1
|
Wang X, Feng Y, Guo X, Wang Q, Ning S, Li Q, Wang J, Wang L, Zhao ZK. Creating enzymes and self-sufficient cells for biosynthesis of the non-natural cofactor nicotinamide cytosine dinucleotide. Nat Commun 2021; 12:2116. [PMID: 33837188 PMCID: PMC8035330 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-22357-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2021] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) and its reduced form are indispensable cofactors in life. Diverse NAD mimics have been developed for applications in chemical and biological sciences. Nicotinamide cytosine dinucleotide (NCD) has emerged as a non-natural cofactor to mediate redox transformations, while cells are fed with chemically synthesized NCD. Here, we create NCD synthetase (NcdS) by reprograming the substrate binding pockets of nicotinic acid mononucleotide (NaMN) adenylyltransferase to favor cytidine triphosphate and nicotinamide mononucleotide over their regular substrates ATP and NaMN, respectively. Overexpression of NcdS alone in the model host Escherichia coli facilitated intracellular production of NCD, and higher NCD levels up to 5.0 mM were achieved upon further pathway regulation. Finally, the non-natural cofactor self-sufficiency was confirmed by mediating an NCD-linked metabolic circuit to convert L-malate into D-lactate. NcdS together with NCD-linked enzymes offer unique tools and opportunities for intriguing studies in chemical biology and synthetic biology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xueying Wang
- Laboratory of Biotechnology, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, CAS, Dalian, PR China
- Dalian Key Laboratory of Energy Biotechnology, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, CAS, Dalian, PR China
| | - Yanbin Feng
- Laboratory of Biotechnology, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, CAS, Dalian, PR China
| | - Xiaojia Guo
- Laboratory of Biotechnology, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, CAS, Dalian, PR China
- Dalian Key Laboratory of Energy Biotechnology, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, CAS, Dalian, PR China
| | - Qian Wang
- Laboratory of Biotechnology, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, CAS, Dalian, PR China
- Dalian Key Laboratory of Energy Biotechnology, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, CAS, Dalian, PR China
| | - Siyang Ning
- Laboratory of Biotechnology, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, CAS, Dalian, PR China
- Dalian Key Laboratory of Energy Biotechnology, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, CAS, Dalian, PR China
| | - Qing Li
- Laboratory of Biotechnology, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, CAS, Dalian, PR China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, PR China
| | - Junting Wang
- Laboratory of Biotechnology, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, CAS, Dalian, PR China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, PR China
| | - Lei Wang
- Laboratory of Biotechnology, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, CAS, Dalian, PR China
| | - Zongbao K Zhao
- Laboratory of Biotechnology, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, CAS, Dalian, PR China.
- Dalian Key Laboratory of Energy Biotechnology, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, CAS, Dalian, PR China.
- State Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, CAS, Dalian, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Abstract
Human nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase (NAMPT) replenishes the NAD pool and controls the activities of sirtuins, mono- and poly-(ADP-ribose) polymerases, and NAD nucleosidase. The nature of the enzymatic transition-state (TS) is central to understanding the function of NAMPT. We determined the TS structure for pyrophosphorolysis of nicotinamide mononucleotide (NMN) from kinetic isotope effects (KIEs). With the natural substrates, NMN and pyrophosphate (PPi), the intrinsic KIEs of [1'-(14)C], [1-(15)N], [1'-(3)H], and [2'-(3)H] are 1.047, 1.029, 1.154, and 1.093, respectively. A unique quantum computational approach was used for TS analysis that included structural elements of the catalytic site. Without constraints (e.g., imposed torsion angles), the theoretical and experimental data are in good agreement. The quantum-mechanical calculations incorporated a crucial catalytic site residue (D313), two magnesium atoms, and coordinated water molecules. The TS model predicts primary (14)C, α-secondary (3)H, β-secondary (3)H, and primary (15)N KIEs close to the experimental values. The analysis reveals significant ribocation character at the TS. The attacking PPi nucleophile is weakly interacting (r(C-O) = 2.60 Å), and the N-ribosidic C1'-N bond is highly elongated at the TS (r(C-N) = 2.35 Å), consistent with an A(N)D(N) mechanism. Together with the crystal structure of the NMN·PPi·Mg2·enzyme complex, the reaction coordinate is defined. The enzyme holds the nucleophile and leaving group in relatively fixed positions to create a reaction coordinate with C1'-anomeric migration from NAM to the PPi. The TS is reached by a 0.85 Å migration of C1'.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuel S Burgos
