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Ozgencil F, Gunindi HB, Eren G. Dual-targeted NAMPT inhibitors as a progressive strategy for cancer therapy. Bioorg Chem 2024; 149:107509. [PMID: 38824699 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2024.107509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2024] [Revised: 04/29/2024] [Accepted: 05/28/2024] [Indexed: 06/04/2024]
Abstract
In mammals, nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase (NAMPT) is a crucial enzyme in the nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) synthesis pathway catalyzing the condensation of nicotinamide (NAM) with 5-phosphoribosyl-1-pyrophosphate (PRPP) to produce nicotinamide mononucleotide (NMN). Given the pivotal role of NAD+ in a range of cellular functions, including DNA synthesis, redox reactions, cytokine generation, metabolism, and aging, NAMPT has become a promising target for many diseases, notably cancer. Therefore, various NAMPT inhibitors have been reported and classified as first and second-generation based on their chemical structures and design strategies, dual-targeted being one. However, most NAMPT inhibitors suffer from several limitations, such as dose-dependent toxicity and poor pharmacokinetic properties. Consequently, there is no clinically approved NAMPT inhibitor. Hence, research on discovering more effective and less toxic dual-targeted NAMPT inhibitors with desirable pharmacokinetic properties has drawn attention recently. This review summarizes the previously reported dual-targeted NAMPT inhibitors, focusing on their design strategies and advantages over the single-targeted therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fikriye Ozgencil
- SIRTeam Group, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Gazi University, 06330 Ankara, Türkiye
| | - Habibe Beyza Gunindi
- SIRTeam Group, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Gazi University, 06330 Ankara, Türkiye
| | - Gokcen Eren
- SIRTeam Group, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Gazi University, 06330 Ankara, Türkiye.
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2
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Wen F, Gui G, Wang X, Ye L, Qin A, Zhou C, Zha X. Drug discovery targeting nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase (NAMPT): Updated progress and perspectives. Bioorg Med Chem 2024; 99:117595. [PMID: 38244254 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2024.117595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2023] [Revised: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 01/22/2024]
Abstract
Nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase (NAMPT) is a key rate-limiting enzyme in the nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) salvage pathway, primarily catalyzing the synthesis of nicotinamide mononucleotide (NMN) from nicotinamide (NAM), phosphoribosyl pyrophosphate (PRPP), and adenosine triphosphate (ATP). Metabolic diseases, aging-related diseases, inflammation, and cancers can lead to abnormal expression levels of NAMPT due to the pivotal role of NAD+ in redox metabolism, aging, the immune system, and DNA repair. In addition, NAMPT can be secreted by cells as a cytokine that binds to cell membrane receptors to regulate intracellular signaling pathways. Furthermore, NAMPT is able to reduce therapeutic efficacy by enhancing acquired resistance to chemotherapeutic agents. Recently, a few novel activators and inhibitors of NAMPT for neuroprotection and anti-tumor have been reported, respectively. However, NAMPT activators are still in preclinical studies, and only five NAMPT inhibitors have entered the clinical stage, unfortunately, three of which were terminated or withdrawn due to safety concerns. Novel drug design strategies such as proteolytic targeting chimera (PROTAC), antibody-drug conjugate (ADC), and dual-targeted inhibitors also provide new directions for the development of NAMPT inhibitors. In this perspective, we mainly discuss the structure, biological function, and role of NAMPT in diseases and the currently discovered activators and inhibitors. It is our hope that this work will provide some guidance for the future design and optimization of NAMPT activators and inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Wen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, School of Engineering, China Pharmaceutical University, 639 Longmian Avenue, Nanjing 211198, China
| | - Gang Gui
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, School of Engineering, China Pharmaceutical University, 639 Longmian Avenue, Nanjing 211198, China
| | - Xiaoyu Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, School of Engineering, China Pharmaceutical University, 639 Longmian Avenue, Nanjing 211198, China
| | - Li Ye
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, School of Engineering, China Pharmaceutical University, 639 Longmian Avenue, Nanjing 211198, China
| | - Anqi Qin
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, School of Engineering, China Pharmaceutical University, 639 Longmian Avenue, Nanjing 211198, China
| | - Chen Zhou
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Xiaoming Zha
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, School of Engineering, China Pharmaceutical University, 639 Longmian Avenue, Nanjing 211198, China.
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Wei Y, Xiang H, Zhang W. Review of various NAMPT inhibitors for the treatment of cancer. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:970553. [PMID: 36160449 PMCID: PMC9490061 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.970553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase (NAMPT) is a rate-limiting enzyme in the NAD salvage pathway of mammalian cells and is overexpressed in numerous types of cancers. These include breast cancer, ovarian cancer, prostate cancer, gastric cancer, colorectal cancer, glioma, and b-cell lymphoma. NAMPT is also known to impact the NAD and NADPH pool. Research has demonstrated that NAMPT can be inhibited. NAMPT inhibitors are diverse anticancer medicines with significant anti-tumor efficacy in ex vivo tumor models. A few notable NAMPT specific inhibitors which have been produced include FK866, CHS828, and OT-82. Despite encouraging preclinical evidence of the potential utility of NAMPT inhibitors in cancer models, early clinical trials have yielded only modest results, necessitating the adaptation of additional tactics to boost efficacy. This paper examines a number of cancer treatment methods which target NAMPT, including the usage of individual inhibitors, pharmacological combinations, dual inhibitors, and ADCs, all of which have demonstrated promising experimental or clinical results. We intend to contribute further ideas regarding the usage and development of NAMPT inhibitors in clinical therapy to advance the field of research on this intriguing target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yichen Wei
- West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Haotian Xiang
- Department of Ophthalmology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Wenqiu Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- *Correspondence: Wenqiu Zhang,
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Navas LE, Carnero A. Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide (NAD) Metabolism as a Relevant Target in Cancer. Cells 2022; 11:cells11172627. [PMID: 36078035 PMCID: PMC9454445 DOI: 10.3390/cells11172627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2022] [Revised: 07/25/2022] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
NAD+ is an important metabolite in cell homeostasis that acts as an essential cofactor in oxidation–reduction (redox) reactions in various energy production processes, such as the Krebs cycle, fatty acid oxidation, glycolysis and serine biosynthesis. Furthermore, high NAD+ levels are required since they also participate in many other nonredox molecular processes, such as DNA repair, posttranslational modifications, cell signalling, senescence, inflammatory responses and apoptosis. In these nonredox reactions, NAD+ is an ADP-ribose donor for enzymes such as sirtuins (SIRTs), poly-(ADP-ribose) polymerases (PARPs) and cyclic ADP-ribose (cADPRs). Therefore, to meet both redox and nonredox NAD+ demands, tumour cells must maintain high NAD+ levels, enhancing their synthesis mainly through the salvage pathway. NAMPT, the rate-limiting enzyme of this pathway, has been identified as an oncogene in some cancer types. Thus, NAMPT has been proposed as a suitable target for cancer therapy. NAMPT inhibition causes the depletion of NAD+ content in the cell, leading to the inhibition of ATP synthesis. This effect can cause a decrease in tumour cell proliferation and cell death, mainly by apoptosis. Therefore, in recent years, many specific inhibitors of NAMPT have been developed, and some of them are currently in clinical trials. Here we review the NAD metabolism as a cancer therapy target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lola E. Navas
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla, IBIS, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío, Universidad de Sevilla, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, 41013 Sevilla, Spain
- CIBERONC, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Amancio Carnero
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla, IBIS, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío, Universidad de Sevilla, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, 41013 Sevilla, Spain
- CIBERONC, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Correspondence:
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The Kynurenine Pathway and Cancer: Why Keep It Simple When You Can Make It Complicated. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14112793. [PMID: 35681770 PMCID: PMC9179486 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14112793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2022] [Revised: 06/01/2022] [Accepted: 06/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The kynurenine pathway has two main physiological roles: (i) it protects specific organs such as the eyes and placenta from strong immune reactions and (ii) it additionally generate in the liver and kidney a metabolite essential to all cells of human body. Abnormal activation of this pathway is recurrently observed in numerous cancer types. Its two functions are hijacked to promote tumor growth and cancer cell dissemination through multiple mechanisms. Clinical assays including administration of inhibitors of this pathway have not yet been successful. The complex regulation of this pathway is likely the reason behind this failure. In this review, we try to give an overview of the current knowledge about this pathway, to point out the next challenges, and to propose alternative therapeutic routes. Abstract The kynurenine pathway has been highlighted as a gatekeeper of immune-privileged sites through its ability to generate from tryptophan a set of immunosuppressive metabolic intermediates. It additionally constitutes an important source of cellular NAD+ for the organism. Hijacking of its immunosuppressive functions, as recurrently observed in multiple cancers, facilitates immune evasion and promotes tumor development. Based on these observations, researchers have focused on characterizing indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO1), the main enzyme catalyzing the first and limiting step of the pathway, and on developing therapies targeting it. Unfortunately, clinical trials studying IDO1 inhibitors have thus far not met expectations, highlighting the need to unravel this complex signaling pathway further. Recent advances demonstrate that these metabolites additionally promote tumor growth, metastatic dissemination and chemoresistance by a combination of paracrine and autocrine effects. Production of NAD+ also contributes to cancer progression by providing cancer cells with enhanced plasticity, invasive properties and chemoresistance. A comprehensive survey of this complexity is challenging but necessary to achieve medical success.
