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Banks CM, Trott JF, Hovey RC. The prolactin receptor: A cross-species comparison of gene structure, transcriptional regulation, tissue-specificity, and genetic variation. J Neuroendocrinol 2024; 36:e13385. [PMID: 38586906 DOI: 10.1111/jne.13385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2023] [Revised: 02/25/2024] [Accepted: 03/13/2024] [Indexed: 04/09/2024]
Abstract
The conserved and multifaceted functions of prolactin (PRL) are coordinated through varied distribution and expression of its cell-surface receptor (PRLR) across a range of tissues and physiological states. The resultant heterogeneous expression of PRLR mRNA and protein across different organs and cell types supports a wide range of PRL-regulated processes including reproduction, lactation, development, and homeostasis. Genetic variation within the PRLR gene also accounts for several phenotypes impacting agricultural production and human pathology. The goal of this review is to highlight the many elements that control differential expression of the PRLR across tissues, and the various phenotypes that exist across species due to variation in the PRLR gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen M Banks
- Department of Animal Science, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Josephine F Trott
- Department of Animal Science, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Russell C Hovey
- Department of Animal Science, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, USA
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2
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Szukiewicz D. Current Insights in Prolactin Signaling and Ovulatory Function. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:1976. [PMID: 38396659 PMCID: PMC10889014 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25041976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2024] [Revised: 01/31/2024] [Accepted: 02/03/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Prolactin (PRL) is a pleiotropic hormone released from lactotrophic cells of the anterior pituitary gland that also originates from extrapituitary sources and plays an important role in regulating lactation in mammals, as well as other actions. Acting in an endocrine and paracrine/autocrine manner, PRL regulates the hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarian axis, thus influencing the maturation of ovarian follicles and ovulation. This review provides a detailed discussion of the current knowledge on the role of PRL in the context of ovulation and ovulatory disorders, particularly with regard to hyperprolactinemia, which is one of the most common causes of infertility in women. Much attention has been given to the PRL structure and the PRL receptor (PRLR), as well as the diverse functions of PRLR signaling under normal and pathological conditions. The hormonal regulation of the menstrual cycle in connection with folliculogenesis and ovulation, as well as the current classifications of ovulation disorders, are also described. Finally, the state of knowledge regarding the importance of TIDA (tuberoinfundibular dopamine), KNDγ (kisspeptin/neurokinin B/dynorphin), and GnRH (gonadotropin-releasing hormone) neurons in PRL- and kisspeptin (KP)-dependent regulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis in women is reviewed. Based on this review, a rationale for influencing PRL signaling pathways in therapeutic activities accompanying ovulation disorders is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dariusz Szukiewicz
- Department of Biophysics, Physiology & Pathophysiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-004 Warsaw, Poland
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3
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Gorvin CM, Newey PJ, Thakker RV. Identification of prolactin receptor variants with diverse effects on receptor signalling. J Mol Endocrinol 2023; 70:e220164. [PMID: 36445946 PMCID: PMC7614258 DOI: 10.1530/jme-22-0164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
The prolactin receptor (PRLR) signals predominantly through the JAK2-STAT5 pathway regulating multiple physiological functions relating to fertility, lactation, and metabolism. However, the molecular pathology and role of PRLR mutations and signalling are incompletely defined, with progress hampered by a lack of reported disease-associated PRLR variants. To date, two common germline PRLR variants are reported to demonstrate constitutive activity, with one, Ile146Leu, overrepresented in benign breast disease, while a rare activating variant, Asn492Ile, is reported to be associated with an increased incidence of prolactinoma. In contrast, an inactivating germline heterozygous PRLR variant (His188Arg) was reported in a kindred with hyperprolactinaemia, while an inactivating compound heterozygous PRLR variant (Pro269Leu/Arg171Stop) was identified in an individual with hyperprolactinaemia and agalactia. We hypothesised that additional rare germline PRLR variants, identified from large-scale sequencing projects (ExAC and GnomAD), may be associated with altered in vitro PRLR signalling activity. We therefore evaluated >300 previously uncharacterised non-synonymous, germline PRLR variants and selected 10 variants for in vitro analysis based on protein prediction algorithms, proximity to known functional domains and structural modelling. Five variants, including extracellular and intracellular domain variants, were associated with altered responses when compared to the wild-type receptor. These altered responses included loss- and gain-of-function activities related to STAT5 signalling, Akt and FOXO1 activity, as well as cell viability and apoptosis. These studies provide further insight into PRLR structure-function and indicate that rare germline PRLR variants may have diverse modulating effects on PRLR signalling, although the pathophysiologic relevance of such alterations remains to be defined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline M Gorvin
- Academic Endocrine Unit, Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Oxford NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, University of Oxford, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, UK
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research (IMSR) & Centre for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism (CEDAM), Birmingham Health Partners, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
- Centre of Membrane Proteins and Receptors (COMPARE), University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Paul J Newey
- Academic Endocrine Unit, Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Division of Molecular & Clinical Medicine (MCM), University of Dundee, Jacqui Wood Cancer Centre, Dundee, UK
| | - Rajesh V Thakker
- Academic Endocrine Unit, Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Oxford NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, University of Oxford, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, UK
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4
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PRLR and CACNA2D1 Impact the Prognosis of Breast Cancer by Regulating Tumor Immunity. J Pers Med 2022; 12:jpm12122086. [PMID: 36556307 PMCID: PMC9781148 DOI: 10.3390/jpm12122086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2022] [Revised: 12/06/2022] [Accepted: 12/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN) is one of the highly susceptible genes to breast cancer (BC); however, the role of PTEN-related RNAs in BC remains poorly understood. Understanding the effect of PTEN-related RNAs and their mechanisms may be helpful to clinicians. We screened the differentially expressed RNAs (deRNAs) related to PTEN and established the competitive endogenous RNA (ceRNA) network by integrating several databases. After that, the RNA model, prolactin receptor (PRLR)/calcium voltage-gated channel auxiliary subunit alpha2delta 1 (CACNA2D1), was obtained by KM survival analysis and logistic regression analysis. Finally, mutation, methylation, functional enrichment, and immune correlation were analyzed to explore the roles of these RNAs. Our results showed that PRLR might be harmful to BC, while CACNA2D1 might be beneficial to BC. Furthermore, the abnormal expression of PRLR in BC might result from mutation and hypomethylation, while the aberrant expression of CACNA2D1 might be ascribed to methylation. Mechanistically, PRLR might affect the prognosis of BC by inhibiting the expression of immune checkpoints, while CACNA2D1 might improve the prognosis of BC by increasing the immune cells infiltrating into BC and up-regulating the expression of immune checkpoints. The abnormal expression of PRLR and CACNA2D1 in BC is closely related to the prognosis of BC, and they may serve as targets for the treatment of BC.