- Department of Biochemistry, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx, New York 10461, United States
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
3
|
Stockman BJ, Lodovice IJ, Fisher DA, McColl AS, Xie Z. A Nuclear Magnetic Resonance–Based Functional Assay for Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide Synthetase. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 12:457-63. [PMID: 17379856 DOI: 10.1177/1087057107299717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide synthetase (NadE) is an essential enzyme for bacterial pathogens and is thus a promising antibacterial target. It catalyzes the conversion of nicotinic acid adenine dinucleotide to nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide. Changes in chemical shifts that occur in the nicotinic acid ring as it is converted to nicotinamide can be used for monitoring the reaction. A robust nuclear magnetic resonance—based activity assay was developed using robotically controlled reaction initiation and quenching. The single-enzyme assay has less potential for false positives compared to a coupled activity assay and is especially well suited to the high concentration of compounds in fragment screens. The assay has been used to screen fragment libraries for NadE inhibitors. ( Journal of Biomolecular Screening 2007:457-463)
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Brian J Stockman
- Pfizer Global Research and Development, Groton, Connecticut 06340, USA.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
4
|
Chain PSG, Comerci DJ, Tolmasky ME, Larimer FW, Malfatti SA, Vergez LM, Aguero F, Land ML, Ugalde RA, Garcia E. Whole-genome analyses of speciation events in pathogenic Brucellae. Infect Immun 2006; 73:8353-61. [PMID: 16299333 PMCID: PMC1307078 DOI: 10.1128/iai.73.12.8353-8361.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite their high DNA identity and a proposal to group classical Brucella species as biovars of Brucella melitensis, the commonly recognized Brucella species can be distinguished by distinct biochemical and fatty acid characters, as well as by a marked host range (e.g., Brucella suis for swine, B. melitensis for sheep and goats, and Brucella abortus for cattle). Here we present the genome of B. abortus 2308, the virulent prototype biovar 1 strain, and its comparison to the two other human pathogenic Brucella species and to B. abortus field isolate 9-941. The global distribution of pseudogenes, deletions, and insertions supports previous indications that B. abortus and B. melitensis share a common ancestor that diverged from B. suis. With the exception of a dozen genes, the genetic complements of both B. abortus strains are identical, whereas the three species differ in gene content and pseudogenes. The pattern of species-specific gene inactivations affecting transcriptional regulators and outer membrane proteins suggests that these inactivations may play an important role in the establishment of host specificity and may have been a primary driver of speciation in the genus Brucella. Despite being nonmotile, the brucellae contain flagellum gene clusters and display species-specific flagellar gene inactivations, which lead to the putative generation of different versions of flagellum-derived structures and may contribute to differences in host specificity and virulence. Metabolic changes such as the lack of complete metabolic pathways for the synthesis of numerous compounds (e.g., glycogen, biotin, NAD, and choline) are consistent with adaptation of brucellae to an intracellular life-style.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Patrick S G Chain
- Biosciences Directorate, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94551, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
5
|
Grose JH, Bergthorsson U, Xu Y, Sterneckert J, Khodaverdian B, Roth JR. Assimilation of nicotinamide mononucleotide requires periplasmic AphA phosphatase in Salmonella enterica. J Bacteriol 2005; 187:4521-30. [PMID: 15968063 PMCID: PMC1151756 DOI: 10.1128/jb.187.13.4521-4530.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Salmonella enterica can obtain pyridine from exogenous nicotinamide mononucleotide (NMN) by three routes. In route 1, nicotinamide is removed from NMN in the periplasm and enters the cell as the free base. In route 2, described here, phosphate is removed from NMN in the periplasm by acid phosphatase (AphA), and the produced nicotinamide ribonucleoside (NmR) enters the cell via the PnuC transporter. Internal NmR is then converted back to NMN by the NmR kinase activity of NadR. Route 3 is seen only in pnuC* transporter mutants, which import NMN intact and can therefore grow on lower levels of NMN. Internal NMN produced by either route 2 or route 3 is deamidated to nicotinic acid mononucleotide and converted to NAD by the biosynthetic enzymes NadD and NadE.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Julianne H Grose
- Department of Biology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
