1
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Cheng B, Ma X, Zhou Y, Liu J, Fei X, Pan W, Peng X, Wang W, Chen J. Recent progress in the development of hypoxia-inducible factor 2α (HIF-2α) modulators: Inhibitors, agonists, and degraders (2009-2024). Eur J Med Chem 2024; 275:116645. [PMID: 38959730 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2024.116645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2024] [Revised: 06/22/2024] [Accepted: 06/30/2024] [Indexed: 07/05/2024]
Abstract
Hypoxia-inducible factor 2α (HIF-2α) is a critical transcription factor that regulates cellular responses under hypoxic conditions. In situations of insufficient oxygen supply or patients with Von Hippel-Lindau (VHL) mutations, HIF-2α accumulates and forms a heterodimeric complex with aryl hydrocarbon receptor nuclear translocator (ARNT, or HIF-β). This complex further binds to coactivator p300 and interacts with hypoxia response elements (HREs) on the DNA of downstream target genes, regulating the transcription of a variety of genes (e.g. VEGFA, CCND1, CXCR4, SLC2A1, etc) involved in various processes like angiogenesis, mitochondrial metabolism, cell proliferation, and metastasis. Targeting HIF-2α holds great promise for effectively addressing solid tumors associated with aberrant oxygen-sensing pathways and hypoxia mechanisms, offering broad application prospects. In this review, we provide an overview of recent advancements (2009-2024) in HIF-2α modulators such as inhibitors, agonists, and degraders for cancer therapy. Additionally, we discuss in detail the challenges and future directions regarding HIF-2α modulators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Binbin Cheng
- School of Medicine, Hubei Polytechnic University, Huangshi, 435003, China; Central Laboratory, Wenzhou Medical University Lishui Hospital, Lishui People's Hospital, Lishui, Zhejiang, 323000, China
| | - Xianshi Ma
- Yangxin County People's Hospital of Hubei Province, Yangxin, Hubei, 435200, China
| | - Yingxing Zhou
- School of Medicine, Hubei Polytechnic University, Huangshi, 435003, China
| | - Jin Liu
- School of Medicine, Hubei Polytechnic University, Huangshi, 435003, China
| | - Xiaoting Fei
- School of Medicine, Hubei Polytechnic University, Huangshi, 435003, China
| | - Wei Pan
- Cardiology Department, Geriatric Department, Foshan Women and Children Hospital, Foshan, Guangdong, 528000, China.
| | - Xiaopeng Peng
- College of Pharmacy, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, 314000, China.
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, 510280, China.
| | - Jianjun Chen
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China.
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2
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Jakobsen S, Nielsen CU. Exploring Amino Acid Transporters as Therapeutic Targets for Cancer: An Examination of Inhibitor Structures, Selectivity Issues, and Discovery Approaches. Pharmaceutics 2024; 16:197. [PMID: 38399253 PMCID: PMC10893028 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics16020197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2023] [Revised: 01/18/2024] [Accepted: 01/28/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Amino acid transporters are abundant amongst the solute carrier family and have an important role in facilitating the transfer of amino acids across cell membranes. Because of their impact on cell nutrient distribution, they also appear to have an important role in the growth and development of cancer. Naturally, this has made amino acid transporters a novel target of interest for the development of new anticancer drugs. Many attempts have been made to develop inhibitors of amino acid transporters to slow down cancer cell growth, and some have even reached clinical trials. The purpose of this review is to help organize the available information on the efforts to discover amino acid transporter inhibitors by focusing on the amino acid transporters ASCT2 (SLC1A5), LAT1 (SLC7A5), xCT (SLC7A11), SNAT1 (SLC38A1), SNAT2 (SLC38A2), and PAT1 (SLC36A1). We discuss the function of the transporters, their implication in cancer, their known inhibitors, issues regarding selective inhibitors, and the efforts and strategies of discovering inhibitors. The goal is to encourage researchers to continue the search and development within the field of cancer treatment research targeting amino acid transporters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Jakobsen
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, DK-5230 Odense, Denmark
| | - Carsten Uhd Nielsen
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, DK-5230 Odense, Denmark
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3
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Tae K, Kim SJ, Cho SW, Lee H, Cha HS, Choi CY. L-Type Amino Acid Transporter 1 (LAT1) Promotes PMA-Induced Cell Migration through mTORC2 Activation at the Lysosome. Cells 2023; 12:2504. [PMID: 37887348 PMCID: PMC10605051 DOI: 10.3390/cells12202504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2023] [Revised: 10/17/2023] [Accepted: 10/20/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The mTOR signaling pathway integrates signaling inputs from nutrients, including glucose and amino acids, which are precisely regulated by transporters depending on nutrient levels. The L-type amino acid transporter 1 (LAT1) affects the activity of mTORC1 through upstream regulators that sense intracellular amino acid levels. While mTORC1 activation by LAT1 has been thoroughly investigated in cultured cells, the effects of LAT1 expression on the activity of mTORC2 has scarcely been studied. Here, we provide evidence that LAT1 recruits and activates mTORC2 on the lysosome for PMA-induced cell migration. LAT1 is translocated to the lysosomes in cells treated with PMA in a dose- and time-dependent manner. Lysosomal LAT1 interacted with mTORC2 through a direct interaction with Rictor, leading to the lysosomal localization of mTORC2. Furthermore, the depletion of LAT1 reduced PMA-induced cell migration in a wound-healing assay. Consistent with these results, the LAT1 N3KR mutant, which is defective in PMA-induced endocytosis and lysosomal localization, did not induce mTORC2 recruitment to the lysosome, with the activation of mTORC2 determined via Akt phosphorylation or the LAT1-mediated promotion of cell migration. Taken together, lysosomal LAT1 recruits and activates the mTORC2 complex and downstream Akt for PMA-mediated cell migration. These results provide insights into the development of therapeutic drugs targeting the LAT1 amino acid transporter to block metastasis, as well as disease progression in various types of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Cheol-Yong Choi
- Department of Biological Sciences, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea; (K.T.); (S.-J.K.); (S.-W.C.); (H.L.); (H.-S.C.)