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Hongkaew Y, Gaedigk A, Wilffert B, Gaedigk R, Kittitharaphan W, Ngamsamut N, Limsila P, Puangpetch A, Sukprasong R, Sukasem C. Pharmacogenomics Factors Influencing the Effect of Risperidone on Prolactin Levels in Thai Pediatric Patients With Autism Spectrum Disorder. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:743494. [PMID: 34690776 PMCID: PMC8527557 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.743494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
We investigated the association between genetic variations in pharmacodynamic genes and risperidone-induced increased prolactin levels in children and adolescents with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). In a retrospective study, variants of pharmacodynamic genes were analyzed in 124 ASD patients treated with a risperidone regimen for at least 3 months. To simplify genotype interpretation, we created an algorithm to calculate the dopamine D2 receptor (DRD2) gene genetic risk score. There was no relationship between prolactin levels and single SNPs. However, the H1/H3 diplotype (A2/A2-Cin/Cin-A/G) of DRD2/ankyrin repeat and kinase domain containing 1 (ANKK1) Taq1A, DRD2 -141C indel, and DRD2 -141A>G, which had a genetic risk score of 5.5, was associated with the highest median prolactin levels (23 ng/ml). As the dose-corrected plasma levels of risperidone, 9-OH-risperidone, and the active moiety increased, prolactin levels in patients carrying the H1/H3 diplotype were significantly higher than those of the other diplotypes. DRD2 diplotypes showed significantly high prolactin levels as plasma risperidone levels increased. Lower levels of prolactin were detected in patients who responded to risperidone. This is the first system for describing DRD2 haplotypes using genetic risk scores based on their protein expression. Clinicians should consider using pharmacogenetic-based decision-making in clinical practice to prevent prolactin increase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaowaluck Hongkaew
- Division of Pharmacogenomics and Personalized Medicine, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand.,Laboratory for Pharmacogenomics, Somdech Phra Debaratana Medical Center (SDMC), Ramathibodi Hospital, Bangkok, Thailand.,Research and Development Laboratory, Bumrungrad International Hospital, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Andrea Gaedigk
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutic Innovation, Children's Mercy Kansas City, Kanas City, MO, United States.,School of Medicine, University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, MO, United States
| | - Bob Wilffert
- Unit of PharmacoTherapy, Epidemiology and Economics, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands.,Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Roger Gaedigk
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutic Innovation, Children's Mercy Kansas City, Kanas City, MO, United States.,School of Medicine, University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, MO, United States
| | - Wiranpat Kittitharaphan
- Department of Mental Health Services, Yuwaprasart Waithayopathum Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Hospital, Ministry of Public Health, Samut Prakan, Thailand
| | - Nattawat Ngamsamut
- Department of Mental Health Services, Yuwaprasart Waithayopathum Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Hospital, Ministry of Public Health, Samut Prakan, Thailand
| | - Penkhae Limsila
- Department of Mental Health Services, Yuwaprasart Waithayopathum Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Hospital, Ministry of Public Health, Samut Prakan, Thailand
| | - Apichaya Puangpetch
- Division of Pharmacogenomics and Personalized Medicine, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand.,Laboratory for Pharmacogenomics, Somdech Phra Debaratana Medical Center (SDMC), Ramathibodi Hospital, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Rattanaporn Sukprasong
- Division of Pharmacogenomics and Personalized Medicine, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand.,Laboratory for Pharmacogenomics, Somdech Phra Debaratana Medical Center (SDMC), Ramathibodi Hospital, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Chonlaphat Sukasem
- Division of Pharmacogenomics and Personalized Medicine, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand.,Laboratory for Pharmacogenomics, Somdech Phra Debaratana Medical Center (SDMC), Ramathibodi Hospital, Bangkok, Thailand.,Pharmacogenomics and Precision Medicine, Preventive Genomics and Family Check-up Services Center, Bumrungrad International Hospital, Bangkok, Thailand
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Canadas-Sousa A, Santos M, Medeiros R, Dias-Pereira P. Single Nucleotide Polymorphism in Prolactin Gene Is Associated With Clinical Aggressiveness and Outcome of Canine Mammary Malignant Tumors. Vet Pathol 2021; 58:1051-1057. [PMID: 34121513 DOI: 10.1177/03009858211022705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Prolactin (PRL) is a key hormone involved in canine mammary development and tumorigenesis. In this study, the influence of a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) in the PRL gene (rs23932236) on the clinicopathological parameters and survival of dogs with canine mammary tumors (CMTs) was investigated. A total of 206 female dogs with spontaneous mammary tumors were enrolled in this study and circulating blood cells were genotyped. This specific SNP was associated with larger size (>3 cm diameter) for malignant tumors (P = .036), tumors with infiltrative/invasive growth pattern (P = .010), vascular invasion (P = .006), and lymph node metastasis (P = .004). Carriers of the variant allele had a shorter overall survival compared to the wild-type population with an overall survival of 18.7 months and 22.7 months, respectively (P = .004). These findings suggest that SNP rs23932236 of canine PRL gene may be used as an indicator for the development of clinically aggressive forms of CMTs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Canadas-Sousa
- Instituto Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, ICBAS, UPorto, 89239University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Marta Santos
- Instituto Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, ICBAS, UPorto, 89239University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Rui Medeiros
- Molecular Oncology and Viral Pathology Group, 59035IPO-Porto Research Center, Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Patrícia Dias-Pereira
- Instituto Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, ICBAS, UPorto, 89239University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
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Puljic K, Herceg M, Tudor L, Pivac N. The association between prolactin concentration and aggression in female patients with schizophrenia. World J Biol Psychiatry 2021; 22:301-309. [PMID: 32657631 DOI: 10.1080/15622975.2020.1795254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study assessed the association between serum prolactin (PRL) concentration and aggression in female patients with schizophrenia. METHODS Female patients with schizophrenia (N = 120) were diagnosed using SCID-5 based on the DSM-5 criteria. They were sampled at the University Psychiatric Hospital Vrapce during the period from March 2017 to March 2019. Aggression was evaluated using the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS), and Overt Aggression Scale (OAS). Patients were subdivided into aggressive and non-aggressive groups. PRL was determined in serum using electrochemiluminescence (ECLIA) method. RESULTS Aggressive patients with schizophrenia had significantly (p < 0.0001) increased PRL concentration compared to non-aggressive patients. Higher PRL concentration was significantly (p < 0.0001) associated with pronounced aggressive symptoms determined by the OAS scores. When patients were subdivided into those who were treated with risperidone, haloperidol, paliperidone, amisulpride, and a group that was not treated with these antipsychotics, aggressive patients in both groups had significantly higher PRL concentrations than non-aggressive patients. Higher antipsychotic dose was related to increased PRL concentration (p = 0.004). CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that higher PRL is significantly associated with aggression, irrespective of the antipsychotic medication, in female patients with schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kresimir Puljic
- Department for Female Psychotic Disorders, University Psychiatric Hospital Vrapce, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Miroslav Herceg
- Department for Female Psychotic Disorders, University Psychiatric Hospital Vrapce, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Lucija Tudor
- Laboratory for Molecular Neuropsychiatry, Division of Molecular Medicine, Rudjer Boskovic Institute, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Nela Pivac
- Laboratory for Molecular Neuropsychiatry, Division of Molecular Medicine, Rudjer Boskovic Institute, Zagreb, Croatia
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8
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Gorvin CM, Newey PJ, Rogers A, Stokes V, Neville MJ, Lines KE, Ntali G, Lees P, Morrison PJ, Singhellakis PN, Malandrinou FC, Karavitaki N, Grossman AB, Karpe F, Thakker RV. Association of prolactin receptor (PRLR) variants with prolactinomas. Hum Mol Genet 2019; 28:1023-1037. [PMID: 30445560 PMCID: PMC6400049 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddy396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2018] [Revised: 10/31/2018] [Accepted: 11/11/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Prolactinomas are the most frequent type of pituitary tumors, which represent 10-20% of all intracranial neoplasms in humans. Prolactinomas develop in mice lacking the prolactin receptor (PRLR), which is a member of the cytokine receptor superfamily that signals via Janus kinase-2-signal transducer and activator of transcription-5 (JAK2-STAT5) or phosphoinositide 3-kinase-Akt (PI3K-Akt) pathways to mediate changes in transcription, differentiation and proliferation. To elucidate the role of the PRLR gene in human prolactinomas, we determined the PRLR sequence in 50 DNA samples (35 leucocytes, 15 tumors) from 46 prolactinoma patients (59% males, 41% females). This identified six germline PRLR variants, which comprised four rare variants (Gly57Ser, Glu376Gln, Arg453Trp and Asn492Ile) and two low-frequency variants (Ile76Val, Ile146Leu), but no somatic variants. The rare variants, Glu376Gln and Asn492Ile, which were in complete linkage disequilibrium, and are located in the PRLR intracellular domain, occurred with significantly higher frequencies (P < 0.0001) in prolactinoma patients than in 60 706 individuals of the Exome Aggregation Consortium cohort and 7045 individuals of the Oxford Biobank. In vitro analysis of the PRLR variants demonstrated that the Asn492Ile variant, but not Glu376Gln, when compared to wild-type (WT) PRLR, increased prolactin-induced pAkt signaling (>1.3-fold, P < 0.02) and proliferation (1.4-fold, P < 0.02), but did not affect pSTAT5 signaling. Treatment of cells with an Akt1/2 inhibitor or everolimus, which acts on the Akt pathway, reduced Asn492Ile signaling and proliferation to WT levels. Thus, our results identify an association between a gain-of-function PRLR variant and prolactinomas and reveal a new etiology and potential therapeutic approach for these neoplasms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline M Gorvin
