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Liu J, Garcia Bardales PF, Islam K, Jarju S, Juma J, Mhango C, Naumanga Q, Qureshi S, Sonye C, Ahmed N, Aziz F, Bhuiyan MTR, Charles M, Cunliffe NA, Abdou M, Galagan SR, Gitteh E, Guindo I, Jahangir Hossain M, Jabang AMJ, Jere KC, Kawonga F, Keita M, Keita NY, Kotloff KL, Shapiama Lopez WV, Munga S, Paredes Olortegui M, Omore R, Pavlinac PB, Qadri F, Qamar FN, Azadul Alam Raz SM, Riziki L, Schiaffino F, Stroup S, Traore SN, Pinedo Vasquez T, Yousafzai MT, Antonio M, Cornick JE, Kabir F, Khanam F, Kosek MN, Ochieng JB, Platts-Mills JA, Tennant SM, Houpt ER. Shigella Detection and Molecular Serotyping With a Customized TaqMan Array Card in the Enterics for Global Health (EFGH): Shigella Surveillance Study. Open Forum Infect Dis 2024; 11:S34-S40. [PMID: 38532960 PMCID: PMC10962731 DOI: 10.1093/ofid/ofad574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) targeting ipaH has been proven to be highly efficient in detecting Shigella in clinical samples compared to culture-based methods, which underestimate Shigella burden by 2- to 3-fold. qPCR assays have also been developed for Shigella speciation and serotyping, which is critical for both vaccine development and evaluation. Methods The Enterics for Global Health (EFGH) Shigella surveillance study will utilize a customized real-time PCR-based TaqMan Array Card (TAC) interrogating 82 targets, for the detection and differentiation of Shigella spp, Shigella sonnei, Shigella flexneri serotypes, other diarrhea-associated enteropathogens, and antimicrobial resistance (AMR) genes. Total nucleic acid will be extracted from rectal swabs or stool samples, and assayed on TAC. Quantitative analysis will be performed to determine the likely attribution of Shigella and other particular etiologies of diarrhea using the quantification cycle cutoffs derived from previous studies. The qPCR results will be compared to conventional culture, serotyping, and phenotypic susceptibility approaches in EFGH. Conclusions TAC enables simultaneous detection of diarrheal etiologies, the principal pathogen subtypes, and AMR genes. The high sensitivity of the assay enables more accurate estimation of Shigella-attributed disease burden, which is critical to informing policy and in the design of future clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Liu
- School of Public Health, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | | | - Kamrul Islam
- Infectious Diseases Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Sheikh Jarju
- Medical Research Council Unit The Gambia, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Fajara, The Gambia
| | - Jane Juma
- Centre pour le Développement des Vaccins du Mali (CVD-Mali), Bamako, Mali
| | | | - Queen Naumanga
- Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Sonia Qureshi
- Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, The Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Catherine Sonye
- Center for Global Health Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Kisumu, Kenya
| | - Naveed Ahmed
- Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, The Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Fatima Aziz
- Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, The Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Md Taufiqur Rahman Bhuiyan
- Infectious Diseases Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Mary Charles
- Malawi Liverpool Wellcome Research Programme, Blantyre, Malawi
| | - Nigel A Cunliffe
- Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, Department of Clinical Infection, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Mahamadou Abdou
- Centre pour le Développement des Vaccins du Mali (CVD-Mali), Bamako, Mali
| | - Sean R Galagan
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Ensa Gitteh
- Medical Research Council Unit The Gambia, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Fajara, The Gambia
| | - Ibrehima Guindo
- Centre pour le Développement des Vaccins du Mali (CVD-Mali), Bamako, Mali
| | - M Jahangir Hossain
- Medical Research Council Unit The Gambia, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Fajara, The Gambia
| | - Abdoulie M J Jabang
- Medical Research Council Unit The Gambia, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Fajara, The Gambia
| | - Khuzwayo C Jere
- Malawi Liverpool Wellcome Research Programme, Blantyre, Malawi
- Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, Department of Clinical Infection, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, School of Life Sciences and Health Professions, Kamuzu University of Health Sciences, Blantyre, Malawi
| | - Flywell Kawonga
- Malawi Liverpool Wellcome Research Programme, Blantyre, Malawi
| | - Mariama Keita
- Medical Research Council Unit The Gambia, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Fajara, The Gambia
| | | | - Karen L Kotloff
- Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | | | - Stephen Munga
- Center for Global Health Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Kisumu, Kenya
| | | | - Richard Omore
- Center for Global Health Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Kisumu, Kenya
| | - Patricia B Pavlinac
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Firdausi Qadri
- Infectious Diseases Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Farah Naz Qamar
- Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, The Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - S M Azadul Alam Raz
- Infectious Diseases Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Laura Riziki
- Center for Global Health Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Kisumu, Kenya
| | - Francesca Schiaffino
- Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
| | - Suzanne Stroup
- Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | | | | | | | - Martin Antonio
- Medical Research Council Unit The Gambia, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Fajara, The Gambia
- Centre for Epidemic Preparedness and Response, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
- Department of Infection Biology, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Jennifer E Cornick
- Malawi Liverpool Wellcome Research Programme, Blantyre, Malawi
- Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, Department of Clinical Infection, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Furqan Kabir
- Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, The Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Farhana Khanam
- Infectious Diseases Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Margaret N Kosek
- Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | | | - James A Platts-Mills
- Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Sharon M Tennant
- Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Eric R Houpt
- Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
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2
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Wang J, Ji ZH, Zhang SB, Yang ZR, Sun XQ, Zhang H. Asymptomatic norovirus infection during outbreaks in China: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Med Virol 2024; 96:e29393. [PMID: 38235934 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.29393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2023] [Revised: 11/05/2023] [Accepted: 01/01/2024] [Indexed: 01/19/2024]
Abstract
Acute gastroenteritis outbreaks may be caused by the excretion of norovirus (NoV) from asymptomatic individuals. Despite numerous studies involving asymptomatic NoV infection during outbreaks in China, a comprehensive assessment of its role has not been conducted, which is critical for emergency management. Our objective was to assess the prevalence of asymptomatic NoV infection during outbreaks in China. We conducted a comprehensive search of multiple databases, including PubMed, Web of Science, Cochrane Library, China National Knowledge Infrastructure, China Wanfang, and China Weipu, between January 1, 1997 and June 19, 2023. The retrieved articles and their references underwent screening, which utilized polymerase chain reaction-based assays for the detection of NoV in asymptomatic individuals during outbreaks that occurred in China. The primary summary data were the prevalence of asymptomatic NoV infection in outbreaks. We generated pooled estimates of asymptomatic prevalence in the population as a whole and in subgroups by using random-effect models. Of the 97 articles included, the pooled asymptomatic prevalence of NoV among 5117 individuals in outbreaks was 17.6% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 14.1-21.3). The asymptomatic prevalence of NoV GII (17.1%, 95% CI: 12.9-21.5) was similar to that of NoV GI (22.0%, 95% CI: 12.8-32.4). However, the proportion of asymptomatic individuals involved in NoV GII (57.44%) was significantly higher than that of NoV GI (5.12%), and NoV GII (75.26%) was reported much more frequently than NoV GI (14.43%) in the included articles. Meta-regression analysis of 11 possible influencing factors (geographic region, setting, season, sample type, genotype, transmission route, occupation, age, per capita income, study quality, and cases definition) showed that the source of heterogeneity might be related to the outbreak settings, per capita income, and study quality (p = 0.037, 0.058, and 0.026, respectively). Of particular note was the asymptomatic prevalence peaked in preschoolers (27.8%), afterward, it fell into trough in elementary and junior school children (10.5%), before the second peak located in adults (17.8%), and the elderly (25.2%). Prevalent genotypes reported include GII.4, followed by GII.17, GII.2, GII.3, GII.6, and so forth. The estimated asymptomatic prevalence of NoV during outbreaks in China was as high as 17.6%, with NoV GII dominating. In addition, genetic subtypes of NoV in outbreaks should be detected whenever possible. The role of asymptomatic individuals in NoV outbreaks cannot be ignored. This knowledge will help governments develop public health policies and emergency response strategies for outbreaks, assess the burden, and develop vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Wang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Jiaozhou Central Hospital, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Zhen-Hao Ji
- Department of Prevention of Infectious Diseases, Xi'an Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Shao-Bai Zhang
- Institute for Prevention and Control of Viral Diseases, Shaanxi Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Zu-Rong Yang
- Department of Epidemiology, Ministry of Education Key Lab of Hazard Assessment and Control in Special Operational Environment, School of Public Health, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xue-Qiang Sun
- Department of Surgery Emergency, Jiaozhou Hospital, East Hospital Affiliated to Tongji University, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Hui Zhang
- Department of Prevention of Infectious Diseases, Xi'an Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
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3
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Wang J, Gao Z, Yang ZR, Liu K, Zhang H. Global prevalence of asymptomatic norovirus infection in outbreaks: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Infect Dis 2023; 23:595. [PMID: 37700223 PMCID: PMC10496210 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-023-08519-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2023] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/14/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although many studies on asymptomatic norovirus infection in outbreaks have been conducted globally, structured data (important for emergency management of outbreaks) on the prevalence of this epidemic are still not available. This study assessed the global prevalence of asymptomatic norovirus infection in outbreaks. METHODS We identified publications on asymptomatic infections from norovirus outbreaks by searching the PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library, Medline, and Web of Science databases and screening references from the articles reviewed. Prevalence of asymptomatic norovirus infection in outbreaks was employed as the primary summary data. The random-effects model of the meta-analysis was fitted to generate estimates of the prevalence in the overall and subgroup populations. RESULTS In total, 44 articles with a sample size of 8,115 asymptomatic individuals were included. The estimated pooled prevalence of asymptomatic norovirus infection in outbreaks was 21.8% (95%CI, 17.4-27.3). The asymptomatic prevalence of norovirus GII (20.1%) was similar to that of GI (19.8%); however, the proportion prevalence of asymptomatic individuals involved in the former (33.36%) was significantly higher than that of in the latter (0.92%) and the former (93.18%) was reported much more frequently than the latter (15.91%) in the included articles. These studies had significant heterogeneity (I2 = 92%, τ2 = 0.4021, P < 0.01). However, the source of heterogeneity could not be identified even after subgroup analysis of 10 possible influencing factors (geographical area, outbreak settings, outbreak seasons, sample types, norovirus genotypes, transmission routes, subjects' occupations, subjects' age, per capita national income, and clear case definition). Meta-regression analysis of these 10 factors demonstrated that the geographical area could be partly responsible for this heterogeneity (P = 0.012). CONCLUSIONS The overall pooled asymptomatic prevalence of norovirus in outbreaks was high, with genome II dominating. Asymptomatic individuals may play an important role in norovirus outbreaks. This knowledge could help in developing control strategies and public health policies for norovirus outbreaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Wang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Jiaozhou Central Hospital, 29 Xuzhou Road, Qingdao, Shandong, 266300, P.R. China
| | - Zhao Gao
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Jinan Second Peoples' Hospital, 148 Jingyi Road, Jinan, Shandong, 250000, P.R. China
| | - Zu-Rong Yang
- Department of Epidemiology, Ministry of Education Key Lab of Hazard Assessment and Control in Special Operational Environment, School of Public Health, Air Force Medical University, 169 Changle west Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710032, P.R. China
| | - Kun Liu
- Department of Epidemiology, Ministry of Education Key Lab of Hazard Assessment and Control in Special Operational Environment, School of Public Health, Air Force Medical University, 169 Changle west Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710032, P.R. China.
| | - Hui Zhang
- Department of Prevention of Infectious Diseases, Xi'an Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 599 Xiying Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710054, P.R. China.
