents, clinical profile of patients and treatment outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bharti Malhotra
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Advanced Basic Sciences & Clinical Research Laboratory, (ICMR Grade - I Viral Diagnostics & Research Laboratory), Sawai Man Singh Medical College, Jaipur, India
| | - M Anjaneya Swamy
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Advanced Basic Sciences & Clinical Research Laboratory, (ICMR Grade - I Viral Diagnostics & Research Laboratory), Sawai Man Singh Medical College, Jaipur, India
| | - P V Janardhan Reddy
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Advanced Basic Sciences & Clinical Research Laboratory, (ICMR Grade - I Viral Diagnostics & Research Laboratory), Sawai Man Singh Medical College, Jaipur, India
| | - M L Gupta
- Department of Pediatric Medicine, J. K. Lone Hospital, Jaipur, India
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17
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Kakiuchi S, Tsuji M, Nishimura H, Wang L, Takayama-Ito M, Kinoshita H, Lim CK, Taniguchi S, Oka A, Mizuguchi M, Saijo M. Human Parainfluenza Virus Type 3 Infections in Patients with Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplants: the Mode of Nosocomial Infections and Prognosis. Jpn J Infect Dis 2017; 71:109-115. [PMID: 29279454 DOI: 10.7883/yoken.jjid.2017.424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
There have been a few prospective and comprehensive surveillance studies on the respiratory viral infections (RVIs) among patients undergoing hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT). A 2-year prospective cohort surveillance study of symptomatic and asymptomatic RVIs was performed in hospitalized HSCT patients. Oropharyngeal (OP) swab samples were serially collected each week from 1 week before and up to 100 days after HSCT and were tested for virus isolation with cell culture-based viral isolation (CC-based VI) and a multiplex PCR (MPCR). A total of 2,747 OP swab samples were collected from 250 HSCT patients (268 HSCT procedures). Among these patients, 79 had RVIs (CC-based VI, n = 63; MPCR, n = 17). The parainfluenza virus type 3 (PIV3) accounted for 71% (57/80) of the cases of RVIs. Some PIV3 infections were asymptomatic and involved a longer virus-shedding period. The PIV3 was often cultured from samples taken before the onset of a respiratory disease. The PIV3 infections were attributed to the transmission of nosocomial infections. PIV3 infections before engraftment will more likely result in the development of lower respiratory tract infections and worse outcomes. A real-time monitoring of respiratory viral infections in the HSCT ward among patients with or without respiratory symptoms is required for the prevention of nosocomial RVIs, especially of PIV3 infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satsuki Kakiuchi
- Department of Virology 1, National Institute of Infectious Diseases.,Department of Developmental Medical Sciences, The University of Tokyo
| | | | | | - Lixing Wang
- Department of Virology 1, National Institute of Infectious Diseases
| | | | - Hitomi Kinoshita
- Department of Virology 1, National Institute of Infectious Diseases
| | - Chang-Kweng Lim
- Department of Virology 1, National Institute of Infectious Diseases
| | | | - Akira Oka
- Department of Developmental Medical Sciences, The University of Tokyo
| | - Masashi Mizuguchi
- Department of Pediatrics, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo
| | - Masayuki Saijo
- Department of Virology 1, National Institute of Infectious Diseases.,Department of Pediatrics, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo
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18
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Saraya T, Kimura H, Kurai D, Ishii H, Takizawa H. The molecular epidemiology of respiratory viruses associated with asthma attacks: A single-center observational study in Japan. Medicine (Baltimore) 2017; 96:e8204. [PMID: 29049206 PMCID: PMC5662372 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000008204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Few reports have described the significance of viral respiratory infections (VRIs) in exacerbation of asthma in adult patients. The aim of this study was to elucidate the profiles of VRIs in adult patients with asthma along with their molecular epidemiology.A cross-sectional observational study was conducted at Kyorin University Hospital from August 2012 to May 2015. To identify respiratory pathogens in inpatients and outpatients suffering from asthma attacks, RT-PCR/sequencing/phylogenetic analysis methods were applied alongside conventional microbiological methods. Phylogenetic and pairwise distance analyses of 10 viruses were performed.A total of 106 asthma attack patients enrolled in this study in both inpatient (n = 49) and outpatient (n = 57) settings. The total 106 respiratory samples were obtained from nasopharyngeal swab (n = 68) or sputum (n = 38). Among these, patients with virus alone (n = 39), virus and bacterial (n = 5), and bacterial alone (n = 5) were identified. The ratio of virus-positive patients in inpatient or outpatient to the total cases were 31.1% (n = 33) and 10.4% (n = 11), respectively. The frequency of virus-positive patients was significantly higher in inpatients (75.3%, n = 33) than in outpatients (19.3%, n = 11). Major VRIs included human rhinovirus (HRV) (n = 24), human metapneumovirus (hMPV) (n = 9), influenza virus (Inf-V) (n = 8), and respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) (n = 3) infections with seasonal variations. HRV-A and HRV-C were the most commonly detected viruses, with wide genetic divergence on phylogenetic analysis.Asthmatic exacerbations in adults are highly associated with VRIs such as HRV-A or HRV-C, hMPV, RSV, and Inf-V infections with seasonal variations and genetic divergence, but similar frequencies of VRIs occurred in asthma attack patients throughout the seasons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeshi Saraya
- Kyorin University School of Medicine, Department of Respiratory Medicine, Mitaka City
| | - Hirokazu Kimura
- Infectious Disease Surveillance Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Daisuke Kurai
- Kyorin University School of Medicine, Department of Respiratory Medicine, Mitaka City
| | - Haruyuki Ishii
- Kyorin University School of Medicine, Department of Respiratory Medicine, Mitaka City
| | - Hajime Takizawa
- Kyorin University School of Medicine, Department of Respiratory Medicine, Mitaka City
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19
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Thi Ty Hang V, Thi Han Ny N, My Phuc T, Thi Thanh Tam P, Thao Huong D, Dang Trung Nghia H, Tran Anh Vu N, Thi Hong Phuong P, Van Xang N, Dong N, Nhu Hiep P, Van Hung N, Tinh Hien T, Rabaa M, Thwaites GE, Baker S, Van Tan L, van Doorn H. Evaluation of the Luminex xTAG Respiratory Viral Panel FAST v2 assay for detection of multiple respiratory viral pathogens in nasal and throat swabs in Vietnam. Wellcome Open Res 2017. [DOI: 10.12688/wellcomeopenres.12429.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Acute respiratory infections (ARI) are among the leading causes of hospitalization in children ≤5 years old. Rapid diagnostics of viral pathogens is essential to avoid unnecessary antibiotic treatment, thereby slowing down antibiotic-resistance. We evaluated the diagnostic performance of the Luminex xTAG Respiratory Viral Panel FAST v2 against viral specific PCR as reference assays for ARI in Vietnam.Methods: Four hundred and forty two nose and throat swabs were collected in viral transport medium, and were tested with Luminex xTAG Respiratory Viral Panel FAST v2. Multiplex RT-PCR and single RT-PCR were used as references. Results: Overall, viral pathogens were detected in a total count of 270/294 (91.8%, 95% CI 88.1-94.7) by the Luminex among reference assays, whilst 112/6336 (1.8%, 95% CI, 1.4-2.1) of pathogens were detected by the Luminex, but not by reference assays. Frequency of pathogens detected by Luminex and reference assays was 379 and 292, respectively. The diagnostic yield was 66.7% (295/442, 95%CI 62.1-71.1%) for the Luminex assay and 54.1% (239/442, 95% CI, 49.3-58.8%) for reference assays. The Luminex kit had higher yields for all viruses except influenza B virus, respiratory syncytial virus, and human bocavirus. High agreements between both methods [mean (range): 0.91 (0.83-1.00)] were found for 10/15 viral agents.Conclusions: The Luminex assay is a high throughput multiplex platform for rapid detection of common viral pathogens causing ARI. Although the current high cost may prevent Luminex assays from being widely used, especially in limited resource settings where ARI are felt most, its introduction in clinical diagnostics may help reduce unnecessary use of antibiotic prescription.