- Academic Endocrine Unit, Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Oxford NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, University of Oxford, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, UK
| | - Paul J Newey
- Academic Endocrine Unit, Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Angela Rogers
- Academic Endocrine Unit, Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Victoria Stokes
- Academic Endocrine Unit, Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Matt J Neville
- Oxford NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, University of Oxford, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, UK
- Metabolic Research Group, Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Kate E Lines
- Academic Endocrine Unit, Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Oxford NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, University of Oxford, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, UK
| | - Georgia Ntali
- Academic Endocrine Unit, Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Peter Lees
- Department of Neurosurgery, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, Hampshire
| | - Patrick J Morrison
- Northern Ireland Regional Genetics Centre, Belfast City Hospital, Lisburn Road, Belfast, UK
| | - Panagiotis N Singhellakis
- Department of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes Mellitus, St Savvas Cancer Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Fotini Ch Malandrinou
- Department of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes Mellitus, St Savvas Cancer Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Niki Karavitaki
- Department of Endocrinology, Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, UK
| | - Ashley B Grossman
- Department of Endocrinology, Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, UK
| | - Fredrik Karpe
- Oxford NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, University of Oxford, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, UK
- Metabolic Research Group, Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Rajesh V Thakker
- Academic Endocrine Unit, Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Oxford NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, University of Oxford, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, UK
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Abstract
Antipsychotics acting as antagonists at dopamine D2 receptors concentrated in the striatum are the cornerstone of effective treatment of psychosis. Substantial progress in treating persons with schizophrenia could be achieved by the identification of biomarkers which reliably determine the lowest efficacious dose of antipsychotics. Prolactin levels have been considered a promising treatment-response biomarker due to dopamine’s regulation of serum prolactin levels through D2 receptors in the hypothalamic-pituitary pathway. Prolactin secretion in response antipsychotic administration is associated with the antipsychotics affinity for D2 receptors. This review assesses the available literature on the use of serum prolactin levels as an antipsychotic-response biomarker. Articles were identified through PubMed as well as the reference lists of full text articles available online. Relevant publications were summarized briefly to define the limitations and utility of serum prolactin levels as a tool for improving antipsychotic dosing. Serum prolactin levels in combination with prolactin-inducing potencies for each antipsychotic may help identify the lowest effective dose of antipsychotic medications. , In addition to the fact that prolactin secretion is dependent on serum antipsychotic levels and not brain levels, recent findings show that prolactin release is independent of the β-arrestin-2 pathway and GSK3β regulation, one branch of the pathway that has been implicated in antipsychotic efficacy. Therefore, serum prolactin is an indirect biomarker for treatment response. Further investigations are warranted to characterize prolactin-antipsychotic dose-response curves and systematically test the utility of measuring prolactin levels in patients to identify a person’s lowest efficacious dose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith M Gault
- Departments of Psychiatry, University of Colorado Denver, Anschutz Medical Campus, USA.,Departments of Neurosurgery, University of Colorado Denver, USA
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10
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Griffith OL, Chan SR, Griffith M, Krysiak K, Skidmore ZL, Hundal J, Allen JA, Arthur CD, Runci D, Bugatti M, Miceli AP, Schmidt H, Trani L, Kanchi KL, Miller CA, Larson DE, Fulton RS, Vermi W, Wilson RK, Schreiber RD, Mardis ER. Truncating Prolactin Receptor Mutations Promote Tumor Growth in Murine Estrogen Receptor-Alpha Mammary Carcinomas. Cell Rep 2017; 17:249-260. [PMID: 27681435 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2016.08.076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2015] [Revised: 05/27/2016] [Accepted: 08/23/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Estrogen receptor alpha-positive (ERα+) luminal tumors are the most frequent subtype of breast cancer. Stat1(-/-) mice develop mammary tumors that closely recapitulate the biological characteristics of this cancer subtype. To identify transforming events that contribute to tumorigenesis, we performed whole genome sequencing of Stat1(-/-) primary mammary tumors and matched normal tissues. This investigation identified somatic truncating mutations affecting the prolactin receptor (PRLR) in all tumor and no normal samples. Targeted sequencing confirmed the presence of these mutations in precancerous lesions, indicating that this is an early event in tumorigenesis. Functional evaluation of these heterozygous mutations in Stat1(-/-) mouse embryonic fibroblasts showed that co-expression of truncated and wild-type PRLR led to aberrant STAT3 and STAT5 activation downstream of the receptor, cellular transformation in vitro, and tumor formation in vivo. In conclusion, truncating mutations of PRLR promote tumor growth in a model of human ERα+ breast cancer and warrant further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Obi L Griffith
- McDonnell Genome Institute, Washington University School of Medicine, 4444 Forest Park Ave., St. Louis, MO 63108, USA; Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S Euclid Ave., St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Siteman Cancer Center, Washington University School of Medicine, 4921 Parkview Pl., St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Szeman Ruby Chan
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S Euclid Ave., St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Malachi Griffith
- McDonnell Genome Institute, Washington University School of Medicine, 4444 Forest Park Ave., St. Louis, MO 63108, USA; Siteman Cancer Center, Washington University School of Medicine, 4921 Parkview Pl., St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S Euclid Ave., St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Kilannin Krysiak
- McDonnell Genome Institute, Washington University School of Medicine, 4444 Forest Park Ave., St. Louis, MO 63108, USA; Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S Euclid Ave., St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Zachary L Skidmore
- McDonnell Genome Institute, Washington University School of Medicine, 4444 Forest Park Ave., St. Louis, MO 63108, USA
| | - Jasreet Hundal
- McDonnell Genome Institute, Washington University School of Medicine, 4444 Forest Park Ave., St. Louis, MO 63108, USA
| | - Julie A Allen
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S Euclid Ave., St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Cora D Arthur
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S Euclid Ave., St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Daniele Runci
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S Euclid Ave., St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Mattia Bugatti
- Section of Pathology, Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Brescia, Piazza del Mercato, 15, 25121 Brescia, Italy
| | - Alexander P Miceli
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S Euclid Ave., St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Heather Schmidt
- McDonnell Genome Institute, Washington University School of Medicine, 4444 Forest Park Ave., St. Louis, MO 63108, USA
| | - Lee Trani
- McDonnell Genome Institute, Washington University School of Medicine, 4444 Forest Park Ave., St. Louis, MO 63108, USA
| | - Krishna-Latha Kanchi
- McDonnell Genome Institute, Washington University School of Medicine, 4444 Forest Park Ave., St. Louis, MO 63108, USA
| | - Christopher A Miller
- McDonnell Genome Institute, Washington University School of Medicine, 4444 Forest Park Ave., St. Louis, MO 63108, USA; Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S Euclid Ave., St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - David E Larson
- McDonnell Genome Institute, Washington University School of Medicine, 4444 Forest Park Ave., St. Louis, MO 63108, USA; Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S Euclid Ave., St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Robert S Fulton
- McDonnell Genome Institute, Washington University School of Medicine, 4444 Forest Park Ave., St. Louis, MO 63108, USA; Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S Euclid Ave., St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - William Vermi
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S Euclid Ave., St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Section of Pathology, Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Brescia, Piazza del Mercato, 15, 25121 Brescia, Italy
| | - Richard K Wilson
- McDonnell Genome Institute, Washington University School of Medicine, 4444 Forest Park Ave., St. Louis, MO 63108, USA; Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S Euclid Ave., St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Siteman Cancer Center, Washington University School of Medicine, 4921 Parkview Pl., St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S Euclid Ave., St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Robert D Schreiber
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S Euclid Ave., St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Center for Human Immunology and Immunotherapy Programs, Washington University School of Medicine, 425 S Euclid Ave., St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.
| | - Elaine R Mardis
- McDonnell Genome Institute, Washington University School of Medicine, 4444 Forest Park Ave., St. Louis, MO 63108, USA; Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S Euclid Ave., St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Siteman Cancer Center, Washington University School of Medicine, 4921 Parkview Pl., St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S Euclid Ave., St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.