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Lu Y, Jia Z. Inflammation-Related Gene Signature for Predicting the Prognosis of Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma. Int J Gen Med 2022; 15:4793-4805. [PMID: 35592543 PMCID: PMC9113041 DOI: 10.2147/ijgm.s354349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2021] [Accepted: 04/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose The inflammatory response was associated with the prognosis of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC). This study aimed to perform a novel prognostic signature based on inflammation-related genes (IRGs) for a better understanding of the prognosis of HNSCC. Patients and Methods IRGs were obtained from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database and the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database. Functional enrichment analysis was performed to explore potential pathways. Univariate and multivariate Cox regression as well as the Least Absolute Shrinkage and Selection Operator (LASSO) were utilized to construct an IRGs-based prognostic model on TCGA database and the GEO database was utilized for outcome validation. The nomogram model was constructed based on independent prognostic factors after univariate and multivariate Cox regression. The immune cell infiltration level was analyzed via the Tumor Immune Estimation Resource (TIMER) database. Results In this study, we confirmed that 60% IRGs were abnormally expressed in HNSCC samples, and these were associated with important oncobiology. Then, a prognostic signature comprising 7 hub genes was generated based on TCGA database. The results were validated in 97 patients from GSE41613. A nomogram comprising risk score, age, M stage and N stage was generated to improve the accuracy of prognosis evaluation. The immune cell infiltration analysis suggested that 5 hub genes (ADGRE1, OLR1, TIMP1, GPR132 and CCR7) were negatively correlated with tumor purity and positively correlated with the infiltration of immune cells. Conclusion Our study established a novel signature consisting of 7 hub genes for the prognostic prediction in patients with HNSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yilong Lu
- School of Stomatology, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zengrong Jia
- Thyroid Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, People’s Republic of China
- Correspondence: Zengrong Jia, Thyroid Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325015, People’s Republic of China, Tel +86 135 874 22709, Fax +86 577 55578033, Email
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Evaluating Targeted Therapies in Ovarian Cancer Metabolism: Novel Role for PCSK9 and Second Generation mTOR Inhibitors. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13153727. [PMID: 34359627 PMCID: PMC8345177 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13153727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2021] [Revised: 07/15/2021] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dysregulated lipid metabolism is emerging as a hallmark in several malignancies, including ovarian cancer (OC). Specifically, metastatic OC is highly dependent on lipid-rich omentum. We aimed to investigate the therapeutic value of targeting lipid metabolism in OC. For this purpose, we studied the role of PCSK9, a cholesterol-regulating enzyme, in OC cell survival and its downstream signaling. We also investigated the cytotoxic efficacy of a small library of metabolic (n = 11) and mTOR (n = 10) inhibitors using OC cell lines (n = 8) and ex vivo patient-derived cell cultures (PDCs, n = 5) to identify clinically suitable drug vulnerabilities. Targeting PCSK9 expression with siRNA or PCSK9 specific inhibitor (PF-06446846) impaired OC cell survival. In addition, overexpression of PCSK9 induced robust AKT phosphorylation along with increased expression of ERK1/2 and MEK1/2, suggesting a pro-survival role of PCSK9 in OC cells. Moreover, our drug testing revealed marked differences in cytotoxic responses to drugs targeting metabolic pathways of high-grade serous ovarian cancer (HGSOC) and low-grade serous ovarian cancer (LGSOC) PDCs. Our results show that targeting PCSK9 expression could impair OC cell survival, which warrants further investigation to address the dependency of this cancer on lipogenesis and omental metastasis. Moreover, the differences in metabolic gene expression and drug responses of OC PDCs indicate the existence of a metabolic heterogeneity within OC subtypes, which should be further explored for therapeutic improvements.
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Pinkerton M, Ruetenik A, Bazylianska V, Nyvltova E, Barrientos A. Salvage NAD+ biosynthetic pathway enzymes moonlight as molecular chaperones to protect against proteotoxicity. Hum Mol Genet 2021; 30:672-686. [PMID: 33749726 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddab080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2021] [Revised: 03/03/2021] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Human neurodegenerative proteinopathies are disorders associated with abnormal protein depositions in brain neurons. They include polyglutamine (polyQ) conditions such as Huntington's disease (HD) and α-synucleinopathies such as Parkinson's disease (PD). Overexpression of NMNAT/Nma1, an enzyme in the NAD+ biosynthetic salvage pathway, acts as an efficient suppressor of proteotoxicities in yeast, fly and mouse models. Screens in yeast models of HD and PD allowed us to identify three additional enzymes of the same pathway that achieve similar protection against proteotoxic stress: Npt1, Pnc1 and Qns1. The mechanism by which these proteins maintain proteostasis has not been identified. Here, we report that their ability to maintain proteostasis in yeast models of HD and PD is independent of their catalytic activity and does not require cellular protein quality control systems such as the proteasome or autophagy. Furthermore, we show that, under proteotoxic stress, the four proteins are recruited as molecular chaperones with holdase and foldase activities. The NAD+ salvage proteins act by preventing misfolding and, together with the Hsp90 chaperone, promoting the refolding of extended polyQ domains and α-synuclein (α-Syn). Our results illustrate the existence of an evolutionarily conserved strategy of repurposing or moonlighting housekeeping enzymes under stress conditions to maintain proteostasis. We conclude that the entire salvage NAD+ biosynthetic pathway links NAD+ metabolism and proteostasis and emerges as a target for therapeutics to combat age-associated neurodegenerative proteotoxicities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meredith Pinkerton
- Department of Neurology and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Andrea Ruetenik
- Department of Neurology and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Viktoriia Bazylianska
- Department of Neurology and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA.,MS in Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Wayne State University, School of Medicine. Detroit, MI 48201, USA
| | - Eva Nyvltova
- Department of Neurology and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Antoni Barrientos
- Department of Neurology and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine. Miami, FL 33136, USA
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9
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Polyakova YV, Zavodovsky BV, Sivordova LE, Akhverdyan YR, Zborovskaya IA. Visfatin and Rheumatoid Arthritis: Pathogenetic Implications and Clinical Utility. Curr Rheumatol Rev 2020; 16:224-239. [DOI: 10.2174/1573397115666190409112621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2018] [Revised: 03/15/2019] [Accepted: 04/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Objective:
Analysis and generalization of data related to visfatin involvement in the
pathogenesis of inflammation at various stages of rheumatoid arthritis.
Data Synthesis:
Visfatin is an adipocytokine which has also been identified in non-adipose tissues.
It influences directly on the maturation of B cells, which are involved in autoantibody production
and T cell activation. Visfatin can promote inflammation via regulation of pro-inflammatory cytokines
including TNF, IL-1β and IL-6. The concentration of circulating visfatin in rheumatoid arthritis
patients is higher compared to healthy individuals. Several studies suggest that visfatin level is
associated with rheumatoid arthritis activity, and its elevation may precede clinical signs of the relapse.
In murine collagen-induced arthritis, visfatin levels were also found to be elevated both in
inflamed synovial cells and in joint vasculature. Visfatin blockers have been shown to confer fast
and long-term attenuation of pathological processes; however, most of their effects are transient.
Other factors responsible for hyperactivation of the immune system can participate in this process
at a later stage. Treatment of rheumatoid arthritis with a combination of these blockers and inhibitors
of other mediators of inflammation can potentially improve treatment outcomes compared to
current therapeutic strategies. Recent advances in the treatment of experimental arthritis in mice as
well as the application of emerging treatment strategies obtained from oncology for rheumatoid arthritis
management could be a source of novel adipokine-mediated anti-rheumatic drugs.
Conclusion:
The ongoing surge of interest in anticytokine therapy makes further study of visfatin
highly relevant as it may serve as a base for innovational RA treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yulia V. Polyakova
- Research Institute for Clinical and Experimental Rheumatology, Volgograd, Russian Federation
| | - Boris V. Zavodovsky
- Research Institute for Clinical and Experimental Rheumatology, Volgograd, Russian Federation
| | - Larisa E. Sivordova
- Research Institute for Clinical and Experimental Rheumatology, Volgograd, Russian Federation
| | - Yuri R. Akhverdyan
- Research Institute for Clinical and Experimental Rheumatology, Volgograd, Russian Federation
| | - Irina A. Zborovskaya
- Research Institute for Clinical and Experimental Rheumatology, Volgograd, Russian Federation
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Tanuma SI, Katsuragi K, Oyama T, Yoshimori A, Shibasaki Y, Asawa Y, Yamazaki H, Makino K, Okazawa M, Ogino Y, Sakamoto Y, Nomura M, Sato A, Abe H, Nakamura H, Takahashi H, Tanuma N, Uchiumi F. Structural Basis of Beneficial Design for Effective Nicotinamide Phosphoribosyltransferase Inhibitors. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25163633. [PMID: 32785052 PMCID: PMC7464552 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25163633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2020] [Revised: 08/06/2020] [Accepted: 08/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Inhibition of nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase (NAMPT) is an attractive therapeutic strategy for targeting cancer metabolism. So far, many potent NAMPT inhibitors have been developed and shown to bind to two unique tunnel-shaped cavities existing adjacent to each active site of a NAMPT homodimer. However, cytotoxicities and resistances to NAMPT inhibitors have become apparent. Therefore, there remains an urgent need to develop effective and safe NAMPT inhibitors. Thus, we designed and synthesized two close structural analogues of NAMPT inhibitors, azaindole-piperidine (3a)- and azaindole-piperazine (3b)-motif compounds, which were modified from the well-known NAMPT inhibitor FK866 (1). Notably, 3a displayed considerably stronger enzyme inhibitory activity and cellular potency than did 3b and 1. The main reason for this phenomenon was revealed to be due to apparent electronic repulsion between the replaced nitrogen atom (N1) of piperazine in 3b and the Nδ atom of His191 in NAMPT by our in silico binding mode analyses. Indeed, 3b had a lower binding affinity score than did 3a and 1, although these inhibitors took similar stable chair conformations in the tunnel region. Taken together, these observations indicate that the electrostatic enthalpy potential rather than entropy effects inside the tunnel cavity has a significant impact on the different binding affinity of 3a from that of 3b in the disparate enzymatic and cellular potencies. Thus, it is better to avoid or minimize interactions with His191 in designing further effective NAMPT inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sei-ichi Tanuma
- Department of Genomic Medicinal Science, Research Institute for Science and Technology, Organization for Research Advancement, Tokyo University of Science, Noda, Chiba 278-8510, Japan;
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Noda, Chiba 278-8510, Japan; (K.K.); (Y.S.); (Y.O.); (A.S.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Kiyotaka Katsuragi
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Noda, Chiba 278-8510, Japan; (K.K.); (Y.S.); (Y.O.); (A.S.)
| | - Takahiro Oyama
- Hinoki Shinyaku Co., Ltd., Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 102-0084, Japan; (T.O.); (H.Y.); (H.A.)
| | - Atsushi Yoshimori
- Institute for Theoretical Medicine Inc., Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-0012, Japan;
| | - Yuri Shibasaki
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Noda, Chiba 278-8510, Japan; (K.K.); (Y.S.); (Y.O.); (A.S.)
| | - Yasunobu Asawa
- Laboratory for Chemistry and Life Science, Institute of Innovative Research, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama, Kanagawa 226-8503, Japan; (Y.A.); (H.N.)
| | - Hiroaki Yamazaki
- Hinoki Shinyaku Co., Ltd., Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 102-0084, Japan; (T.O.); (H.Y.); (H.A.)
| | - Kosho Makino
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Noda, Chiba 278-8510, Japan; (K.M.); (H.T.)
| | - Miwa Okazawa
- Department of Genomic Medicinal Science, Research Institute for Science and Technology, Organization for Research Advancement, Tokyo University of Science, Noda, Chiba 278-8510, Japan;
| | - Yoko Ogino
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Noda, Chiba 278-8510, Japan; (K.K.); (Y.S.); (Y.O.); (A.S.)