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Chadwick PR, Trainor E, Marsden GL, Mills S, Chadwick C, O'Brien SJ, Evans CM, Mullender C, Strazds P, Turner S, Weston V, Toleman MS, de Barros C, Kontkowski G, Bak A. Guidelines for the management of norovirus outbreaks in acute and community health and social care settings. J Hosp Infect 2023:S0195-6701(23)00043-9. [PMID: 36796728 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhin.2023.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Revised: 01/19/2023] [Accepted: 01/22/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Eamonn Trainor
- Northern Care Alliance NHS Foundation Trust, Greater Manchester, UK.
| | - Gemma L Marsden
- Healthcare Infection Society, London, UK; Royal College of General Practitioners, London, UK
| | - Samuel Mills
- British Infection Association, Seafield, West Lothian, UK; Oxford University NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, UK
| | | | | | - Cariad M Evans
- Sheffield Teaching Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Sheffield, UK
| | | | - Pixy Strazds
- Infection Prevention Society, London, UK; St Andrew's Healthcare, Northampton, UK
| | - Sarah Turner
- Infection Prevention Society, London, UK; Stockport Council, Stockport, UK
| | - Valya Weston
- Healthcare Infection Society, London, UK; Infection Prevention Society, London, UK; NHS England, London, UK
| | - Michelle S Toleman
- Healthcare Infection Society, London, UK; Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Trust, Cambridge, UK
| | | | | | - Aggie Bak
- Healthcare Infection Society, London, UK
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5
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Espira LM, Lee GO, Baye K, Jones AD, Love NG, Eisenberg JNS. Stool biomarkers as measures of enteric pathogen infection in infants from Addis Ababa informal settlements. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2023; 17:e0011112. [PMID: 36809375 PMCID: PMC9983878 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0011112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2022] [Revised: 03/03/2023] [Accepted: 01/19/2023] [Indexed: 02/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Frequent enteric infections in children may be an important cause of growth faltering; however, we do not fully understand the mechanisms by which pathogen infections and the physiological responses to these infections result in poorer growth. Commonly used protein fecal biomarkers (anti-alpha trypsin, neopterin, and myeloperoxidase) provide broad immunological information on an inflammatory response; however, they do not provide information on non-immune processes (e.g., gut integrity) that may be important indicators of chronic end states such as environmental enteric dysfunction (EED). To explore how additional biomarkers will better inform which physiological pathways (both immune and non-immune) are impacted by pathogen exposure we added to the traditional panel of 3 protein fecal biomarkers 4 novel fecal mRNA transcript biomarkers (sucrase isomaltase, caudal homeobox 1, S100A8, and mucin 12) and analyzed stool samples from infants living in informal settlements in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. To test how this expanded biomarker panel captures distinct pathogen exposure processes we used two different scoring systems. First, we used a theory-based approach to assign each biomarker to specific physiological attributes based on prior understanding of each biomarker. Second, we used data reduction methods to categorize biomarkers and then assign physiological attributes to those categories. We used linear models to examine the association between the derived biomarker scores (based on mRNA and protein levels) and stool pathogen gene counts to determine pathogen specific effects on gut physiology and immune responses. Inflammation scores were positively associated with Shigella and enteropathogenic E.Coli (EPEC) infection, while gut integrity scores were negatively associated with Shigella, EPEC and, shigatoxigenic E.coli (STEC) infection. Our expanded panel of biomarkers hold promise as tools to measure systemic outcomes of enteric pathogen infection. mRNA biomarkers complement established protein biomarkers by providing important cell-specific physiological and immunological consequences of pathogen carriage that can lead to chronic end states such as EED.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leon M. Espira
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Gwenyth O. Lee
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
- Rutgers Global Health Institute & Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology School of Public Health Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Kaleab Baye
- Center for Food Science and Nutrition, College of Natural and Computational Sciences, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Andrew D. Jones
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Nancy G. Love
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Joseph N. S. Eisenberg
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Collard JM, Andrianonimiadana L, Habib A, Rakotondrainipiana M, Andriantsalama P, Randriamparany R, Rabenandrasana MAN, Weill FX, Sauvonnet N, Randremanana RV, Guillemot V, Vonaesch P, Sansonetti PJ. High prevalence of small intestine bacteria overgrowth and asymptomatic carriage of enteric pathogens in stunted children in Antananarivo, Madagascar. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2022; 16:e0009849. [PMID: 35533199 PMCID: PMC9119516 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0009849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2021] [Revised: 05/19/2022] [Accepted: 04/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Environmental Enteric Dysfunction (EED) refers to an incompletely defined syndrome of inflammation, reduced absorptive capacity, and reduced barrier function in the small intestine. It is widespread among children and adults in low- and middle-income countries and is also associated with poor sanitation and certain gut infections possibly resulting in an abnormal gut microbiota, small intestinal bacterial overgrowth (SIBO) and stunting. We investigated bacterial pathogen exposure in stunted and non-stunted children in Antananarivo, Madagascar by collecting fecal samples from 464 children (96 severely stunted, 104 moderately stunted and 264 non-stunted) and the prevalence of SIBO in 109 duodenal aspirates from stunted children (61 from severely stunted and 48 from moderately stunted children). SIBO assessed by both aerobic and anaerobic plating techniques was very high: 85.3% when selecting a threshold of ≥105 CFU/ml of bacteria in the upper intestinal aspirates. Moreover, 58.7% of the children showed more than 106 bacteria/ml in these aspirates. The most prevalent cultivated genera recovered were Streptococcus, Neisseria, Staphylococcus, Rothia, Haemophilus, Pantoea and Branhamella. Feces screening by qPCR showed a high prevalence of bacterial enteropathogens, especially those categorized as being enteroinvasive or causing mucosal disruption, such as Shigella spp., enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli, enteropathogenic E. coli and enteroaggregative E. coli. These pathogens were detected at a similar rate in stunted children and controls, all showing no sign of severe diarrhea the day of inclusion but both living in a highly contaminated environment (slum-dwelling). Interestingly Shigella spp. was the most prevalent enteropathogen found in this study (83.3%) without overrepresentation in stunted children. About 2 million children under the age of 5 suffer from stunted growth in Madagascar. Although deficient diet is the major cause of undernutrition, impaired absorption or assimilation caused by Environmental Enteric dysfunction (EED) has been proposed to play an important role in stunting. EED is widespread among children and adults in low- and middle-income countries (LMIC) and is also associated with undernutrition, poor sanitation, certain gut infections resulting in an abnormal gut microbiota and small intestinal bacterial overgrowth (SIBO) although the role of SIBO in EED remains unclear. The current study highlights the presence at high concentrations of bacterial taxa usually found in the oro-pharyngeal sphere in a high number of duodenal fluids of stunted children. This uncommon presence suggests a decompartmentalization of the gastrointestinal tract and a possible pro-inflammatory effect due to the ectopic presence of some of these bacteria in the duodenum. The study also points to a high prevalence of enteropathogens (especially Shigella spp.) in the feces of both stunted and control children, hence preventing from proposing a direct association with stunting. This suggests that, beside combatting poverty and improving diet, environmental sanitation, quality of water sources, hygiene promotion and health education are key points to mitigate stunting and restore nutritional benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Marc Collard
- Unité de Bactériologie Expérimentale, Institut Pasteur de Madagascar, Antananarivo, Madagascar
- * E-mail:
| | - Lova Andrianonimiadana
- Unité de Bactériologie Expérimentale, Institut Pasteur de Madagascar, Antananarivo, Madagascar
| | - Azimdine Habib
- Unité de Bactériologie Expérimentale, Institut Pasteur de Madagascar, Antananarivo, Madagascar
| | | | - Prisca Andriantsalama
- Unité d’Epidémiologie et de Recherche Clinique, Institut Pasteur de Madagascar, Antananarivo, Madagascar
| | - Ravaka Randriamparany
- Unité d’Epidémiologie et de Recherche Clinique, Institut Pasteur de Madagascar, Antananarivo, Madagascar
| | - M. A. N. Rabenandrasana
- Unité de Bactériologie Expérimentale, Institut Pasteur de Madagascar, Antananarivo, Madagascar
| | - François-Xavier Weill
- Centre National de Référence des Escherichia coli, Shigella et Salmonella, Unité des Bactéries Pathogènes Entériques, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Nathalie Sauvonnet
- Unité de Pathogénie Microbienne Moléculaire, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | | | - Vincent Guillemot
- Hub of Bioinformatics and Biostatistics, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Pascale Vonaesch
- Unité de Pathogénie Microbienne Moléculaire, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
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Sin RWY, Foo DCC, Iyer DN, Fan MSY, Li X, Lo OSH, Law WL, Ng L. A Pilot Study Investigating the Expression Levels of Pluripotency-Associated Genes in Rectal Swab Samples for Colorectal Polyp and Cancer Diagnosis and Prognosis. Stem Cells Int 2021; 2021:4139528. [PMID: 34335790 PMCID: PMC8324395 DOI: 10.1155/2021/4139528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2020] [Revised: 12/11/2020] [Accepted: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Change in gene expression is inevitable in cancer development. With more studies demonstrating the contributions of cancer stem cells (CSCs) in colorectal cancer (CRC) development, this study is aimed at investigating whether rectal swab specimen serves as a tool for detection of dysregulation of CSC or stem cell (SC) markers and at evaluating its potential as a new promising screening method for high-risk patients. Expression levels of 15 pluripotency-associated genes were assessed by quantitative PCR in 53 rectal swab specimens referred for endoscopic screening. Dysregulated genes and joint panels based on such genes were examined for their diagnostic potentials for both polyp and CRC. Out of 15 genes, Oct4, CD26, c-MYC, and CXCR4 showed significantly differential expression among normal, polyp, and CRC patients. A panel of Oct4 and CD26 showed an AUC value of 0.80 (p = 0.003) in identifying CRC patients from polyp/normal subjects, with sensitivity and specificity of 84.6% and 69.2%. A panel of c-MYC and CXCR4 achieved CRC/polyp identification with an AUC value of 0.79 (p = 0.002), with a sensitivity of 82.8% and specificity of 80.0%. The sensitivity for polyp and CRC was 80.0% and 85.7%, respectively. Further analysis showed that higher c-MYC and CXCR4 level was detected in normal subjects who developed polyps after 5-6 years, in comparison with subjects with no lesion developed, and the AUC of the c-MYC and CXCR4 panel increased to 0.88 (p < 0.001), with sensitivity and specificity of 84.4% and 92.3%, respectively, when these patients were included in the polyp group. This study suggests that the Oct4 and CD26 panel is a promising biomarker for distinguishing CRC from normal and polyp patients, whereas the c-MYC and CXCR4 panel may identify polyp and CRC from normal individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan Wai-Yan Sin
- Department of Surgery, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Dominic Chi-Chung Foo
- Department of Surgery, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Deepak Narayanan Iyer
- Department of Surgery, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - May Sau-Yee Fan
- Department of Surgery, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Xue Li
- Department of Surgery, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Oswens Siu-Hung Lo
- Department of Surgery, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Wai-Lun Law
- Department of Surgery, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Lui Ng
- Department of Surgery, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
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Loderstädt U, Hagen RM, Hahn A, Frickmann H. New Developments in PCR-Based Diagnostics for Bacterial Pathogens Causing Gastrointestinal Infections-A Narrative Mini-Review on Challenges in the Tropics. Trop Med Infect Dis 2021; 6:tropicalmed6020096. [PMID: 34199650 PMCID: PMC8293448 DOI: 10.3390/tropicalmed6020096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2021] [Revised: 05/31/2021] [Accepted: 05/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The application of modern PCR approaches for the diagnosis of bacterial gastrointestinal pathogens is on the rise due to their rapidly available results combined with high sensitivity. While multiple studies describe the ongoing implementation of this technique for routine diagnostic purposes in laboratories in Western industrialized countries, reports on successful and also sustainable respective approaches in resource-poor tropical settings are still scarce. In order to shed light on potential reasons for this marked discrepancy, this narrative review summarizes identified challenges for the application of diagnostic PCR targeting bacterial gastrointestinal pathogens from stool samples in the tropics. The identified and discussed issues comprise the lack of generally accepted definitions for (1) minimum standards regarding sample acquisition, storage and transport time for diagnostic PCR analyses in the tropics, (2) nucleic acid extraction standards allowing an optimum detection of all types of pathogens which may be responsible for gastroenteritis in the tropics, (3) validation standards to ensure comparable quality of applied diagnostic assays, and (4) cut-offs for a reliable discrimination of infection and mere colonization in areas where semi-immunity due to repeated exposition associated with poor hygiene conditions has to be expected. Further implementation research is needed to solve those issues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulrike Loderstädt
- Institute for Infection Control and Infectious Diseases, University Medical Center Göttingen, 37075 Göttingen, Germany;
| | - Ralf Matthias Hagen
- Department of Microbiology and Hospital Hygiene, Bundeswehr Central Hospital Koblenz, Andernacher Str. 100, 56070 Koblenz, Germany;
| | - Andreas Hahn
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Virology and Hygiene, University Medicine Rostock, 18057 Rostock, Germany;