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11
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Lopez Vicchi F, Becu-Villalobos D. Prolactin: The Bright and the Dark Side. Endocrinology 2017; 158:1556-1559. [PMID: 28575433 DOI: 10.1210/en.2017-00184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2017] [Accepted: 02/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Felicitas Lopez Vicchi
- Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, 1428 Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Damasia Becu-Villalobos
- Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, 1428 Buenos Aires, Argentina
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12
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Shidfar A, Wang J, Wiesenfeld E, Zhang W, Scholtens D, Fought A, Chatterton RT, Khan SA. Genetic Determinants of Nipple Aspiration Fluid Yield. Ann Surg Oncol 2016; 23:2487-93. [PMID: 27027309 DOI: 10.1245/s10434-016-5163-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Nipple aspiration fluid (NAF) is a non-invasively-acquired biosample that can provide a window into the breast environment, but NAF yield is highly variable. Its determinants must be better understood for studies of breast cancer risk. The wet earwax phenotype was identified as one determinant of NAF yield in the 1970s, and is linked to single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the ATP-binding cassette transporter gene ABCC11. We have investigated this, as well as SNPs in the prolactin (PRL) and prolactin receptor (PRLR) genes, in relation to NAF yield. METHODS DNA was extracted from white blood cells of 557 NAF yielders and 359 non-yielders, and was used to genotype ABCC11 (rs17822931), PRL (rs849870, rs849872, rs849886, rs2244502, rs1341239), and PRLR (rs37364, rs34024951, rs1610218, rs9292575, rs7718468) using Taqman genotyping assay. The association between NAF yield and each single SNP was analyzed using logistic regression adjusting for age, race, and menopausal status. RESULTS ABCC11 rs17822931 showed a negative association with NAF yield [odds ratio (OR) 0.66, 95 % confidence interval (CI) 0.49-0.88; p = 0.004]. The PRL rs849870 and the haplotype combination with other SNPs showed a marginal association with NAF yield. In addition, the years since last birth also showed negative association with NAF yielding (OR 0.98, 95 % CI 0.96-0.99; p = 0.001). The combination of the years since last birth with ABCC11 SNP revealed significant interaction between reproductive factor and genetic factor. CONCLUSIONS Our results confirmed the association between NAF yield and earwax phenotype through ABCC11 genotype. Combined with the recency of last birth, ABCC11 genotype should be considered in the design of studies utilizing NAF as a biosample.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Shidfar
- Department of Surgery, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Jun Wang
- Department of Surgery, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Elliot Wiesenfeld
- Department of Surgery, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Denise Scholtens
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA.,Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Angela Fought
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Robert T Chatterton
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA.,Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Seema A Khan
- Department of Surgery, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA. .,Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA.
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13
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Gorvin CM. The prolactin receptor: Diverse and emerging roles in pathophysiology. JOURNAL OF CLINICAL AND TRANSLATIONAL ENDOCRINOLOGY 2015; 2:85-91. [PMID: 29204371 PMCID: PMC5685068 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcte.2015.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2015] [Accepted: 05/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Investigations over two decades have revised understanding of the prolactin hormone. Long thought to be merely a lactogenic hormone, its list of functions has been extended to include: reproduction, islet differentiation, adipocyte control and immune modulation. Prolactin functions by binding cell-surface expressed prolactin receptor, initiating signaling cascades, primarily utilizing Janus kinase-signal transducer and activator of transcription (JAK-STAT). Pathway disruption has been implicated in tumorigenesis, reproductive abnormalities, and diabetes. Prolactin can also be secreted from extrapituitary sources adding complexity to understanding of its physiological functions. This review aims to describe how prolactin exerts its pathophysiological roles by endocrine and autocrine means.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline M Gorvin
- Academic Endocrine Unit, University of Oxford, Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, Oxford, OX3 7LJ, UK
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14
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Abstract
Prolactin is a hormone that is mainly secreted by lactotroph cells of the anterior pituitary gland, and is involved in many biological processes including lactation and reproduction. Animal models have provided insights into the biology of prolactin proteins and offer compelling evidence that the different prolactin isoforms each have independent biological functions. The major isoform, 23 kDa prolactin, acts via its membrane receptor, the prolactin receptor (PRL-R), which is a member of the haematopoietic cytokine superfamily and for which the mechanism of activation has been deciphered. The 16 kDa prolactin isoform is a cleavage product derived from native prolactin, which has received particular attention as a result of its newly described inhibitory effects on angiogenesis and tumorigenesis. The discovery of multiple extrapituitary sites of prolactin secretion also increases the range of known functions of this hormone. This Review summarizes current knowledge of the biology of prolactin and its receptor, as well as its physiological and pathological roles. We focus on the role of prolactin in human pathophysiology, particularly the discovery of the mechanism underlying infertility associated with hyperprolactinaemia and the identification of the first mutation in human PRLR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valérie Bernard
- Inserm U1185, 63 rue Gabriel Péri, 94276 Le Kremlin-Bicêtre Cedex, France
| | - Jacques Young
- Hôpital Bicêtre, Service d'Endocrinologie et des Maladies de la Reproduction, 78 rue du Général Leclerc 94275 Le Kremlin-Bicêtre Cedex, France
| | - Philippe Chanson
- Hôpital Bicêtre, Service d'Endocrinologie et des Maladies de la Reproduction, 78 rue du Général Leclerc 94275 Le Kremlin-Bicêtre Cedex, France
| | - Nadine Binart
- Inserm U1185, 63 rue Gabriel Péri, 94276 Le Kremlin-Bicêtre Cedex, France
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15
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Zhang C, Cherifi I, Nygaard M, Haxholm GW, Bogorad RL, Bernadet M, England P, Broutin I, Kragelund BB, Guidotti JE, Goffin V. Residue 146 regulates prolactin receptor folding, basal activity and ligand-responsiveness: potential implications in breast tumorigenesis. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2015; 401:173-88. [PMID: 25524456 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2014.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2014] [Revised: 12/04/2014] [Accepted: 12/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
PRLR(I146L) is the first identified gain-of-function variant of the prolactin receptor (PRLR) that was proposed to be associated with benign breast tumorigenesis. Structural investigations suggested this hydrophobic core position in the extracellular D2 domain to be linked to receptor dimerization. Here, we used a mutational approach to address how the conservative I-to-L substitution induced constitutive activity. Using cell-based assays of different I146-PRLR variants in combination with spectroscopic/nuclear magnetic resonance analyses we found that chemical manipulation of position 146 profoundly altered folding, PRL-responsiveness, and ligand-independent activity of the receptor in a mutation-specific manner. Together, these data further add to the critical role of position 146, showing it to also be crucial to structural integrity thereby imposing on the biological PRLR properties. When stably introduced in MCF-7 (luminal) and MDA-MB231 (mesenchymal) breast cancer cells, the most potent of the PRL-insensitive mutants (PRLR(I146D)) had minimal impact on cell proliferation and cell differentiation status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi Zhang
- Inserm U1151, Institut Necker Enfants Malades (INEM), Equipe Physiopathologie des Hormones PRL/GH, Paris, France; Sorbonne Paris Cité, Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | - Ibtissem Cherifi
- Inserm U1151, Institut Necker Enfants Malades (INEM), Equipe Physiopathologie des Hormones PRL/GH, Paris, France; Sorbonne Paris Cité, Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | - Mads Nygaard
- Structural Biology and NMR Laboratory, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Gitte W Haxholm
- Structural Biology and NMR Laboratory, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Roman L Bogorad
- Inserm U1151, Institut Necker Enfants Malades (INEM), Equipe Physiopathologie des Hormones PRL/GH, Paris, France; Sorbonne Paris Cité, Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | - Marie Bernadet
- Inserm U1151, Institut Necker Enfants Malades (INEM), Equipe Physiopathologie des Hormones PRL/GH, Paris, France; Sorbonne Paris Cité, Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | - Patrick England
- Institut Pasteur, Plateforme de Biophysique des Macromolécules et de leurs Interactions, Département de Biologie Structurale et Chimie, F-75015 Paris, France
| | - Isabelle Broutin
- Sorbonne Paris Cité, Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France; Laboratoire de Cristallographie et RMN Biologiques CNRS, UMR 8015 Paris, France
| | - Birthe B Kragelund
- Structural Biology and NMR Laboratory, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jacques-Emmanuel Guidotti
- Inserm U1151, Institut Necker Enfants Malades (INEM), Equipe Physiopathologie des Hormones PRL/GH, Paris, France; Sorbonne Paris Cité, Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | - Vincent Goffin
- Inserm U1151, Institut Necker Enfants Malades (INEM), Equipe Physiopathologie des Hormones PRL/GH, Paris, France; Sorbonne Paris Cité, Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France.