- Department of Gene Regulation, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Noda, Chiba 278-8510, Japan;
| | - Yoshimi Sakamoto
- Division of Cancer Chemotherapy, Miyagi Cancer Center Research Institute, Natori, Miyagi 981-1293, Japan; (Y.S.); (M.N.); (N.T.)
| | - Miyuki Nomura
- Division of Cancer Chemotherapy, Miyagi Cancer Center Research Institute, Natori, Miyagi 981-1293, Japan; (Y.S.); (M.N.); (N.T.)
| | - Akira Sato
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Noda, Chiba 278-8510, Japan; (K.K.); (Y.S.); (Y.O.); (A.S.)
| | - Hideaki Abe
- Hinoki Shinyaku Co., Ltd., Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 102-0084, Japan; (T.O.); (H.Y.); (H.A.)
| | - Hiroyuki Nakamura
- Laboratory for Chemistry and Life Science, Institute of Innovative Research, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama, Kanagawa 226-8503, Japan; (Y.A.); (H.N.)
| | - Hideyo Takahashi
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Noda, Chiba 278-8510, Japan; (K.M.); (H.T.)
| | - Nobuhiro Tanuma
- Division of Cancer Chemotherapy, Miyagi Cancer Center Research Institute, Natori, Miyagi 981-1293, Japan; (Y.S.); (M.N.); (N.T.)
| | - Fumiaki Uchiumi
- Department of Gene Regulation, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Noda, Chiba 278-8510, Japan;
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11
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Ogino Y, Sato A, Uchiumi F, Tanuma SI. Genomic and tumor biological aspects of the anticancer nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase inhibitor FK866 in resistant human colorectal cancer cells. Genomics 2018; 111:1889-1895. [PMID: 30582964 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygeno.2018.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2018] [Revised: 12/17/2018] [Accepted: 12/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Cancer cells' resistance to drugs remains an important problem affecting cancer treatment strategies. We previously studied the nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase (NAMPT) inhibitor FK866's resistance mechanisms in the human colorectal cancer HCT116 cells. We established an acquired FK866-resistant cell line, HCT116RFK866. In this study, we investigated gene mutations in parental HCT116 and HCT116RFK866 cells using exome sequencing technology. The results indicated cluster genes related to NAD+ biosynthesis (including NAMPT), DNA repair, and ATP-binding cassette transporters were differentially altered in these cells. Interestingly, HCT116RFK866 cells, which are resistant to other class NAMPT inhibitors, were more sensitive to the anticancer 5-fluorouracil and cisplatin and γ-ray irradiation compared to parental HCT116 cells. This higher sensitivity appears to cause a genetic change in the identified gene clusters by resistance to the NAMPT inhibitor FK866. Collectively, these novel findings provide a better understanding of anticancer candidate NAMPT inhibitors with regard to resistance mechanisms and cancer chemotherapy strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoko Ogino
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Noda, Chiba 278-8510, Japan; Department of Gene Regulation, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Noda, Chiba 278-8510, Japan
| | - Akira Sato
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Noda, Chiba 278-8510, Japan.
| | - Fumiaki Uchiumi
- Department of Gene Regulation, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Noda, Chiba 278-8510, Japan
| | - Sei-Ichi Tanuma
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Noda, Chiba 278-8510, Japan; Department of Genomic Medicinal Science, Research Institute for Science and Technology, Organization for Research Advancement, Tokyo University of Science, Noda, Chiba 278-8510, Japan
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12
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Dalamaga M, Christodoulatos GS, Mantzoros CS. The role of extracellular and intracellular Nicotinamide phosphoribosyl-transferase in cancer: Diagnostic and therapeutic perspectives and challenges. Metabolism 2018; 82:72-87. [PMID: 29330025 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2018.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2017] [Revised: 12/23/2017] [Accepted: 01/04/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Nicotinamide phosphoribosyl-transferase (Nampt) or pre-B cell colony-enhancing factor or visfatin represents a pleiotropic molecule acting as an enzyme, a cytokine and a growth factor. Intracellular Nampt plays an important role in cellular bioenergetics and metabolism, particularly NAD biosynthesis. NAD biosynthesis is critical in DNA repair, oncogenic signal transduction, transcription, genomic integrity and apoptosis. Although its insulin-mimetic function remains a controversial issue, extracellular Nampt presents proliferative, anti-apoptotic, pro-inflammatory, pro-angiogenic and metastatic properties. Nampt is upregulated in many malignancies, including obesity-associated cancers, and is associated with worse prognosis. Serum Nampt may be a potential diagnostic and prognostic biomarker in cancer. Pharmacologic agents that neutralize Nampt or medications that decrease Nampt levels or downregulate signaling pathways downstream of Nampt may prove to be useful anti-cancer treatments. In particular, Nampt inhibitors as monotherapy or in combination therapy have displayed anti-cancer activity in vivo and in vitro. The aim of this review is to explore the role of Nampt in cancer pathophysiology as well as to synopsize the mechanisms underlying the association between extracellular and intracellular Nampt, and malignancy. Exploring the interplay of cellular bioenergetics, inflammation and adiposopathy is expected to be of importance in the development of preventive and therapeutic strategies against cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Dalamaga
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Mikras Asias 75, Goudi, 11527 Athens, Greece.
| | - Gerasimos Socrates Christodoulatos
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Mikras Asias 75, Goudi, 11527 Athens, Greece; Department of Microbiology, KAT Hospital, Nikis 2, Kifisia, 14561 Athens, Greece
| | - Christos S Mantzoros
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA 02215, USA; Section of Endocrinology, Boston VA Healthcare System, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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13
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Cross resistance to diverse anticancer nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase inhibitors induced by FK866 treatment. Oncotarget 2018; 9:16451-16461. [PMID: 29662658 PMCID: PMC5893253 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.24731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2018] [Accepted: 02/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Cross-resistance to drugs remains an unsolved problem in cancer chemotherapy. This study elucidates a molecular mechanism of cross-resistance to diverse inhibitors of nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase (NAMPT) with anticancer activity. We generated a variant of the human colon cancer cell line HCT116, HCT116RFK866, which exhibited primary resistance to the potent NAMPT inhibitor FK866, and was approximately 1,000-fold less sensitive to the drug than the parental HCT116. HCT116RFK866 was found to be cross-resistant to diverse NAMPT inhibitors, including CHS-828, GNE-617, and STF-118804. Whole-exon sequencing revealed two point mutations (H191R and K342R) in NAMPT in HCT116RFK866, only one of which (K342R) was present in the parental HCT116. Importantly, the protein level, NAMPT enzyme activity, and intracellular NAD+ level were similar between HCT116RFK866 and HCT116. Hence, we investigated NAMPT-binding partners in both cell lines by focused proteomic analyses. The amount of NAMPT precipitated with anti-NAMPT monoclonal antibody was much higher in HCT116RFK866 than in the parental. Furthermore, in HCT116, but not in HCT116RFK866, NAMPT was revealed to interact with POTE ankyrin domain family member E and beta-actin. Thus, these results suggest that NAMPT usually interacts with the two partner proteins, and the H191R mutation may prevent the interactions, resulting in resistance to diverse NAMPT inhibitors.