Fukuwatari T, Toriochi M, Ohta M, Sasaki R, Shibata K. [Metabolic disturbance of tryptophan-nicotinamide conversion pathway by putative endocrine disruptors, bisphenol A and styrene monomer]. Shokuhin Eiseigaku Zasshi 2004; 45:1-7. [PMID: 15168554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/29/2023]
Abstract
Bisphenol A, a monomer of polycarbonate plastics, disturbed the conversion pathway of the amino acid tryptophan to the vitamin nicotinamide. The conversion ratio of tryptophan to nicotinamide was reduced to 1/15 by feeding a diet containing 1% bisphenol A. A putative disturbing reaction is kynurenine-->3-hydroxykynurenine, which is catalyzed by kynurenine monohydroxylase. This is an FAD-enzyme and requires NADPH as a coenzyme. Styrene monomer (1% addition to a normal diet) did not affect the food intake or the body weight, but slightly reduced the conversion ratio of tryptophan-nicotinamide.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tsutomu Fukuwatari
- Laboratories of Food Science and Nutrition, Department of Life Style Studies, School of Human Cultures, University of Shiga Prefecture: 2500 Hassaka-cho, Hikone 522-8533, Japan
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Abstract
Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 (PARP-1) safeguards genomic integrity by limiting sister chromatid exchanges. Overstimulation of PARP-1 by extensive DNA damage, however, can result in cell death, as prolonged PARP-1 activation depletes NAD(+), a substrate, and elevates nicotinamide, a product. The decline of NAD(+) and the rise of nicotinamide may downregulate the activity of Sir2, the NAD(+)-dependent deacetylases, because deacetylation by Sir2 is dependent on high concentration of NAD(+) and inhibited by physiologic level of nicotinamide. The Sir2 deacetylase family has been implicated in mediating gene silencing, longevity and genome stability. It is conceivable that poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation by PARP-1, which is induced by DNA damage, could modulate protein deacetylation by Sir2 via the NAD(+)/nicotinamide connection. The possible linkage of the two ancient pathways that mediate broad biological activities may spell profound evolutionary roles for the conserved PARP-1 and Sir2 gene families in multicellular eukaryotes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jie Zhang
- Guilford Pharmaceuticals Inc., 6611 Tributary Street, Baltimore, MD 21224.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Pumpo R, Sarnelli G, Spinella A, Budillon G, Cuomo R. The metabolism of nicotinamide in human liver cirrhosis: a study on N-methylnicotinamide and 2-pyridone-5-carboxamide production. Am J Gastroenterol 2001; 96:1183-7. [PMID: 11316167 DOI: 10.1111/j.1572-0241.2001.03698.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Nicotinamide methylation followed by urinary excretion of N-methylnicotinamide increases in cirrhotic patients, despite the derangement of the overall methylation processes in liver disease. The rise in N-methylnicotinamide could depend, at least in part, on a reduced transformation of this molecule into 2-pyridone-5-carboxamide. The aim of this study was to investigate this hypothesis. METHODS Serum and urinary levels (mean +/- SEM) of N-methylnicotinamide and urinary excretion of 2-pyridone-5-carboxamide were measured in 10 healthy controls and 10 patients with liver cirrhosis in basal conditions and after a nicotinamide oral load (1.5 mg/kg body weight). RESULTS N-methylnicotinamide serum levels increased significantly (p < 0.01) in cirrhotic patients compared to controls, both as basal values (0.43 +/- 0.07 nmol/ml; 0.15 +/- 0.01) and as area under the curve 5 h after a nicotinamide load (cirrhotics: 562.4 +/- 50.5 nmol/ml x min; controls: 314.4 +/- 23.8). Twenty-four-hour urinary excretion of N-methylnicotinamide and 2-pyridone-5-carboxamide was also significantly (p < 0.05) increased in cirrhotic patients versus controls, both in basal conditions (N-methylnicotinamide: 82.0 +/- 8.4 micromol, 48.8 +/- 4.8; 2-pyridone-5-carboxamide: 129.3 +/- 23.0, 64.6 +/- 9.8) and after a nicotinamide oral load (N-methylnicotinamide: 290.1 +/- 23.1, 180.8 +/- 7.4; 2-pyridone-5-carboxamide: 694.7 +/- 32.5, 391.0 +/- 21.9). Moreover, 24 h N-methylnicotinamide/2-pyridone-5-carboxamide ratio was similar in patients and controls (basal: 0.78 +/- 0.39, 0.90 +/- 0.51; load: 0.42 +/- 0.11, 0.48 +/- 0.16). CONCLUSIONS In cirrhotic patients nicotinamide methylation is increased, as shown by the rise in urinary N-methylnicotinamide and 2-pyridone-5-carboxamide that is concurrent and proportional (constant 24-h metabolite ratio). The hyperfunction of this methylating pathway might play a protective role against the toxic effect of intracellular accumulation of nicotinamide deriving from the catabolic state of cirrhosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R Pumpo
- Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Sperimentale, Università degli Studi di Napoli, Federico II, Italy