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Tworoger SS, Rice MS, Rosner BA, Feeney YB, Clevenger CV, Hankinson SE. Bioactive prolactin levels and risk of breast cancer: a nested case-control study. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2015; 24:73-80. [PMID: 25315962 PMCID: PMC4294963 DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.epi-14-0896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prolactin is a lactogenic hormone associated with breast cancer risk in prospective studies, which used immunoassays. The immunoassay captures multiple isoforms and may not fully reflect the biologic activity of prolactin relevant to breast carcinogenesis. METHODS We considered plasma bioactive prolactin levels measured by the Nb2 lymphoma cell bioassay, which is sensitive to the somatolactogenic activity of prolactin and growth hormone, within a nested case-control study of invasive breast cancer in the Nurses' Health Studies (NHS/NHSII). We also considered associations with breast cancer risk factors. RESULTS We had bioassay measures on 1,329 cases and 1,329 controls. Bioassay levels were inversely associated with parity (4+ vs. 0 children = -18%, P = 0.01), body mass index (30+ vs. <22 kg/m(2) = -16%, P < 0.01), and age at menopause (53+ vs. 48 years = -18%, P = 0.03) and positively with family history of breast cancer (yes vs. no = 14%, P < 0.01). The relative risk (RR) comparing the top versus bottom quartile of bioassay levels was 1.19 [95% confidence intervals (CI), 0.94-1.51; Ptrend = 0.18]. The association was suggestively stronger for postmenopausal (RR = 1.36; 95% CI, 0.93-1.98; Ptrend = 0.12) versus premenopausal women (RR = 0.99; 95% CI, 0.71-1.37; Ptrend = 0.71). There was an association for cases diagnosed <4 years after blood draw (RR = 2.66; 95% CI, 1.45-4.89; Ptrend < 0.01), but not for cases diagnosed later. We did not observe differential associations by estrogen receptor status or other tumor characteristics. CONCLUSIONS Our results show similar associations for prolactin levels measured by bioassay and by immunoassay with both breast cancer risk factors and risk. IMPACT Future work examining risk prediction model of breast cancer can use the immunoassay to accurately characterize risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shelley S Tworoger
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts. Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts.
| | - Megan S Rice
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts. Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Bernard A Rosner
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts. Department of Biostatistics, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Yvonne B Feeney
- Department of Pathology, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Charles V Clevenger
- Department of Pathology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
| | - Susan E Hankinson
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts. Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts. Division of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, School of Public Health and Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts
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17
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Bachelot A, Carré N, Mialon O, Matelot M, Servel N, Monget P, Ahtiainen P, Huhtaniemi I, Binart N. The permissive role of prolactin as a regulator of luteinizing hormone action in the female mouse ovary and extragonadal tumorigenesis. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2013; 305:E845-52. [PMID: 23921141 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00243.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Transgenic female mice overexpressing the hCGβ subunit (hCGβ(+)) and producing elevated levels of luteinizing hormone (LH)/hCG bioactivity present as young adults with enhanced ovarian steroidogenesis, precocious puberty, and infertility. They subsequently develop pituitary prolactinomas, high circulating prolactin (PRL) levels, and marked mammary gland lobuloalveolar development followed by adenocarcinomas. None of these phenotypes appear in gonadectomized mice, indicating that the hCG-induced aberrations of ovarian function are responsible for the extragonadal phenotypes. PRL receptor-deficient (PRLR(-/-)) female mice are sterile, despite ovulating, due to a failure of embryo implantation, as a consequence of decreased ovarian LH receptor (Lhcgr) expression and inadequate corpus luteum formation and progesterone production. To study further the presumed permissive role of PRL in the maintenance of gonadal responsiveness to LH/hCG stimulation, we crossed the hCGβ(+) and PRLR(-/-) mice. The double-mutant hCGβ(+)/PRLR(-/-) females remained sterile with an ovarian phenotype similar to PRLR(-/-) mice, indicating that LH action, Lhcgr expression, and consequent luteinization are not possible without simultaneous PRL signaling. The high frequency of pituitary prolactinomas in PRLR(-/-) mice was not affected by transgenic hCGβ expression. In contrast, none of the hCGβ(+)/PRLR(-/-) females showed either mammary gland lobuloalveolar development or tumors, and the increased mammary gland Wnt-5b expression, possibly responsible for the tumorigenesis in hCGβ(+) mice, was absent in double-mutant mice. Hence, high LH/hCG stimulation is unable to compensate for missing PRL signaling in the maintenance of luteal function. PRL thus appears to be a major permissive regulator of LH action in the ovary and of its secondary extragonadal effects.
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MESH Headings
- Adenocarcinoma/genetics
- Adenocarcinoma/metabolism
- Adenocarcinoma/pathology
- Animals
- Carcinogenesis/metabolism
- Carcinogenesis/pathology
- Chorionic Gonadotropin, beta Subunit, Human/genetics
- Chorionic Gonadotropin, beta Subunit, Human/metabolism
- Corpus Luteum/metabolism
- Female
- Luteinizing Hormone/metabolism
- Mammary Glands, Animal/metabolism
- Mammary Glands, Animal/pathology
- Mammary Neoplasms, Animal/genetics
- Mammary Neoplasms, Animal/metabolism
- Mammary Neoplasms, Animal/pathology
- Mice
- Mice, Transgenic
- Ovary/metabolism
- Progesterone/metabolism
- Prolactin/blood
- Prolactin/metabolism
- Receptors, Prolactin/genetics
- Receptors, Prolactin/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Bachelot
- AP-HP, Endocrinology and Reproductive Medicine, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris, France
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18
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Haglund F, Lu M, Vukojević V, Nilsson IL, Andreasson A, Džabić M, Bränström R, Höög A, Juhlin CC, Larsson C. Prolactin receptor in primary hyperparathyroidism--expression, functionality and clinical correlations. PLoS One 2012; 7:e36448. [PMID: 22606260 PMCID: PMC3350524 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0036448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2012] [Accepted: 04/04/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Primary hyperparathyroidism (PHPT) is an endocrine disorder most commonly affecting women, suggesting a role for female hormones and/or their receptors in parathyroid adenomas. We here investigated the prolactin receptor (PRLr) which is associated with tumours of the breast and other organs. Methodology/Principal Findings PRLr expression was investigated in a panel of 37 patients with sporadic parathyroid tumours and its functionality in cultured parathyroid tumour cells. In comparison with other tissues and breast cancer cells, high levels of prolactin receptor gene (PRLR) transcripts were demonstrated in parathyroid tissues. PRLr products of 60/70 kDa were highly expressed in all parathyroid tumours. In addition varying levels of the 80 kDa PRLr isoform, with known proliferative activity, were demonstrated. In parathyroid tumours, PRLr immunoreactivity was observed in the cytoplasm (in all cases, n = 36), cytoplasmic granulae (n = 16), the plasma membrane (n = 12) or enlarged lysosomes (n = 4). In normal parathyroid rim (n = 28), PRLr was uniformly expressed in the cytoplasm and granulae. In in vitro studies of short-term cultured human parathyroid tumour cells, prolactin stimulation was associated with significant transcriptional changes in JAK/STAT, RIG-I like receptor and type II interferon signalling pathways as documented by gene expression profiling. Moreover, PRLR gene expression in parathyroid tumours was inversely correlated with the patients’ plasma calcium levels. Conclusions We demonstrate that the prolactin receptor is highly abundant in human parathyroid tissues and that PRLr isoforms expression and PRLr subcellular localisation are altered in parathyroid tumours. Responsiveness of PRLr to physiological levels of prolactin was observed in the form of increased PTH secretion and altered gene transcription with significant increase of RIG-I like receptor, JAK-STAT and Type II interferon signalling pathways. These data suggest a role of the prolactin receptor in parathyroid adenomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix Haglund
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
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Huo R, Tang K, Wei Z, Shen L, Xiong Y, Wu X, Niu J, Han X, Tian Z, Yang L, Feng G, He L, Qin S. Genetic polymorphisms in CYP2E1: association with schizophrenia susceptibility and risperidone response in the Chinese Han population. PLoS One 2012; 7:e34809. [PMID: 22606226 PMCID: PMC3350493 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0034809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2011] [Accepted: 03/05/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background CYP2E1 is a member of the cytochrome P450 superfamily, which is involved in the metabolism and activation of both endobiotics and xenobiotics. The genetic polymorphisms of CYP2E1 gene (Chromosome 10q26.3, Accession Number NC_000010.10) are reported to be related to the development of several mental diseases and to be involved in the clinical efficacy of some psychiatric medications. We investigated the possible association of CYP2E1 polymorphisms with susceptibility to schizophrenia in the Chinese Han Population as well as the relationship with response to risperidone in schizophrenia patients. Methods In a case-control study, we identified 11 polymorphisms in the 5' flanking region of CYP2E1 in 228 schizophrenia patients and 384 healthy controls of Chinese Han origin. From among the cases, we chose 130 patients who had undergone 8 weeks of risperidone monotherapy to examine the relationship between their response to risperidone and CYP2E1 polymorphisms. Clinical efficacy was assessed using the Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale (BPRS). Results Statistically significant differences in allele or genotype frequencies were found between cases and controls at rs8192766 (genotype p = 0.0048, permutation p = 0.0483) and rs2070673 (allele: p = 0.0018, permutation p = 0.0199, OR = 1.4528 95%CI = 1.1487–1.8374; genotype: p = 0.0020, permutation p = 0.0225). In addition, a GTCAC haplotype containing 5 SNPs (rs3813867, rs2031920, rs2031921, rs3813870 and rs2031922) was observed to be significantly associated with schizophrenia (p = 7.47E-12, permutation p<0.0001). However, no association was found between CYP2E1 polymorphisms/haplotypes and risperidone response. Conclusions Our results suggest that CYP2E1 may be a potential risk gene for schizophrenia in the Chinese Han population. However, polymorphisms of the CYP2E1 gene may not contribute significantly to individual differences in the therapeutic efficacy of risperidone. Further studies in larger groups are warranted to confirm our results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ran Huo