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14
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Thongon N, Zucal C, D'Agostino VG, Tebaldi T, Ravera S, Zamporlini F, Piacente F, Moschoi R, Raffaelli N, Quattrone A, Nencioni A, Peyron JF, Provenzani A. Cancer cell metabolic plasticity allows resistance to NAMPT inhibition but invariably induces dependence on LDHA. Cancer Metab 2018. [PMID: 29541451 PMCID: PMC5844108 DOI: 10.1186/s40170-018-0174-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Inhibitors of nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase (NAMPT), the rate-limiting enzyme in NAD+ biosynthesis from nicotinamide, exhibit anticancer effects in preclinical models. However, continuous exposure to NAMPT inhibitors, such as FK866, can induce acquired resistance. Methods We developed FK866-resistant CCRF-CEM (T cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia) and MDA MB231 (breast cancer) models, and by exploiting an integrated approach based on genetic, biochemical, and genome wide analyses, we annotated the drug resistance mechanisms. Results Acquired resistance to FK866 was independent of NAMPT mutations but rather was based on a shift towards a glycolytic metabolism and on lactate dehydrogenase A (LDHA) activity. In addition, resistant CCRF-CEM cells, which exhibit high quinolinate phosphoribosyltransferase (QPRT) activity, also exploited amino acid catabolism as an alternative source for NAD+ production, becoming addicted to tryptophan and glutamine and sensitive to treatment with the amino acid transport inhibitor JPH203 and with l-asparaginase, which affects glutamine exploitation. Vice versa, in line with their low QPRT expression, FK866-resistant MDA MB231 did not rely on amino acids for their resistance phenotype. Conclusions Our study identifies novel mechanisms of resistance to NAMPT inhibition, which may be useful to design more rational strategies for targeting cancer metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natthakan Thongon
- 1Center For Integrative Biology (CIBIO), University of Trento, via Sommarive 9, Trento, Italy
| | - Chiara Zucal
- 1Center For Integrative Biology (CIBIO), University of Trento, via Sommarive 9, Trento, Italy
| | | | - Toma Tebaldi
- 1Center For Integrative Biology (CIBIO), University of Trento, via Sommarive 9, Trento, Italy
| | - Silvia Ravera
- 2Department of Pharmacy, Biochemistry Laboratory, University of Genova, Genova, Italy
| | - Federica Zamporlini
- 3Department of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | | | - Ruxanda Moschoi
- 5Université Côte d'Azur, Centre Méditerranéen de Médecine Moléculaire (C3M), INSERM U1065, Nice, France
| | - Nadia Raffaelli
- 3Department of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Alessandro Quattrone
- 1Center For Integrative Biology (CIBIO), University of Trento, via Sommarive 9, Trento, Italy
| | - Alessio Nencioni
- 4Department of Internal Medicine, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Jean-Francois Peyron
- 5Université Côte d'Azur, Centre Méditerranéen de Médecine Moléculaire (C3M), INSERM U1065, Nice, France
| | - Alessandro Provenzani
- 1Center For Integrative Biology (CIBIO), University of Trento, via Sommarive 9, Trento, Italy
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15
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Targeting the vulnerability to NAD + depletion in B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Leukemia 2017; 32:616-625. [PMID: 28904384 DOI: 10.1038/leu.2017.281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2016] [Revised: 07/30/2017] [Accepted: 08/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Although substantial progress has been made in the treatment of B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (B-ALL), the prognosis of patients with either refractory or relapsed B-ALL remains dismal. Novel therapeutic strategies are needed to improve the outcome of these patients. KPT-9274 is a novel dual inhibitor of p21-activated kinase 4 (PAK4) and nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase (NAMPT). PAK4 is a serine/threonine kinase that regulates a variety of fundamental cellular processes. NAMPT is a rate-limiting enzyme in the salvage biosynthesis pathway of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) that plays a vital role in energy metabolism. Here, we show that KPT-9274 strongly inhibits B-ALL cell growth regardless of cytogenetic abnormalities. We also demonstrate the potent in vivo efficacy and tolerability of KPT-9274 in a patient-derived xenograft murine model of B-ALL. Interestingly, although KPT-9274 is a dual PAK4/NAMPT inhibitor, B-ALL cell growth inhibition by KPT-9274 was largely abolished with nicotinic acid supplementation, indicating that the inhibitory effects on B-ALL cells are mainly exerted by NAD+ depletion through NAMPT inhibition. Moreover, we have found that the extreme susceptibility of B-ALL cells to NAMPT inhibition is related to the reduced cellular NAD+ reserve. NAD+ depletion may be a promising alternative approach to treating patients with B-ALL.
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16
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Guo J, Lam LT, Longenecker KL, Bui MH, Idler KB, Glaser KB, Wilsbacher JL, Tse C, Pappano WN, Huang TH. Identification of novel resistance mechanisms to NAMPT inhibition via the de novo NAD + biosynthesis pathway and NAMPT mutation. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2017; 491:681-686. [PMID: 28756225 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2017.07.143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2017] [Accepted: 07/25/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Cancer cells have an unusually high requirement for the central and intermediary metabolite nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+), and NAD+ depletion ultimately results in cell death. The rate limiting step within the NAD+ salvage pathway required for converting nicotinamide to NAD+ is catalyzed by nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase (NAMPT). Targeting NAMPT has been investigated as an anti-cancer strategy, and several highly selective small molecule inhibitors have been found to potently inhibit NAMPT in cancer cells, resulting in NAD+ depletion and cytotoxicity. To identify mechanisms that could cause resistance to NAMPT inhibitor treatment, we generated a human fibrosarcoma cell line refractory to the highly potent and selective NAMPT small molecule inhibitor, GMX1778. We uncovered novel and unexpected mechanisms of resistance including significantly increased expression of quinolinate phosphoribosyl transferase (QPRT), a key enzyme in the de novo NAD+ synthesis pathway. Additionally, exome sequencing of the NAMPT gene in the resistant cells identified a single heterozygous point mutation that was not present in the parental cell line. The combination of upregulation of the NAD+ de novo synthesis pathway through QPRT over-expression and NAMPT mutation confers resistance to GMX1778, but the cells are only partially resistant to next-generation NAMPT inhibitors. The resistance mechanisms uncovered herein provide a potential avenue to continue exploration of next generation NAMPT inhibitors to treat neoplasms in the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Guo
- AbbVie Inc., 1 North Waukegan Rd., North Chicago, IL 60064, United States
| | - Lloyd T Lam
- AbbVie Inc., 1 North Waukegan Rd., North Chicago, IL 60064, United States
| | | | - Mai H Bui
- AbbVie Inc., 1 North Waukegan Rd., North Chicago, IL 60064, United States
| | - Kenneth B Idler
- AbbVie Inc., 1 North Waukegan Rd., North Chicago, IL 60064, United States
| | - Keith B Glaser
- AbbVie Inc., 1 North Waukegan Rd., North Chicago, IL 60064, United States
| | - Julie L Wilsbacher
- AbbVie Inc., 1 North Waukegan Rd., North Chicago, IL 60064, United States
| | - Chris Tse
- AbbVie Inc., 1 North Waukegan Rd., North Chicago, IL 60064, United States
| | - William N Pappano
- AbbVie Inc., 1 North Waukegan Rd., North Chicago, IL 60064, United States
| | - Tzu-Hsuan Huang
- AbbVie Inc., 1 North Waukegan Rd., North Chicago, IL 60064, United States.
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17
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Wang XY, Wang JZ, Gao L, Zhang FY, Wang Q, Liu KJ, Xiang B. Inhibition of nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase and depletion of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide contribute to arsenic trioxide suppression of oral squamous cell carcinoma. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2017; 331:54-61. [PMID: 28501332 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2017.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2017] [Revised: 04/27/2017] [Accepted: 05/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Emerging evidence suggests that increased nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase (NAMPT) expression is associated with the development and prognosis of many cancers, but it remains unknown regarding its role in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). In the present study, the results from tissue microarray showed that NAMPT was overexpressed in OSCC patients and its expression level was directly correlated with differential grades of cancer. Interestingly, treatment of OSCC cells with chemotherapy agent arsenic trioxide (ATO) decreased the levels of NAMPT protein and increased cellular death in an ATO dose- and time-dependent manner. Most importantly, combination of low concentration ATO with FK866 (a NAMPT inhibitor) exerted enhanced inhibitive effect on NAMPT protein and mRNA expressions, leading to synergistic cytotoxicity on cancer cells through increasing cell apoptosis and depleting intracellular nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide levels. These findings demonstrate the crucial role of NAMPT in the prognosis of OSCC and reveal inhibition of NAMPT as a novel mechanism of ATO in suppressing cancer cell growth. Our results suggest that ATO can significantly enhance therapeutic efficacy of NAMPT inhibitor, and combined treatment may be a novel and effective therapeutic strategy for OSCC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Yue Wang
- Laboratory of Oral and Maxillofacial Disease, Second Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning 116023, PR China
| | - Jin Zhi Wang
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Second Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning 116023, PR China
| | - Lu Gao
- Department of Oral Anatomy, School of Stomatology, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning 116044, PR China
| | - Fu Yin Zhang
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Second Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning 116023, PR China
| | - Qi Wang
- Laboratory of Oral and Maxillofacial Disease, Second Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning 116023, PR China
| | - Ke Jian Liu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA.
| | - Bin Xiang
- Laboratory of Oral and Maxillofacial Disease, Second Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning 116023, PR China.