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4
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Zhong X, He Z, Yin L, Fan Y, Tong Y, Kang Y, Bi Q. Glutamine metabolism in tumor metastasis: Genes, mechanisms and the therapeutic targets. Heliyon 2023; 9:e20656. [PMID: 37829798 PMCID: PMC10565784 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e20656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Revised: 09/25/2023] [Accepted: 10/03/2023] [Indexed: 10/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer cells frequently change their metabolism from aerobic glycolysis to lipid metabolism and amino acid metabolism to adapt to the malignant biological behaviours of infinite proliferation and distant metastasis. The significance of metabolic substances and patterns in tumour cell metastasis is becoming increasingly prominent. Tumour metastasis involves a series of significant steps such as the shedding of cancer cells from a primary tumour, resistance to apoptosis, and colonisation of metastatic sites. However, the role of glutamine in these processes remains unclear. This review summarises the key enzymes and transporters involved in glutamine metabolism that are related to the pathogenesis of malignant tumour metastasis. We also list the roles of glutamine in resisting oxidative stress and promoting immune escape. Finally, the significance of targeting glutamine metabolism in inhibiting tumour metastasis was proposed, research in this field improving our understanding of amino acid metabolism rewiring and simultaneously bringing about new and exciting therapeutic prospects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xugang Zhong
- Department of Orthopedics, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zeju He
- Department of Orthopedics, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, Hangzhou, China
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Li Yin
- Department of Orthopedics, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, Hangzhou, China
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Yong Fan
- Department of Orthopedics, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, Hangzhou, China
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Yu Tong
- Department of Orthopedics, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, Hangzhou, China
- Department of Orthopedics, Hangzhou Medical College People's Hospital, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yao Kang
- Department of Orthopedics, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, Hangzhou, China
- Department of Orthopedics, Hangzhou Medical College People's Hospital, Hangzhou, China
| | - Qing Bi
- Department of Orthopedics, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, Hangzhou, China
- Department of Orthopedics, Hangzhou Medical College People's Hospital, Hangzhou, China
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5
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Zhao X, Sakamoto S, Wei J, Pae S, Saito S, Sazuka T, Imamura Y, Anzai N, Ichikawa T. Contribution of the L-Type Amino Acid Transporter Family in the Diagnosis and Treatment of Prostate Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24076178. [PMID: 37047148 PMCID: PMC10094571 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24076178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Revised: 03/20/2023] [Accepted: 03/22/2023] [Indexed: 04/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The L-type amino acid transporter (LAT) family contains four members, LAT1~4, which are important amino acid transporters. They mainly transport specific amino acids through cell membranes, provide nutrients to cells, and are involved in a variety of metabolic pathways. They regulate the mTOR signaling pathway which has been found to be strongly linked to cancer in recent years. However, in the field of prostate cancer (PCa), the LAT family is still in the nascent stage of research, and the importance of LATs in the diagnosis and treatment of prostate cancer is still unknown. Therefore, this article aims to report the role of LATs in prostate cancer and their clinical significance and application. LATs promote the progression of prostate cancer by increasing amino acid uptake, activating the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway and downstream signals, mediating castration-resistance, promoting tumor angiogenesis, and enhancing chemotherapy resistance. The importance of LATs as diagnostic and therapeutic targets for prostate cancer was emphasized and the latest research results were introduced. In addition, we introduced selective LAT1 inhibitors, including JPH203 and OKY034, which showed excellent inhibitory effects on the proliferation of various tumor cells. This is the future direction of amino acid transporter targeting therapy drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Zhao
- Department of Urology, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba 260-8670, Japan
| | - Shinichi Sakamoto
- Department of Urology, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba 260-8670, Japan
| | - Jiaxing Wei
- Department of Urology, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba 260-8670, Japan
| | - Sangjon Pae
- Department of Urology, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba 260-8670, Japan
- Department of Pharmacology, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba 260-8670, Japan
| | - Shinpei Saito
- Department of Urology, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba 260-8670, Japan
- Department of Pharmacology, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba 260-8670, Japan
| | - Tomokazu Sazuka
- Department of Urology, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba 260-8670, Japan
| | - Yusuke Imamura
- Department of Urology, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba 260-8670, Japan
| | - Naohiko Anzai
- Department of Pharmacology, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba 260-8670, Japan
| | - Tomohiko Ichikawa
- Department of Urology, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba 260-8670, Japan
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6