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Erb C, Seidel A, Frank H, Platt KL, Oesch F, Klein J. Formation of N-methylnicotinamide in the brain from a dihydropyridine-type prodrug: effect on brain choline. Biochem Pharmacol 1999; 57:681-4. [PMID: 10037454 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-2952(98)00338-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The enhancement of brain choline levels is a possible therapeutic option in neurodegenerative diseases; however, brain choline levels are held within narrow limits by homeostatic mechanisms including the rapid clearance of excess choline from the brain. The present study tests whether N-methylnicotinamide (NMN), an inhibitor of the outward transport of choline from the brain, can elevate brain choline levels in vivo. As NMN does not cross the blood-brain barrier, we synthesized and administered the brain-permeable prodrug, 1,4-dihydro-N-methyl-nicotinamide (DNMN), and tested its effect on the levels of NMN and choline in brain extracellular fluid, using the microdialysis procedure. Administration of DNMN (1 mmol/kg s.c.) caused a 4- and 9-fold increase in plasma and liver NMN levels, respectively, as determined by HPLC. Concomitantly, the brain tissue levels of NMN were increased by a factor of twenty. In brain extracellular fluid, the injection of DNMN (1-3 mmol/kg s.c.) elevated NMN levels by 3- to 10-fold to maximum levels of >10 microM. In spite of these enhanced NMN levels, the choline concentrations in the brain extracellular fluid and in the cerebrospinal fluid (4.7 microM) remained unchanged or were even slightly decreased. Microsomal incubations of DNMN indicated that cytochrome P-450 3A isoforms may be involved in NMN formation in the liver, but not in the brain. We conclude that DNMN, a brain-permeable prodrug of NMN, is efficiently oxidized to NMN in the brain, but a 10-fold increase in extracellular NMN levels is not sufficient to reduce the clearance of choline from the brain.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C Erb
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Mainz, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Vargas HM, Jenden DJ. Elevation of cerebrospinal fluid choline levels by nicotinamide involves the enzymatic formation of N1-methylnicotinamide in brain tissue. Life Sci 1996; 58:1995-2002. [PMID: 8637429 DOI: 10.1016/0024-3205(96)00190-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Nicotinamide administration can elevate plasma and brain choline levels and produce a marginal increase in striatal acetylcholine levels in the rat. We now report that subcutaneous nicotinamide produces a substantial and long-lasting rise in cisternal cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) levels of choline in free-moving rats, possibly through the enzymatic formation of N1-methylnicotinamide (NMN) in brain. CSF choline levels peaked 2 hours after nicotinamide administration and were accompanied by increases in striatal, cortical, hippocampal and plasma choline levels. The enzymatic formation of [3H]NMN in rat brain was evaluated by incubating aliquots of rat brain cytosol with unlabelled nicotinamide and the methyl donor [3H]S-adenosylmethionine. High performance liquid chromatography and radiochemical detection demonstrated that [3H]NMN was specifically formed by a brain cytosolic enzyme. The production of [3H]NMN was dependent on exogenous nicotinamide and could be prevented by denaturing the cytosol. The metabolism of nicotinamide to NMN in rat brain may explain the rise in CSF choline levels since NMN, a quaternary amine, can inhibit choline transport at the choroid villus and reduce choline clearance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- H M Vargas
- Department of Pharmacology, UCLA School of Medicine 90024-1735, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Turner RJ, Weiner JH, Taylor DE. The tellurite-resistance determinants tehAtehB and klaAklaBtelB have different biochemical requirements. Microbiology (Reading) 1995; 141 ( Pt 12):3133-40. [PMID: 8574407 DOI: 10.1099/13500872-141-12-3133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The tehAtehB operon from the Escherichia coli chromosome (32.3 min) mediates resistance to potassium tellurite (K2TeO3) when expressed on a multicopy plasmid such as pUC8 (pTWT100). An MIC of 128 micrograms ml-1 is observed when tehAtehB is expressed in a wild-type host and grown on rich media. In this study, the tehAtehB determinant was transformed into mutants deficient in electron transport processes and/or thiol redox coupling within E. coli. These mutants included ubi, nad, cys, nar, trx, grx, gsh and sod. MICs of tehAtehB transformed into these mutants ranged from 1-16 micrograms K2TeO3 ml-1 compared to 0.03-2 micrograms ml-1 for strains transformed with a control plasmid. The tellurite-resistance determinant locus kilA cloned from the IncP alpha plasmid RK2Ter (pDT1558) was also investigated in these strains. This tellurite-resistance determinant showed little or no dependency on the host genotype. The ability of tehAtehB to mediate resistance in wild-type hosts is limited to rich medium. Rich medium may provide a key unidentified cofactor required by TehATehB that is not provided under minimal conditions. Again, the ability of the kilA determinant to mediate tellurite resistance was independent of medium conditions. These data suggest that either a reducing environment or electron-reducing equivalents are required for tehAtehB to mediate high levels of resistance to potassium tellurite. Therefore, the two resistance determinants studied here possess two very different biochemical mechanisms of resistance. Our data also suggest a mechanism for endogenous resistance to tellurite which involves nitrate reductase, superoxide dismutase, and thiol redox processes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R J Turner