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18
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Carbone F, Liberale L, Bonaventura A, Vecchiè A, Casula M, Cea M, Monacelli F, Caffa I, Bruzzone S, Montecucco F, Nencioni A. Regulation and Function of Extracellular Nicotinamide Phosphoribosyltransferase/Visfatin. Compr Physiol 2017; 7:603-621. [DOI: 10.1002/cphy.c160029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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19
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Travelli C, Aprile S, Rahimian R, Grolla AA, Rogati F, Bertolotti M, Malagnino F, di Paola R, Impellizzeri D, Fusco R, Mercalli V, Massarotti A, Stortini G, Terrazzino S, Del Grosso E, Fakhfouri G, Troiani MP, Alisi MA, Grosa G, Sorba G, Canonico PL, Orsomando G, Cuzzocrea S, Genazzani AA, Galli U, Tron GC. Identification of Novel Triazole-Based Nicotinamide Phosphoribosyltransferase (NAMPT) Inhibitors Endowed with Antiproliferative and Antiinflammatory Activity. J Med Chem 2017; 60:1768-1792. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.6b01392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Travelli
- Dipartimento
di Scienze del Farmaco, Università degli Studi del Piemonte Orientale “A. Avogadro”, Largo Donegani 2, 28100 Novara, Italy
| | - Silvio Aprile
- Dipartimento
di Scienze del Farmaco, Università degli Studi del Piemonte Orientale “A. Avogadro”, Largo Donegani 2, 28100 Novara, Italy
| | - Reza Rahimian
- Department
of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Department
of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, Research Center
of the Mental Health Institute of Quebec, Laval University, Quebec, Quebec G1J 2G3, Canada
| | - Ambra A. Grolla
- Dipartimento
di Scienze del Farmaco, Università degli Studi del Piemonte Orientale “A. Avogadro”, Largo Donegani 2, 28100 Novara, Italy
| | - Federica Rogati
- Dipartimento
di Scienze del Farmaco, Università degli Studi del Piemonte Orientale “A. Avogadro”, Largo Donegani 2, 28100 Novara, Italy
| | - Mattia Bertolotti
- Dipartimento
di Scienze del Farmaco, Università degli Studi del Piemonte Orientale “A. Avogadro”, Largo Donegani 2, 28100 Novara, Italy
| | - Floriana Malagnino
- Dipartimento
di Scienze del Farmaco, Università degli Studi del Piemonte Orientale “A. Avogadro”, Largo Donegani 2, 28100 Novara, Italy
| | - Rosanna di Paola
- Department
of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Via C. Valeria Gazzi, 98100 Messina, Italy
| | - Daniela Impellizzeri
- Department
of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Via C. Valeria Gazzi, 98100 Messina, Italy
| | - Roberta Fusco
- Department
of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Via C. Valeria Gazzi, 98100 Messina, Italy
| | - Valentina Mercalli
- Dipartimento
di Scienze del Farmaco, Università degli Studi del Piemonte Orientale “A. Avogadro”, Largo Donegani 2, 28100 Novara, Italy
| | - Alberto Massarotti
- Dipartimento
di Scienze del Farmaco, Università degli Studi del Piemonte Orientale “A. Avogadro”, Largo Donegani 2, 28100 Novara, Italy
| | - Giorgio Stortini
- Department
of Oncology, Nerviano Medical Sciences Srl, Viale Pasteur 10, 20014 Nerviano, Milan, Italy
| | - Salvatore Terrazzino
- Dipartimento
di Scienze del Farmaco, Università degli Studi del Piemonte Orientale “A. Avogadro”, Largo Donegani 2, 28100 Novara, Italy
| | - Erika Del Grosso
- Dipartimento
di Scienze del Farmaco, Università degli Studi del Piemonte Orientale “A. Avogadro”, Largo Donegani 2, 28100 Novara, Italy
| | - Gohar Fakhfouri
- Department
of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Maria Pia Troiani
- R&D, Angelini Research Center, Piazzale della Stazione, 00040 S. Palomba-Pomezia, Italy
| | | | - Giorgio Grosa
- Dipartimento
di Scienze del Farmaco, Università degli Studi del Piemonte Orientale “A. Avogadro”, Largo Donegani 2, 28100 Novara, Italy
| | - Giovanni Sorba
- Dipartimento
di Scienze del Farmaco, Università degli Studi del Piemonte Orientale “A. Avogadro”, Largo Donegani 2, 28100 Novara, Italy
| | - Pier Luigi Canonico
- Dipartimento
di Scienze del Farmaco, Università degli Studi del Piemonte Orientale “A. Avogadro”, Largo Donegani 2, 28100 Novara, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Orsomando
- Department
of Clinical Sciences (DISCO), Section of Biochemistry, Polytechnic University of Marche, Via Ranieri 67, 60131 Ancona, Italy
| | - Salvatore Cuzzocrea
- Department
of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Via C. Valeria Gazzi, 98100 Messina, Italy
| | - Armando A. Genazzani
- Dipartimento
di Scienze del Farmaco, Università degli Studi del Piemonte Orientale “A. Avogadro”, Largo Donegani 2, 28100 Novara, Italy
| | - Ubaldina Galli
- Dipartimento
di Scienze del Farmaco, Università degli Studi del Piemonte Orientale “A. Avogadro”, Largo Donegani 2, 28100 Novara, Italy
| | - Gian Cesare Tron
- Dipartimento
di Scienze del Farmaco, Università degli Studi del Piemonte Orientale “A. Avogadro”, Largo Donegani 2, 28100 Novara, Italy
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20
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Dalamaga M, Christodoulatos GS. Visfatin, Obesity, and Cancer. ADIPOCYTOKINES, ENERGY BALANCE, AND CANCER 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-41677-9_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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21
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Grolla AA, Travelli C, Genazzani AA, Sethi JK. Extracellular nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase, a new cancer metabokine. Br J Pharmacol 2016; 173:2182-94. [PMID: 27128025 PMCID: PMC4919578 DOI: 10.1111/bph.13505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2015] [Revised: 03/14/2016] [Accepted: 04/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In this review, we focus on the secreted form of nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase (NAMPT); extracellular NAMPT (eNAMPT), also known as pre-B cell colony-enhancing factor or visfatin. Although intracellular NAMPT is a key enzyme in controlling NAD metabolism, eNAMPT has been reported to function as a cytokine, with many roles in physiology and pathology. Circulating eNAMPT has been associated with several metabolic and inflammatory disorders, including cancer. Because cytokines produced in the tumour micro-environment play an important role in cancer pathogenesis, in part by reprogramming cellular metabolism, future improvements in cancer immunotherapy will require a better understanding of the crosstalk between cytokine action and tumour biology. In this review, the knowledge of eNAMPT in cancer will be discussed, focusing on its immunometabolic function as a metabokine, its secretion, its mechanism of action and possible roles in the cancer micro-environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ambra A Grolla
- Dipartimento di Scienze del Farmaco, Università del Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy
| | - Cristina Travelli
- Dipartimento di Scienze del Farmaco, Università del Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy
| | - Armando A Genazzani
- Dipartimento di Scienze del Farmaco, Università del Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy
| | - Jaswinder K Sethi
- Dipartimento di Scienze del Farmaco, Università del Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy
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22
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Chen X, Zhao S, Song Y, Shi Y, Leak RK, Cao G. The Role of Nicotinamide Phosphoribosyltransferase in Cerebral Ischemia. Curr Top Med Chem 2016; 15:2211-21. [PMID: 26059356 DOI: 10.2174/1568026615666150610142234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2015] [Revised: 01/30/2015] [Accepted: 04/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
As recombinant tissue plasminogen activator is the only drug approved for the clinical treatment of acute ischemic stroke, there is an urgent unmet need for novel stroke treatments. Endogenous defense mechanisms against stroke may hold the key to new therapies for stroke. A large number of studies suggest that nicotinamide phosphoribosyl-transferase (NAMPT is an attractive candidate to improve post-stroke recovery. NAMPT is a multifunctional protein and plays important roles in immunity, metabolism, aging, inflammation, and stress responses. NAMPT exists in both the intracellular and extracellular space. As a rate-limiting enzyme, the intracellular form (iNAMPT catalyzes the first step in the biosynthesis of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD from nicotinamide. iNAMPT closely regulates energy metabolism, enhancing the proliferation of endothelial cells, inhibiting apoptosis, regulating vascular tone, and stimulating autophagy in disease conditions such as stroke. Extracellular NAMPT (eNAMPT is also known as visfatin (visceral fat-derived adipokine and has pleotropic effects. It is widely believed that the diverse biological functions of eNAMPT are attributed to its NAMPT enzymatic activity. However, the effects of eNAMPT on ischemic injury are still controversial. Some authors have argued that eNAMPT exacerbates ischemic neuronal injury non-enzymatically by triggering the release of TNF-α from glial cells. In addition, NAMPT also participates in several pathophysiological processes such as hypertension, atherosclerosis, and ischemic heart disease. Thus, it remains unclear under what conditions NAMPT is beneficial or destructive. Recent work using in vitro and in vivo genetic/ pharmacologic manipulations, including our own studies, has greatly improved our understanding of NAMPT. This review focuses on the multifaceted and complex roles of NAMPT under both normal and ischemic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinzhi Chen
- Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA.