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Missiaen R, Lesner NP, Simon MC. HIF: a master regulator of nutrient availability and metabolic cross-talk in the tumor microenvironment. EMBO J 2023; 42:e112067. [PMID: 36808622 PMCID: PMC10015374 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2022112067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Revised: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 02/22/2023] Open
Abstract
A role for hypoxia-inducible factors (HIFs) in hypoxia-dependent regulation of tumor cell metabolism has been thoroughly investigated and covered in reviews. However, there is limited information available regarding HIF-dependent regulation of nutrient fates in tumor and stromal cells. Tumor and stromal cells may generate nutrients necessary for function (metabolic symbiosis) or deplete nutrients resulting in possible competition between tumor cells and immune cells, a result of altered nutrient fates. HIF and nutrients in the tumor microenvironment (TME) affect stromal and immune cell metabolism in addition to intrinsic tumor cell metabolism. HIF-dependent metabolic regulation will inevitably result in the accumulation or depletion of essential metabolites in the TME. In response, various cell types in the TME will respond to these hypoxia-dependent alterations by activating HIF-dependent transcription to alter nutrient import, export, and utilization. In recent years, the concept of metabolic competition has been proposed for critical substrates, including glucose, lactate, glutamine, arginine, and tryptophan. In this review, we discuss how HIF-mediated mechanisms control nutrient sensing and availability in the TME, the competition for nutrients, and the metabolic cross-talk between tumor and stromal cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rindert Missiaen
- Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Nicholas P Lesner
- Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - M Celeste Simon
- Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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7
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Pu Y, Wu B, Mo H, Alfano RR. Stokes shift spectroscopy and machine learning for label-free human prostate cancer detection. OPTICS LETTERS 2023; 48:936-939. [PMID: 36790979 DOI: 10.1364/ol.483076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The Stokes shift spectra (S3) of human cancerous and normal prostate tissues were collected label free at a selected wavelength interval of 40 nm to investigate the efficacy of the approach based on three key molecules-tryptophan, collagen, and reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH)-as cancer biomarkers. S3 combines both fluorescence and absorption spectra in one scan. The S3 spectra were analyzed using machine learning (ML) algorithms, including principal component analysis (PCA), nonnegative matrix factorization (NMF), and support vector machines (SVMs). The components retrieved from the S3 spectra were considered principal biomarkers. The differences in the weights of the components between the two types of tissues were found to be significant. Sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy were calculated to evaluate the performance of SVM classification. This research demonstrates that S3 spectroscopy is effective for detecting the changes in the relative concentrations of the endogenous fluorophores in tissues due to the development of cancer label free.
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8
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Guo H, Xu W, Nomoto T, Kanamori K, Voon YM, Honda Y, Yamada N, Takemoto H, Matsui M, Nishiyama N. Polymeric ligands comprising sulfur-containing amino acids for targeting tumor-associated amino acid transporters. Biomaterials 2023; 293:121987. [PMID: 36584445 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2022.121987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2022] [Revised: 12/16/2022] [Accepted: 12/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Various cancer cells overexpress L-type amino acid transporter 1 (LAT1) to take up a large number of neutral amino acids such as phenylalanine and methionine, and LAT1 transporter should be a promising target for cancer diagnosis and therapy. However, only a few studies reported drug delivery systems targeting LAT1 probably due to limited knowledge about the interaction between LAT1 and its substrate. Here, we developed polymers having methionine (Met)- or cysteine (Cys)-like structures on their side chains to examine their affinity with LAT1. While both the Met- and Cys-modified polymers exhibited efficient cellular uptake selectively in cancer cells, the Met-modified polymers exhibited higher cellular uptake efficiency in an LAT1-selective manner than the Cys-modified polymers. In the in vivo study, the intraperitoneally injected Met-modified polymers showed appreciable tumor-selective accumulation in the peritoneal dissemination model, and importantly, Met-modified polymers conjugated with photosensitizers exhibited significant therapeutic effects upon photoirradiation with reduced photochemical damage to normal organs. Our results may provide important knowledge about the polymer-LAT1 interaction, and the Met-modified polymers should offer a new concept for designing LAT1-targeting drug delivery systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haochen Guo
- Laboratory for Chemistry and Life Science, Institute of Innovative Research, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsutacho, Midori-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 226-8503, Japan; Department of Life Science and Technology, School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsutacho, Midori-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 226-8503, Japan
| | - Wen Xu
- Laboratory for Chemistry and Life Science, Institute of Innovative Research, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsutacho, Midori-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 226-8503, Japan
| | - Takahiro Nomoto
- Laboratory for Chemistry and Life Science, Institute of Innovative Research, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsutacho, Midori-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 226-8503, Japan; Department of Life Science and Technology, School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsutacho, Midori-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 226-8503, Japan.