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20
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Thi Ty Hang V, Thi Han Ny N, My Phuc T, Thi Thanh Tam P, Thao Huong D, Dang Trung Nghia H, Tran Anh Vu N, Thi Hong Phuong P, Van Xang N, Dong N, Nhu Hiep P, Van Hung N, Tinh Hien T, Rabaa M, Thwaites GE, Baker S, Van Tan L, van Doorn H. Evaluation of the Luminex xTAG Respiratory Viral Panel FAST v2 assay for detection of multiple respiratory viral pathogens in nasal and throat swabs in Vietnam. Wellcome Open Res 2017; 2:80. [PMID: 29503874 PMCID: PMC5811805 DOI: 10.12688/wellcomeopenres.12429.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Acute respiratory infections (ARI) are among the leading causes of hospitalization in children ≤5 years old. Rapid diagnostics of viral pathogens is essential to avoid unnecessary antibiotic treatment, thereby slowing down antibiotic-resistance. We evaluated the diagnostic performance of the Luminex xTAG Respiratory Viral Panel FAST v2 against viral specific PCR as reference assays for ARI in Vietnam. METHODS Four hundred and forty two nose and throat swabs were collected in viral transport medium, and were tested with Luminex xTAG Respiratory Viral Panel FAST v2. Multiplex RT-PCR and single RT-PCR were used as references. Results: Overall, viral pathogens were detected in a total count of 270/294 (91.8%, 95% CI 88.1-94.7) by the Luminex among reference assays, whilst 112/6336 (1.8%, 95% CI, 1.4-2.1) of pathogens were detected by the Luminex, but not by reference assays. Frequency of pathogens detected by Luminex and reference assays was 379 and 292, respectively. The diagnostic yield was 66.7% (295/442, 95%CI 62.1-71.1%) for the Luminex assay and 54.1% (239/442, 95% CI, 49.3-58.8%) for reference assays. The Luminex kit had higher yields for all viruses except influenza B virus, respiratory syncytial virus, and human bocavirus. High agreements between both methods [mean (range): 0.91 (0.83-1.00)] were found for 10/15 viral agents. CONCLUSIONS The Luminex assay is a high throughput multiplex platform for rapid detection of common viral pathogens causing ARI. Although the current high cost may prevent Luminex assays from being widely used, especially in limited resource settings where ARI are felt most, its introduction in clinical diagnostics may help reduce unnecessary use of antibiotic prescription.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vu Thi Ty Hang
- Hospital for Tropical Diseases, Wellcome Trust Major Overseas Programme, Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Nguyen Thi Han Ny
- Hospital for Tropical Diseases, Wellcome Trust Major Overseas Programme, Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Tran My Phuc
- Hospital for Tropical Diseases, Wellcome Trust Major Overseas Programme, Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Pham Thi Thanh Tam
- Hospital for Tropical Diseases, Wellcome Trust Major Overseas Programme, Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Dang Thao Huong
- Hospital for Tropical Diseases, Wellcome Trust Major Overseas Programme, Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Ho Dang Trung Nghia
- Hospital for Tropical Diseases, Wellcome Trust Major Overseas Programme, Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | | | | | | | - Nguyen Dong
- Khanh Hoa General Hospital, Khanh Hoa, Vietnam
| | | | | | - Tran Tinh Hien
- Hospital for Tropical Diseases, Wellcome Trust Major Overseas Programme, Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
- Centre for Tropical Medicine, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, Oxford University, Oxford, UK
| | - Maia Rabaa
- Hospital for Tropical Diseases, Wellcome Trust Major Overseas Programme, Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Guy E. Thwaites
- Hospital for Tropical Diseases, Wellcome Trust Major Overseas Programme, Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
- Centre for Tropical Medicine, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, Oxford University, Oxford, UK
| | - Stephen Baker
- Hospital for Tropical Diseases, Wellcome Trust Major Overseas Programme, Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
- Centre for Tropical Medicine, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, Oxford University, Oxford, UK
- The London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Le Van Tan
- Hospital for Tropical Diseases, Wellcome Trust Major Overseas Programme, Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - H.Rogier van Doorn
- Centre for Tropical Medicine, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, Oxford University, Oxford, UK
- National Hospital for Tropical Diseases, Wellcome Trust Major Overseas Programme, Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - VIZIONS consortium
- Hospital for Tropical Diseases, Wellcome Trust Major Overseas Programme, Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
- Dong Thap General Hospital, Dong Thap, Vietnam
- Khanh Hoa General Hospital, Khanh Hoa, Vietnam
- Hue Central Hospital, Thua Thien - Hue, Vietnam
- Dak Lak General Hospital, Dak Lak, Vietnam
- Centre for Tropical Medicine, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, Oxford University, Oxford, UK
- The London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
- National Hospital for Tropical Diseases, Wellcome Trust Major Overseas Programme, Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Hanoi, Vietnam
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Giuffrida MJ, Valero N, Mosquera J, Duran A, Arocha F, Chacín B, Espina LM, Gotera J, Bermudez J, Mavarez A, Alvarez-Mon M. Increased Systemic Cytokine/Chemokine Expression in Asthmatic and Non-asthmatic Patients with Bacterial, Viral or Mixed Lung Infection. Scand J Immunol 2017; 85:280-290. [PMID: 28168862 PMCID: PMC7169570 DOI: 10.1111/sji.12532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2016] [Accepted: 01/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
This study was aimed to determine the profiles of serum cytokines (IL-1β, TNF-α, IL-4, IL-5) and chemokines (MCP-1: monocyte chemoattract protein-1 and RANTES: regulated on activation normal T cell expressed and secreted) in individuals with an asthmatic versus a non-asthmatic background with bacterial, viral or mixed acute respiratory infection. Asthmatic (n = 14) and non-asthmatic (n = 29) patients with acute viral, bacterial or mixed (bacterial and viruses) respiratory infection were studied. Patients were also analysed as individuals with pneumonia or bronchitis. Healthy individuals with similar age and sex (n = 10) were used as controls. Cytokine/chemokine content in serum was determined by ELISA. Increased cytokine/chemokine concentration in asthmatic and non-asthmatic patients was observed. However, higher concentrations of chemokines (MCP-1 and RANTES) in asthmatic patients infected by viruses, bacteria or bacteria and viruses (mixed) than in non-asthmatic patients were observed. In general, viral and mixed infections were better cytokine/chemokine inducers than bacterial infection. Cytokine/chemokine expression was similarly increased in both asthmatic and non-asthmatic patients with pneumonia or bronchitis, except that RANTES remained at normal levels in bronchitis. Circulating cytokine profiles induced by acute viral, bacterial or mixed lung infection were not related to asthmatic background, except for chemokines that were increased in asthmatic status.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Giuffrida
- Instituto de Investigaciones Clínicas "Dr. Américo Negrette", Facultad de Medicina, Universidad del Zulia, Maracaibo, Venezuela
| | - N Valero
- Instituto de Investigaciones Clínicas "Dr. Américo Negrette", Facultad de Medicina, Universidad del Zulia, Maracaibo, Venezuela
| | - J Mosquera
- Instituto de Investigaciones Clínicas "Dr. Américo Negrette", Facultad de Medicina, Universidad del Zulia, Maracaibo, Venezuela
| | - A Duran
- Instituto de Investigaciones Clínicas "Dr. Américo Negrette", Facultad de Medicina, Universidad del Zulia, Maracaibo, Venezuela
| | - F Arocha
- Instituto de Investigaciones Clínicas "Dr. Américo Negrette", Facultad de Medicina, Universidad del Zulia, Maracaibo, Venezuela
| | - B Chacín
- Instituto de Investigaciones Clínicas "Dr. Américo Negrette", Facultad de Medicina, Universidad del Zulia, Maracaibo, Venezuela
| | - L M Espina
- Instituto de Investigaciones Clínicas "Dr. Américo Negrette", Facultad de Medicina, Universidad del Zulia, Maracaibo, Venezuela
| | - J Gotera
- Instituto de Investigaciones Clínicas "Dr. Américo Negrette", Facultad de Medicina, Universidad del Zulia, Maracaibo, Venezuela
| | - J Bermudez
- Instituto de Investigaciones Clínicas "Dr. Américo Negrette", Facultad de Medicina, Universidad del Zulia, Maracaibo, Venezuela
| | - A Mavarez
- Instituto de Investigaciones Clínicas "Dr. Américo Negrette", Facultad de Medicina, Universidad del Zulia, Maracaibo, Venezuela
| | - M Alvarez-Mon
- Servicio de Enfermedades del Sistema Inmune y Oncología, Hospital Universitario "Príncipe de Asturias", Universidad de Alcalá, Madrid, Spain
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Lan F, Zhang N, Gevaert E, Zhang L, Bachert C. Viruses and bacteria in Th2-biased allergic airway disease. Allergy 2016; 71:1381-92. [PMID: 27188632 DOI: 10.1111/all.12934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/14/2016] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Allergic airway diseases are typically characterized by a type 2-biased inflammation. Multiple distinct viruses and bacteria have been detected in the airways. Recently, it has been confirmed that the microbiome of allergic individuals differs from that of healthy subjects, showing a close relationship with the type 2 response in allergic airway disease. In this review, we summarize the recent findings on the prevalence of viruses and bacteria in type 2-biased airway diseases and on the mechanisms employed by viruses and bacteria in propagating type 2 responses. The understanding of the microbial composition and postinfectious immune programming is critical for the reconstruction of the normal microflora and immune status in allergic airway diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- F. Lan
- Upper Airways Research Laboratory; ENT Department; Ghent University; Gent Belgium
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery; Beijing Tongren Hospital; Capital Medical University; Beijing China
| | - N. Zhang
- Upper Airways Research Laboratory; ENT Department; Ghent University; Gent Belgium
| | - E. Gevaert
- Upper Airways Research Laboratory; ENT Department; Ghent University; Gent Belgium
| | - L. Zhang
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery; Beijing Tongren Hospital; Capital Medical University; Beijing China
| | - C. Bachert
- Upper Airways Research Laboratory; ENT Department; Ghent University; Gent Belgium
- Division of ENT Diseases; Clintec; Karolinska Institute; Stockholm Sweden
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Otsuka H, Tsukagoshi H, Kimura H, Takanashi I, Okubo K. Are respiratory viruses involved in preseasonal symptoms or severity in Japanese cedar pollinosis? ALLERGY & RHINOLOGY (PROVIDENCE, R.I.) 2016; 7:62-8. [PMID: 27658182 PMCID: PMC5010434 DOI: 10.2500/ar.2016.7.0157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Respiratory virus infections are involved in asthma exacerbations. However, there are no reports of the relationship between respiratory virus infections and Japanese cedar pollinosis. OBJECTIVE We studied the relationship between respiratory viral infection and the appearance of preseasonal symptoms and the severity of seasonal symptoms in Japanese cedar pollinosis. METHODS In 36 patients with asthma and with no symptoms (PreAsyP) and 54 patients with asthma and with symptoms (PreSyP) before the cedar pollen shedding commenced (preseason), and 37 patients with mild-to-moderate severity (InMild/Mod) and 45 patients with severe to extreme severity (InSev/Ext) after cedar shedding commenced (in season), the occurrence of respiratory viruses and nasal smear cytology were examined. RESULTS In total, seven infections with respiratory viruses were detected among the subjects. Human rhinovirus (HRV) C infection was detected in one subject in each of the PreAsyP and PreSyP groups, and one HRVA infection occurred in the InMild/Mod group. In the InSev/Ext group, one HRVA, one HRVC, one respiratory syncytial virus, and one human metapneumovirus were detected. There was no significant difference in the rate of detection of viral infections between the PreAsyP and the PreSyP groups (p = 0.077), and between the InMild/Mod group and the InSev/Ext group (p = 0.24, Wilcoxon rank sum test). When cells types in nasal smears were identified and their abundance examined, the rate of neutrophilia in the subjects in the PreSyP group was 54%, which was statistically higher (p < 0.01) than the subjects in the PreAsyP group (25%). Interestingly, in the subjects in the InSev/Ext group, the proportion of eosinophils (40%) was larger (p < 0.05) than in the subjects in the InMild/Mod group (19%). CONCLUSION These results provided no evidence that respiratory virus infections contributed to preseasonal symptoms and severity in season of Japanese cedar pollinosis. Nasal neutrophilia was related to preseasonal symptoms, whereas nasal eosinophilia was related to severity of symptoms during the pollen season.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hirokuni Otsuka