| | - Hagen Frickmann
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Virology and Hygiene, University Medicine Rostock, 18057 Rostock, Germany;
- Department of Microbiology and Hospital Hygiene, Bundeswehr Hospital Hamburg, 20359 Hamburg, Germany
- Correspondence: or or ; Tel.: +49-40-6947-28743
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Heinemann M, Strauchs C, Lütgehetmann M, Aepfelbacher M, Klupp EM, Owusu-Dabo E, Rolling T, Cramer JP, Vinnemeier CD. Polymicrobial enteric infections in African infants with diarrhoea-results from a longitudinal prospective case-control study. Clin Microbiol Infect 2021; 27:1792-1798. [PMID: 33813114 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmi.2021.03.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2020] [Revised: 03/05/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This longitudinal case-control study aimed to determine the frequency of polymicrobial enteric detections in Ghanaian infants with and without diarrhoea. METHODS Infants aged 1-12 months with and without diarrhoea attending the outpatient department of a peri-urban Ghanaian hospital were prospectively assessed and stool samples were collected on days 0, 6 and 28 and analysed for 18 enteric pathogens with PCR. RESULTS At least one enteric pathogen was detected in 100 of 107 cases with diarrhoea (93%) and in 82 of 97 controls (85%). The number of pathogens was higher in cases than in controls (median three versus two pathogens, p 0.001). The adjusted attributable fraction (AF) for diarrhoea was highest for enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (7.2%, 95% CI -2.0% to 16.3%), rotavirus (4.1%, 95% CI 0.6%-7.5%), Giardia lamblia (2.3%, 95% CI -0.7 to 5.3%) and astrovirus (2.3%, 95% CI -2.9 to 7.5%). In cases, a higher pathogen number was significantly associated with watery stool consistency (median 3, interquartile range (IQR) 2-5 versus median 2.5, IQR 1-4, p 0.014), stool frequency five or more per day (median 4, IQR 3-5 versus median 3, IQR 2-4, p 0.048) and vomiting (median 4, IQR 3-5 versus median 3, IQR 2-4, p 0.025). During follow-up, 94% (78/83) of cases and 85% (67/79) of controls had acquired at least one new pathogen without developing a new episode of diarrhoea. CONCLUSION Enteric pathogens could be identified in the stool of the vast majority of Ghanaian infants, whereby pathogens were very frequently acquired without resulting in new episodes of diarrhoea during follow-up. A higher number of co-occurring pathogens may increase the risk of diarrhoea and disease severity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melina Heinemann
- Division of Infectious Diseases, I. Department of Medicine, University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; Department of Tropical Medicine, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Cornelia Strauchs
- Department of Tropical Medicine, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine & I. Department of Medicine, University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Marc Lütgehetmann
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Virology and Hygiene, University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Martin Aepfelbacher
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Virology and Hygiene, University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Eva-Maria Klupp
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Virology and Hygiene, University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Ellis Owusu-Dabo
- Kumasi Centre for Collaborative Research in Tropical Medicine, Kumasi, Ghana
| | - Thierry Rolling
- Division of Infectious Diseases, I. Department of Medicine, University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Hamburg-Lübeck-Borstel-Riems Site, Germany; Immunology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jakob P Cramer
- Department of Tropical Medicine, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine & I. Department of Medicine, University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; Coalition for Epidemic Preparedness Innovation (CEPI), London, UK
| | - Christof D Vinnemeier
- Department of Tropical Medicine, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine & I. Department of Medicine, University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Hamburg-Lübeck-Borstel-Riems Site, Germany.
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10
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Tanida K, Hahn A, Frickmann H. Comparison of two commercial and one in-house real-time PCR assays for the diagnosis of bacterial gastroenteritis. Eur J Microbiol Immunol (Bp) 2020; 10:210-216. [PMID: 33279885 PMCID: PMC7753976 DOI: 10.1556/1886.2020.00030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction The aim of the study was a comparative evaluation of in-house real-time PCR and commercial real-time PCR (Fast Track Diagnostics (FTD), ampliCube/Mikrogen) targeting enteropathogenic bacteria from stool in preparation of Regulation (EU) 2017/746 on in vitro diagnostic medical devices. Methods Both 241 stool samples from patients and 100 samples from German laboratory control schemes (“Ringversuche”) were used to comparatively assess in-house real-time PCR, the FTD bacterial gastroenteritis kit, and the ampliCube gastrointestinal bacterial panels 1&2 either with the in-house PCRs as gold standard and as a test comparison without gold standard applying latent class analysis. Sensitivity, specificity, intra- and inter-assay variation and Cohen’s kappa were assessed. Results In comparison with the gold standard, sensitivity was 75–100% for strongly positive samples, 20–100% for weakly positive samples, and specificity ranged from 96 to 100%. Latent class analysis suggested that sensitivity ranges from 81.2 to 100% and specificity from 58.5 to 100%. Cohen’s kappa varied between moderate and nearly perfect agreement, intra- and inter-assay variation was 1–3 to 1–4 Ct values. Conclusion Acceptable agreement and performance characteristics suggested replaceability of the in-house PCR assays by the commercial approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konstantin Tanida
- 1Department of Microbiology and Hospital Hygiene, Bundeswehr Hospital Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Andreas Hahn
- 2Institute for Medical Microbiology, Virology and Hygiene, University Medicine Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Hagen Frickmann
- 1Department of Microbiology and Hospital Hygiene, Bundeswehr Hospital Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany.,2Institute for Medical Microbiology, Virology and Hygiene, University Medicine Rostock, Rostock, Germany
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11
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Williams C, Cumming O, Grignard L, Rumedeka BB, Saidi JM, Grint D, Drakeley C, Jeandron A. Prevalence and diversity of enteric pathogens among cholera treatment centre patients with acute diarrhea in Uvira, Democratic Republic of Congo. BMC Infect Dis 2020; 20:741. [PMID: 33036564 PMCID: PMC7547509 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-020-05454-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2019] [Accepted: 09/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cholera remains a major global health challenge. Uvira, in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC), has had endemic cholera since the 1970's and has been implicated as a possible point of origin for national outbreaks. A previous study among this population, reported a case confirmation rate of 40% by rapid diagnostic test (RDT) among patients at the Uvira Cholera Treatment Centre (CTC). This study considers the prevalence and diversity of 15 enteric pathogens in suspected cholera cases seeking treatment at the Uvira CTC. METHODS We used the Luminex xTAG® multiplex PCR to test for 15 enteric pathogens, including toxigenic strains of V. cholerae in rectal swabs preserved on Whatman FTA Elute cards. Results were interpreted on MAGPIX® and analyzed on the xTAG® Data Analysis Software. Prevalence of enteric pathogens were calculated and pathogen diversity was modelled with a Poisson regression. RESULTS Among 269 enrolled CTC patients, PCR detected the presence of toxigenic Vibrio cholerae in 38% (103/269) of the patients, which were considered to be cholera cases. These strains were detected as the sole pathogen in 36% (37/103) of these cases. Almost half (45%) of all study participants carried multiple enteric pathogens (two or more). Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (36%) and Cryptosporidium (28%) were the other most common pathogens identified amongst all participants. No pathogen was detected in 16.4% of study participants. Mean number of pathogens was highest amongst boys and girls aged 1-15 years and lowest in women aged 16-81 years. Ninety-three percent of toxigenic V. cholerae strains detected by PCR were found in patients having tested positive for V. cholerae O1 by RDT. CONCLUSIONS Our study supports previous results from DRC and other cholera endemic areas in sub-Sahara Africa with less than half of CTC admissions positive for cholera by PCR. More research is required to determine the causes of severe acute diarrhea in these low-resource, endemic areas to optimize treatment measures. TRIAL REGISTRATION This study is part of the impact evaluation study entitled: "Impact Evaluation of Urban Water Supply Improvements on Cholera and Other Diarrheal Diseases in Uvira, Democratic Republic of Congo" registered on 10 October 2016 at clinicaltrials.gov Identification number: NCT02928341 .
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Affiliation(s)
- Camille Williams
- Department of Disease Control, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London, WC1E 7HT, UK.
| | - Oliver Cumming
- Department of Disease Control, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London, WC1E 7HT, UK
| | - Lynn Grignard
- Department of Infection Biology, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Baron Bashige Rumedeka
- Ministère de la Santé Publique, Division Provinciale de la Santé Publique, District Sanitaire d'Uvira, Uvira, Sud-Kivu, Congo
| | - Jaime Mufitini Saidi
- Ministère de la Santé Publique, Division Provinciale de la Santé Publique, District Sanitaire d'Uvira, Uvira, Sud-Kivu, Congo
| | - Daniel Grint
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Faculty of Epidemiology and Population Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Chris Drakeley
- Department of Infection Biology, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Aurelie Jeandron
- Department of Disease Control, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London, WC1E 7HT, UK
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12
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Maasch JRMA, Arzika AM, Cook C, Lebas E, Pilotte N, Grant JR, Williams SA, Keenan JD, Lietman TM, Aiemjoy K. Rectal Swabs as an Alternative Sample Collection Method to Bulk Stool for the Real-Time PCR Detection of Giardia duodenalis. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2020; 103:1276-1282. [PMID: 32524959 PMCID: PMC7470573 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.19-0909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2019] [Accepted: 05/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Though bulk stool remains the gold standard specimen type for enteropathogen diagnosis, rectal swabs may offer comparable sensitivity with greater ease of collection for select pathogens. This study sought to evaluate the validity and reproducibility of rectal swabs as a sample collection method for the molecular diagnosis of Giardia duodenalis. Paired rectal swab and bulk stool samples were collected from 86 children ages 0-4 years living in southwest Niger, with duplicate samples collected among a subset of 50 children. Infection was detected using a previously validated real-time PCR diagnostic targeting the small subunit ribosomal RNA gene. Giardia duodenalis was detected in 65.5% (55/84) of bulk stool samples and 44.0% (37/84) of swab samples. The kappa evaluating test agreement was 0.81 (95% CI: 0.54-1.00) among duplicate stool samples (N = 49) and 0.75 (95% CI: 0.47-1.00) among duplicate rectal swabs (N = 48). Diagnostic sensitivity was 93% (95% CI: 84-98) by bulk stool and 63% (95% CI: 49-75) by rectal swabs. When restricting to the lowest three quartiles of bulk stool quantitation cycle values (an indication of relatively high parasite load), sensitivity by rectal swabs increased to 78.0% (95% CI: 64-89, P < 0.0001). These findings suggest that rectal swabs provide less sensitive and reproducible results than bulk stool for the real-time PCR diagnosis of G. duodenalis. However, their fair sensitivity for higher parasite loads suggests that swabs may be a useful tool for detecting higher burden infections when stool collection is excessively expensive or logistically challenging.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Catherine Cook
- Proctor Foundation, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Elodie Lebas
- Proctor Foundation, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Nils Pilotte
- Department of Biological Sciences, Smith College, Northampton, Massachusetts
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts
| | - Jessica R. Grant
- Department of Biological Sciences, Smith College, Northampton, Massachusetts
| | - Steven A. Williams
- Department of Biological Sciences, Smith College, Northampton, Massachusetts
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts
| | - Jeremy D. Keenan
- Proctor Foundation, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Thomas M. Lietman
- Proctor Foundation, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Kristen Aiemjoy
- Proctor Foundation, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
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13
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Evaluation of the FecalSwab for Stool Specimen Storage and Molecular Detection of Enteropathogens on the BD Max System. J Clin Microbiol 2020; 58:JCM.00178-20. [PMID: 32461284 PMCID: PMC7448620 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.00178-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2020] [Accepted: 05/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The FecalSwab system (Copan Italia, Brescia, Italy) is a convenient alternative to bulk stool for the diagnosis of enteric pathogens. Although the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved for transport and culture of enteric bacterial pathogens, the FecalSwab has not been well assessed for its suitability with molecular platforms. In this study, we evaluated the FecalSwab as a specimen type for the BD Max system using the viral and bacterial enteric panels (BD Diagnostics, Baltimore, MD, USA). A total of 186 unpreserved stool specimens were collected and used to prepare matched bulk stool and FecalSwab samples. Performance was equivalent (P > 0.48) to bulk stool for all targets when 50 μl of FecalSwab specimen was loaded onto the BD Max assays. As stool specimens are often collected off-site from the clinical microbiology laboratory and require transport, we assessed the stability of stool specimens stored for up to 14 days at 4°C, 22°C, or 35°C to account for varying transportation conditions. Molecular detection for the majority of viral targets (excluding astrovirus) was unaffected (change in cycle threshold [ΔCT ] ≤ 1) by sample storage temperature over the 2-week period; however, detection of enteric bacteria was variable if specimens were not refrigerated (22°C or 35°C). By demonstrating equivalent performance to matched bulk stool and maintaining molecular detection sensitivity when stored at 4°C, we suggest that the FecalSwab is a suitable specimen type for enteropathogen diagnostics on the BD Max system.