- Bio-X Institutes, Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Developmental and Neuropsychiatric Disorders, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
- Shanghai Genomepilot Institutes, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Kefu Tang
- Bio-X Institutes, Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Developmental and Neuropsychiatric Disorders, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
- Shanghai Genomepilot Institutes, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhiyun Wei
- Bio-X Institutes, Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Developmental and Neuropsychiatric Disorders, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
- Shanghai Genomepilot Institutes, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Lu Shen
- Bio-X Institutes, Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Developmental and Neuropsychiatric Disorders, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
- Shanghai Genomepilot Institutes, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yuyu Xiong
- Bio-X Institutes, Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Developmental and Neuropsychiatric Disorders, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
- Shanghai Genomepilot Institutes, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xi Wu
- Bio-X Institutes, Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Developmental and Neuropsychiatric Disorders, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
- Shanghai Genomepilot Institutes, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jiamin Niu
- Laiwu Hospital, Shandong, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xia Han
- Laiwu Hospital, Shandong, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhengan Tian
- Shanghai International Travel Healthcare Center, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Lun Yang
- Bio-X Institutes, Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Developmental and Neuropsychiatric Disorders, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
- Shanghai Genomepilot Institutes, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Guoyin Feng
- Bio-X Institutes, Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Developmental and Neuropsychiatric Disorders, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
- Shanghai Genomepilot Institutes, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
- Shanghai Institute of Mental Health, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Lin He
- Bio-X Institutes, Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Developmental and Neuropsychiatric Disorders, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
- Shanghai Genomepilot Institutes, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
- Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
- * E-mail: (HL); (SQ)
| | - Shengying Qin
- Bio-X Institutes, Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Developmental and Neuropsychiatric Disorders, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
- Shanghai Genomepilot Institutes, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
- * E-mail: (HL); (SQ)
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20
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Idelman G, Jacobson EM, Tuttle TR, Ben-Jonathan N. Lactogens and estrogens in breast cancer chemoresistance. Expert Rev Endocrinol Metab 2011; 6:411-422. [PMID: 21731573 PMCID: PMC3125604 DOI: 10.1586/eem.11.19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Tumor resistance to chemotherapy in advanced breast cancer is a major impediment to treatment success. Resistance can be induced by the drugs themselves or result from the action of internal factors. The role of hormones in chemoresistance has received little attention. This article focuses on two classes of hormones: lactogens and estrogens. Lactogens include prolactin, growth hormone and placental lactogen, all of which can activate the prolactin receptor. Estrogens include endogenous steroids and nonsteroidal compounds from the environment termed endocrine disruptors, all of which can activate 'classical' estrogen receptors (ERα and ERβ), as well as other types of receptors. Both lactogens and estrogens antagonize cytotoxicity of multiple chemotherapeutic agents through complementary mechanisms. The implications of chemoresistance by these hormones to patients with breast cancer, and the potential benefits of developing combinatorial anti-lactogen/anti-estrogen treatment regimens, are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gila Idelman
- Department of Cancer and Cell Biology, University of Cincinnati, 7315 Eden Avenue, Cincinnati, OH 45267-0521, USA
| | - Eric M Jacobson
- Department of Cancer and Cell Biology, University of Cincinnati, 7315 Eden Avenue, Cincinnati, OH 45267-0521, USA
| | - Traci R Tuttle
- Department of Cancer and Cell Biology, University of Cincinnati, 7315 Eden Avenue, Cincinnati, OH 45267-0521, USA
| | - Nira Ben-Jonathan
- Department of Cancer and Cell Biology, University of Cincinnati, 7315 Eden Avenue, Cincinnati, OH 45267-0521, USA
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Nyante SJ, Faupel-Badger JM, Sherman ME, Pfeiffer RM, Gaudet MM, Falk RT, Andaya AA, Lissowska J, Brinton LA, Peplonska B, Vonderhaar BK, Chanock S, Garcia-Closas M, Figueroa JD. Genetic variation in PRL and PRLR, and relationships with serum prolactin levels and breast cancer risk: results from a population-based case-control study in Poland. Breast Cancer Res 2011; 13:R42. [PMID: 21470416 PMCID: PMC3219205 DOI: 10.1186/bcr2864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2010] [Revised: 03/09/2011] [Accepted: 04/06/2011] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Studies suggest that high circulating levels of prolactin increase breast cancer risk. It is unclear if genetic variations in prolactin (PRL) or prolactin receptor (PRLR) genes also play a role. Thus, we examined the relationship between single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in PRL and PRLR, serum prolactin levels and breast cancer risk in a population-based case-control study. Methods We genotyped 8 PRL and 20 PRLR tag SNPs in 1965 breast cancer cases and 2229 matched controls, aged 20-74, and living in Warsaw or Łódź, Poland. Serum prolactin levels were measured by immunoassay in a subset of 773 controls. Odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for genotype associations with breast cancer risk were estimated using unconditional logistic regression, adjusted for age and study site. Geometric mean prolactin levels were estimated using linear regression models adjusted for age, study site, blood collection time, and menstrual cycle day (premenopausal women). Results Three SNPs were associated with breast cancer risk: in premenopausal women, PRLR rs249537 (T vs. C per-allele OR 1.39, 95% CI 1.07 - 1.80, P = 0.01); and in postmenopausal women, PRLR rs7718468 (C vs. T per-allele OR 1.16, 95% CI 1.03 - 1.30, P = 0.01) and PRLR rs13436213 (A vs. G per-allele OR 1.13 95% CI 1.01 - 1.26, P = 0.04). However, mean serum prolactin levels for these SNPs did not vary by genotype (P-trend > 0.05). Other SNPs were associated with serum prolactin levels: PRLR rs62355518 (P-trend = 0.01), PRLR rs10941235 (P-trend = 0.01), PRLR rs1610218 (P-trend = 0.01), PRLR rs34024951 (P-trend = 0.02), and PRLR rs9292575 (P-trend = 0.03) in premenopausal controls and PRL rs849872 (P-trend = 0.01) in postmenopausal controls. Conclusions Our data provide limited support for an association between common variations in PRLR and breast cancer risk. Altered serum prolactin levels were not associated with breast cancer risk-associated variants, suggesting that common genetic variation is not a strong predictor of prolactin-associated breast cancer risk in this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah J Nyante
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, 6120 Executive Boulevard, Rockville, MD 20852, USA.
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Abstract
There is currently no known genetic disease linked to prolactin (PRL) or its receptor (PRLR) in humans. Recently, we identified three missense variants of the PRLR in patients presenting with breast tumors. Two of them (named PRLR(I146L) and PRLR(I76V)) had been reported earlier, but failed to draw much attention because the eventual impact of these substitutions on receptor properties remained unknown. In this chapter, we describe the various bioassays (cell types and readouts) that led to the discovery that both variants exhibit gain-of-function properties. Reconstituted cell models involving Ba/F3, HEK293, and MCF-7 cell lines all highlighted the constitutive, PRL-independent potency of PRLR(I146L) to trigger downstream signaling, leading to antiapoptotic and proliferation properties. The lower level of basal activity of PRLR(I76V) could be demonstrated only in the very sensitive Ba/F3 cell assay. While comparative analysis of ligands is a routine procedure in many labs, comparison of receptor variants de facto imposes the use of different cell clones (or population) in which each receptor variant is expressed individually. This is more delicate, as one must ensure that differences in biological responses really reflect differences in the intrinsic properties of receptor variants, and not any feature of cell clones/populations that are used, which could bias the interpretation.