- Dept of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS The synthesis of pyridine nucleotides from nicotinamide requires adenosine triphosphate. In man when exogenous nicotinamide is poorly utilized in this synthesis, the excess follows a dissipative metabolic pathway and is excreted in urine as N-methylnicotinamide. In human cirrhosis N-methylnicotinamide serum levels are higher than normal, in basal condition and after nicotinamide oral load. The aim of this study was to verify N-methylnicotinamide production in relation to hepatic content of adenosine triphosphate during in vitro perfusion of rat liver, in normal conditions and after adenosine triphosphate depletion by metabolic stress. METHODS "Stress" was obtained by pre-washing with saline for 15 min before the perfusion with nutritive medium. RESULTS The adenosine triphosphate decrease in the stressed liver was 38% after pre-washing with saline and 80% at the end of nutritive perfusion. In control liver the corresponding decreases were 1% after pre-washing with nutritive medium and 65% at the end of perfusion with the same medium. The total nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide decreases were 44% and 56% in the stressed liver, and 19% and 52% in the control liver. The output levels of N-methylnicotinamide at 90 min of rat liver nutritive perfusion were 31.50 +/- 4.72 nmol/g for normal liver and 66.40 +/- 13.17 for stressed liver (p<0.001). Liver adenosine triphosphate was inversely related to N-methylnicotinamide production (r=0.93; p<0.001). CONCLUSIONS These data suggest that nicotinamide methylation may be enhanced when there is hepatic adenosine triphosphate decrease and energy failure induced by hypoxia or metabolic stress, similar to that obtained in vitro by saline washing before perfusion with nutritive medium. This study shows that the evaluation of N-methylnicotinamide production in man (before and after nicotinamide load) might be useful to explore the energy state of diseased liver.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R Cuomo
- Cattedra di Gastroenterologia, Facoltà di Medicina, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Italy
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Whitacre CM, Hashimoto H, Tsai ML, Chatterjee S, Berger SJ, Berger NA. Involvement of NAD-poly(ADP-ribose) metabolism in p53 regulation and its consequences. Cancer Res 1995; 55:3697-701. [PMID: 7641178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
We have used two different approaches to study the consequences of NAD/poly(ADP-ribose) deficiency on p53 expression and its activity in V79-derived cell lines. In the first approach, we have used two cell lines that are deficient in poly(ADP-ribose) (pADPR) synthesis because of deficiency in the enzyme poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP). In a second approach, we have used a cell line that is deficient in NAD/pADPR metabolism due to unavailability of NAD, the substrate for PARP. These NAD/PARP-deficient cell lines exhibit a significant reduction in both baseline p53 expression and its activity compared to their parental V79 cells. Furthermore, etoposide, a topoisomerase II inhibitor that was shown to cause an increase in p53 expression and subsequent apoptosis in V79 cells, failed to produce any significant increase in p53 expression or apoptotic DNA fragmentation in NAD/PARP-deficient cell lines. Thus, our studies suggest that NAD/pADPR synthesis may be involved in the regulation of p53 and its dependent pathways.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C M Whitacre
- Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio 44106-4937, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Inageda K, Takahashi K, Tokita K, Nishina H, Kanaho Y, Kukimoto I, Kontani K, Hoshino S, Katada T. Enzyme properties of Aplysia ADP-ribosyl cyclase: comparison with NAD glycohydrolase of CD38 antigen. J Biochem 1995; 117:125-31. [PMID: 7775378 DOI: 10.1093/oxfordjournals.jbchem.a124698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