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14
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Evaluation of Anatomically Designed Flocked Rectal Swabs for Use with the BioFire FilmArray Gastrointestinal Panel for Detection of Enteric Pathogens in Children Admitted to Hospital with Severe Gastroenteritis. J Clin Microbiol 2019; 57:JCM.00962-19. [PMID: 31511336 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.00962-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2019] [Accepted: 09/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Diagnosing diarrheal disease is difficult in part due to challenges in obtaining and transporting a bulk stool specimen, particularly in resource-limited settings. We compared the performance of flocked rectal swabs to that of traditional bulk stool samples for enteric pathogen detection using the BioFire FilmArray gastrointestinal panel in children admitted to four hospitals in Botswana with community onset severe gastroenteritis. Of the 117-matched flocked rectal swab/stool pairs, we found no significant difference in pathogen detection rates between the flocked rectal swab samples and traditional bulk stool sampling methods for any bacterial (168 versus 167, respectively), viral (94 versus 92, respectively), or protozoan (18 versus 18, respectively) targets. The combination of flocked rectal swab samples with FilmArray testing allows for the rapid diagnosis of infectious gastroenteritis, facilitating a test-and-treat approach for infections that are life-threatening in many resource-limited settings. The culture recovery rates for bacterial pathogens utilizing this approach need to be assessed.
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15
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Eckbo EJ, Yansouni CP, Pernica JM, Goldfarb DM. New Tools to Test Stool: Managing Travelers' Diarrhea in the Era of Molecular Diagnostics. Infect Dis Clin North Am 2019; 33:197-212. [PMID: 30712762 DOI: 10.1016/j.idc.2018.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Travelers' diarrhea affects up to 60% of visitors to tropical and subtropical regions. Although symptoms are generally self-limited, some infections are associated with significant morbidity and occasional mortality. Newer molecular diagnostic techniques allow for highly sensitive, specific, and expeditious testing of a wide range of potential pathogens. Identification of the causative pathogen of travelers' diarrhea allows for targeted therapy and management and a reduction in empiric broad-spectrum coverage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric J Eckbo
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Division of Medical Microbiology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver General Hospital, 899 West 12th Avenue, Vancouver, British Columbia V5Z 1M9, Canada
| | - Cédric P Yansouni
- J.D. MacLean Centre for Tropical Diseases, McGill University Health Centre, 1001 Boulevard Decarie, Montreal, Quebec H4A 3J1, Canada
| | - Jeffrey M Pernica
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases, McMaster University, Hamilton Health Sciences Centre, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4K1, Canada
| | - David M Goldfarb
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Division of Medical Microbiology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.
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Pigment Visibility on Rectal Swabs Used To Detect Enteropathogens: a Prospective Cohort Study. J Clin Microbiol 2019; 57:JCM.00213-19. [PMID: 30944189 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.00213-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2019] [Accepted: 03/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Data are lacking regarding the impact of visible pigment on rectal swab diagnostic accuracy. We describe the test characteristics of rectal swabs with and without pigment in children with gastroenteritis. Between December 2014 and September 2017, children (age, <18 years) with ≥3 episodes of vomiting and/or diarrhea in a 24-h period and symptoms for <7 days were enrolled through two pediatric emergency departments and from a province-wide nursing telephone advice line in Alberta, Canada. Specimens were analyzed by employing nucleic acid amplification panels. The primary outcomes were the sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV), and negative predictive value (NPV) for the rectal swabs, with stool specimen results being used as the reference standard. An enteropathogen was detected in 76.0% (1,399/1,841) of the paired specimens. A total of 54.4% (1,001/1841) of the swabs had visible pigment. The respective enteropathogen detection characteristics of swabs with and without visible pigment were as follows: 92.2% (95% confidence interval [CI], 90.0%, 94.0%) versus 83.7% (95% CI, 80.5%, 86.4%) for sensitivity, 94.3% (95% CI, 90.5%, 96.6%) versus 91.2% (95% CI, 86.3%, 94.5%) for specificity, 97.9% (95% CI, 96.4%, 98.8%) versus 96.5% (95% CI, 94.5%, 97.8%) for PPV, and 80.9% (95% CI, 76.0%, 85.1%) versus 65.8% (95% CI, 60.0%, 71.1%) for NPV. Processing of swabs without visible pigment would increase the rate of identification of positive swabs from 50.0% (682/1,365) to 88.3% (1,205/1,365). There is a modest decrease in the reliability of a negative test on swabs without evidence of pigment, but the overall yield is significantly greater when they are not excluded from testing. Hence, rectal swabs without visible feces should not be routinely rejected from testing.
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17
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Anderson NW, Tarr PI. Multiplex Nucleic Acid Amplification Testing to Diagnose Gut Infections: Challenges, Opportunities, and Result Interpretation. Gastroenterol Clin North Am 2018; 47:793-812. [PMID: 30337033 DOI: 10.1016/j.gtc.2018.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Multiplex nucleic acid testing is increasingly used to diagnose childhood gastroenteritis. The advantages of this disruptive technology include rapidity, sensitivity, and ability to detect pathogenic viruses, bacteria, and parasites simultaneously. The drawbacks are its capacity to identify organisms of uncertain clinical significance in North American children, cost, and inability to provide viable bacteria for strain typing by public health authorities. However, this technology will certainly improve our knowledge of the causes of human gut infections. As data emerge, physicians should interpret results cautiously, and, most important, consider the context of the presentation before making clinical decisions based on the readouts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neil W Anderson
- Division of Laboratory and Genomic Medicine, Barnes Jewish Hospital, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, 660 South Euclid Avenue, CB 8118, St Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Phillip I Tarr
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, 660 South Euclid Avenue, CB 8208, St Louis, MO 63110, USA.
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18
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Kotar T, Pirš M, Steyer A, Cerar T, Šoba B, Skvarc M, Poljšak Prijatelj M, Lejko Zupanc T. Evaluation of rectal swab use for the determination of enteric pathogens: a prospective study of diarrhoea in adults. Clin Microbiol Infect 2018; 25:733-738. [PMID: 30315956 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmi.2018.09.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2018] [Revised: 09/27/2018] [Accepted: 09/30/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES A stool sample is the sample of choice for microbiological testing of enteric pathogens causing diarrhoea, but a rectal swab can be a more practical alternative. A prospective observational study was performed to evaluate the diagnostic performance of flocked rectal swab specimens using the syndromic molecular approach to determine the aetiology of diarrhoea in adults. METHODS We compared the performance of rectal swabs with stool samples as the reference standard in determining viral, bacterial and protozoal pathogens using real-time multiplex PCR as well as standard stool culture. Paired samples of stool and rectal swab specimens were collected from 304 adult patients with diarrhoea, presented at the Department of Infectious Diseases, University Medical Centre Ljubljana, between June 2016 and August 2017. RESULTS Overall sensitivity of rectal swab samples in the syndromic molecular approach was 83.2% (95% CI 77.2%-88.1%). Pathogen group-specific analysis of rectal swabs showed sensitivity of 65.6% (95% CI 52.7%-77.1%) for viruses and 57.1% (95% CI 28.9%-82.3%) for parasites. For bacteria, sensitivity was 86.5% (95% CI 79.5%-91.8%) when PCR was performed and 61.4% (95% CI 52.4%-69.9%) when culture for bacteria was performed. Mean threshold cycle (Ct) values for most pathogens were higher in rectal swab specimens than in stool specimens. CONCLUSIONS Our results indicate that rectal swabs can be used in the diagnosis of diarrhoea in adults when stool specimens are not available or when rapid aetiological determination is needed. However, rectal swabs should be analysed using a molecular approach. The mean Ct value for most pathogens is higher in rectal swab specimens than in stool specimens.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Kotar
- Infectious Diseases, University Clinical Centre Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
| | - M Pirš
- Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - A Steyer
- Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - T Cerar
- Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - B Šoba
- Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - M Skvarc
- Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - M Poljšak Prijatelj
- Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - T Lejko Zupanc
- Infectious Diseases, University Clinical Centre Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
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Lalani T, Tisdale MD, Liu J, Mitra I, Philip C, Odundo E, Reyes F, Simons MP, Fraser JA, Hutley E, Connor P, Swierczewski BE, Houpt E, Tribble DR, Riddle MS. Comparison of stool collection and storage on Whatman FTA Elute cards versus frozen stool for enteropathogen detection using the TaqMan Array Card PCR assay. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0202178. [PMID: 30165370 PMCID: PMC6117160 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0202178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2018] [Accepted: 07/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) assays for pathogen detection in travelers' diarrhea (TD) field studies is limited by the on-site processing and storage requirements for fecal specimens. The objectives of this investigation were to i) characterize the pathogen distribution in deployed military personnel with TD using the TaqMan® Array Card PCR (TAC) on frozen stool and diarrheal smears on Whatman FTA Elute cards (FTA cards), and to ii) compare TAC detection of enteropathogen targets using smeared FTA cards and frozen stool, using TAC on frozen stool as the 'reference standard'. Stool samples, obtained from active duty personnel with acute TD enrolled in a field trial, were smeared onto FTA cards and stored at room temperature. A corresponding aliquot of stool was frozen in a cryovial. FTA cards and frozen stool samples were tested at a central lab, using a customized TAC for detection of TD pathogens. 187 paired frozen stool samples and smeared FTA cards were stored for a median of 712 days (IQR 396-750) before testing. Overall detection rates were 78.6% for frozen stool and 73.2% for FTA cards. Diarrheagenic Escherichia coli were the most common bacteria identified. Using the TAC results on frozen stool as the reference, the overall sensitivity and specificity of TAC on FTA cards was 72.9% and 98.0% respectively. TAC on FTA cards demonstrated a decrease in sensitivity with increasing frozen stool quantification cycle (Cq) (90.0% in FTA cards with a corresponding frozen stool Cq < 30, and 72.9% in samples with a corresponding frozen stool Cq < 35). Our findings support the use and further development of FTA cards in combination with a quantitative PCR assay for enteropathogen detection in TD field studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tahaniyat Lalani
- Infectious Disease Clinical Research Program, Department of Preventive Medicine and Biostatistics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Rockville, MD, United States of America
- Henry M Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, MD, United States of America
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Naval Medical Center, Portsmouth, VA, United States of America
| | - Michele D. Tisdale
- Infectious Disease Clinical Research Program, Department of Preventive Medicine and Biostatistics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Rockville, MD, United States of America
- Henry M Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, MD, United States of America
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Naval Medical Center, Portsmouth, VA, United States of America
| | - Jie Liu
- University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, United States of America
| | - Indrani Mitra
- Infectious Disease Clinical Research Program, Department of Preventive Medicine and Biostatistics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Rockville, MD, United States of America
- Henry M Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, MD, United States of America
| | - Cliff Philip
- United States Army Medical Research Unit Kenya, Kericho, Kenya
| | | | - Faviola Reyes
- Joint Task Force Bravo, Soto Cano Air Base, Honduras
| | - Mark P. Simons
- Naval Medical Research Center, Silver Spring, MD, United States of America
| | - Jamie A. Fraser
- Infectious Disease Clinical Research Program, Department of Preventive Medicine and Biostatistics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Rockville, MD, United States of America
- Henry M Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, MD, United States of America
| | - Emma Hutley
- Department of Military Medicine, Royal Centre for Defense Medicine, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Patrick Connor
- Department of Military Medicine, Royal Centre for Defense Medicine, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | | | - Eric Houpt
- University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, United States of America
| | - David R. Tribble
- Infectious Disease Clinical Research Program, Department of Preventive Medicine and Biostatistics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Rockville, MD, United States of America
| | - Mark S. Riddle
- F. Edward Hébert School of Medicine, Uniformed Services University, Bethesda, MD, United States of America