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Arendt LM, Rugowski DE, Grafwallner-Huseth TA, Garcia-Barchino MJ, Rui H, Schuler LA. Prolactin-induced mouse mammary carcinomas model estrogen resistant luminal breast cancer. Breast Cancer Res 2011; 13:R11. [PMID: 21276249 PMCID: PMC3109579 DOI: 10.1186/bcr2819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2010] [Revised: 11/30/2010] [Accepted: 01/28/2011] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Tumors that express estrogen receptor alpha (ERα+) comprise 75% of breast cancers in women. While treatments directed against this receptor have successfully lowered mortality rates, many primary tumors initially or later exhibit resistance. The paucity of murine models of this "luminal" tumor subtype has hindered studies of factors that promote their pathogenesis and modulate responsiveness to estrogen-directed therapeutics. Since epidemiologic studies closely link prolactin and the development of ERα+ tumors in women, we examined characteristics of the aggressive ERα+ and ERα- carcinomas which develop in response to mammary prolactin in a murine transgenic model (neu-related lipocalin- prolactin (NRL-PRL)). To evaluate their relationship to clinical tumors, we determined phenotypic relationships among these carcinomas, other murine models of breast cancer, and features of luminal tumors in women. Methods We examined a panel of prolactin-induced tumors for characteristics relevant to clinical tumors: histotype, ERα/progesterone receptor (PR) expression and estrogen responsiveness, Activating Protein 1 (AP-1) components, and phosphorylation of signal transducer and activator of transcription 5 (Stat5), extracellular signal regulated kinase (ERK) 1/2 and AKT. We compared levels of transcripts in the ERα-associated "luminal" signature that defines this subtype of tumors in women and transcripts enriched in various mammary epithelial lineages to other well-studied genetically modified murine models of breast cancer. Finally, we used microarray analyses to compare prolactin-induced ERα+ and ERα- tumors, and examined responsiveness to estrogen and the anti-estrogen, Faslodex, in vivo. Results Prolactin-induced carcinomas were markedly diverse with respect to histotype, ERα/PR expression, and activated signaling cascades. They constituted a heterogeneous, but distinct group of murine mammary tumors, with molecular features of the luminal subtype of human breast cancer. In contrast to morphologically normal and hyperplastic structures in NRL-PRL females, carcinomas were insensitive to ERα-mediated signals. These tumors were distinct from mouse mammary tumor virus (MMTV)-neu tumors, and contained elevated transcripts for factors associated with luminal/alveolar expansion and differentiation, suggesting that they arose from physiologic targets of prolactin. These features were shared by ERα+ and ERα- tumors, suggesting a common origin, although the former exhibited transcript profiles reflecting greater differentiation. Conclusions Our studies demonstrate that prolactin can promote diverse carcinomas in mice, many of which resemble luminal breast cancers, providing a novel experimental model to examine the pathogenesis, progression and treatment responsiveness of this tumor subtype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa M Arendt
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 2015 Linden Dr., Madison, WI 53706, USA
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Souza RP, Meltzer HY, Lieberman JA, Voineskos AN, Remington G, Kennedy JL. Prolactin as a biomarker for treatment response and tardive dyskinesia in schizophrenia subjects: old thoughts revisited from a genetic perspective. Hum Psychopharmacol 2011; 26:21-7. [PMID: 21305610 DOI: 10.1002/hup.1161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies investigated whether prolactin (PRL) serum level was a biomarker of antipsychotic response, schizophrenia symptomatology, and tardive dyskinesia. Most of the findings support that antipsychotic drugs modulate PRL levels but PRL is not a steady indicator. Recent results suggest a genetic effect of PRL and PRL receptor (PRLR) polymorphisms in PRL levels indicating that independently of antipsychotic therapy subjects could have altered PRL levels due to their genetic background.We evaluated whether PRL and PRLR variants were associated with treatment outcome and tardive dyskinesia. We observed no association of PRL/PRLR polymorphism with treatment response (best genotypic results include PRL rs849885 and PRLR rs4703509 permuted p=0.326). Regarding tardive dyskinesia, the major allele of PRL rs37364 was nominally associated with risk for tardive dyskinesia in the European ancestry sub-sample (permuted p=0.183). Although we reported no significant associations, it is definitely worthy of investigation to see if together (genetic variants in the PRL system and PRL serum measures) could be a reliable biomarker for antipsychotic response and TD prevalence. Our results suggest that more studies in this context are required to shed light in the molecular mechanisms underlying antipsychotic response and tardive dyskinesia occurrence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renan P Souza
- Neurogenetics Section, Neuroscience Department, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
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Novel SNPs of the Bovine PRLR Gene Associated with Milk Production Traits. Biochem Genet 2010; 49:177-89. [DOI: 10.1007/s10528-010-9397-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2009] [Accepted: 10/19/2010] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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Mong FY, Kuo YL, Liu CW, Liu WS, Chang LC. Association of gene polymorphisms in prolactin and its receptor with breast cancer risk in Taiwanese women. Mol Biol Rep 2010; 38:4629-36. [DOI: 10.1007/s11033-010-0596-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2010] [Accepted: 11/20/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Canzian F, Cox DG, Setiawan VW, Stram DO, Ziegler RG, Dossus L, Beckmann L, Blanché H, Barricarte A, Berg CD, Bingham S, Buring J, Buys SS, Calle EE, Chanock SJ, Clavel-Chapelon F, DeLancey JOL, Diver WR, Dorronsoro M, Haiman CA, Hallmans G, Hankinson SE, Hunter DJ, Hüsing A, Isaacs C, Khaw KT, Kolonel LN, Kraft P, Le Marchand L, Lund E, Overvad K, Panico S, Peeters PHM, Pollak M, Thun MJ, Tjønneland A, Trichopoulos D, Tumino R, Yeager M, Hoover RN, Riboli E, Thomas G, Henderson BE, Kaaks R, Feigelson HS. Comprehensive analysis of common genetic variation in 61 genes related to steroid hormone and insulin-like growth factor-I metabolism and breast cancer risk in the NCI breast and prostate cancer cohort consortium. Hum Mol Genet 2010; 19:3873-84. [PMID: 20634197 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddq291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
There is extensive evidence that increases in blood and tissue concentrations of steroid hormones and of insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) are associated with breast cancer risk. However, studies of common variation in genes involved in steroid hormone and IGF-I metabolism have yet to provide convincing evidence that such variants predict breast cancer risk. The Breast and Prostate Cancer Cohort Consortium (BPC3) is a collaboration of large US and European cohorts. We genotyped 1416 tagging single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in 37 steroid hormone metabolism genes and 24 IGF-I pathway genes in 6292 cases of breast cancer and 8135 controls, mostly Caucasian, postmenopausal women from the BPC3. We also imputed 3921 additional SNPs in the regions of interest. None of the SNPs tested was significantly associated with breast cancer risk, after correction for multiple comparisons. The results remained null when cases and controls were stratified by age at diagnosis/recruitment, advanced or nonadvanced disease, body mass index, with or without in situ cases; or restricted to Caucasians. Among 770 estrogen receptor-negative cases, an SNP located 3' of growth hormone receptor (GHR) was marginally associated with increased risk after correction for multiple testing (P(trend) = 1.5 × 10(-4)). We found no significant overall associations between breast cancer and common germline variation in 61 genes involved in steroid hormone and IGF-I metabolism in this large, comprehensive study. Although previous studies have shown that variations in these genes can influence endogenous hormone levels, the magnitude of the effect of single SNPs does not appear to be sufficient to alter breast cancer risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federico Canzian