An ecto-enzyme of NAD glycohydrolase (NADase) induced by retinoic acid in HL-60 cells is attributed to the molecule of CD38 antigen [Kontani, K., Nishina, H., Ohoka, Y., Takahashi, K., and Katada, T. (1993) J. Biol. Chem. 268, 16895-16898]. CD38 antigen has an amino acid sequence homologous to Aplysia ADP-ribosyl cyclase which generates cyclic adenosine diphosphoribose (cADPR) and nicotinamide (NA) from beta-NAD+. On the basis of this sequence homology, we compared enzyme properties between CD38 NADase expressed as a fusion protein in Escherichia coli and ADP-ribosyl cyclase purified from the ovotestis of Aplysia kurodai. 1) beta-NAD+ analogs, nicotinamide 1, N6-ethenoadenine dinucleotide, and nicotinamide hypoxanthine dinucleotide, did not serve as good substrates for the ADP-ribosyl cyclase, suggesting that the intact adenine ring of beta-NAD+ was required for the cyclase-catalyzed reaction. On the other hand, CD38 NADase utilized the NAD analogs to form ADP-ribose and NA. 2) Kinetic analyses of the ADP-ribosyl cyclase reaction revealed that NA was first released from the substrate (beta-NAD+)-enzyme complex, followed by the release of another product, cADPR, which was capable of interacting with the free enzyme. 3) The enzyme reaction catalyzed by the ADP-ribosyl cyclase was fully reversible; beta-NAD+ could be formed from cADPR and NA with a velocity similar to that observed in the degradation of beta-NAD+. However, CD38 NADase did not catalyze the reverse reaction to form beta-NAD+ from ADP-ribopase and NA. 4) The CD38 NADase activity was, but the ADP-ribosyl cyclase activity was not, inhibited by dithiothreitol.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K Inageda
- Department of Life Science, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Brown JM, Lemmon MJ, Horsman MR, Lee WW. Structure-activity relationships for tumour radiosensitization by analogues of nicotinamide and benzamide. Int J Radiat Biol 1991; 59:739-48. [PMID: 1672362 DOI: 10.1080/09553009114550651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Nicotinamide has been shown in our laboratory and those of other investigators to be an effective radiosensitizer of a variety of mouse tumours, while producing little or no radiosensitization of normal tissues. Its mechanism of action is different from classical electron-affinic compounds and appears to be the result of improved tumour oxygenation. In this study we have synthesized 29 analogues of nicotinamide and benzamide and characterized them for their tumour radiosensitization and acute toxicity in mice. The data show that a wide range of additions to the nicotinamide and benzamide ring produce tumour radiosensitization similar to that produced by equimolar doses of misonidazole, but that substitutions of the amide tend to reduce radiosensitization. Other structure-activity relationships are evident. Although some compounds produce similar tumour radiosensitization to nicotinamide at equimolar doses, and are comparably low in acute toxicity, none appears sufficiently superior to supplant nicotinamide itself as a candidate for clinical trials. Thus these data provide evidence that nicotinamide, because of the extensive experience with its use in man, is likely to be the best drug in the benzamide-nicotinamide series for development as a radiosensitizer of human tumours.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J M Brown
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University School of Medicine, CA 94305
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Affiliation(s)
- D A Bender
- Department of Biochemistry, University College London, UK
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Shin M, Sano K, Umezawa C. Effect of L-tryptophan and L-leucine on biosynthesis of niacin-related compounds in Saccharomyces carlsbergensis. J Nutr Sci Vitaminol (Tokyo) 1982; 28:179-89. [PMID: 6215472 DOI: 10.3177/jnsv.28.179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
As a model system for investigating the mechanism of the hepatic NAD-lowering effect of leucine in rats, aerobically grown Saccharomyces carlsbergensis was used in this paper. Tryptophan supplementation of the medium doubled total niacin production by S. carlsbergensis. This elevation in total niacin was mainly due to increases in niacin (14 times) and niacinamide nucleotides (2 times). Among nucleotides, the NAD level doubled whereas NADH, NADP and NADPH levels dropped significantly. Simultaneous supplementation of the medium with leucine suppressed the elevation in total and free niacin levels. In the presence of tryptophan, approximately 50% of the total niacin was secreted in the medium in the form of free niacin, while in the presence of both tryptophan and leucine most of the total niacin remained in the cell. The specific activity of quinolinate phosphoribosyltransferase [EC 2.4.2.19] was not affected by supplementation of the medium with tryptophan and/or leucine. In contrast, the specific activity of nicotinamide deamidase [EC 3.5.1.19] increased fivefold in the presence of tryptophan. Simultaneous supplementation of the medium with leucine tryptophan. Simultaneous supplementation of the medium with leucine suppressed the increase in nicotinamide deamidase. Cellular incorporation of tryptophan was not affected by leucine simultaneously added as a supplement to the medium. Leucine did not have any inhibitory effect on total niacin synthesis from 3-hydroxyanthranilate. From the results, a possible mechanism for the inhibitory effect of leucine on the tryptophan-NAD pathway was discussed.