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Andersson M, Kabayiza JC, Elfving K, Nilsson S, Msellem MI, Mårtensson A, Björkman A, Bergström T, Lindh M. Coinfection with Enteric Pathogens in East African Children with Acute Gastroenteritis-Associations and Interpretations. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2018; 98:1566-1570. [PMID: 29692296 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.17-0473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Enteric coinfections among children in low-income countries are very common, but it is not well known if specific pathogen combinations are associated or have clinical importance. In this analysis, feces samples from children in Rwanda and Zanzibar less than 5 years of age, with (N = 994) or without (N = 324) acute diarrhea, were analyzed by real-time polymerase chain reaction targeting a wide range of pathogens. Associations were investigated by comparing co-detection and mono-detection frequencies for all pairwise pathogen combinations. More than one pathogen was detected in 840 samples (65%). A negative association (coinfections being less common than expected from probability) was observed for rotavirus in combination with Shigella, Campylobacter, or norovirus genogroup II, but only in patients, which is statistically expected for agents that independently cause diarrhea. A positive correlation was observed, in both patients and controls, between Ct (threshold cycle) values for certain virulence factor genes in enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC) (eae and bfpA) and toxin genes in enterotoxigenic E. coli (eltB and estA), allowing estimation of how often these genes were present in the same bacteria. A significant positive association in patients only was observed for Shigella and EPEC-eae, suggesting that this coinfection might interact in a manner that enhances symptoms. Although interaction between pathogens that affect symptoms is rare, this work emphasizes the importance and difference in interpretation of coinfections depending on whether they are positively or negatively associated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Andersson
- Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | | | - Kristina Elfving
- Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | | | - Mwinyi I Msellem
- Zanzibar Malaria Elimination Programme (ZAMEP), Ministry of Health, Zanzibar, Tanzania
| | - Andreas Mårtensson
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, International Maternal and Child Health (IMCH), Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Anders Björkman
- Malaria Research, Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Tomas Bergström
- Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Magnus Lindh
- Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
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21
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Nowrouzian FL, Stadler LS, Adlerberth I, Wold AE. The 16S rRNA gene-based PCR method used for the detection of segmented filamentous bacteria in the intestinal microbiota generates false-positive results. APMIS 2018; 125:940-942. [PMID: 28929595 DOI: 10.1111/apm.12743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Forough L Nowrouzian
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Institution of Biomedicine, Gothenburg University, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Liselott Svensson Stadler
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Institution of Biomedicine, Gothenburg University, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Ingegerd Adlerberth
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Institution of Biomedicine, Gothenburg University, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Agnes E Wold
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Institution of Biomedicine, Gothenburg University, Gothenburg, Sweden
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22
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Chung SY, Ravel J, Regan M. Clinical Relevance of Gastrointestinal Microbiota During Pregnancy: A Primer for Nurses. Biol Res Nurs 2018; 20:84-102. [PMID: 28954525 PMCID: PMC5942499 DOI: 10.1177/1099800417732412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Emerging evidence about the human microbiome, a collective term for all the microorganisms living in and on the human body, consistently demonstrates the critical influence it has on host physiology and disease risk. The microbiota in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract has the most significant and far-reaching effect on human physiology. The maternal GI microbiota can decrease the risk of adverse pregnancy outcomes by modulating energy extraction, glucose metabolism, vitamin production, and host immunity essential for optimal maternal and neonatal health. Moreover, the maternal GI microbiota is thought to influence colonization of the fetus and neonate that may predispose them to different health trajectories. This article provides a basic understanding about the influence of the structure of the maternal GI microbiota, the fundamental role it plays during pregnancy, and the factors that influence the structure, and subsequently function, of the GI microbiota in the general and pregnant population. While only a small number of studies have examined this topic during pregnancy, the preponderance of the evidence supports the need to clarify baseline structure and function of GI microbiota and its associations with pregnancy outcomes. In addition, the results from the studies conducted in the general population can be extrapolated to pregnancy in many cases. This knowledge is essential for clinicians who need to understand the implications of the microbiota for disease and wellness in order to address the care factors that may adversely influence the GI microbiota during pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seon-Yoon Chung
- Mennonite College of Nursing, Illinois State University, Normal, IL, USA
| | - Jacques Ravel
- School of Medicine, Institute for Genome Sciences, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Mary Regan
- School of Nursing, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, USA
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23
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Gibory M, Haltbakk I, Flem E, Vainio K, Salamanca BV, Størdal K, Nordbø SA, Jakobsen K, Haarr E, Dudman SG. Rotavirus detection in bulk stool and rectal swab specimens in children with acute gastroenteritis in Norway. J Clin Virol 2017; 97:50-53. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcv.2017.10.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2017] [Revised: 09/28/2017] [Accepted: 10/31/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Smith ZL, Dua A, Saeian K, Ledeboer NA, Graham MB, Aburajab M, Ballard DD, Khan AH, Dua KS. A Novel Protocol Obviates Endoscope Sampling for Carbapenem-Resistant Enterobacteriaceae: Experience of a Center with a Prior Outbreak. Dig Dis Sci 2017; 62:3100-3109. [PMID: 28681083 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-017-4669-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2017] [Accepted: 06/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/09/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Numerous published outbreaks, including one from our institution, have described endoscope-associated transmission of multidrug-resistant organisms (MDROs). Individual centers have adopted their own protocols to address this issue, including endoscope culture and sequestration. Endoscope culturing has drawbacks and may allow residual bacteria, including MDROs, to go undetected after high-level disinfection. AIM To report the outcome of our novel protocol, which does not utilize endoscope culturing, to address our outbreak. METHODS All patients undergoing procedures with elevator-containing endoscopes were asked to permit performance of a rectal swab. All endoscopes underwent high-level disinfection according to updated manufacturer's guidance. Additionally, ethylene oxide (EtO) sterilization was done in the high-risk settings of (1) positive response to a pre-procedure risk stratification questionnaire, (2) positive or indeterminate CRE polymerase chain reaction (PCR) from rectal swab, (3) refusal to consent for PCR or questionnaire, (4) purulent cholangitis or infected pancreatic fluid collections. Two endoscopes per weekend were sterilized on a rotational basis. RESULTS From September 1, 2015 to April 30, 2016, 556 endoscopy sessions were performed using elevator-containing endoscopes. Prompted EtO sterilization was done on 46 (8.3%) instances, 3 from positive/indeterminate PCR tests out of 530 samples (0.6%). No CRE transmission was observed during the study period. Damage or altered performance of endoscopes related to EtO was not observed. CONCLUSION In this pilot study, prompted EtO sterilization in high-risk patients has thus far eliminated endoscope-associated MDRO transmission, although no CRE infections were noted throughout the institution during the study period. Further studies and a larger patient sample will be required to validate these findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary L Smith
- Department of Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA. .,Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA. .,Division of Gastroenterology, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S Euclid Ave, Campus Box 8124, Saint Louis, MO, 63110, USA.
| | - Arshish Dua
- Department of Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Kia Saeian
- Department of Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA.,Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Nathan A Ledeboer
- Department of Pathology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Mary Beth Graham
- Department of Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA.,Division of Infectious Diseases, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Murad Aburajab
- Department of Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA.,Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Darren D Ballard
- Department of Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA.,Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Abdul H Khan
- Department of Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA.,Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Kulwinder S Dua
- Department of Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA.,Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
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25
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Glisovic S, Eintracht S, Longtin Y, Oughton M, Brukner I. Rectal swab screening assays of public health importance in molecular diagnostics: Sample adequacy control. J Infect Public Health 2017; 11:234-237. [PMID: 28801105 DOI: 10.1016/j.jiph.2017.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2017] [Revised: 06/16/2017] [Accepted: 07/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Rectal swabs are routinely used by public health authorities to screen for multi-drug resistant enteric bacteria including vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE) and carbapenem-resistant enterobacteriaceae (CRE). Screening sensitivity can be influenced by the quality of the swabbing, whether performed by the patient (self-swabbing) or a healthcare practitioner. One common exclusion criterion for rectal swabs is absence of "visible soiling" from fecal matter. In our institution, this criterion excludes almost 10% of rectal swabs received in the microbiology laboratory. Furthermore, over 30% of patients in whom rectal swabs are cancelled will not be re-screened within the next 48h, resulting in delays in removing infection prevention measures. We describe two quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR)-based assays, human RNAse P and eubacterial 16S rDNA, which might serve as suitable controls for sampling adequacy. However, lower amounts of amplifiable human DNA make the 16s rDNA assay a better candidate for sample adequacy control.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Shaun Eintracht
- Medical Faculty, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; SMBD-Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Yves Longtin
- Medical Faculty, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; SMBD-Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Matthew Oughton
- Medical Faculty, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; SMBD-Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Ivan Brukner
- Medical Faculty, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; SMBD-Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
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26
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Freedman SB, Xie J, Nettel-Aguirre A, Lee B, Chui L, Pang XL, Zhuo R, Parsons B, Dickinson JA, Vanderkooi OG, Ali S, Osterreicher L, Lowerison K, Tarr PI. Enteropathogen detection in children with diarrhoea, or vomiting, or both, comparing rectal flocked swabs with stool specimens: an outpatient cohort study. Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol 2017; 2:662-669. [PMID: 28712662 DOI: 10.1016/s2468-1253(17)30160-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2017] [Revised: 05/10/2017] [Accepted: 05/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Enteropathogen detection traditionally relies on diarrhoeal stool samples, but these are inconvenient to collect if they are not immediately available, leading to suboptimum return rates of samples and delayed or missed diagnostic opportunities. We sought to compare the enteropathogen yields of rectal swabs and stool specimens in children with diarrhoea or vomiting, or both. METHODS The Alberta Provincial Pediatric EnTeric Infection TEam (APPETITE) did a study in three outpatient cohorts in Calgary and Edmonton (AB, Canada)-children enrolled in the Pediatric Emergency Research Canada emergency departments, children receiving routine vaccinations at a Calgary health clinic, and symptomatic children who met criteria for treatment at home. Eligible participants were children younger than 18 years, with at least three episodes of vomiting or diarrhoea in the preceding 24 h and fewer than 7 days of symptoms. After excluding those enrolled within the previous fortnight, unable to follow-up, or having psychiatric illness, neutropenia, or requiring emergent care, we attempted to collect rectal swabs and stool from all participants. Specimens were tested with the multianalyte assay Luminex xTAG Gastrointestinal Pathogen Panel, an in-house five-virus panel and bacterial culture. Primary outcomes were comparative yield (calculated as the proportion of submitted paired specimens only in which at least one pathogen was identified) and overall yield (which calculated the proportion of study participants in whom at least one pathogen was identified in all specimens, where unsubmitted specimens were analysed as negative). We used McNemar's test to do pathogen-specific analyses, and generalised estimating equations (GEE) for the global (ie, any) pathogen analyses, with adjustments made for the presence of diarrhoea, location, and their interactions with specimen type. FINDINGS Between Dec 12, 2014, and Aug 31, 2016, we studied 1519 eligible participants, 1147 (76%) of whom provided stool specimens and 1514 (>99%) provided swab specimens. 871 (76%) of 1147 stool specimens and 1024 (68%) of 1514 swabs were positive for any pathogen (p<0·0001). Comparative yield adjusted odds ratios (ORs) for stool specimens relative to swabs were 1·24 (95% CI 1·11-1·38) in children with diarrhoea at presentation and 1·76 (1·47-2·11) in children without diarrhoea. GEE analysis identified an interaction between the presence of diarrhoea and specimen type (p=0·0011) and collection location (p=0·0078). In an overall yield analysis, pathogen yield was 57% (871 of 1519 children) for stool specimens and 67% (1024 of 1519 children) for rectal swabs, with an unadjusted OR of 0·65 (95% CI 0·59-0·72) for stool relative to swab. INTERPRETATION Rectal swabs should be done when enteropathogen identification and rapid detection are needed, appropriate molecular diagnostic technology is available, and a stool specimen is not immediately available. In view of their high yield, we urge that the recommendation against the use of rectal swabs as diagnostic specimens be reconsidered. FUNDING Alberta Innovates-Health Solutions Team Collaborative Research Innovation Opportunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen B Freedman
- Sections of Emergency Medicine and Gastroenterology, Department of Paediatrics, Alberta Children's Hospital, Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Cumming School of Medicine Calgary, AB, Canada.