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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Bercovich D, Goodman G. Pregnancy and lactation after breast cancer elevate plasma prolactin, do not shorten and may prolong survival. Med Hypotheses 2009; 73:942-7. [PMID: 19632054 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2009.06.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2009] [Accepted: 06/13/2009] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The affliction of breast cancer is doubled for young patients wishing to have a child. Because estrogens can cause breast cancer and its elevation during pregnancy, clinical advice historically restricted pregnancy to at least 5 years post-diagnosis. Opposing evidence gradually relaxed this. Furthermore, in the last decade it was clarified that overall, post-treatment pregnancy and breast-feeding do not shorten survival. Despite this evidence and patients such as S.B. (deceased) and remarkable L.H. (five children, starting immediately after treatment for node-positive breast cancer), much opposition and restrictive advice remain: additional therapy preferred over pregnancy. In healthy women, pregnancy reduces (cause unknown) the risk of breast cancer and lactation may reduce it. These are accompanied by highly elevated plasma prolactin (PRL) over many months (pregnancy, 15-25 x daily mean 10 ng/ml; lactation, up to 30 x daily mean). PRL concentration too increases in other natural and non-biological conditions, also apparently without increasing breast cancer incidence. Nevertheless, firm and implied support for early pregnancy (and lactation) post-diagnosis and treatment may face a new issue. Over a decade, some studies have claimed epidemiological evidence that a relatively minute PRL elevation (from zero to 0.6-0.8 ng/ml) over mean level increases the risk of breast cancer (i.e. it is a carcinogen) and that this supports (and is supported by) a similar view from some laboratory research. This two-pronged mutuality could create further anxiety and unjustified advice dashing the wish for a child. Is this justified? Epidemiology on PRL and breast cancer risk in the eighties/nineties was contradictory and inconclusive; in the last decade, it was also biologically implausible. 'Positive' laboratory results targeting a 'tamoxifen for PRL' have over-shadowed confounding, negative (often called 'inconsistent') laboratory evidence. Increasingly evident complexity of conflicting biochemical, hormonal, cellular and tissue interactions, confused further by failure of molecular genetics to confirm PRL as a carcinogen, make this target more a mirage than an oasis. While recognizing the value of laboratory research primarily for facts, future progress will be most sound and rapid from observation starting with the human entity, not with its parts. Molecular genetics makes this possible and will be the epicentre of breast cancer research. Meanwhile, young breast cancer patients after initial treatment and eager for a child can today reasonably benefit from advice based on phenomena evolved over eons: pregnancy, lactation and accompanying highly-elevated PRL will not increase risk of recurrence and will in some cases prolong survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dani Bercovich
- Human Molecular Genetics and Pharmacogenetics, Migal Biotechnology Institute, Galilee, POB 831, Kiryat Shmona 11016, Israel
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Haiman CA, Garcia RR, Hsu C, Xia L, Ha H, Sheng X, Le Marchand L, Kolonel LN, Henderson BE, Stallcup MR, Greene GL, Press MF. Screening and association testing of common coding variation in steroid hormone receptor co-activator and co-repressor genes in relation to breast cancer risk: the Multiethnic Cohort. BMC Cancer 2009; 9:43. [PMID: 19183483 PMCID: PMC2637888 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-9-43] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2008] [Accepted: 01/30/2009] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Only a limited number of studies have performed comprehensive investigations of coding variation in relation to breast cancer risk. Given the established role of estrogens in breast cancer, we hypothesized that coding variation in steroid receptor coactivator and corepressor genes may alter inter-individual response to estrogen and serve as markers of breast cancer risk. Methods We sequenced the coding exons of 17 genes (EP300, CCND1, NME1, NCOA1, NCOA2, NCOA3, SMARCA4, SMARCA2, CARM1, FOXA1, MPG, NCOR1, NCOR2, CALCOCO1, PRMT1, PPARBP and CREBBP) suggested to influence transcriptional activation by steroid hormone receptors in a multiethnic panel of women with advanced breast cancer (n = 95): African Americans, Latinos, Japanese, Native Hawaiians and European Americans. Association testing of validated coding variants was conducted in a breast cancer case-control study (1,612 invasive cases and 1,961 controls) nested in the Multiethnic Cohort. We used logistic regression to estimate odds ratios for allelic effects in ethnic-pooled analyses as well as in subgroups defined by disease stage and steroid hormone receptor status. We also investigated effect modification by established breast cancer risk factors that are associated with steroid hormone exposure. Results We identified 45 coding variants with frequencies ≥ 1% in any one ethnic group (43 non-synonymous variants). We observed nominally significant positive associations with two coding variants in ethnic-pooled analyses (NCOR2: His52Arg, OR = 1.79; 95% CI, 1.05–3.05; CALCOCO1: Arg12His, OR = 2.29; 95% CI, 1.00–5.26). A small number of variants were associated with risk in disease subgroup analyses and we observed no strong evidence of effect modification by breast cancer risk factors. Based on the large number of statistical tests conducted in this study, the nominally significant associations that we observed may be due to chance, and will need to be confirmed in other studies. Conclusion Our findings suggest that common coding variation in these candidate genes do not make a substantial contribution to breast cancer risk in the general population. Cataloging and testing of coding variants in coactivator and corepressor genes should continue and may serve as a valuable resource for investigations of other hormone-related phenotypes, such as inter-individual response to hormonal therapies used for cancer treatment and prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher A Haiman
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California/Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Los Angeles, California, USA.
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Identification of a gain-of-function mutation of the prolactin receptor in women with benign breast tumors. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2008; 105:14533-8. [PMID: 18779591 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0800685105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
There is currently no known genetic disease linked to prolactin (Prl) or its receptor (PrlR) in humans. Given the essential role of this hormonal system in breast physiology, we reasoned that genetic anomalies of Prl/PrlR genes may be related to the occurrence of breast diseases with high proliferative potential. Multiple fibroadenomas (MFA) are benign breast tumors which appear most frequently in young women, including at puberty, when Prl has well-recognized proliferative actions on the breast. In a prospective study involving 74 MFA patients and 170 control subjects, we identified four patients harboring a heterozygous single nucleotide polymorphism in exon 6 of the PrlR gene, encoding Ile(146)-->Leu substitution in its extracellular domain. This sole substitution was sufficient to confer constitutive activity to the receptor variant (PrlR(I146L)), as assessed in three reconstituted cell models (Ba/F3, HEK293 and MCF-7 cells) by Prl-independent (i) PrlR tyrosine phosphorylation, (ii) activation of signal transducer and activator of transcription 5 (STAT5) signaling, (iii) transcriptional activity toward a Prl-responsive reporter gene, and (iv) cell proliferation and protection from cell death. Constitutive activity of PrlR(I146L) in the breast sample from a patient was supported by increased STAT5 signaling. This is a unique description of a functional mutation of the PrlR associated with a human disease. Hallmarks of constitutive activity were all reversed by a specific PrlR antagonist, which opens potential therapeutic approaches for MFA, or any other disease that could be associated with this mutation in future.
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Tworoger SS, Hankinson SE. Prolactin and breast cancer etiology: an epidemiologic perspective. J Mammary Gland Biol Neoplasia 2008; 13:41-53. [PMID: 18246319 DOI: 10.1007/s10911-008-9063-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2007] [Accepted: 01/02/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
Abstract
A number of epidemiologic studies of prolactin and breast cancer etiology have recently become available. Retrospective case-control studies have suggested a modest positive or null relationship between circulating prolactin concentrations and risk of breast cancer. However these studies are limited by small sample sizes and the collection of blood after case diagnosis. Several large prospective studies, in which blood was collected prior to diagnosis, have observed modest positive associations between prolactin and risk. In a pooled analysis of approximately 80% of the world's prospective data, the relative risk (RR) comparing women in the top vs bottom quartile of prolactin levels was 1.3 (95% confidence interval (CI): 1.1, 1.6, p-trend = 0.002). The results were similar for premenopausal and postmenopausal women. Most notably, high prolactin levels were associated with a 60% increased risk of estrogen receptor (ER) positive tumors, but not with ER negative tumors. Limited genetic data suggest a role of polymorphisms in the prolactin and prolactin receptor genes in risk of breast cancer. Studies of survival have suggested that high pretreatment prolactin levels were associated with treatment failure, earlier recurrence, and worse overall survival. Parity and certain medications are the only confirmed factors associated with prolactin levels in women. Overall, epidemiologic data suggest that prolactin is involved in breast cancer etiology. Further research to better elucidate these associations and their underlying mechanisms is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shelley S Tworoger
- Channing Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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