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23
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Duarte-Pereira S, Pereira-Castro I, Silva SS, Correia MG, Neto C, da Costa LT, Amorim A, Silva RM. Extensive regulation of nicotinate phosphoribosyltransferase (NAPRT) expression in human tissues and tumors. Oncotarget 2016; 7:1973-83. [PMID: 26675378 PMCID: PMC4811510 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.6538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2015] [Accepted: 11/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) is a cofactor in redox reactions and a substrate for NAD-consuming enzymes, such as PARPs and sirtuins. As cancer cells have increased NAD requirements, the main NAD salvage enzymes in humans, nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase (NAMPT) and nicotinate phosphoribosyltransferase (NAPRT), are involved in the development of novel anti-cancer therapies. Knowledge of the expression patterns of both genes in tissues and tumors is critical for the use of nicotinic acid (NA) as cytoprotective in therapies using NAMPT inhibitors. Herein, we provide a comprehensive study of NAPRT and NAMPT expression across human tissues and tumor cell lines. We show that both genes are widely expressed under normal conditions and describe the occurrence of novel NAPRT transcripts. Also, we explore some of the NAPRT gene expression mechanisms. Our findings underline that the efficiency of NA in treatments with NAMPT inhibitors is dependent on the knowledge of the expression profiles and regulation of both NAMPT and NAPRT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Duarte-Pereira
- IPATIMUP - Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology of the University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Isabel Pereira-Castro
- IPATIMUP - Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology of the University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Gene Regulation Group, i3S/IBMC - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde/Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Sarah S. Silva
- IPATIMUP - Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology of the University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Mariana Gonçalves Correia
- IPATIMUP - Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology of the University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Célia Neto
- IPATIMUP - Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology of the University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Luís Teixeira da Costa
- IPATIMUP - Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology of the University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- ICAAM - Instituto de Ciências Agrárias e Ambientais Mediterrânicas, University of Évora, Évora, Portugal
| | - António Amorim
- IPATIMUP - Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology of the University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Raquel M. Silva
- IPATIMUP - Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology of the University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Institute for Biomedicine - iBiMED & IEETA, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
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Garten A, Schuster S, Penke M, Gorski T, de Giorgis T, Kiess W. Physiological and pathophysiological roles of NAMPT and NAD metabolism. Nat Rev Endocrinol 2015. [PMID: 26215259 DOI: 10.1038/nrendo.2015.117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 421] [Impact Index Per Article: 46.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase (NAMPT) is a regulator of the intracellular nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) pool. NAD is an essential coenzyme involved in cellular redox reactions and is a substrate for NAD-dependent enzymes. In various metabolic disorders and during ageing, levels of NAD are decreased. Through its NAD-biosynthetic activity, NAMPT influences the activity of NAD-dependent enzymes, thereby regulating cellular metabolism. In addition to its enzymatic function, extracellular NAMPT (eNAMPT) has cytokine-like activity. Abnormal levels of eNAMPT are associated with various metabolic disorders. NAMPT is able to modulate processes involved in the pathogenesis of obesity and related disorders such as nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) by influencing the oxidative stress response, apoptosis, lipid and glucose metabolism, inflammation and insulin resistance. NAMPT also has a crucial role in cancer cell metabolism, is often overexpressed in tumour tissues and is an experimental target for antitumour therapies. In this Review, we discuss current understanding of the functions of NAMPT and highlight progress made in identifying the physiological role of NAMPT and its relevance in various human diseases and conditions, such as obesity, NAFLD, T2DM, cancer and ageing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antje Garten
- Center for Pediatric Research Leipzig, Hospital for Children and Adolescents, University of Leipzig, Liebigstrasse 21, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Susanne Schuster
- Center for Pediatric Research Leipzig, Hospital for Children and Adolescents, University of Leipzig, Liebigstrasse 21, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Melanie Penke
- Center for Pediatric Research Leipzig, Hospital for Children and Adolescents, University of Leipzig, Liebigstrasse 21, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Theresa Gorski
- Center for Pediatric Research Leipzig, Hospital for Children and Adolescents, University of Leipzig, Liebigstrasse 21, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Tommaso de Giorgis
- Center for Pediatric Research Leipzig, Hospital for Children and Adolescents, University of Leipzig, Liebigstrasse 21, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Wieland Kiess
- Center for Pediatric Research Leipzig, Hospital for Children and Adolescents, University of Leipzig, Liebigstrasse 21, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
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Sampath D, Zabka TS, Misner DL, O’Brien T, Dragovich PS. Inhibition of nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase (NAMPT) as a therapeutic strategy in cancer. Pharmacol Ther 2015; 151:16-31. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2015.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 162] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2015] [Accepted: 02/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Roulston A, Shore GC. New strategies to maximize therapeutic opportunities for NAMPT inhibitors in oncology. Mol Cell Oncol 2015; 3:e1052180. [PMID: 27308565 PMCID: PMC4845202 DOI: 10.1080/23723556.2015.1052180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2015] [Accepted: 05/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase (NAMPT) is crucial for nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD(+)) biosynthesis in mammalian cells. NAMPT inhibitors represent multifunctional anticancer agents that act on NAD(+) metabolism to shut down glycolysis, nucleotide biosynthesis, and ATP generation and act indirectly as PARP and sirtuin inhibitors. The selectivity of NAMPT inhibitors preys on the increased metabolic requirements to replenish NAD(+) in cancer cells. Although initial clinical studies with NAMPT inhibitors did not achieve single-agent therapeutic levels before dose-limiting toxicities were reached, a new understanding of alternative rescue pathways and a biomarker that can be used to select patients provides new opportunities to widen the therapeutic window and achieve efficacious doses in the clinic. Recent work has also illustrated the potential for drug combination strategies to further enhance the therapeutic opportunities. This review summarizes recent discoveries in NAD(+)/NAMPT inhibitor biology in the context of exploiting this new knowledge to optimize the clinical outcomes for this promising new class of agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Roulston
- Laboratory for Therapeutic Development, Rosalind and Morris Goodman Cancer Research Centre, and Dept. Biochemistry, McGill University , Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Gordon C Shore
- Laboratory for Therapeutic Development, Rosalind and Morris Goodman Cancer Research Centre, and Dept. Biochemistry, McGill University , Montreal, QC, Canada
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Xu TY, Zhang SL, Dong GQ, Liu XZ, Wang X, Lv XQ, Qian QJ, Zhang RY, Sheng CQ, Miao CY. Discovery and characterization of novel small-molecule inhibitors targeting nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase. Sci Rep 2015; 5:10043. [PMID: 26040985 PMCID: PMC4603696 DOI: 10.1038/srep10043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2014] [Accepted: 03/26/2015] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase (NAMPT) is a promising anticancer target. Using high throughput screening system targeting NAMPT, we obtained a potent NAMPT inhibitor MS0 (China Patent ZL201110447488.9) with excellent in vitro activity (IC50 = 9.87 ± 1.15nM) and anti-proliferative activity against multiple human cancer cell lines including stem-like cancer cells. Structure-activity relationship studies yielded several highly effective analogues. These inhibitors specifically bound NAMPT, rather than downstream NMNAT. We provided the first chemical case using cellular thermal shift assay to explain the difference between in vitro and cellular activity; MS7 showed best in vitro activity (IC50 = 0.93 ± 0.29 nM) but worst cellular activity due to poor target engagement in living cells. Site-directed mutagenesis studies identified important residues for NAMPT catalytic activity and inhibitor binding. The present findings contribute to deep understanding the action mode of NAMPT inhibitors and future development of NAMPT inhibitors as anticancer agents.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Qi-Jun Qian
- Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgical Hospital &Institute, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
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Adams DJ, Ito D, Rees MG, Seashore-Ludlow B, Puyang X, Ramos AH, Cheah JH, Clemons PA, Warmuth M, Zhu P, Shamji AF, Schreiber SL. NAMPT is the cellular target of STF-31-like small-molecule probes. ACS Chem Biol 2014; 9:2247-54. [PMID: 25058389 PMCID: PMC4201331 DOI: 10.1021/cb500347p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
![]()
The small-molecule probes STF-31
and its analogue compound 146 were discovered while searching for
compounds that kill VHL-deficient renal cell carcinoma cell lines
selectively and have been reported to act via direct inhibition of
the glucose transporter GLUT1. We profiled the sensitivity of 679
cancer cell lines to STF-31 and found that the pattern of response
is tightly correlated with sensitivity to three different inhibitors
of nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase (NAMPT). We also performed
whole-exome next-generation sequencing of compound 146-resistant HCT116
clones and identified a recurrent NAMPT-H191R mutation. Ectopic expression
of NAMPT-H191R conferred resistance to both STF-31 and compound 146
in cell lines. We further demonstrated that both STF-31 and compound
146 inhibit the enzymatic activity of NAMPT in a biochemical assay
in vitro. Together, our cancer-cell profiling and genomic approaches
identify NAMPT inhibition as a critical mechanism by which STF-31-like
compounds inhibit cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Daisuke Ito
- H3 Biomedicine, Inc., 300 Technology Square, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | | | | | - Xiaoling Puyang
- H3 Biomedicine, Inc., 300 Technology Square, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Alex H. Ramos
- H3 Biomedicine, Inc., 300 Technology Square, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | | | | | - Markus Warmuth
- H3 Biomedicine, Inc., 300 Technology Square, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Ping Zhu
- H3 Biomedicine, Inc., 300 Technology Square, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | | | - Stuart L. Schreiber
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
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González A, Moenne F, Gómez M, Sáez CA, Contreras RA, Moenne A. Oligo-carrageenan kappa increases NADPH, ascorbate and glutathione syntheses and TRR/TRX activities enhancing photosynthesis, basal metabolism, and growth in Eucalyptus trees. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2014; 5:512. [PMID: 25352851 PMCID: PMC4195311 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2014.00512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2014] [Accepted: 09/12/2014] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