| | - Jianling Xie
- Section of Pediatric Emergency Medicine, Alberta Children's Hospital, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Alberto Nettel-Aguirre
- Departments of Paediatrics and of Community Health Sciences, Cumming School of Medicine, Faculty of Kinesiology, Alberta Children's Hospital, Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, O'Brien Population Health Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Bonita Lee
- Department of Paediatrics, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Stollery Children's Hospital, Women and Children's Health Research Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Linda Chui
- Provincial Laboratory for Public Health, Edmonton, AB, Canada; Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Xiao-Li Pang
- Provincial Laboratory for Public Health, Edmonton, AB, Canada; Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Ran Zhuo
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Brendon Parsons
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - James A Dickinson
- Health Sciences Centre, Department of Family Medicine and Department of Community Health Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Otto G Vanderkooi
- Departments of Paediatrics, Microbiology, Immunology, and Infectious Diseases, Pathology & Laboratory Medicine and Community Health Sciences and the Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, Alberta Children's Hospital, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Samina Ali
- Department of Paediatrics, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Stollery Children's Hospital, Women and Children's Health Research Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Lara Osterreicher
- Provincial Clinical Programs, Health Link Alberta, Alberta Health Services, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Karen Lowerison
- Section of Pediatric Emergency Medicine, Alberta Children's Hospital, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Phillip I Tarr
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Paediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
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Maternal-Child Microbiome: Specimen Collection, Storage, and Implications for Research and Practice. Nurs Res 2017; 66:175-183. [PMID: 28252577 DOI: 10.1097/nnr.0000000000000201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The maternal microbiome is a key contributor to the development and outcomes of pregnancy and the health status of both mother and infant. Significant advances are occurring in the science of the maternal and child microbiome and hold promise in improving outcomes related to pregnancy complications, child development, and chronic health conditions of mother and child. OBJECTIVES The purpose of this study was to review site-specific considerations in the collection and storage of maternal and child microbiome samples and its implications for nursing research and practice. APPROACH Microbiome sampling protocols were reviewed and synthesized. Precautions across sampling protocols were also noted. RESULTS Oral, vaginal, gut, placental, and breast milk are viable sources for sampling the maternal and/or child microbiome. Prior to sampling, special considerations need to be addressed related to various factors including current medications, health status, and hygiene practices. Proper storage of samples will avoid degradation of cellular and DNA structures vital for analysis. DISCUSSION Changes in the microbiome throughout the perinatal, postpartum, and childhood periods are dramatic and significant to outcomes of the pregnancy and the long-term health of mother and child. Proper sampling techniques are required to produce reliable results from which evidence-based practice recommendations will be built. Ethical and practical issues surrounding study design and protocol development must also be considered when researching vulnerable groups such as pregnant women and infants. Nurses hold the responsibility to both perform the research and to translate findings from microbiome investigations for clinical use.
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28
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Evaluation of the New FecalSwab System for Maintaining Stability of Stool Samples Submitted for Molecular Tests. J Clin Microbiol 2017; 55:1588-1590. [PMID: 28298451 PMCID: PMC5405278 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.00273-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
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Slow Clearance of Norovirus following Infection with Emerging Variants of Genotype GII.4 Strains. J Clin Microbiol 2017; 55:1533-1539. [PMID: 28275078 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.00061-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2017] [Accepted: 03/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The emergence of new norovirus genotype GII.4 strains is associated with widespread norovirus epidemics. Extended periods of viral shedding can contribute to the epidemic potential of norovirus. To describe the duration of viral shedding in infections with novel emerging GII.4 strains versus infections with previously circulating strains, we performed a prospective cohort study of patients hospitalized with norovirus gastroenteritis during separate winter seasons. Rectal swab samples were obtained at the time of inclusion and weekly during follow-ups. The subgenotype strain was determined from capsid sequences. The outcome was defined by the detection of virus for >14 days (slow clearance) or by the detection of negative samples within 14 days (rapid clearance). Two major epidemic GII.4 strains emerged during the study period, GII.4 New Orleans 2009, in 2010, and GII.4 Sydney 2012, in 2012. From these two seasons, sequences were available from 24 cases where the duration of shedding could be determined. The median age of the patients was 83 years and 50% were women. The majority of patients were infected with virus that clustered with the respective season's epidemic strain (n = 19), whereas 5 patients had previously circulating strains (3 were Den Haag 2006b, in 2010, and 2 were New Orleans 2009, in 2012). Among the patients infected with an epidemic strain, the proportion who shed virus for >14 days was significantly higher (16/19 [84%] versus 1/5 [20%], P = 0.01). In summary, a slow clearance of norovirus from stool was more common in infections with novel epidemic GII.4 strains. This suggests that the average duration of shedding may be longer during seasons when new GII.4 strains have emerged.
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Fenollar F, Minodier P, Boutin A, Laporte R, Brémond V, Noël G, Miramont S, Richet H, Benkouiten S, Lagier JC, Gaudart J, Jouve JL, Raoult D. Tropheryma whipplei associated with diarrhoea in young children. Clin Microbiol Infect 2016; 22:869-874. [PMID: 27404363 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmi.2016.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2016] [Revised: 06/28/2016] [Accepted: 07/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Tropheryma whipplei was detected in preliminary studies in faeces of young children with diarrhoea and also in faeces of asymptomatic persons, not only in Europe but also in Africa. In this study, the link between this bacterium and the presence of acute diarrhoea was evaluated in a large group of children. From December 2009 to January 2013, rectal swabs collected from 3796 children in the emergency departments of university hospitals in Marseille, France, were analysed: 555 children (245 female and 310 male, from 6 days to 6 years old) with acute diarrhoea defined as at least three loose stools per day for <1 week and 3241 children (1444 female and 1797 male, from 22 days to 6 years old) without diarrhoea. Specific quantitative real-time PCR was performed to detect the presence of T. whipplei and of two enteric pathogens Clostridium difficile and Giardia duodenalis. Tropheryma whipplei was significantly more common in children with diarrhoea (22/555, 4%) than without (56/3241, 1.7%; p 0.001). Neither C. difficile nor G. duodenalis showed this association. For C. difficile, 39 of 531 (7.3%) children with diarrhoea were positive versus 184 of 3119 (5.9%) of children without diarrhoea (p 0.25). For G. duodenalis, 2 of 529 (0.37%) children with diarrhoea were positive versus 5 of 3119 (0.16%) children without diarrhoea (p 0.26). Tropheryma whipplei was found more commonly in autumn. Tropheryma whipplei is significantly associated with diarrhoea in children, suggesting that the bacterium may be a cause of acute diarrhoea.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Fenollar
- Unité de Recherche sur les Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales Emergentes, UM63, CRNS7278, IRD198, InsermU1095, Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire Méditerranée-Infection, Aix-Marseille Université, Marseille, France
| | - P Minodier
- Paediatric Emergency Unit, Hôpital Nord, Marseille, France
| | - A Boutin
- Paediatric Emergency Unit, Hôpital Timone, Marseille, France
| | - R Laporte
- Paediatric Emergency Unit, Hôpital Nord, Marseille, France
| | - V Brémond
- Paediatric Emergency Unit, Hôpital Timone, Marseille, France
| | - G Noël
- Paediatric Emergency Unit, Hôpital Nord, Marseille, France
| | - S Miramont
- Paediatric Emergency Unit, Hôpital Timone, Marseille, France
| | - H Richet
- Unité de Recherche sur les Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales Emergentes, UM63, CRNS7278, IRD198, InsermU1095, Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire Méditerranée-Infection, Aix-Marseille Université, Marseille, France
| | - S Benkouiten
- Unité de Recherche sur les Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales Emergentes, UM63, CRNS7278, IRD198, InsermU1095, Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire Méditerranée-Infection, Aix-Marseille Université, Marseille, France
| | - J-C Lagier
- Unité de Recherche sur les Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales Emergentes, UM63, CRNS7278, IRD198, InsermU1095, Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire Méditerranée-Infection, Aix-Marseille Université, Marseille, France
| | - J Gaudart
- Aix-Marseille University, UMR912 SESSTIM (INSERM-IRD-AMU), Marseille, France
| | - J-L Jouve
- Paediatric Emergency Unit, Hôpital Timone, Marseille, France
| | - D Raoult
- Unité de Recherche sur les Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales Emergentes, UM63, CRNS7278, IRD198, InsermU1095, Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire Méditerranée-Infection, Aix-Marseille Université, Marseille, France.
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Liu L, Li D, Chen S, Zhao R, Pang D, Li D, Fu Z. B7-H4 expression in human infiltrating ductal carcinoma‑associated macrophages. Mol Med Rep 2016; 14:2135-42. [PMID: 27430170 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2016.5510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2015] [Accepted: 07/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
B7-H4 is a co‑inhibitory molecule of the B7 family, which is expressed on antigen‑presenting cells (APCs) and is able to limit the T‑cell immune response. Macrophages act as professional APCs and are important for immunoregulation of the tumor microenvironment in breast cancer. In order to identify the association between the presence of B7‑H4 on macrophages and infiltrating ductal carcinoma (IDC), the present study investigated the expression of B7‑H4 on macrophages with different polarizations. The expression levels of B7‑H4 in IDC tissues were determined using immunohistochemistry, and the expression of B7‑H4 on macrophages in the breast IDC microenvironment were determined using western blot analysis and reverse transcription‑quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT‑qPCR). The expression levels of interleukin (IL)‑6 and IL‑10 were detected in IDC tissues and the supernatants of polarized macrophages using an enzyme‑linked immunosorbent assay and RT‑qPCR. The present study demonstrated that B7‑H4 was overexpressed in IDC tissues and macrophages. In vitro, M1 and M2 macrophages exhibited different expression levels of B7‑H4. IL‑6 and ‑10 exhibited higher expression in the IDC tissues compared with in distal pericarcinomatous tissues. In conclusion, B7‑H4 exhibited overexpression in IDC tissues and cultured macrophage cells. Furthermore, M2 macrophages exhibited higher expression levels of B7‑H4 compared with the M1 subtype. In addition, IL‑6 and ‑10 may be associated with B7‑H4 expression on macrophages of different polarizations in the IDC microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Liu
- Department of Immunology, Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Infection and Immunity, Heilongjiang Academy of Medical Sciences, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150081, P.R. China
| | - Dalin Li
- Department of Breast Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150081, P.R. China
| | - Shuang Chen
- Department of Immunology, Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Infection and Immunity, Heilongjiang Academy of Medical Sciences, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150081, P.R. China
| | - Ran Zhao
- Department of Pathology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150081, P.R. China
| | - Da Pang
- Department of Breast Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150081, P.R. China
| | - Dianjun Li
- Department of Immunology, Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Infection and Immunity, Heilongjiang Academy of Medical Sciences, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150081, P.R. China
| | - Zhenkun Fu
- Department of Immunology, Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Infection and Immunity, Heilongjiang Academy of Medical Sciences, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150081, P.R. China
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Mokomane M, Kasvosve I, Gaseitsiwe S, Steenhoff AP, Pernica JM, Lechiile K, Luinstra K, Smieja M, Goldfarb DM. A comparison of flocked swabs and traditional swabs, using multiplex real-time PCR for detection of common gastroenteritis pathogens in Botswana. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 2016; 86:141-3. [PMID: 27460427 DOI: 10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2016.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2016] [Revised: 06/02/2016] [Accepted: 07/06/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
We compared the performance of flocked and matched traditional rectal swabs collected from 236 children admitted with gastroenteritis in Botswana. All samples were tested using real time multiplex-PCR assays for nine enteric pathogens. There was a 20% higher detection of Shigella from flocked swabs, but most other pathogens had similar detection rates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaret Mokomane
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences University of Botswana, Gaborone, Botswana; Botswana National Health Laboratory, Gaborone, Botswana.