- From the Otsuka ENT Clinic, Kanagawa, Japan
- Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, Nippon Medical School, Musashi-Kosugi Hospital, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Tsukagoshi
- Gunma Prefectural Institute of Public Health and Environmental Sciences, Maebashi, Gunma, Japan
| | - Hirokazu Kimura
- Infectious Disease Surveillance Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Musashimurayama, Tokyo, Japan
- Yokohama City University, School of Medicine, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Ikuo Takanashi
- Kanagawa General High School, Science Division, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan, and
| | - Kimihiro Okubo
- Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo, Japan
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Cagno V, Civra A, Kumar R, Pradhan S, Donalisio M, Sinha BN, Ghosh M, Lembo D. Ficus religiosa L. bark extracts inhibit human rhinovirus and respiratory syncytial virus infection in vitro. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2015; 176:252-7. [PMID: 26528588 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2015.10.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2015] [Revised: 10/26/2015] [Accepted: 10/28/2015] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Ficus religiosa L. is one of the most relevant members of the family of Moraceae. It is the most sacred tree of South Asia, and it is used in traditional Ayurvedic and Unani medicine to cure respiratory disorders like cough, wheezing and asthma. Some studies were performed to investigate the anti-asthmatic potential of F. religiosa bark, leaves and fruit extracts but none of them tested their antiviral activity against viruses responsible for the exacerbation of wheezing and asthma. AIM OF THE STUDY The present study was undertaken to investigate the antiviral activity of F. religiosa L. extracts against respiratory viruses such as human respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) and human rhinovirus (HRV). MATERIALS AND METHODS The antiviral activity of F. religiosa L. was tested in vitro by plaque reduction and virus yield assays and the major mechanism of action was investigated by virus inactivation and time-of-addition assays. RESULTS F. religiosa L. methanol bark extract was the most active against HRV with an EC50 of 5.52 µg/mL. This extract likely inhibited late steps of replicative cycle. Water bark extract was the most active against RSV with an EC50 between 2.23 and 4.37 µg/mL. Partial virus inactivation and interference with virus attachment were both found to contribute to the anti-RSV activity. Replication of both viruses was inhibited in viral yield reduction assays. CONCLUSIONS The results of the present study demonstrate that F. religiosa L. is endowed with antiviral activity against RSV and HRV in vitro. Further work remains to be done to identify the active components and to assess the therapeutic potential in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeria Cagno
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Torino, 10043 Orbassano, Torino, Italy
| | - Andrea Civra
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Torino, 10043 Orbassano, Torino, Italy
| | - Ravi Kumar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences & Technology, Birla Institute of Technology, Mesra, Ranchi 83215, India
| | - Subhankar Pradhan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences & Technology, Birla Institute of Technology, Mesra, Ranchi 83215, India
| | - Manuela Donalisio
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Torino, 10043 Orbassano, Torino, Italy
| | - Barij Nayan Sinha
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences & Technology, Birla Institute of Technology, Mesra, Ranchi 83215, India
| | - Manik Ghosh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences & Technology, Birla Institute of Technology, Mesra, Ranchi 83215, India.
| | - David Lembo
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Torino, 10043 Orbassano, Torino, Italy.
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Houtsma A, Bedenice D, Pusterla N, Pugliese B, Mapes S, Hoffman AM, Paxson J, Rozanski E, Mukherjee J, Wigley M, Mazan MR. Association between inflammatory airway disease of horses and exposure to respiratory viruses: a case control study. Multidiscip Respir Med 2015; 10:33. [PMID: 26535117 PMCID: PMC4630835 DOI: 10.1186/s40248-015-0030-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2015] [Accepted: 09/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Inflammatory airway disease (IAD) in horses, similar to asthma in humans, is a common cause of chronic poor respiratory health and exercise intolerance due to airway inflammation and exaggerated airway constrictive responses. Human rhinovirus is an important trigger for the development of asthma; a similar role for viral respiratory disease in equine IAD has not been established yet. Methods In a case–control study, horses with IAD (n = 24) were compared to control animals from comparable stabling environments (n = 14). Horses were classified using pulmonary function testing and bronchoalveolar lavage. PCR for equine rhinitis virus A and B (ERAV, ERBV), influenza virus (EIV), and herpesviruses 2, 4, and 5 (EHV-2, EHV-4, EHV-5) was performed on nasal swab, buffy coat from whole blood, and cells from BAL fluid (BALF), and serology were performed. Categorical variables were compared between IAD and control using Fisher’s exact test; continuous variables were compared with an independent t-test. For all analyses, a value of P <0.05 was considered significant. Results There was a significant association between diagnosis of IAD and history of cough (P = 0.001) and exercise intolerance (P = 0.003) but not between nasal discharge and IAD. Horses with IAD were significantly more likely to have a positive titer to ERAV (68 %) vs. control horses (32 %). Horses with IAD had higher log-transformed titers to ERAV than did controls (2.28 ± 0.18 v.1.50 ± 0.25, P = 0.038). There was a significant association between nasal shedding (positive PCR) of EHV-2 and diagnosis of IAD (P = 0.002). Conclusions IAD remains a persistent problem in the equine population and has strong similarities to the human disease, asthma, for which viral infection is an important trigger. The association between viral respiratory infection and development or exacerbation of IAD in this study suggests that viral infection may contribute to IAD susceptibility; there is, therefore, merit in further investigation into the relationship between respiratory virus exposure and development of IAD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley Houtsma
- Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, Tufts University, North Grafton, MA USA
| | - Daniela Bedenice
- Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, Tufts University, North Grafton, MA USA
| | | | - Brenna Pugliese
- Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, Tufts University, North Grafton, MA USA
| | | | - Andrew M Hoffman
- Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, Tufts University, North Grafton, MA USA
| | | | - Elizabeth Rozanski
- Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, Tufts University, North Grafton, MA USA
| | - Jean Mukherjee
- Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, Tufts University, North Grafton, MA USA
| | - Margaret Wigley
- Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, Tufts University, North Grafton, MA USA
| | - Melissa R Mazan
- Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, Tufts University, North Grafton, MA USA
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Sugai K, Kimura H, Miyaji Y, Tsukagoshi H, Yoshizumi M, Sasaki-Sakamoto T, Matsunaga S, Yamada Y, Kashiwakura JI, Noda M, Ikeda M, Kozawa K, Ryo A, Yoshihara S, Ogata H, Okayama Y. MIP-1α level in nasopharyngeal aspirates at the first wheezing episode predicts recurrent wheezing. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2015; 137:774-81. [PMID: 26494023 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2015.08.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2015] [Revised: 08/11/2015] [Accepted: 08/21/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Respiratory virus-induced wheezing, such as that induced by respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) and human rhinovirus, is an important risk factor for recurrent wheezing and childhood asthma. However, no biomarkers for predicting recurrent wheezing have been identified. OBJECTIVE We searched for predictors of recurrent wheezing using nasopharyngeal aspirates obtained from patients during the first wheezing episode who were hospitalized with an acute lower respiratory tract illness. METHODS We enrolled 82 infants during the first wheezing episode (median age, 5.0 months) who were hospitalized for acute lower respiratory tract illness between August 2009 and June 2012 and followed these patients for 2.5 years. Nasopharyngeal aspirates and blood samples were obtained on the first day of hospitalization. Viral genomes were identified by using RT-PCR and sequencing. Levels of 33 cytokines, tryptase, IgE, anti-RSV IgE, and anti-RSV IgG were measured by using ELISAs or the Bio-Plex multiplex assay. Predictors of recurrent wheezing were examined by using a stepwise logistic regression model with backward elimination. RESULTS Sixty percent of the patients experienced recurrent wheezing episodes. One or more viruses were detected in the nasopharynxes of 93% of the patients during the first wheezing episode. IFN-γ, IL-2, IL-9, MIP-1α, and MIP-1β levels were significantly higher among patients with recurrent wheezing than among those without recurrent wheezing (P < .05 or .01). The stepwise model demonstrated that the MIP-1α level (odds ratio, 7.72; 95% CI, 1.50-39.77; P = .015) was the strongest independent predictor of the occurrence of recurrent wheezing. CONCLUSION An increased MIP-1α level in nasopharyngeal aspirates from patients with acute respiratory symptoms during the first wheezing episode caused by viral infections might predict recurrent wheezing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuko Sugai
- Department of Pediatrics, National Hospital Organization Fukuyama Medical Center, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Hirokazu Kimura
- Infectious Disease Surveillance Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yumiko Miyaji
- Department of Pediatrics, National Hospital Organization Yokohama Medical Center, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Tsukagoshi
- Department of Health Science, Gunma Prefectural Institute of Public Health and Environmental Sciences, Maebashi, Japan
| | - Masakazu Yoshizumi
- Department of Health Science, Gunma Prefectural Institute of Public Health and Environmental Sciences, Maebashi, Japan
| | - Tomomi Sasaki-Sakamoto
- Allergy and Immunology Group, Research Institute of Medical Science, Division of Medical Education Planning and Development, Nihon University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Satoko Matsunaga
- Department of Molecular Biodefence Research, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Yumi Yamada
- Yamada Gastroenterology Pediatric Clinic, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Jun-ichi Kashiwakura
- Laboratory for Allergic Disease, RCAI, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences (IMS-RCAI), Yokohama, Japan
| | - Masahiro Noda
- Infectious Disease Surveillance Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masanori Ikeda
- Department of Pediatrics, National Hospital Organization Fukuyama Medical Center, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Kunihisa Kozawa
- Department of Health Science, Gunma Prefectural Institute of Public Health and Environmental Sciences, Maebashi, Japan
| | - Akihide Ryo
- Department of Molecular Biodefence Research, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan
| | | | - Hiromitsu Ogata
- Center for Information Research, National Institute of Public Health, Saitama, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshimichi Okayama
- Allergy and Immunology Group, Research Institute of Medical Science, Division of Medical Education Planning and Development, Nihon University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.