In order to analyze the effect of OC kappa in redox status, photosynthesis, basal metabolism and growth in Eucalyptus globulus, trees were treated with water (control), with OC kappa at 1 mg mL(-1), or treated with inhibitors of NAD(P)H, ascorbate (ASC), and glutathione (GSH) syntheses and thioredoxin reductase (TRR) activity, CHS-828, lycorine, buthionine sulfoximine (BSO), and auranofin, respectively, and with OC kappa, and cultivated for 4 months. Treatment with OC kappa induced an increase in NADPH, ASC, and GSH syntheses, TRR and thioredoxin (TRX) activities, photosynthesis, growth and activities of basal metabolism enzymes such as rubisco, glutamine synthetase (GlnS), adenosine 5'-phosphosulfate reductase (APR), involved in C, N, and S assimilation, respectively, Krebs cycle and purine/pyrimidine synthesis enzymes. Treatment with inhibitors and OC kappa showed that increases in ASC, GSH, and TRR/TRX enhanced NADPH synthesis, increases in NADPH and TRR/TRX enhanced ASC and GSH syntheses, and only the increase in NADPH enhanced TRR/TRX activities. In addition, the increase in NADPH, ASC, GSH, and TRR/TRX enhanced photosynthesis and growth. Moreover, the increase in NADPH, ASC and TRR/TRX enhanced activities of rubisco, Krebs cycle, and purine/pyrimidine synthesis enzymes, the increase in GSH, NADPH, and TRR/TRX enhanced APR activity, and the increase in NADPH and TRR/TRX enhanced GlnS activity. Thus, OC kappa increases NADPH, ASC, and GSH syntheses leading to a more reducing redox status, the increase in NADPH, ASC, GSH syntheses, and TRR/TRX activities are cross-talking events leading to activation of photosynthesis, basal metabolism, and growth in Eucalyptus trees.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Alejandra Moenne
- *Correspondence: Alejandra Moenne, Faculty of Chemistry and Biology, University of Santiago of Chile, 9170022 Santiago, Chile e-mail:
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30
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Wang W, Elkins K, Oh A, Ho YC, Wu J, Li H, Xiao Y, Kwong M, Coons M, Brillantes B, Cheng E, Crocker L, Dragovich PS, Sampath D, Zheng X, Bair KW, O'Brien T, Belmont LD. Structural basis for resistance to diverse classes of NAMPT inhibitors. PLoS One 2014; 9:e109366. [PMID: 25285661 PMCID: PMC4186856 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0109366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2014] [Accepted: 09/08/2014] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Inhibiting NAD biosynthesis by blocking the function of nicotinamide phosphoribosyl transferase (NAMPT) is an attractive therapeutic strategy for targeting tumor metabolism. However, the development of drug resistance commonly limits the efficacy of cancer therapeutics. This study identifies mutations in NAMPT that confer resistance to a novel NAMPT inhibitor, GNE-618, in cell culture and in vivo, thus demonstrating that the cytotoxicity of GNE-618 is on target. We determine the crystal structures of six NAMPT mutants in the apo form and in complex with various inhibitors and use cellular, biochemical and structural data to elucidate two resistance mechanisms. One is the surprising finding of allosteric modulation by mutation of residue Ser165, resulting in unwinding of an α-helix that binds the NAMPT substrate 5-phosphoribosyl-1-pyrophosphate (PRPP). The other mechanism is orthosteric blocking of inhibitor binding by mutations of Gly217. Furthermore, by evaluating a panel of diverse small molecule inhibitors, we unravel inhibitor structure activity relationships on the mutant enzymes. These results provide valuable insights into the design of next generation NAMPT inhibitors that offer improved therapeutic potential by evading certain mechanisms of resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiru Wang
- Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Kristi Elkins
- Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Angela Oh
- Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Yen-Ching Ho
- Forma Therapeutics, Inc., Watertown, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Jiansheng Wu
- Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Hong Li
- Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Yang Xiao
- Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Mandy Kwong
- Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Mary Coons
- Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Bobby Brillantes
- Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Eric Cheng
- Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Lisa Crocker
- Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Peter S. Dragovich
- Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Deepak Sampath
- Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Xiaozhang Zheng
- Forma Therapeutics, Inc., Watertown, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Kenneth W. Bair
- Forma Therapeutics, Inc., Watertown, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Thomas O'Brien
- Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Lisa D. Belmont
- Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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31
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González A, Contreras RA, Zúiga G, Moenne A. Oligo-carrageenan kappa-induced reducing redox status and activation of TRR/TRX system increase the level of indole-3-acetic acid, gibberellin A3 and trans-zeatin in Eucalyptus globulus trees. Molecules 2014; 19:12690-8. [PMID: 25140447 PMCID: PMC6272046 DOI: 10.3390/molecules190812690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2014] [Revised: 08/13/2014] [Accepted: 08/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Eucalyptus globulus trees treated with oligo-carrageenan (OC) kappa showed an increase in NADPH, ascorbate and glutathione levels and activation of the thioredoxin reductase (TRR)/thioredoxin (TRX) system which enhance photosynthesis, basal metabolism and growth. In order to analyze whether the reducing redox status and the activation of thioredoxin reductase (TRR)/thioredoxin (TRX) increased the level of growth-promoting hormones, trees were treated with water (control), with OC kappa, or with inhibitors of ascorbate synthesis, lycorine, glutathione synthesis, buthionine sulfoximine (BSO), NADPH synthesis, CHS-828, and thioredoxin reductase activity, auranofine, and with OC kappa, and cultivated for four additional months. Eucalyptus trees treated with OC kappa showed an increase in the levels of the auxin indole 3-acetic acid (IAA), gibberellin A3 (GA3) and the cytokinin trans-zeatin (t-Z) as well as a decrease in the level of the brassinosteroid epi-brassinolide (EB). In addition, treatment with lycorine, BSO, CHS-828 and auranofine inhibited the increase in IAA, GA3 and t-Z as well as the decrease in EB levels. Thus, the reducing redox status and the activation of TRR/TRX system induced by OC kappa increased the levels of IAA, GA3 and t-Z levels determining, at least in part, the stimulation of growth in Eucalyptus trees.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto González
- Marine Biotechnology Laboratory, Faculty of Chemistry and Biology, University of Santiago of Chile, 9170022 Santiago, Chile.
| | - Rodrigo A Contreras
- Plant Physiology and Biotechnology Laboratory, Faculty of Chemistry and Biology, University of Santiago of Chile, 9170022 Santiago, Chile.
| | - Gustavo Zúiga
- Plant Physiology and Biotechnology Laboratory, Faculty of Chemistry and Biology, University of Santiago of Chile, 9170022 Santiago, Chile.
| | - Alejandra Moenne
- Marine Biotechnology Laboratory, Faculty of Chemistry and Biology, University of Santiago of Chile, 9170022 Santiago, Chile.
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González A, Gutiérrez-Cutiño M, Moenne A. Oligo-carrageenan kappa-induced reducing redox status and increase in TRR/TRX activities promote activation and reprogramming of terpenoid metabolism in Eucalyptus trees. Molecules 2014; 19:7356-67. [PMID: 24905605 PMCID: PMC6270820 DOI: 10.3390/molecules19067356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2014] [Revised: 05/30/2014] [Accepted: 05/30/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
In order to analyze whether the reducing redox status and activation of thioredoxin reductase (TRR)/thioredoxin(TRX) system induced by oligo-carrageenan (OC) kappa in Eucalyptus globulus activate secondary metabolism increasing terpenoid synthesis, trees were sprayed on the leaves with water, with OC kappa, or with inhibitors of NAD(P)H, ascorbate (ASC) and (GSH) synthesis and TRR activity, CHS-828, lycorine, buthionine sulfoximine (BSO) and auranofine, respectively, and with OC kappa and cultivated for four months. The main terpenoids in control Eucalyptus trees were eucalyptol (76%), α-pinene (7.4%), aromadendrene (3.6%), silvestrene (2.8%), sabinene (2%) and α-terpineol (0.9%). Treated trees showed a 22% increase in total essential oils as well as a decrease in eucalyptol (65%) and sabinene (0.8%) and an increase in aromadendrene (5%), silvestrene (7.8%) and other ten terpenoids. In addition, treated Eucalyptus showed seven de novo synthesized terpenoids corresponding to carene, α-terpinene, α-fenchene, γ-maaliene, spathulenol and α-camphenolic aldehyde. Most increased and de novo synthesized terpenoids have potential insecticidal and antimicrobial activities. Trees treated with CHS-828, lycorine, BSO and auranofine and with OC kappa showed an inhibition of increased and de novo synthesized terpenoids. Thus, OC kappa-induced reducing redox status and activation of TRR/TRX system enhance secondary metabolism increasing the synthesis of terpenoids and reprogramming of terpenoid metabolism in Eucalyptus trees.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto González
- Marine Biotechnology Laboratory, Faculty of Chemistry and Biology, University of Santiago of Chile, Santiago 9170022, Chile.
| | - Marlen Gutiérrez-Cutiño
- Molecular Magnetism Laboratory, Faculty of Chemistry and Biology, University of Santiago of Chile, Santiago 9170022, Chile.
| | - Alejandra Moenne
- Marine Biotechnology Laboratory, Faculty of Chemistry and Biology, University of Santiago of Chile, Santiago 9170022, Chile.
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Ivyna Bong PN, Ng CC, Lam KY, Megat Baharuddin PJN, Chang KM, Zakaria Z. Identification of novel pathogenic copy number aberrations in multiple myeloma: the Malaysian context. Mol Cytogenet 2014; 7:24. [PMID: 24690091 PMCID: PMC4021726 DOI: 10.1186/1755-8166-7-24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2013] [Accepted: 03/24/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Multiple myeloma is an incurable disease. Little is known about the genetic and molecular mechanisms governing the pathogenesis of multiple myeloma. The risk of multiple myeloma predispositions varies among different ethnicities. More than 50% of myeloma cases showed normal karyotypes with conventional cytogenetic analysis due to the low mitotic activity and content of plasma cells in the bone marrow. In the present study, high resolution array comparative genomic hybridization technique was used to identify copy number aberrations in 63 multiple myeloma patients of Malaysia. Results Copy number aberrations were identified in 100% of patients analyzed (n = 63). Common chromosomal gains were detected at regions 1q, 2q, 3p, 3q, 4q, 5q, 6q, 8q, 9q, 10q, 11q, 13q, 14q, 15q, 21q and Xq while common chromosomal losses were identified at regions 3q and 14q. There were a total of 25 and 5 genes localized within the regions of copy number gains and losses, respectively (>30% penetrance). The LYST, CLK1, ACSL1 and NFKBIA are genes localized within the copy number aberration regions and they represent novel information that has never been previously described in multiple myeloma patients. Conclusions In general, due to the differences in genetic background, dietary and lifestyle practices of Malaysian compared to the Caucasian population, these chromosomal alterations might be unique for Asian MM patients. Genes identified in this study could be potential molecular therapeutic targets for the treatment and management of patients with multiple myeloma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pau Ni Ivyna Bong
- Hematology Unit, Cancer Research Centre, Institute for Medical Research, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
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Christensen MK, Erichsen KD, Olesen UH, Tjørnelund J, Fristrup P, Thougaard A, Nielsen SJ, Sehested M, Jensen PB, Loza E, Kalvinsh I, Garten A, Kiess W, Björkling F. Nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase inhibitors, design, preparation, and structure-activity relationship. J Med Chem 2013; 56:9071-88. [PMID: 24164086 DOI: 10.1021/jm4009949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Existing pharmacological inhibitors for nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase (NAMPT) are promising therapeutics for treating cancer. By using medicinal and computational chemistry methods, the structure-activity relationship for novel classes of NAMPT inhibitors is described, and the compounds are optimized. Compounds are designed inspired by the NAMPT inhibitor APO866 and cyanoguanidine inhibitor scaffolds. In comparison with recently published derivatives, the new analogues exhibit an equally potent antiproliferative activity in vitro and comparable activity in vivo. The best performing compounds from these series showed subnanomolar antiproliferative activity toward a series of cancer cell lines (compound 15: IC50 0.025 and 0.33 nM, in A2780 (ovarian carcinoma) and MCF-7 (breast), respectively) and potent antitumor in vivo activity in well-tolerated doses in a xenograft model. In an A2780 xenograft mouse model with large tumors (500 mm(3)), compound 15 reduced the tumor volume to one-fifth of the starting volume at a dose of 3 mg/kg administered ip, bid, days 1-9. Thus, compounds found in this study compared favorably with compounds already in the clinic and warrant further investigation as promising lead molecules for the inhibition of NAMPT.