| | - Ishmael Kasvosve
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences University of Botswana, Gaborone, Botswana
| | | | - Andrew P Steenhoff
- Botswana-UPenn Partnership, Gaborone, Botswana; Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | | | | | | | | | - David M Goldfarb
- McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada; University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
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Optimization of Quantitative PCR Methods for Enteropathogen Detection. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0158199. [PMID: 27336160 PMCID: PMC4918952 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0158199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2016] [Accepted: 06/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Detection and quantification of enteropathogens in stool specimens is useful for diagnosing the cause of diarrhea but is technically challenging. Here we evaluate several important determinants of quantification: specimen collection, nucleic acid extraction, and extraction and amplification efficiency. First, we evaluate the molecular detection and quantification of pathogens in rectal swabs versus stool, using paired flocked rectal swabs and whole stool collected from 129 children hospitalized with diarrhea in Tanzania. Swabs generally yielded a higher quantification cycle (Cq) (average 29.7, standard deviation 3.5 vs. 25.3 ± 2.9 from stool, P<0.001) but were still able to detect 80% of pathogens with a Cq < 30 in stool. Second, a simplified total nucleic acid (TNA) extraction procedure was compared to separate DNA and RNA extractions and showed 92% (318/344) sensitivity and 98% (951/968) specificity, with no difference in Cq value for the positive results (ΔCq(DNA+RNA-TNA) = -0.01 ± 1.17, P = 0.972, N = 318). Third, we devised a quantification scheme that adjusts pathogen quantity to the specimen's extraction and amplification efficiency, and show that this better estimates the quantity of spiked specimens than the raw target Cq. In sum, these methods for enteropathogen quantification, stool sample collection, and nucleic acid extraction will be useful for laboratories studying enteric disease.
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Melhem NM. Norovirus vaccines: Correlates of protection, challenges and limitations. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2016; 12:1653-69. [PMID: 26836766 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2015.1125054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Norovirus (NoV) is responsible for at least 50% of all gastroenteritis outbreaks worldwide. NoVs are classified into 6 different genogroups (GGI- GGVI) based on the viral capsid protein with NoV genogroup II genotype 4 (GII.4) being the predominant strain causing human diseases. Supportive therapy involving reversal of dehydration and electrolyte deficiency is the main treatment of NoV gastroenteritis. However, the worldwide increased recognition of NoV as an important agent of diarrheal gastroenteritis prompted researchers to focus on establishing preventive strategies conferring long-lasting immunity. This review describes the current status of animal and human vaccine models/studies targeting NoV and addresses the factors hampering the development of a broadly effective vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nada M Melhem
- a Medical Laboratory Sciences Program, American University of Beirut , Beirut , Lebanon
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Kabue JP, Meader E, Hunter PR, Potgieter N. Human Norovirus prevalence in Africa: a review of studies from 1990 to 2013. Trop Med Int Health 2015; 21:2-17. [PMID: 26436862 DOI: 10.1111/tmi.12617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To assess the contribution of Human Norovirus to diarrhoeal diseases in Africa. METHODS We conducted a systematic review of the PubMed and EMBASE databases for published articles of Human Norovirus in Africa between 1990 and 2013. Data were extracted from selected studies and analysed. RESULTS A total of 208 eligible studies were identified, of which 55 (from 19 countries) met the inclusion criteria. Many cases were of sporadic gastroenteritis (70.9%) in children (82%), 65.4% of which were seen in an outpatient setting. Over half (59.4%) of the affected children were under 5 years of age. The pooled prevalence rate of Human NoV was 11% (95% CI 8-14%), and the meta-analysis indicated significant heterogeneity between the studies. However, the conditional negative binomial regression could not clearly find the factors affecting the Human NoV prevalence rates reported. A close relationship was found between Human Norovirus strains from environmental and clinical samples. CONCLUSION Unreported sporadic gastroenteritis cases of Human Norovirus are common in Africa. Most are community-associated infections. Possible environmental transmission routes have been documented. Combined environmental and clinical studies are required for targeted actions to control transmission of Human Norovirus in Africa. Systematic surveillance of Human Norovirus is needed to measure the burden of Norovirus-induced gastroenteritis in Africa and support any requirements for vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean Pierre Kabue
- Department of Microbiology, School of Mathematical and Natural Sciences, University of Venda, Thohoyandou, RSA
| | - Emma Meader
- School of Medicine, Health Policy and Practice, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
| | - Paul R Hunter
- School of Medicine, Health Policy and Practice, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK.,Department of Environmental Health, Tshwane University of Technology, Pretoria, RSA
| | - Natasha Potgieter
- Department of Microbiology, School of Mathematical and Natural Sciences, University of Venda, Thohoyandou, RSA
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Norovirus prevention and the prevalence of asymptomatic norovirus infection in kindergartens and primary schools in Changzhou, China: Status of the knowledge, attitudes, behaviors, and requirements. Am J Infect Control 2015; 43:833-8. [PMID: 26026827 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajic.2015.04.182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2014] [Revised: 04/09/2015] [Accepted: 04/09/2015] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We estimated the status of norovirus infection and prevention in kindergartens and primary schools and identified poor areas for which future education is needed. We evaluated the knowledge, attitude, behavior, requirements of outbreak prevention, and rate of asymptomatic carriers. METHODS Two self-administered questionnaires were conducted for data collection. Five hundred seventy-four teachers from kindergartens and primary schools and 3,114 students from primary schools in Changzhou city were sampled for questionnaire investigation. In addition, 511 rectal swabs from healthy children were taken for norovirus detection. RESULTS Twenty-one of 511 children were asymptomatically infected with norovirus. The rate of asymptomatic norovirus infection children in kindergartens was 2.7% and 4.7% in primary schools. Nineteen of 21 positive samples were GII strains, the other 2 were GI strains. In addition, we found that primary schools were less prepared to prevent norovirus outbreaks than kindergartens. Settings in the suburban counties needed more education on norovirus prevention. CONCLUSIONS The results of this study emphasize the need for training of primary schools and suburban schools about norovirus prevention. Asymptomatic norovirus infection should receive more attention.
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Gustavsson L, Skovbjerg S, Lindh M, Westin J, Andersson LM. Low serum levels of CCL5 are associated with longer duration of viral shedding in norovirus infection. J Clin Virol 2015. [PMID: 26209395 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcv.2015.06.088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The mechanisms that determine the duration of fecal shedding of norovirus in humans have not been described in detail. OBJECTIVES We investigated serum inflammatory mediator levels in relation to the duration of viral shedding in norovirus infection. STUDY DESIGN A prospective cohort study of patients hospitalized with acute norovirus genogroup II infection. Rectal swab samples were obtained at inclusion and day 7, 14, 21 and 28. Serum levels of 42 inflammatory mediators were determined with a Luminex-based cytokine assay. Sera from 20 healthy blood donors served as controls. RESULTS Altogether, 28 patients (54% women, median age 83 years, median duration of symptoms 3 days) were included. Twelve subjects cleared the virus within 14 days and 16 were norovirus-RNA positive for >21 days, constituting the two study groups ("rapid" vs. "slow" clearance). Individuals with norovirus infection had higher levels of IL-18, CXCL9, CXCL10, soluble IL-2 receptor and macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF), compared to controls (p<0.05), with the highest median concentrations in the slow clearance group. In contrast, CCL5 levels were lower in the slow compared to the rapid clearance group (median 54 vs. 134 ng/mL, p<0.05), and lower in norovirus-infected patients than in controls. CONCLUSION Low levels of CCL5 were associated with longer duration of viral shedding, suggesting that CCL5 may influence the clearance of norovirus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lars Gustavsson
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Institute of Biomedicine, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Diagnosvägen 21, Gothenburg SE-416 50, Sweden.
| | - Susann Skovbjerg
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Institute of Biomedicine, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Diagnosvägen 21, Gothenburg SE-416 50, Sweden.
| | - Magnus Lindh
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Institute of Biomedicine, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Diagnosvägen 21, Gothenburg SE-416 50, Sweden.
| | - Johan Westin
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Institute of Biomedicine, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Diagnosvägen 21, Gothenburg SE-416 50, Sweden.
| | - Lars-Magnus Andersson
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Institute of Biomedicine, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Diagnosvägen 21, Gothenburg SE-416 50, Sweden.
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Ayukekbong JA, Mesumbe HN, Oyero OG, Lindh M, Bergström T. Role of noroviruses as aetiological agents of diarrhoea in developing countries. J Gen Virol 2015; 96:1983-1999. [PMID: 26002299 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.000194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Diarrhoea is considered to be the second leading cause of death due to infections among children < 5 years of age worldwide that may be caused by bacteria, parasites, viruses and non-infectious agents. The major causative agents of diarrhoea in developing countries may vary from those in developed countries. Noroviruses are considered to be the most common cause of acute diarrhoea in both children and adults in industrialized countries. On the other hand, there is a lack of comprehensive epidemiological evidence from developing countries that norovirus is a major cause of diarrhoea. In these regions, asymptomatic norovirus infections are very common, and similar detection rates have been observed in patients with diarrhoea and asymptomatic persons. This review summarizes the current knowledge of norovirus infection in developing countries and seeks to position infections with noroviruses among those of other enteropathogens in terms of disease burden in these regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Ayukepi Ayukekbong
- Section for Clinical Research, Redeem Biomedical System, Buea, Cameroon
- Department of Infectious Diseases/Section of Clinical Virology, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | | | - Olufunmilayo G Oyero
- Institute for Advanced Medical Research and Training, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Magnus Lindh
- Department of Infectious Diseases/Section of Clinical Virology, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Tomas Bergström
- Department of Infectious Diseases/Section of Clinical Virology, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
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Abstract
Norovirus (NoV) is considered a major cause of nonbacterial gastroenteritis among people of all ages worldwide, but the natural course of infection is incompletely known. In this study, the pattern of circulation of NoVs was studied among 146 children and 137 adults in a small community in southwestern Cameroon. The participants provided monthly fecal samples during a year. NoV RNA was detected in at least one sample from 82 (29%) of the participants. The partial VP1 region could be sequenced in 36 NoV GII-positive samples. Three different genotypes were identified (GII.1, GII.4, and GII.17), with each genotype circulating within 2 to 3 months and reappearing after a relapse period of 2 to 3 months. Most infections occurred once, and 2 episodes at most within a year were detected. No difference in the frequency of NoV infection between children and adults was recorded. The same genotype was detected for a maximum of 2 consecutive months in 3 children only, suggesting that a less than 30-day duration of viral shedding in natural infection was common. Reinfection within a year with the same genotype was not observed, consistent with short-term homotypic immune protection. The study revealed that NoV strains are circulating with a limited duration of viral shedding both in the individuals and the population as part of their natural infection. The results also provide evidence of cross-protective immunity of limited duration between genotypes of the same genogroup.