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Kim JH, Choi JY, Kim NY, Kim JW, Baek JH, Baek HS, Yoon JW, Jee HM, Choi SH, Kim HY, Kim KE, Shin YH, Han MY. Clinical risk factors associated with the development of wheezing in children less than 2 years of age who required hospitalization for viral lower respiratory tract infections. KOREAN JOURNAL OF PEDIATRICS 2015; 58:245-50. [PMID: 26300938 PMCID: PMC4543183 DOI: 10.3345/kjp.2015.58.7.245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2014] [Revised: 09/11/2014] [Accepted: 10/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Purpose Wheezing following viral lower respiratory tract infections (LRTIs) in children <2 years of age is an important risk factor for the development of asthma later in life; however, not all children with viral LRTIs develop wheezing. This study investigated risk factors for the development of wheezing during viral LRTIs requiring hospitalization. Methods The study included 142 children <2 years of age hospitalized for LRTIs with at least one virus identified as the cause and classified them into children diagnosed with LRTIs with wheezing (n=70) and those diagnosed with LRTIs without wheezing (n=72). Results There were no significant differences in the viruses detected between the two groups. Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that, after adjusting for potentially confounding variables including sex and age, the development of wheezing was strongly associated with parental history of allergic diseases (adjusted odds ratio [aOR], 20.19; 95% confidence interval [CI], 3.22-126.48), past history of allergic diseases (aOR, 13.95; 95% CI, 1.34-145.06), past history of hospitalization for respiratory illnesses (aOR, 21.36; 95% CI, 3.77-120.88), exposure to secondhand smoke at home (aOR, 14.45; 95% CI, 4.74-44.07), and total eosinophil count (aOR, 1.01; 95% CI, 1.01-1.02). Conclusion Past and parental history of allergic diseases, past history of hospitalization for respiratory illnesses, exposure to secondhand smoke at home, and total eosinophil count were closely associated with the development of wheezing in children <2 years of age who required hospitalization for viral LRTIs. Clinicians should take these factors into consideration when treating, counseling, and monitoring young children admitted for viral LRTIs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joon Hwan Kim
- Department of Pediatrics, CHA Bundang Medical Center, Seongnam, Korea
| | - Ji-Yeon Choi
- Department of Pediatrics, CHA Bundang Medical Center, Seongnam, Korea
| | - Na Yeon Kim
- Department of Pediatrics, CHA Bundang Medical Center, Seongnam, Korea
| | - Jin Woo Kim
- Department of Pediatrics, CHA Bundang Medical Center, Seongnam, Korea
| | - Ji Hyeon Baek
- Department of Pediatrics, Hallym University Dongtan Sacred Heart Hospital, Hallym University College of Medicine, Hwaseong, Korea
| | - Hye Sung Baek
- Department of Pediatrics, Hallym University Kandong Sacred Heart Hospital, Hallym University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jung Won Yoon
- Department of Pediatrics, Myongji Hospital, Goyang, Korea
| | - Hye Mi Jee
- Department of Pediatrics, CHA Bundang Medical Center, Seongnam, Korea. ; CHA University School of Medicine, Pocheon, Korea
| | - Sun Hee Choi
- Department of Pediatrics, Kyung Hee University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hyeung Yoon Kim
- Department of Pediatrics, Bundang Jesaeng Hospital, Seongnam, Korea
| | - Ki Eun Kim
- CHA University School of Medicine, Pocheon, Korea. ; Department of Pediatrics, CHA Gangnam Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Youn Ho Shin
- CHA University School of Medicine, Pocheon, Korea. ; Department of Pediatrics, CHA Gangnam Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Man Yong Han
- Department of Pediatrics, CHA Bundang Medical Center, Seongnam, Korea. ; CHA University School of Medicine, Pocheon, Korea
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Rudi JM, Molina F, Díaz R, Bonet V, Ortellao L, Cantarutti D, Gómez A, Pierini J, Cociglio R, Kusznierz G. The role of rhinovirus in children hospitalized for acute respiratory disease, Santa Fe, Argentina. J Med Virol 2015; 87:2027-32. [PMID: 25983014 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.24266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Human rhinoviruses (HRVs) were historically considered upper airway pathogens. However, they have recently been proven to cause infections in the lower respiratory tract, resulting in hospitalization of children with pneumonia, bronchiolitis, and chronic pulmonary obstruction. In this report, HRV frequency and seasonality are described together with patient clinical-epidemiological aspects. From a total of 452 surveyed samples, the HRV nucleic acids was detected in 172 (38.1%) and found in every month of the study year. 60% of inpatients with acute respiratory infection (ARI) associated with HRV were under 6 months of age and 31% had a clinical history, being preterm birth and recurrent wheezing the prevailing conditions. The most frequent discharge diagnoses were pneumonia (35.2%), bronchiolitis (32.4%), and bronchitis (12.4%). Fifteen point nine percent of patients required admission into intensive care units. The results obtained in this study demonstrated the association between HRV and children hospitalizations caused by ARI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Manuel Rudi
- National Institute of Respiratory Diseases "Emilio Coni", National Administration of Laboratories and Health Institutes, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Fabiana Molina
- Childreńs Hospital "Dr. O. Alassia", Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Rocío Díaz
- Childreńs Hospital "Dr. O. Alassia", Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Virginia Bonet
- Childreńs Hospital "Dr. O. Alassia", Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Lucila Ortellao
- Department of Pediatrics, Hospital "J. B. Iturraspe", Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Diego Cantarutti
- Department of Pediatrics, Hospital "J. B. Iturraspe", Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Alejandra Gómez
- National Institute of Respiratory Diseases "Emilio Coni", National Administration of Laboratories and Health Institutes, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Judith Pierini
- Department of Pediatrics, Hospital "J. B. Iturraspe", Santa Fe, Argentina
| | | | - Gabriela Kusznierz
- National Institute of Respiratory Diseases "Emilio Coni", National Administration of Laboratories and Health Institutes, Santa Fe, Argentina
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Costa LD, Costa PS, Camargos PA. Exacerbation of asthma and airway infection: is the virus the villain? JORNAL DE PEDIATRIA (VERSÃO EM PORTUGUÊS) 2014. [PMCID: PMC7185549 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpedp.2014.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Objetivo Rever a literatura disponível sobre a relação entre infecção viral aguda do trato respiratório e o desencadeamento de exacerbações da asma, identificando os vírus mais prevalentes, os métodos de detecção, bem como os aspectos preventivos e terapêuticos. Fonte dos dados Foi realizada uma busca nas bases de dados PubMed, SciELO e Lilacs utilizando os descritores: asma, exacerbação, vírus, criança e infecção respiratória aguda, entre os anos de 2002 e 2013. Síntese dos dados Foram selecionados 42 artigos originais que tratavam da identificação de vírus respiratórios durante episódios de exacerbação da asma, em sua maioria estudos transversais. Houve ampla variação na metodologia dos trabalhos avaliados, principalmente em relação à idade das crianças e métodos de coleta e detecção viral. Os resultados apontam que, em até 92,2% das exacerbações, um agente viral foi potencialmente o principal fator desencadeante, sendo o rinovírus humano o mais identificado. O padrão de circulação viral pode ter sido responsável pela sazonalidade das exacerbações. A associação entre infecção viral e inflamação alérgica parece ser determinante para levar ao descontrole clínico‐funcional da asma, porém poucos estudos avaliaram outros fatores desencadeantes em associação com a infecção viral. Conclusões Os vírus respiratórios estão presentes na maioria das crianças asmáticas durante os episódios de exacerbação. Os mecanismos fisiopatológicos envolvidos ainda não estão totalmente estabelecidos e o sinergismo entre a inflamação alérgica e infecção viral parece determinar o descontrole da doença. O papel dos outros agentes desencadeantes e protetores não estão claramente determinados.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lusmaia D.C. Costa
- Departamento de Pediatria, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Goiás (UFG), Goiânia, GO, Brasil
- Autor para correspondência.
| | - Paulo Sucasas Costa
- Departamento de Pediatria, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Goiás (UFG), Goiânia, GO, Brasil
| | - Paulo A.M. Camargos
- Departamento de Pediatria, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil
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30
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Costa LDC, Costa PS, Camargos PAM. Exacerbation of asthma and airway infection: is the virus the villain? J Pediatr (Rio J) 2014; 90:542-55. [PMID: 25261603 PMCID: PMC7094671 DOI: 10.1016/j.jped.2014.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2014] [Revised: 06/11/2014] [Accepted: 07/01/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To review the available literature on the association between acute viral respiratory tract infection and the onset of asthma exacerbations, identifying the most prevalent viruses, detection methods, as well as preventive and therapeutic aspects. SOURCES A search was conducted in PubMed, Lilacs, and SciELO databases, between the years 2002 and 2013, using the following descriptors: asthma exacerbation, virus, child, and acute respiratory infection. SUMMARY OF THE FINDINGS A total of 42 original articles addressing the identification of respiratory viruses during episodes of asthma exacerbation were selected, mostly cross-sectional studies. There was a wide variation in the methodology of the assessed studies, particularly in relation to the children's age and methods of collection and viral detection. The results indicate that, in up to 92.2% of exacerbations, a viral agent was potentially the main triggering factor, and human rhinovirus was the most frequently identified factor. The pattern of viral circulation may have been responsible for the seasonality of exacerbations. The association between viral infections and allergic inflammation appears to be crucial for the clinical and functional uncontrolled asthma, but few studies have evaluated other triggering factors in association with viral infection. CONCLUSIONS Respiratory viruses are present in the majority of asthmatic children during episodes of exacerbation. The involved physiopathological mechanisms are yet to be fully established, and the synergism between allergic inflammation and viral infection appears to determine uncontrolled disease. The role of other triggering and protective agents is yet to be clearly determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lusmaia D C Costa
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Universidade Federal de Goiás (UFG), Goiânia, GO, Brazil.