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35
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Matheny CJ, Wei MC, Bassik MC, Donnelly AJ, Kampmann M, Iwasaki M, Piloto O, Solow-Cordero DE, Bouley DM, Rau R, Brown P, McManus MT, Weissman JS, Cleary ML. Next-generation NAMPT inhibitors identified by sequential high-throughput phenotypic chemical and functional genomic screens. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 20:1352-63. [PMID: 24183972 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2013.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2013] [Revised: 09/16/2013] [Accepted: 09/24/2013] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Phenotypic high-throughput chemical screens allow for discovery of small molecules that modulate complex phenotypes and provide lead compounds for novel therapies; however, identification of the mechanistically relevant targets remains a major experimental challenge. We report the application of sequential unbiased high-throughput chemical and ultracomplex small hairpin RNA (shRNA) screens to identify a distinctive class of inhibitors that target nicotinamide phosphoribosyl transferase (NAMPT), a rate-limiting enzyme in the biosynthesis of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, a crucial cofactor in many biochemical processes. The lead compound STF-118804 is a highly specific NAMPT inhibitor, improves survival in an orthotopic xenotransplant model of high-risk acute lymphoblastic leukemia, and targets leukemia stem cells. Tandem high-throughput screening using chemical and ultracomplex shRNA libraries, therefore, provides a rapid chemical genetics approach for seamless progression from small-molecule lead identification to target discovery and validation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina J Matheny
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
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36
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Galli U, Travelli C, Massarotti A, Fakhfouri G, Rahimian R, Tron GC, Genazzani AA. Medicinal chemistry of nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase (NAMPT) inhibitors. J Med Chem 2013; 56:6279-96. [PMID: 23679915 DOI: 10.1021/jm4001049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Nicotinamide phoshophoribosyltransferase (NAMPT) plays a key role in the replenishment of the NAD pool in cells. This in turn makes this enzyme an important player in bioenergetics and in the regulation of NAD-using enzymes, such as PARPs and sirtuins. Furthermore, there is now ample evidence that NAMPT is secreted and has a role as a cytokine. An important role of either the intracellular or extracellular form of NAMPT has been shown in cancer, inflammation, and metabolic diseases. The first NAMPT inhibitors (FK866 and CHS828) have already entered clinical trials, and a surge in interest in the synthesis of novel molecules has occurred. The present review summarizes the recent progress in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ubaldina Galli
- Dipartimento di Scienze del Farmaco, Università degli Studi del Piemonte Orientale "A. Avogadro", Largo Donegani 2, 28100 Novara, Italy
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37
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Carneiro J, Duarte-Pereira S, Azevedo L, Castro LFC, Aguiar P, Moreira IS, Amorim A, Silva RM. The evolutionary portrait of metazoan NAD salvage. PLoS One 2013; 8:e64674. [PMID: 23724078 PMCID: PMC3665594 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0064674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2013] [Accepted: 04/16/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide (NAD) levels are essential for cellular homeostasis and survival. Main sources of intracellular NAD are the salvage pathways from nicotinamide, where Nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferases (NAMPTs) and Nicotinamidases (PNCs) have a key role. NAMPTs and PNCs are important in aging, infection and disease conditions such as diabetes and cancer. These enzymes have been considered redundant since either one or the other exists in each individual genome. The co-occurrence of NAMPT and PNC was only recently detected in invertebrates though no structural or functional characterization exists for them. Here, using expression and evolutionary analysis combined with homology modeling and protein-ligand docking, we show that both genes are expressed simultaneously in key species of major invertebrate branches and emphasize sequence and structural conservation patterns in metazoan NAMPT and PNC homologues. The results anticipate that NAMPTs and PNCs are simultaneously active, raising the possibility that NAD salvage pathways are not redundant as both are maintained to fulfill the requirement for NAD production in some species.
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Affiliation(s)
- João Carneiro
- IPATIMUP-Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology of the University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Sara Duarte-Pereira
- IPATIMUP-Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology of the University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Luísa Azevedo
- IPATIMUP-Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology of the University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - L. Filipe C. Castro
- Interdisciplinary Centre for Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR), CIMAR Associate Laboratory, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Paulo Aguiar
- CMUP - Centro de Matemática da Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Irina S. Moreira
- REQUIMTE - Rede de Química e Tecnologia, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - António Amorim
- IPATIMUP-Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology of the University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Raquel M. Silva
- IPATIMUP-Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology of the University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- * E-mail:
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Burgos ES, Vetticatt MJ, Schramm VL. Recycling nicotinamide. The transition-state structure of human nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase. J Am Chem Soc 2013; 135:3485-93. [PMID: 23373462 PMCID: PMC3627370 DOI: 10.1021/ja310180c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Human nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase (NAMPT) replenishes the NAD pool and controls the activities of sirtuins, mono- and poly-(ADP-ribose) polymerases, and NAD nucleosidase. The nature of the enzymatic transition-state (TS) is central to understanding the function of NAMPT. We determined the TS structure for pyrophosphorolysis of nicotinamide mononucleotide (NMN) from kinetic isotope effects (KIEs). With the natural substrates, NMN and pyrophosphate (PPi), the intrinsic KIEs of [1'-(14)C], [1-(15)N], [1'-(3)H], and [2'-(3)H] are 1.047, 1.029, 1.154, and 1.093, respectively. A unique quantum computational approach was used for TS analysis that included structural elements of the catalytic site. Without constraints (e.g., imposed torsion angles), the theoretical and experimental data are in good agreement. The quantum-mechanical calculations incorporated a crucial catalytic site residue (D313), two magnesium atoms, and coordinated water molecules. The TS model predicts primary (14)C, α-secondary (3)H, β-secondary (3)H, and primary (15)N KIEs close to the experimental values. The analysis reveals significant ribocation character at the TS. The attacking PPi nucleophile is weakly interacting (r(C-O) = 2.60 Å), and the N-ribosidic C1'-N bond is highly elongated at the TS (r(C-N) = 2.35 Å), consistent with an A(N)D(N) mechanism. Together with the crystal structure of the NMN·PPi·Mg2·enzyme complex, the reaction coordinate is defined. The enzyme holds the nucleophile and leaving group in relatively fixed positions to create a reaction coordinate with C1'-anomeric migration from NAM to the PPi. The TS is reached by a 0.85 Å migration of C1'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuel S Burgos
- Department of Biochemistry, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx, New York 10461, United States
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PBEF/NAMPT/visfatin: a promising drug target for treating rheumatoid arthritis? Future Med Chem 2012; 4:751-69. [PMID: 22530639 DOI: 10.4155/fmc.12.34] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
NAMPT, also known as pre-B-cell colony-enhancing factor and visfatin, has been proposed to be involved in preventing apoptosis in cancer cells and, as such, has received a great deal of attention in recent years and stimulated the development to specific inhibitors for treating cancer. The role of NAMPT inhibitors as potential therapeutic agents for other diseases has not been studied extensively. Here, we describe their applicability for treating rheumatoid arthritis. We summarize current knowledge of NAMPT expression in healthy and diseased tissues, thereafter, we focus on pathological mechanisms relevant to rheumatoid arthritis that involve the NAMPT pathway and review the current status of NAMPT inhibitors being evaluated in clinical trials.
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The c-MYC oncoprotein, the NAMPT enzyme, the SIRT1-inhibitor DBC1, and the SIRT1 deacetylase form a positive feedback loop. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2011; 109:E187-96. [PMID: 22190494 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1105304109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 204] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Silent information regulator 1 (SIRT1) represents an NAD(+)-dependent deacetylase that inhibits proapoptotic factors including p53. Here we determined whether SIRT1 is downstream of the prototypic c-MYC oncogene, which is activated in the majority of tumors. Elevated expression of c-MYC in human colorectal cancer correlated with increased SIRT1 protein levels. Activation of a conditional c-MYC allele induced increased levels of SIRT1 protein, NAD(+), and nicotinamide-phosphoribosyltransferase (NAMPT) mRNA in several cell types. This increase in SIRT1 required the induction of the NAMPT gene by c-MYC. NAMPT is the rate-limiting enzyme of the NAD(+) salvage pathway and enhances SIRT1 activity by increasing the amount of NAD(+). c-MYC also contributed to SIRT1 activation by sequestering the SIRT1 inhibitor deleted in breast cancer 1 (DBC1) from the SIRT1 protein. In primary human fibroblasts previously immortalized by introduction of c-MYC, down-regulation of SIRT1 induced senescence and apoptosis. In various cell lines inactivation of SIRT1 by RNA interference, chemical inhibitors, or ectopic DBC1 enhanced c-MYC-induced apoptosis. Furthermore, SIRT1 directly bound to and deacetylated c-MYC. Enforced SIRT1 expression increased and depletion/inhibition of SIRT1 reduced c-MYC stability. Depletion/inhibition of SIRT1 correlated with reduced lysine 63-linked polyubiquitination of c-Myc, which presumably destabilizes c-MYC by supporting degradative lysine 48-linked polyubiquitination. Moreover, SIRT1 enhanced the transcriptional activity of c-MYC. Taken together, these results show that c-MYC activates SIRT1, which in turn promotes c-MYC function. Furthermore, SIRT1 suppressed cellular senescence in cells with deregulated c-MYC expression and also inhibited c-MYC-induced apoptosis. Constitutive activation of this positive feedback loop may contribute to the development and maintenance of tumors in the context of deregulated c-MYC.
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OLESEN UFFEHØGH, HASTRUP NINA, SEHESTED MAXWELL. Expression patterns of nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase and nicotinic acid phosphoribosyltransferase in human malignant lymphomas. APMIS 2011; 119:296-303. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0463.2011.02733.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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