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40
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Real-time PCR identification of agents causing diarrhea in Rwandan children less than 5 years of age. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2014; 33:1037-42. [PMID: 25037040 DOI: 10.1097/inf.0000000000000448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Knowledge about causes of acute diarrhea among children in developing countries is insufficient. Molecular methods might improve diagnostics of infectious gastroenteritis, but due to the high sensitivity, findings may be difficult to interpret. METHODS Feces samples from Rwandan children 0.5-5.0 years of age, with diarrhea for <96 hours (patients, n = 544) or without diarrhea for 14 days (controls, n = 162), were analyzed by real-time polymerase chain reaction targeting 17 pathogens. RESULTS At least 1 agent was detected in 94% of patients and in 79% of controls, with higher rates in sick children for rotavirus (42% vs. 2%, P < 0.0001) and enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC)-estA (21% vs. 9%, P = 0.0006). Detection rates did not differ significantly for adenovirus (39% vs. 36%), ETEC-eltB (29% vs. 30%), Campylobacter (14% vs. 17%) or Shigella (13% vs. 10%), but for Shigella the threshold cycle (Ct) values were lower (pathogen loads were higher) in sick children than in controls. By multivariate analysis, including gender and age, detection of rotavirus (P < 0.0001), ETEC-estA (P = 0.001), Shigella (P = 0.004) and norovirus genogroup II (P = 0.009) was associated with symptomatic infection, and a Ct value below a cutoff (in the range 28-29) improved identification of ETEC-estA, Shigella and norovirus genogroup II. CONCLUSION Real-time polymerase chain reaction can detect essentially all diarrheagenic agents, and provides Ct values that improve identification of clinically relevant infections.
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Yansouni CP, Merckx J, Libman MD, Ndao M. Recent advances in clinical parasitology diagnostics. Curr Infect Dis Rep 2014; 16:434. [PMID: 25230603 DOI: 10.1007/s11908-014-0434-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Microscopy has several limitations in the diagnosis of parasitic infection. New technologies have emerged to address some of these limitations. We review recent advances in three key areas. The detection of enteric protozoa is a commonly requested test, particularly with increasing travel to and migration from endemic countries. Microscopy is slow and labor intensive and requires a high level of technical expertise. It also lacks both sensitivity and specificity. Recently developed nucleic acid amplification tests are automated and rapid and show superior accuracy. Proteomics shows promise for both the diagnosis of infections where parasite detection is difficult and the potential for accurate assessment of cure in these cases. Finally, rapid and simple diagnostic tests suitable for use in low-resource settings are now allowing for improved study and control of infection in endemic regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cedric P Yansouni
- J.D. MacLean Centre for Tropical Diseases, McGill University Health Centre, 1650 Cedar Avenue, Room L10.509, Montreal, H3G 1A4, Canada
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Detection of pathogenic viruses in sewage provided early warnings of hepatitis A virus and norovirus outbreaks. Appl Environ Microbiol 2014; 80:6771-81. [PMID: 25172863 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01981-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 286] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Most persons infected with enterically transmitted viruses shed large amounts of virus in feces for days or weeks, both before and after onset of symptoms. Therefore, viruses causing gastroenteritis may be detected in wastewater, even if only a few persons are infected. In this study, the presence of eight pathogenic viruses (norovirus, astrovirus, rotavirus, adenovirus, Aichi virus, parechovirus, hepatitis A virus [HAV], and hepatitis E virus) was investigated in sewage to explore whether their identification could be used as an early warning of outbreaks. Samples of the untreated sewage were collected in proportion to flow at Ryaverket, Gothenburg, Sweden. Daily samples collected during every second week between January and May 2013 were pooled and analyzed for detection of viruses by concentration through adsorption to milk proteins and PCR. The largest amount of noroviruses was detected in sewage 2 to 3 weeks before most patients were diagnosed with this infection in Gothenburg. The other viruses were detected at lower levels. HAV was detected between weeks 5 and 13, and partial sequencing of the structural VP1protein identified three different strains. Two strains were involved in an ongoing outbreak in Scandinavia and were also identified in samples from patients with acute hepatitis A in Gothenburg during spring of 2013. The third strain was unique and was not detected in any patient sample. The method used may thus be a tool to detect incipient outbreaks of these viruses and provide early warning before the causative pathogens have been recognized in health care.
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Evaluation of anatomically designed flocked rectal swabs for molecular detection of enteric pathogens in children admitted to hospital with severe gastroenteritis in Botswana. J Clin Microbiol 2014; 52:3922-7. [PMID: 25165077 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.01894-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Two-hundred eighty matched bulk stool and anatomically designed flocked rectal swab samples were collected from children admitted to the hospital with acute diarrhea in Botswana. Their parents were asked about the acceptability of the swab collection method compared with bulk stool sampling. All samples underwent identical testing with a validated 15-target (9 bacterial, 3 viral, and 3 parasite) commercial multiplex PCR assay. The flocked swabs had a 12% higher yield for bacterial pathogen targets (241 versus 212; P = 0.003) compared with that of stool samples, as well as similar yields for viral targets (110 versus 113; P = 0.701) and parasite targets (59 versus 65; P = 0.345). One hundred sixty-four of the flocked swab-stool pairs were also tested with separate laboratory-developed bacterial and viral multiplex assays, and the flocked rectal swabs had a performance that was similar to that seen with commercial assay testing. Almost all parents/guardians found the swabs acceptable. Flocked rectal swabs significantly facilitate the molecular diagnosis of diarrheal disease in children.
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Kabayiza JC, Andersson ME, Nilsson S, Baribwira C, Muhirwa G, Bergström T, Lindh M. Diarrhoeagenic microbes by real-time PCR in Rwandan children under 5 years of age with acute gastroenteritis. Clin Microbiol Infect 2014; 20:O1128-35. [PMID: 24890572 DOI: 10.1111/1469-0691.12698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2014] [Revised: 05/20/2014] [Accepted: 05/26/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Acute gastroenteritis is a main cause of disease and death among children in low-income countries. The causality rates and pathogenic characteristics of putative aetiological agents remain insufficiently known. We used real-time PCR targeting 16 diarrhoeagenic agents to analyse stool samples from children ≤5.0 years old with acute diarrhoea in Rwanda. Among the 880 children (median age 14.2 months; 41% female) at least one pathogen was detected in 92% and two or more agents in 63% of cases. Rotavirus was detected in 36.9%, adenovirus in 39.7%, enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) with genes for labile (eltB) or stable (estA) toxin in 31.3% and 19.0%, E. coli with eae or bfpA genes in 25.2% and 14.2%, Shigella in 17.5% and Cryptosporidium in 7.8%. Rotavirus and ETEC-estA were associated with more severe dehydration than diarrhoea due to other causes. Shigella was associated with bloody stools and higher CRP. Microbial loads (Ct values) of rotavirus, ETEC-estA and Shigella were associated with severity of symptoms. Rotavirus, ETEC-estA and E. coli with bfpA were associated with younger age, Shigella with older age. Antibiotic treatment was given to 42% and was associated with dehydration, fever and CRP, but not with pathogen. We conclude that rotavirus and ETEC-estA were the most important causes of diarrhoea with dehydration, that Shigella caused bloody diarrhoea but less severe dehydration, that microbial loads of rotavirus, ETEC-estA and Shigella were associated with severity of symptoms, and that antibiotic use was frequent and in poor agreement with microbiological findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- J-C Kabayiza
- Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden; Department of Paediatrics, National University of Rwanda, Kigali, Rwanda
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Sidler JA, Käch R, Noppen C, Dangel M, Battegay M, Bingisser R, Dubuis O, Widmer AF. Rectal swab for detection of norovirus by real-time PCR: similar sensitivity compared to faecal specimens. Clin Microbiol Infect 2014; 20:O1017-9. [PMID: 24943850 DOI: 10.1111/1469-0691.12723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2014] [Accepted: 06/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Rapid diagnosis and immediate infection control precautions are cornerstones in the prevention of norovirus outbreaks. However, faecal sampling for norovirus PCR--the standard of care--is time consuming. From 2009 to 2011, parallel faecal and rectal swab samples were consecutively obtained from patients with acute gastroenteritis presenting at our emergency department. In total, 109 complete sample pairs of 108 patients were analysed by specific norovirus real-time PCR. The sensitivity of real-time PCR was 97.3% (36/37) for both sampling methods. A rectal swab is a reasonable option for detection of norovirus by real-time PCR, if a stool specimen is not readily available.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Sidler
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
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Andreasson T, Gustavsson L, Lindh M, Bergbrant IM, Raner C, Ahrén C, Westin J, Andersson LM. Evaluation of anamnestic criteria for the identification of patients with acute community onset viral gastroenteritis in the emergency department--A prospective observational study. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 46:561-5. [PMID: 24832849 DOI: 10.3109/00365548.2014.914242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND To our knowledge no clinical criteria for the identification of community onset viral gastroenteritis in individual patients have been evaluated systematically with modern PCR-based diagnostic assays as gold standard. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to identify factors independently associated with the detection of virus by PCR in rectal swab samples from patients with acute community onset gastroenteritis. METHODS A prospective observational study was conducted from December 2010 through March 2011 at the emergency department (ED) of a large teaching hospital. All patients who reported vomiting and/or diarrhoea up to 48 h prior to their visit to the ED were asked to participate. A rectal swab sample was obtained from each patient. Symptoms, date of onset, and epidemiological data were recorded. Samples were analysed with a multiple real-time PCR targeting 6 viral agents (astrovirus, adenovirus, rotavirus, sapovirus, and norovirus GI and GII). RESULTS Two hundred and five patients fulfilled the inclusion criteria, of whom 66 agreed to participate; their median (IQR) age was 65 (38-84) y and 43 (65%) were females. Thirty-one (47%) were positive by PCR for at least 1 of the agents examined (26 norovirus, 2 sapovirus, 2 rotavirus, and 1 adenovirus). Diarrhoea and a short duration of symptoms (≤ 2 days) were independently associated with a positive rectal swab sample, with odds ratios of 7.5 (95% confidence interval (CI) 2.0-28) and 10.4 (95% CI 1.9-56), respectively (p < 0.01 for both). A multivariate model including these 2 variables had a sensitivity of 81% (25/31) and a specificity of 69% (24/35). CONCLUSIONS Diarrhoea and a short duration of symptoms were the only anamnestic criteria independently associated with acute community onset viral gastroenteritis confirmed by PCR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Andreasson
- From the Department of Infectious Diseases, Institute of Biomedicine at Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg , Göteborg , Sweden
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Real-time PCR threshold cycle cutoffs help to identify agents causing acute childhood diarrhea in Zanzibar. J Clin Microbiol 2014; 52:916-23. [PMID: 24403298 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.02697-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Molecular assays might improve the identification of causes of acute diarrheal disease but might lead to more frequent detection of asymptomatic infections. In the present study, real-time PCR targeting 14 pathogens was applied to rectal swabs from 330 children aged 2 to 59 months in Zanzibar, including 165 patients with acute diarrhea and 165 asymptomatic control subjects. At least one pathogen was detected for 94% of the patients and 84% of the controls, with higher rates among patients for norovirus genogroup II (20% versus 2.4%; P<0.0001), rotavirus (10% versus 1.8%; P=0.003), and Cryptosporidium (30% versus 11%; P<0.0001). Detection rates did not differ significantly for enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC)-estA (33% versus 24%), ETEC-eltB (44% versus 46%), Shigella (35% versus 33%), and Campylobacter (35% versus 33%), but for these agents threshold cycle (CT) values were lower (pathogen loads were higher) in sick children than in controls. In a multivariate analysis, CT values for norovirus genogroup II, rotavirus, Cryptosporidium, ETEC-estA, and Shigella were independently associated with diarrhea. We conclude that this real-time PCR allows convenient detection of essentially all diarrheagenic agents and provides CT values that may be critical for the interpretation of results for pathogens with similar detection rates in patients and controls. The results indicate that the assessment of pathogen loads may improve the identification of agents causing gastroenteritis in children.
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