| | - Paulo Sucasas Costa
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Universidade Federal de Goiás (UFG), Goiânia, GO, Brazil
| | - Paulo A M Camargos
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
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Tsujimoto S, Tsukagoshi H, Inai I, Yoshimoto Y, Daida A, Kusakawa I, Tanaka‐Taya K, Ishii H, Saraya T, Kurai D, Oishi K, Ryo A, Kimura H. Apnoea, dyspnoea and wheezing in primary lower respiratory infections due to human rhinovirus in Japanese infants. JMM Case Rep 2014. [DOI: 10.1099/jmmcr.0.002113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Shin‐ichi Tsujimoto
- Department of Pediatrics, St Luke’s International Hospital, 9‐1 Akashi‐machi, Chuo‐ku, Tokyo 104‐8560, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Tsukagoshi
- Gunma Prefectural Institute of Public Health and Environmental Sciences, 378 Kamioki‐machi, Maebashi‐shi, Gunma 371‐0052, Japan
| | - Ikuko Inai
- Department of Pediatrics, St Luke’s International Hospital, 9‐1 Akashi‐machi, Chuo‐ku, Tokyo 104‐8560, Japan
| | - Yuri Yoshimoto
- Department of Pediatrics, St Luke’s International Hospital, 9‐1 Akashi‐machi, Chuo‐ku, Tokyo 104‐8560, Japan
| | - Atsuro Daida
- Department of Pediatrics, St Luke’s International Hospital, 9‐1 Akashi‐machi, Chuo‐ku, Tokyo 104‐8560, Japan
| | - Isao Kusakawa
- Department of Pediatrics, St Luke’s International Hospital, 9‐1 Akashi‐machi, Chuo‐ku, Tokyo 104‐8560, Japan
| | - Keiko Tanaka‐Taya
- Infectious Disease Surveillance Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 4‐7‐1 Gakuen, Musashimurayama‐shi, Tokyo 208‐0011, Japan
| | - Haruyuki Ishii
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Kyorin University, School of Medicine, 6‐20‐2 Shinkawa, Mitaka‐shi, Tokyo 181‐8611, Japan
| | - Takeshi Saraya
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Kyorin University, School of Medicine, 6‐20‐2 Shinkawa, Mitaka‐shi, Tokyo 181‐8611, Japan
| | - Daisuke Kurai
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Kyorin University, School of Medicine, 6‐20‐2 Shinkawa, Mitaka‐shi, Tokyo 181‐8611, Japan
| | - Kazunori Oishi
- Infectious Disease Surveillance Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 4‐7‐1 Gakuen, Musashimurayama‐shi, Tokyo 208‐0011, Japan
| | - Akihide Ryo
- Department of Molecular Biodefence Research, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, 3‐9 Fukuura, Kanazawa‐ku, Yokohama‐shi, Kanagawa 236‐0004, Japan
| | - Hirokazu Kimura
- Department of Molecular Biodefence Research, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, 3‐9 Fukuura, Kanazawa‐ku, Yokohama‐shi, Kanagawa 236‐0004, Japan
- Infectious Disease Surveillance Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 4‐7‐1 Gakuen, Musashimurayama‐shi, Tokyo 208‐0011, Japan
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32
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Saglani S. Viral infections and the development of asthma in children. Ther Adv Infect Dis 2014; 1:139-50. [PMID: 25165549 DOI: 10.1177/2049936113497202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Viral aetiology, host susceptibility (in particular allergic predisposition and sensitization), and illness severity, timing and frequency all appear to contribute as synergistic factors to the risk of developing asthma. Experimental models have shown both innate and adaptive immune responses contribute to this risk with lung inflammatory cells showing marked differences in phenotype and function in young compared with older animals, and these differences are further enhanced following virus infection. Findings to date strongly suggest that the impact of infant and preschool viral infections on the maturing immune system and developing lung that subsequently result in an asthma phenotype occur during a critical susceptibility period, and in a genetically susceptible host. There are currently no therapeutic strategies that allow primary or secondary prevention of asthma following early life viral respiratory infections in high-risk children, thus a focus on understanding the mechanisms of progression from viral wheezing in infants and preschool children to asthma development are urgently needed. This review summarizes the data reporting the role of the two most common viruses, that is, respiratory syncytial virus and human rhinovirus, that result in asthma development, comparing risk factors for disease progression, and providing insight into strategies that might be adopted to prevent asthma development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sejal Saglani
- Clinical Senior Lecturer, Respiratory Paediatrics, 374 Sir Alexander Fleming Building, Imperial College, London SW7 2AZ, UK
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Miyaji Y, Kobayashi M, Sugai K, Tsukagoshi H, Niwa S, Fujitsuka-Nozawa A, Noda M, Kozawa K, Yamazaki F, Mori M, Yokota S, Kimura H. Severity of respiratory signs and symptoms and virus profiles in Japanese children with acute respiratory illness. Microbiol Immunol 2014; 57:811-21. [PMID: 24117766 DOI: 10.1111/1348-0421.12102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2013] [Revised: 09/19/2013] [Accepted: 09/26/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Associations between the severity of respiratory signs and symptoms and the respiratory viruses identified in 214 Japanese children with acute respiratory illness (ARI) enrolled between January and December 2012 were studied. Respiratory rate, wheezing, cyanosis, and the use of accessory muscles were used as indices of respiratory severity and phylogenetic analysis of the viruses identified in these children was performed. Respiratory viruses such as respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), human rhinovirus (HRV), human parainfluenza virus (HPIV), and human metapneumovirus (HMPV) were prevalent, being detected in approximately 70% of the patients (151/214 patients). Co-detection of viruses occurred in about 9% of patients. RSV was identified more frequently in cases scored as moderate/severe than in those scored as mild (P < 0.05). Severity scores of patients with RSV were significantly higher than those of cases with HPIV. Moreover, severity scores in patients with mild disease and co-detections were higher than in those in whom only HPIV or adenovirus was detected. Phylogenetic analysis showed that many genotypes of HRV-A and -C with wide genetic divergence were associated with acute respiratory illness (ARI). On the other hand, only a limited number of genotypes of RSV were associated with ARI. HPIV and HMPV were associated with ARI at similar frequencies. These results suggest that different respiratory viruses with unique genetic characteristics can be found in patients with mild to severe ARI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yumiko Miyaji
- Department of Pediatrics, National Hospital Organization Yokohama Medical Center, 3-60-2 Harajuku, Totsuka-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 245-8575; Department of Pediatrics, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, 3-9 Fukuura, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 236-0004
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Clinical and epidemiologic factors related to subsequent wheezing after virus-induced lower respiratory tract infections in hospitalized pediatric patients younger than 3 years. Eur J Pediatr 2014; 173:959-66. [PMID: 24535712 DOI: 10.1007/s00431-014-2277-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2013] [Revised: 10/23/2013] [Accepted: 01/27/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Most wheezing episodes in infants are caused and exacerbated by virus-induced lower respiratory tract infections. However, there are few reports of epidemiologic and clinical virus-specific research with a focus on virus-induced wheezing. The purpose of the current study was to characterize the clinical presentation of virus-induced wheezing in pediatric patients <3 years of age who were hospitalized with lower respiratory tract infections. Of the 412 patients in the study, 216 were followed for 3 years. Nasopharyngeal aspirates collected from the patients at the time of admission were examined for the presence of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), rhinovirus (RV), parainfluenza-3 virus (PIV-3), human metapneumovirus (hMPV), and influenza virus (Flu) using reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction and rapid diagnostic tests. Clinical signs were assessed using a severity scoring system. In patients with wheezing at the time of admission, RSV, RV, RSV+RV, Flu, PIV-3, and hMPV were detected in 33, 14, 8, 8, 5, and 3 % of samples, respectively. There were no differences in age and severity scores between patients harboring more prevalent viruses (RSV and RV) and those with less common infections. Patients with wheezing and RV-positive aspirates at the time of admission were more likely to develop subsequent wheezing during the following 3 years. CONCLUSION RSV and RV infections are factors in the development and exacerbation of wheezing after virus-induced lower respiratory tract infections. Moreover, RV-induced wheezing may be associated with subsequent recurrent wheezing and the development of asthma.
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35
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Saraya T, Kurai D, Ishii H, Ito A, Sasaki Y, Niwa S, Kiyota N, Tsukagoshi H, Kozawa K, Goto H, Takizawa H. Epidemiology of virus-induced asthma exacerbations: with special reference to the role of human rhinovirus. Front Microbiol 2014; 5:226. [PMID: 24904541 PMCID: PMC4033317 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2014.00226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2014] [Accepted: 04/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Viral respiratory infections may be associated with the virus-induced asthma in adults as well as children. Particularly, human rhinovirus is strongly suggested a major candidate for the associations of the virus-induced asthma. Thus, in this review, we reviewed and focused on the epidemiology, pathophysiology, and treatment of virus-induced asthma with special reference on human rhinovirus. Furthermore, we added our preliminary data regarding the clinical and virological findings in the present review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeshi Saraya
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Kyorin University Mitaka, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Daisuke Kurai
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Kyorin University Mitaka, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Haruyuki Ishii
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Kyorin University Mitaka, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Anri Ito
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Kyorin University Mitaka, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshiko Sasaki
- Gunma Prefectural Institute of Public Health and Environmental Sciences Gunma, Japan
| | - Shoichi Niwa
- Gunma Prefectural Institute of Public Health and Environmental Sciences Gunma, Japan
| | - Naoko Kiyota
- Kumamoto Prefectural Institute of Public Health and Environmental Sciences Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Tsukagoshi
- Gunma Prefectural Institute of Public Health and Environmental Sciences Gunma, Japan
| | - Kunihisa Kozawa
- Gunma Prefectural Institute of Public Health and Environmental Sciences Gunma, Japan
| | - Hajime Goto
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Kyorin University Mitaka, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hajime Takizawa
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Kyorin University Mitaka, Tokyo, Japan
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Multiple classes of antiviral agents exhibit in vitro activity against human rhinovirus type C. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2013; 58:1546-55. [PMID: 24366736 DOI: 10.1128/aac.01746-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Human rhinovirus type C (HRV-C) is a newly discovered enterovirus species frequently associated with exacerbation of asthma and other acute respiratory conditions. Until recently, HRV-C could not be propagated in vitro, hampering in-depth characterization of the virus replication cycle and preventing efficient testing of antiviral agents. Herein we describe several subgenomic RNA replicon systems and a cell culture infectious model for HRV-C that can be used for antiviral screening. The replicon constructs consist of genome sequences from HRVc15, HRVc11, HRVc24, and HRVc25 strains, with the P1 capsid region replaced by a Renilla luciferase coding sequence. Following transfection of the replicon RNA into HeLa cells, the constructs produced time-dependent increases in luciferase signal that can be inhibited in a dose-dependent manner by known inhibitors of HRV replication, including the 3C protease inhibitor rupintrivir, the nucleoside analog inhibitor MK-0608, and the phosphatidylinositol 4-kinase IIIβ (PI4K-IIIβ) kinase inhibitor PIK93. Furthermore, with the exception of pleconaril and pirodavir, the other tested classes of HRV inhibitors blocked the replication of full-length HRVc15 and HRVc11 in human airway epithelial cells (HAEs) that were differentiated in the air-liquid interface, exhibiting antiviral activities similar to those observed with HRV-16. In summary, this study is the first comprehensive profiling of multiple classes of antivirals against HRV-C, and the set of newly developed quantitative HRV-C antiviral assays represent indispensable tools for the identification and evaluation of novel panserotype HRV inhibitors.