Collapse
|
18
|
|
19
|
Kleiber G, Leickert KH. [Beta-pyridyl-carbinol in the treatment of hyperlipoproteinemia]. ZFA (Stuttgart) 1979; 55:1199-205. [PMID: 157647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
|
20
|
Abstract
A late-log-phase culture of an Escherichia coli nadB pncA double mutant took up 6-[7-14C]aminonicotinic acid and excreted 6-[14C]aminonicotinamide. This mutant also accumulated intracellularly several radioactive compounds which have been tentatively identified as 6-amino analogs of compounds in the pyridine nucleotide cycle. It is concluded that 6-aminonicotinamide and 6-aminonicotinic acid probably exert at least a portion of their bacteriostatic effects by being metabolized, by the enzymes of the pyridine nucleotide cycle, to 6-aminonicotinamide adenine dinucleotide and 6-aminonicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate. These compounds are not electron acceptors and are known inhibitors of some pyridine nucleotide-linked dehydrogenases.
Collapse
|
21
|
Moss J, Vaughan M. Mechanism of action of choleragen. Evidence for ADP-ribosyltransferase activity with arginine as an acceptor. J Biol Chem 1977; 252:2455-7. [PMID: 139409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Choleragen catalyzed the hydrolysis of NAD to ADP-ribose and nicotinamide; nicotinamide production was dramatically increased by L-arginine methyl ester and to a lesser extent by D- or L-arginine, but not by other basic amino acids. Guanidine was also effective. Nicotinamide formation in the presence of L-arginine methyl ester was greatest under conditions previously shown to accelerate the hydrolysis of NAD by choleragen (Moss, J., Manganiello, V. C., and Vaughan, M. (1976) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 73, 4424-4427). After incubation of [adenine-U14C]NAD and L[3H]arginine with coleragen, a product was isolated by thin layer chromatography that contained adenine and arginine in a 1:1 ratio and has been tentatively identified as ADP-ribose-L-arginine. Parallel experiments with [carbonyl-14C]NAD have demonstrated that formation of the ADP-ribosyl-L-arginine derivative was associated with the production of [carbonyl-14C]nicotinamide. As guanidine itself was active and D- and L-arginine was equally effective in promoting nicotinamide production, whereas citrulline, which possesses a ureido rather than a guanidino function, was inactive, it seems probable that the guanidino group rather than the alpha-amino moiety participated in the linkage to ADP-ribose. Based on the assumption that the ADP-ribosylation of L-arginine by choleragen is a model for the NAD-dependent activation of adenylate cyclase by choleragen, it is proposed that the active A protomer of choleragen catalyzes the ADP-ribosylation of an arginine, or related amino acid residue in a protein, which is the cyclase itself or is critical to its activation by choleragen.
Collapse
|
22
|
Chen JL, Tritz GJ. Isolation of a metabolite capable of differentially supporting the growth of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide auxotrophs of Escherichia coli. J Bacteriol 1975; 121:212-8. [PMID: 163810 PMCID: PMC285633 DOI: 10.1128/jb.121.1.212-218.1975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
A compound, isolated from the culture fluid of a nadC auxotroph of Escherichia coli grown in a minimal medium, supports the growth of both a nadA and a nadB mutant. This metabolite exhibits an ultraviolet light absorption spectrum and a mass spectrum, different from quinolinic acid. This compound may be the precursor of quinolinic acid, an intermediate in the biosynthesis of nicotinamide adenosine dinucleotide.