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Kiyota N, Kobayashi M, Tsukagoshi H, Ryo A, Harada S, Kusaka T, Obuchi M, Shimojo N, Noda M, Kimura H. Genetic analysis of human rhinovirus species A to C detected in patients with acute respiratory infection in Kumamoto prefecture, Japan 2011-2012. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2013; 21:90-102. [PMID: 24200591 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2013.10.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2013] [Revised: 09/25/2013] [Accepted: 10/26/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
We performed detailed genetic analysis of the VP4/VP2 coding region in human rhinovirus species A to C (HRV-ABC) strains detected in patients with a variety of acute respiratory infections in Kumamoto, Japan in the period 2011-12. The phylogenetic tree and evolutionary timescale were obtained by the Bayesian Markov chain Monte Carlo method. Phylogenetic analyses showed that the present HRV-A, -B, and -C strains belonged to 25, 4, and 18 genotypes, respectively. Some new genotypes were confirmed as prevalent strains of HRV-C. An ancestor of the present HRV-ABCs could be dated back to about 20,000 years ago. The present HRV-A and -C strains have wide genetic divergence (pairwise distance >0.2) with rapid evolutionary rates (around 7 × 10(-4) to 4 × 10(-3)substitutions/site/year). Over 100 sites were found to be under negative selection, while no positively selected sites were found in the analyzed region. No evidence of recombination events was found in this region of the present strains. Our results indicate that the present HRV strains have rapidly evolved and subsequently diverged over a long period into multiple genotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoko Kiyota
- Kumamoto Prefectural Institute of Public Health and Environmental Sciences, 1240-1 Uto-shi, Kumamoto 869-0425, Japan
| | - Miho Kobayashi
- Gunma Prefectural Institute of Public Health and Environmental Sciences, 378 Kamioki-machi, Maebashi-shi, Gunma 371-0052, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Tsukagoshi
- Gunma Prefectural Institute of Public Health and Environmental Sciences, 378 Kamioki-machi, Maebashi-shi, Gunma 371-0052, Japan
| | - Akihide Ryo
- Department of Molecular Biodefence Research, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, 3-9 Fukuura, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama-shi, Kanagawa 236-0004, Japan
| | - Seiya Harada
- Kumamoto Prefectural Institute of Public Health and Environmental Sciences, 1240-1 Uto-shi, Kumamoto 869-0425, Japan
| | - Takashi Kusaka
- Maternal Perinatal Center, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, 1750-1 Ikenobe, Miki-cho, Kita-gun, Kagawa 761-0793, Japan
| | - Masatsugu Obuchi
- Toyama Institute of Health, 17-1 Nakataikoyama, Imizu-shi, Toyama 939-0363, Japan
| | - Naoki Shimojo
- Department of Pediatrics, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba-shi, Chiba 260-8670, Japan
| | - Masahiro Noda
- Infectious Disease Surveillance Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 4-7-1 Gakuen, Musashimurayama-shi, Tokyo 208-0011, Japan
| | - Hirokazu Kimura
- Infectious Disease Surveillance Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 4-7-1 Gakuen, Musashimurayama-shi, Tokyo 208-0011, Japan.
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Kurai D, Saraya T, Ishii H, Takizawa H. Virus-induced exacerbations in asthma and COPD. Front Microbiol 2013; 4:293. [PMID: 24098299 PMCID: PMC3787546 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2013.00293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2013] [Accepted: 09/10/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is characterized by chronic airway inflammation and/or airflow limitation due to pulmonary emphysema. Chronic bronchitis, pulmonary emphysema, and bronchial asthma may all be associated with airflow limitation; therefore, exacerbation of asthma may be associated with the pathophysiology of COPD. Furthermore, recent studies have suggested that the exacerbation of asthma, namely virus-induced asthma, may be associated with a wide variety of respiratory viruses. COPD and asthma have different underlying pathophysiological processes and thus require individual therapies. Exacerbation of both COPD and asthma, which are basically defined and diagnosed by clinical symptoms, is associated with a rapid decline in lung function and increased mortality. Similar pathogens, including human rhinovirus, respiratory syncytial virus, influenza virus, parainfluenza virus, and coronavirus, are also frequently detected during exacerbation of asthma and/or COPD. Immune response to respiratory viral infections, which may be related to the severity of exacerbation in each disease, varies in patients with both COPD and asthma. In this regard, it is crucial to recognize and understand both the similarities and differences of clinical features in patients with COPD and/or asthma associated with respiratory viral infections, especially in the exacerbative stage. In relation to definition, epidemiology, and pathophysiology, this review aims to summarize current knowledge concerning exacerbation of both COPD and asthma by focusing on the clinical significance of associated respiratory virus infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daisuke Kurai
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Kyorin University School of Medicine Mitaka, Tokyo, Japan
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Kurai D, Saraya T, Ishii H, Takizawa H. Virus-induced exacerbations in asthma and COPD. Front Microbiol 2013. [PMID: 24098299 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2013.00293/full] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is characterized by chronic airway inflammation and/or airflow limitation due to pulmonary emphysema. Chronic bronchitis, pulmonary emphysema, and bronchial asthma may all be associated with airflow limitation; therefore, exacerbation of asthma may be associated with the pathophysiology of COPD. Furthermore, recent studies have suggested that the exacerbation of asthma, namely virus-induced asthma, may be associated with a wide variety of respiratory viruses. COPD and asthma have different underlying pathophysiological processes and thus require individual therapies. Exacerbation of both COPD and asthma, which are basically defined and diagnosed by clinical symptoms, is associated with a rapid decline in lung function and increased mortality. Similar pathogens, including human rhinovirus, respiratory syncytial virus, influenza virus, parainfluenza virus, and coronavirus, are also frequently detected during exacerbation of asthma and/or COPD. Immune response to respiratory viral infections, which may be related to the severity of exacerbation in each disease, varies in patients with both COPD and asthma. In this regard, it is crucial to recognize and understand both the similarities and differences of clinical features in patients with COPD and/or asthma associated with respiratory viral infections, especially in the exacerbative stage. In relation to definition, epidemiology, and pathophysiology, this review aims to summarize current knowledge concerning exacerbation of both COPD and asthma by focusing on the clinical significance of associated respiratory virus infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daisuke Kurai
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Kyorin University School of Medicine Mitaka, Tokyo, Japan
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Narayanan H, Sankar S, Simoes EAF, Nandagopal B, Sridharan G. Molecular detection of human metapneumovirus and human bocavirus on oropharyngeal swabs collected from young children with acute respiratory tract infections from rural and peri-urban communities in South India. Mol Diagn Ther 2013; 17:107-15. [PMID: 23559038 PMCID: PMC7099897 DOI: 10.1007/s40291-013-0030-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Background Acute respiratory tract infections (ARTIs) are one of the major causes of morbidity and mortality among young children in developing countries. Information on the incidence of human metapneumovirus (hMPV) and human bocavirus (HBoV) infections in developing countries, especially among rural children, is very limited. Objectives This study was conducted to identify whether these viruses were associated with ARTI among children ≤5 years of age in rural and peri-urban populations in South India. Methods The study was cross-sectional with prospective sample collection. Oropharyngeal swabs were collected from children ≤5 years of age presenting with ARTI. None of the children in this study were known to have any immunosuppressive conditions. The two viruses, hMPV and HBoV, were identified using semi-nested polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays and one-step PCR assays, respectively. The lower limits of detection of hMPV and HBoV were 6.69 × 105 plasmid copies and 5.77 × 103 plasmid copies, respectively, per 5 μL PCR reaction input. Results The frequency of hMPV infection in children was higher than that of HBoV infection. The different frequencies of hMPV in patients in various age groups with upper and lower respiratory tract infections were compared, and the variance was found to be insignificant. In the 38 children who were hMPV positive, the majority (73.7 %) were from rural communities. The overall hMPV-positive rate was higher in the rural population than in the peri-urban population, but the difference was statistically insignificant. The youngest age at which hMPV-positive status was recorded was 5 months. Conclusion This study demonstrated that hMPV was associated with a significant number (i.e. >10 %) of ARTIs in children in South India, whereas a relatively smaller number of HBoV infections was observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harikrishnan Narayanan
- Sri Sakthi Amma Institute of Biomedical Research, Sri Narayani Hospital and Research Centre, Sripuram, Vellore, 632 055 Tamil Nadu India
| | - Sathish Sankar
- Sri Sakthi Amma Institute of Biomedical Research, Sri Narayani Hospital and Research Centre, Sripuram, Vellore, 632 055 Tamil Nadu India
| | - Eric A. F. Simoes
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases, The Children’s Hospital, Aurora, CO USA
| | - Balaji Nandagopal
- Sri Sakthi Amma Institute of Biomedical Research, Sri Narayani Hospital and Research Centre, Sripuram, Vellore, 632 055 Tamil Nadu India
| | - Gopalan Sridharan
- Sri Sakthi Amma Institute of Biomedical Research, Sri Narayani Hospital and Research Centre, Sripuram, Vellore, 632 055 Tamil Nadu India
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Kimura H, Yoshizumi M, Ishii H, Oishi K, Ryo A. Cytokine production and signaling pathways in respiratory virus infection. Front Microbiol 2013; 4:276. [PMID: 24062733 PMCID: PMC3774987 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2013.00276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2013] [Accepted: 08/26/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
It has been confirmed that respiratory virus infections can induce abberant cytokine production in the host. These cytokines may be associated with both elimination of the virus and complications in the host, such as virus-induced asthma. Representative host defense mechanisms against pathogens, including bacteria and viruses, are mediated by the innate immune system. Cells of the innate immune system express essential molecules, namely pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), such as Toll-like receptors, nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-like receptors, and retinoic acid-inducible gene-I-like receptors. These PRRs can recognize components of pathogens such as bacterial lipopolysaccharide, viral antigens, and their genomes (DNA and RNA). Furthermore, PRRs activate various signaling pathways resulting in cytokine production against pathogen infection. However, the exact mechanisms remain unknown. In this review, we mainly focus on the representative mechanisms of cytokine production through PRRs and signaling pathways due to virus infections, including respiratory virus infections. In addition, we describe the relationships between respiratory infections and virus-induced asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hirokazu Kimura
- Infectious Disease Surveillance Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases Tokyo, Japan ; Gunma Prefectural Institute of Public Health and Environmental Sciences Gunma, Japan ; Department of Molecular Biodefence Research, Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama City University Kanagawa, Japan
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Tsukagoshi H, Ishioka T, Noda M, Kozawa K, Kimura H. Molecular epidemiology of respiratory viruses in virus-induced asthma. Front Microbiol 2013; 4:278. [PMID: 24062735 PMCID: PMC3771312 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2013.00278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2013] [Accepted: 08/27/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute respiratory illness (ARI) due to various viruses is not only the most common cause of upper respiratory infection in humans but is also a major cause of morbidity and mortality, leading to diseases such as bronchiolitis and pneumonia. Previous studies have shown that respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), human rhinovirus (HRV), human metapneumovirus (HMPV), human parainfluenza virus (HPIV), and human enterovirus infections may be associated with virus-induced asthma. For example, it has been suggested that HRV infection is detected in the acute exacerbation of asthma and infection is prolonged. Thus it is believed that the main etiological cause of asthma is ARI viruses. Furthermore, the number of asthma patients in most industrial countries has greatly increased, resulting in a morbidity rate of around 10-15% of the population. However, the relationships between viral infections, host immune response, and host factors in the pathophysiology of asthma remain unclear. To gain a better understanding of the epidemiology of virus-induced asthma, it is important to assess both the characteristics of the viruses and the host defense mechanisms. Molecular epidemiology enables us to understand the pathogenesis of microorganisms by identifying specific pathways, molecules, and genes that influence the risk of developing a disease. However, the epidemiology of various respiratory viruses associated with virus-induced asthma is not fully understood. Therefore, in this article, we review molecular epidemiological studies of RSV, HRV, HPIV, and HMPV infection associated with virus-induced asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyuki Tsukagoshi
- Gunma Prefectural Institute of Public Health and Environmental Sciences Gunma, Japan
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Zhang C, Zhu N, Xie Z, Lu R, He B, Liu C, Ma X, Tan W. Viral etiology and clinical profiles of children with severe acute respiratory infections in China. PLoS One 2013; 8:e72606. [PMID: 23991128 PMCID: PMC3750056 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0072606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2013] [Accepted: 07/12/2013] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background No comprehensive analysis is available on the viral etiology and clinical characterization among children with severe acute respiratory infection (SARI) in China during 2009 H1N1 pandemic and post-pandemic period. Methods Cohort of 370 hospitalized children (1 to 72 months) with SARI from May 2008 to March 2010 was enrolled in this study. Nasopharyngeal aspirate (NPA) specimens were tested by a commercial assay for 18 respiratory viral targets. The viral distribution and its association with clinical character were statistically analyzed. Results Viral pathogen was detected in 350 (94.29%) of children with SARI. Overall, the most popular viruses were: enterovirus/rhinovirus (EV/RV) (54.05%), respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) (51.08%), human bocavirus (BoCA) (33.78%), human parainfluenzaviruse type 3 (PIV3) (15.41%), and adenovirus (ADV) (12.97%). Pandemic H1N1 was the dominant influenza virus (IFV) but was only detected in 20 (5.41%) of children. Moreover, detection rate of RSV and human metapneumovirus (hMPV) among suburb participants were significantly higher than that of urban area (P<0.05). Incidence of VSARI among suburb participants was also significant higher, especially among those of 24 to 59 months group (P<0.05). Conclusion Piconaviruses (EV/RV) and paramyxoviruses are the most popular viral pathogens among children with SARI in this study. RSV and hMPV significantly increase the risk of SARI, especially in children younger than 24 months. Higher incidence of VSARI and more susceptibilities to RSV and hMPV infections were found in suburban patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Medical Virology, Ministry of Health, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, China Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Beijing, China
| | - Na Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Medical Virology, Ministry of Health, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, China Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Beijing, China
| | - Zhengde Xie
- Key Laboratory of Major Diseases in Child and National Key Discipline of Pediatrics, Beijing Pediatric Research Institute, Beijing Children’s Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Roujian Lu
- Key Laboratory of Medical Virology, Ministry of Health, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, China Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Beijing, China
| | - Bin He
- Key Laboratory of Medical Virology, Ministry of Health, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, China Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Beijing, China
- Huainan Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Huainan, Anhui, China
| | - Chunyan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Major Diseases in Child and National Key Discipline of Pediatrics, Beijing Pediatric Research Institute, Beijing Children’s Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Xuejun Ma
- Key Laboratory of Medical Virology, Ministry of Health, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, China Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Beijing, China
- * E-mail: (WT); (XM)
| | - Wenjie Tan
- Key Laboratory of Medical Virology, Ministry of Health, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, China Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Beijing, China
- * E-mail: (WT); (XM)
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Molecular evolution of attachment glycoprotein (G) gene in human respiratory syncytial virus detected in Japan 2008-2011. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2013; 18:168-73. [PMID: 23707845 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2013.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2013] [Revised: 05/01/2013] [Accepted: 05/13/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the evolution of the C-terminal 3rd hypervariable region of G gene in the prevalent human respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) subgroups A (RSV-A) and B (RSV-B) in Japan in 2008-2011. Phylogenetic analysis and the evolutionary timescale was obtained by the Bayesian Markov Chain Monte Carlo method. All 38 RSV-A strains detected were classified into genotype NA1 and the 17 RSV-B strains detected belonged to genotypes BA and GB2. NA1 subdivided around 1998 in the present phylogenetic tree. Genotype BA subdivided around 1994. The evolutionary rates for RSV-A and RSV-B were estimated at 3.63×10⁻³ and 4.56×10⁻³ substitutions/site/year, respectively. The mean evolutionary rate of RSV-B was significantly faster than that of RSV-A during all seasons. The pairwise distance was relatively short (less than 0.06). In addition, some unique sites under positive selection were found. The results suggested that this region of the RSV strains rapidly evolved with some unique amino acid substitutions due to positive pressure.