Collapse
|
23
|
|
24
|
Belavady B, Rao PU. Production of nicotinic acid deficiency in monkeys fed leucine supplemented diets. INT J VITAM NUTR RES 1973; 43:454-60. [PMID: 4272206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
|
25
|
Wrońska-Nofer T, Tarkowski S, Górny R, Sokal JA, Szyc M. Accelerated turnover rate of nicotinamide-adenine dinucleotides in the liver of rats intoxicated with carbon disulphide. Biochem Pharmacol 1972; 21:2945-50. [PMID: 4346385 DOI: 10.1016/0006-2952(72)90187-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
|
26
|
Khalmuradov AG, Chagovets RV, Shushevich SI, Khazbievich IS, Glushchenko TI. [Transformation of 3-methylpyridine to biologically active derivatives and its intracellular localization in rat liver]. Biokhimiia 1972; 37:797-806. [PMID: 4343914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
|
27
|
|
28
|
Collins PB, Chaykin S. The management of nicotinamide and nicotinic acid in the mouse. J Biol Chem 1972; 247:778-83. [PMID: 4333514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
|
29
|
Iuldasheva LS, Samokhvalov GI, Bekhtereva MN. [Physiologically active compounds produced by the fungus Blakeslea trispora]. Mikrobiologiia 1972; 41:39-43. [PMID: 4261272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
|
30
|
|
31
|
Khalmuradov AG, Shushevich SI, Fomenko GI. [Formation of nicotinamide from nicotinic acid in the rat liver]. Ukr Biokhim Zh 1971; 43:566-71. [PMID: 4263256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
|
32
|
Liersch M, Grotelüschen H, Decker K. [NAD permeation into the liver cell]. Hoppe Seylers Z Physiol Chem 1971; 352:267-74. [PMID: 4323625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
|
33
|
Subík J, Kolarov J. Metabolism of calcium and effect of divalent cations on respiratory activity of yeast mitochondria. Folia Microbiol (Praha) 1970; 15:448-58. [PMID: 4325080 DOI: 10.1007/bf02880189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
|
34
|
Jocelyn PC. On the loss of reduced and oxidised nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate added to suspensions of rat liver. Enzymologia 1970; 39:183-92. [PMID: 4393957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
|
35
|
Seddon B, Fynn GH. Terminal oxidations in Bacillus brevis ATCC 10068. I. The measurement of the NADH oxidase activity of Bacillus brevis ATCC 10068. Biochim Biophys Acta 1970; 216:435-8. [PMID: 4323436 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2728(70)90237-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
|
36
|
Gerber GB, Deroo J. [Studies on the metabolism of nicotinamide coenzymes after whole body irradiation. 3. Synthesis of NAD and its precursors in isolated perfused liver]. Strahlentherapie 1970; 140:231-5. [PMID: 4323082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
|
37
|
Gaut ZN, Solomon HM. Inhibition of 7- 14 C-nicotinic acid metabolism in the human blood platelet by anti-inflammatory drugs. Res Commun Chem Pathol Pharmacol 1970; 1:547-52. [PMID: 4400175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
|
38
|
|
39
|
Flechner I, Amar A, Bekierkunst A. NAD biosynthesis in polymorphonuclear leucocytes of guinea-pigs. I. Nicotinic acid pathway of NAD synthesis in cell-free preparations. Life Sci 1970; 9:153-62. [PMID: 4314265 DOI: 10.1016/0024-3205(70)90308-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
|
40
|
Dietrich LS, Franklin L, Farinas B. Effect of hyperphysiological levels of hexestrol on the hepatic metabolism of nicotinate in the mouse. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 1970; 133:160-3. [PMID: 4312713 DOI: 10.3181/00379727-133-34430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
|
41
|
Zureck A. [Comparative investigations on nicotinic acid metabolism in Mycobacterim bovis strain BCG and Mycobacterium tuberculosis]. Zentralbl Bakteriol Orig 1969; 212:125-36. [PMID: 4247808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
|
42
|
|
43
|
Smeenk G, Hulsmans HA. Dermatological and biochemical anomalies in two patients with pellagroid syndromes. Dermatologica 1969; 138:295-302. [PMID: 4239021 DOI: 10.1159/000253996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
|
44
|
Herken H. Biosynthesis and action of dinucleotides containing 6-aminonicotinamide on membrane transport processes. Arzneimittelforschung 1968; 18:1235-45. [PMID: 4236918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
|
45
|
Kahn V, Blum JJ. Studies of nicotinic acid metabolism in Astasia longa. I. Incorporation of nicotinic acid into pyridine derivatives in exponentially growing and in synchronized cultures. J Biol Chem 1968; 243:1441-7. [PMID: 4384780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
|
46
|
|
47
|
Doly J, Mandel P. [Demonstration of the biosynthesis in vivo of a compound polymer, polyadenosine diphosphoribose in the nucleus of the liver of chickens]. C R Acad Hebd Seances Acad Sci D 1967; 264:2687-90. [PMID: 4294313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
|
48
|
Savitskiĭ IV, Zelinskiĭ VG. [Effect of several radiomimetics on nicotinamide methylation in albina rat liver slices]. Vopr Med Khim 1967; 13:291-5. [PMID: 4233545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
|
49
|
|