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Kiyota N, Kushibuchi I, Kobayashi M, Tsukagoshi H, Ryo A, Nishimura K, Hirata-Saito A, Harada S, Arakawa M, Kozawa K, Noda M, Kimura H. Genetic analysis of the VP4/VP2 coding region in human rhinovirus species C in patients with acute respiratory infection in Japan. J Med Microbiol 2013; 62:610-617. [DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.049072-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Naoko Kiyota
- Kumamoto Prefectural Institute of Public Health and Environmental Sciences, Uto-shi, Kumamoto 869-0425, Japan
| | - Izumi Kushibuchi
- Tochigi Prefectural Institute of Public Health, Utsunomiya-shi, Tochigi 329-1196, Japan
| | - Miho Kobayashi
- Gunma Prefectural Institute of Public Health and Environmental Sciences, Maebashi-shi, Gunma 371-0052, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Tsukagoshi
- Gunma Prefectural Institute of Public Health and Environmental Sciences, Maebashi-shi, Gunma 371-0052, Japan
| | - Akihide Ryo
- Department of Molecular Biodefence Research, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama-shi, Kanagawa 236-0004, Japan
| | - Koichi Nishimura
- Kumamoto Prefectural Institute of Public Health and Environmental Sciences, Uto-shi, Kumamoto 869-0425, Japan
| | - Asumi Hirata-Saito
- Tochigi Prefectural Institute of Public Health, Utsunomiya-shi, Tochigi 329-1196, Japan
| | - Seiya Harada
- Kumamoto Prefectural Institute of Public Health and Environmental Sciences, Uto-shi, Kumamoto 869-0425, Japan
| | - Mika Arakawa
- Tochigi Prefectural Institute of Public Health, Utsunomiya-shi, Tochigi 329-1196, Japan
| | - Kunihisa Kozawa
- Gunma Prefectural Institute of Public Health and Environmental Sciences, Maebashi-shi, Gunma 371-0052, Japan
| | - Masahiro Noda
- Infectious Disease Surveillance Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Musashimurayama-shi, Tokyo 208-0011, Japan
| | - Hirokazu Kimura
- Infectious Disease Surveillance Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Musashimurayama-shi, Tokyo 208-0011, Japan
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Sansone M, Andersson M, Brittain-Long R, Andersson LM, Olofsson S, Westin J, Lindh M. Rhinovirus infections in western Sweden: a four-year molecular epidemiology study comparing local and globally appearing types. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2013; 32:947-54. [PMID: 23435753 PMCID: PMC7087832 DOI: 10.1007/s10096-013-1832-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2012] [Accepted: 01/24/2013] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Human rhinovirus (HRV) is a highly prevalent pathogen and a major cause of acute respiratory tract infection (ARTI). HRV express less seasonality than other viral ARTIs, which typically appear as seasonal epidemics lasting for 1–2 months. The aim of this study was to investigate the seasonal patterns of HRV types over four consecutive years in one geographic region. HRV identified in respiratory samples from 114 patients over a four-year period were analysed by VP4/VP2 sequencing. HRV-A was found in 64, HRV-B in 11 and HRV-C in 37 cases. Overall, 33 different HRV-A types, nine B types and 21 C types were found. As many as 21 of the HRV types appeared during several seasons, with a maximum time-span of four years. Some types appeared during successive seasons and, in some cases, phylogenetic analysis indicated extended periods of circulation locally. Most of the strains were closely related to HRV identified in other parts of the world during the same time period. HRV strains that circulate locally represent many types and seem to reflect that HRV infections are highly globalised. The existence of simultaneous or successive epidemics with different HRV types in combination with the ability of each type to remain in the local population over extended periods of time may contribute to explaining the high rate of HRV infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Sansone
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Guldhedsgatan 10B, 413 36 Gothenburg, Sweden
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Virus infection-induced bronchial asthma exacerbation. Pulm Med 2012; 2012:834826. [PMID: 22966430 PMCID: PMC3432542 DOI: 10.1155/2012/834826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2011] [Revised: 05/01/2012] [Accepted: 06/22/2012] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Infection with respiratory viruses, including rhinoviruses, influenza virus, and respiratory syncytial virus, exacerbates asthma, which is associated with processes such as airway inflammation, airway hyperresponsiveness, and mucus hypersecretion. In patients with viral infections and with infection-induced asthma exacerbation, inflammatory mediators and substances, including interleukins (ILs), leukotrienes and histamine, have been identified in the airway secretions, serum, plasma, and urine. Viral infections induce an accumulation of inflammatory cells in the airway mucosa and submucosa, including neutrophils, lymphocytes and eosinophils. Viral infections also enhance the production of inflammatory mediators and substances in airway epithelial cells, mast cells, and other inflammatory cells, such as IL-1, IL-6, IL-8, GM-CSF, RANTES, histamine, and intercellular adhesion molecule-1. Viral infections affect the barrier function of the airway epithelial cells and vascular endothelial cells. Recent reports have demonstrated augmented viral production mediated by an impaired interferon response in the airway epithelial cells of asthma patients. Several drugs used for the treatment of bronchial asthma reduce viral and pro-inflammatory cytokine release from airway epithelial cells infected with viruses. Here, I review the literature on the pathogenesis of the viral infection-induced exacerbation of asthma and on the modulation of viral infection-induced airway inflammation.
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Allergens and bacteria interaction in the induction of basophil activation: is this the lost ring between allergy and infections in pediatric patients? Curr Opin Allergy Clin Immunol 2012; 12:164-70. [PMID: 22391753 DOI: 10.1097/aci.0b013e328350fd91] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The aim of this review is to describe the relationships between allergy and infectious diseases, with specific attention on bacterial infection. According to the most recent literature, bacteria could be considered also as one of the major causes of asthma exacerbations that we need to further explore. RECENT FINDINGS The availability of novel methods to detect large panels of pathogens, including viruses and bacteria specific for the upper respiratory tract, together with the capacity of evaluating how basophils are activated, has changed the point of view of the mechanisms related to asthma exacerbations. The recent finding that basophils are activated in the presence of suboptimal doses of allergens and bacteria has been recently described and may explain the clinical behavior of allergy exacerbation. Indeed the activation of basophils induces the secretion of mediators, which, at bronchial level, may cause bronchospasm that leads to an asthma exacerbation in patients with infection. The contrary is also true. SUMMARY Although the explanations for these facts are numerous, at present, bacteria seem to play a relevant role in the worsening of asthma in infected patients.
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Yoshida A, Kiyota N, Kobayashi M, Nishimura K, Tsutsui R, Tsukagoshi H, Hirano E, Yamamoto N, Ryo A, Saitoh M, Harada S, Inoue O, Kozawa K, Tanaka R, Noda M, Okabe N, Tashiro M, Mizuta K, Kimura H. Molecular epidemiology of the attachment glycoprotein (G) gene in respiratory syncytial virus in children with acute respiratory infection in Japan in 2009/2010. J Med Microbiol 2012; 61:820-829. [PMID: 22383445 DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.041137-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
This study performed a detailed genetic analysis of the glycoprotein (G) gene of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) detected in 50 Japanese children with acute respiratory infection (ARI) in the 2009/2010 season. A phylogenetic tree constructed by the neighbour-joining method showed that 34 and 16 of the RSV strains could be classified into subgroups A and B, respectively. Strains belonging to subgroups A and B were further subdivided into GA2 and BA, respectively. The nucleotide and deduced amino acid sequence identities were relatively high among these strains (>90%). The deduced amino acid sequences implied that a relatively high frequency of amino acid substitutions occurred in the C-terminal 3rd hypervariable region of the G protein in these strains. In addition, some positively selected sites were estimated. The results suggest that RSV with genotypes GA2 and BA was associated with ARI in Japanese children in 2009/2010.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayako Yoshida
- Aomori Prefectural Institute of Public Health and Environment, 1-1-1 Higashitsukurimichi, Aomori-shi, Aomori 030-8566, Japan
| | - Naoko Kiyota
- Kumamoto Prefectural Institute of Public Health and Environmental Sciences, 1240-1 Kurisaki-machi, Uto-shi, Kumamoto 869-0425, Japan
| | - Miho Kobayashi
- Gunma Prefectural Institute of Public Health and Environmental Sciences, 378 Kamioki-machi, Maebashi-shi, Gunma 371-0052, Japan
| | - Koichi Nishimura
- Kumamoto Prefectural Institute of Public Health and Environmental Sciences, 1240-1 Kurisaki-machi, Uto-shi, Kumamoto 869-0425, Japan
| | - Rika Tsutsui
- Aomori Prefectural Institute of Public Health and Environment, 1-1-1 Higashitsukurimichi, Aomori-shi, Aomori 030-8566, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Tsukagoshi
- Gunma Prefectural Institute of Public Health and Environmental Sciences, 378 Kamioki-machi, Maebashi-shi, Gunma 371-0052, Japan
| | - Eiko Hirano
- Fukui Prefectural Institute of Public Health and Environmental Science, 39-4 Harame-cho, Fukui-shi, Fukui 910-8551, Japan
| | - Norio Yamamoto
- Influenza Virus Research Center and Infectious Disease Surveillance Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 4-7-1 Gakuen, Musashimurayama-shi, Tokyo 208-0011, Japan
| | - Akihide Ryo
- Department of Molecular Biodefence Research, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, 3-9 Fukuura, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama-shi, Kanagawa 236-0004, Japan
| | - Mika Saitoh
- Gunma Prefectural Institute of Public Health and Environmental Sciences, 378 Kamioki-machi, Maebashi-shi, Gunma 371-0052, Japan
| | - Seiya Harada
- Kumamoto Prefectural Institute of Public Health and Environmental Sciences, 1240-1 Kurisaki-machi, Uto-shi, Kumamoto 869-0425, Japan
| | - Osamu Inoue
- Aomori Prefectural Institute of Public Health and Environment, 1-1-1 Higashitsukurimichi, Aomori-shi, Aomori 030-8566, Japan
| | - Kunihisa Kozawa
- Gunma Prefectural Institute of Public Health and Environmental Sciences, 378 Kamioki-machi, Maebashi-shi, Gunma 371-0052, Japan
| | - Ryota Tanaka
- Department of Surgery, Institute of Medical Sciences, Kyorin University, 6-20-2 Shinkawa, Mitaka-shi, Tokyo 181-8611, Japan
| | - Masahiro Noda
- Infectious Disease Surveillance Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 4-7-1 Gakuen, Musashimurayama-shi, Tokyo 208-0011, Japan
| | - Nobuhiko Okabe
- Infectious Disease Surveillance Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 4-7-1 Gakuen, Musashimurayama-shi, Tokyo 208-0011, Japan
| | - Masato Tashiro
- Influenza Virus Research Center and Infectious Disease Surveillance Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 4-7-1 Gakuen, Musashimurayama-shi, Tokyo 208-0011, Japan
| | - Katsumi Mizuta
- Yamagata Prefectural Institute of Public Health, 1-6-6 Toka-machi, Yamagata-shi, Yamagata 990-0031, Japan
| | - Hirokazu Kimura
- Infectious Disease Surveillance Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 4-7-1 Gakuen, Musashimurayama-shi, Tokyo 208-0011, Japan.,Gunma Prefectural Institute of Public Health and Environmental Sciences, 378 Kamioki-machi, Maebashi-shi, Gunma 371-0052, Japan
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW In this review, we describe the 'state-of-the-art' in our knowledge of asthma and what gaps exist, which can be exploited in the future for effective translation of our knowledge from the bench or population studies to diagnosis and therapy. RECENT FINDINGS The advent of microbiome research has expanded the potential role of microbes in asthma. There has been a significant increase in our understanding of the pathologic, genetic, cellular and molecular mechanisms of asthma. Nonetheless, the contribution of microbes to the genesis, exacerbation and treatment of asthma are poorly understood. SUMMARY Asthma is a complex chronic disease of the lung whose incidence is growing at all ages despite the progress that has been made in the areas of diagnosis and treatment of asthma. The complexity is partly due to the environmental insults such as allergens and microbial infections that play differential roles in the pathogenesis of childhood vis-à-vis elderly asthma. Microbes may play important roles in the exacerbation of asthma and hence in the comorbidities due to asthma, and also in the causation of asthma.
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