| | - Kaito Kanamori
- Laboratory for Chemistry and Life Science, Institute of Innovative Research, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsutacho, Midori-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 226-8503, Japan; Department of Life Science and Technology, School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsutacho, Midori-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 226-8503, Japan
| | - Yan Ming Voon
- Laboratory for Chemistry and Life Science, Institute of Innovative Research, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsutacho, Midori-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 226-8503, Japan; Department of Life Science and Technology, School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsutacho, Midori-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 226-8503, Japan
| | - Yuto Honda
- Laboratory for Chemistry and Life Science, Institute of Innovative Research, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsutacho, Midori-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 226-8503, Japan; Department of Life Science and Technology, School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsutacho, Midori-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 226-8503, Japan
| | - Naoki Yamada
- Laboratory for Chemistry and Life Science, Institute of Innovative Research, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsutacho, Midori-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 226-8503, Japan
| | - Hiroyasu Takemoto
- Laboratory for Chemistry and Life Science, Institute of Innovative Research, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsutacho, Midori-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 226-8503, Japan; Department of Life Science and Technology, School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsutacho, Midori-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 226-8503, Japan
| | - Makoto Matsui
- Laboratory for Chemistry and Life Science, Institute of Innovative Research, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsutacho, Midori-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 226-8503, Japan
| | - Nobuhiro Nishiyama
- Laboratory for Chemistry and Life Science, Institute of Innovative Research, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsutacho, Midori-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 226-8503, Japan; Department of Life Science and Technology, School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsutacho, Midori-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 226-8503, Japan; Innovation Center of Nanomedicine (iCONM), Kawasaki Institute of Industrial Promotion, 3-25-14 Tonomachi, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, 210-0821, Japan.
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9
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Kantipudi S, Harder D, Fotiadis D. Characterization of substrates and inhibitors of the human heterodimeric transporter 4F2hc-LAT1 using purified protein and the scintillation proximity radioligand binding assay. Front Physiol 2023; 14:1148055. [PMID: 36895635 PMCID: PMC9989278 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1148055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Amino acids have diverse and essential roles in many cellular functions such as in protein synthesis, metabolism and as precursors of different hormones. Translocation of amino acids and derivatives thereof across biological membranes is mediated by amino acid transporters. 4F2hc-LAT1 is a heterodimeric amino acid transporter that is composed of two subunits belonging to the SLC3 (4F2hc) and SLC7 (LAT1) solute carrier families. The ancillary protein 4F2hc is responsible for the correct trafficking and regulation of the transporter LAT1. Preclinical studies have identified 4F2hc-LAT1 as a valid anticancer target due to its importance in tumor progression. The scintillation proximity assay (SPA) is a valuable radioligand binding assay that allows the identification and characterization of ligands of membrane proteins. Here, we present a SPA ligand binding study using purified recombinant human 4F2hc-LAT1 protein and the radioligand [3H]L-leucine as tracer. Binding affinities of different 4F2hc-LAT1 substrates and inhibitors determined by SPA are comparable with previously reported K m and IC 50 values from 4F2hc-LAT1 cell-based uptake assays. In summary, the SPA is a valuable method for the identification and characterization of ligands of membrane transporters including inhibitors. In contrast to cell-based assays, where the potential interference with other proteins such as endogenous transporters persists, the SPA uses purified protein making target engagement and characterization of ligands highly reliable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satish Kantipudi
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Daniel Harder
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Dimitrios Fotiadis
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
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10
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Bouthelier A, Fernández-Arroyo L, Mesa-Ciller C, Cibrian D, Martín-Cófreces NB, Castillo-González R, Calero M, Herráez-Aguilar D, Guajardo-Grence A, Pacheco AM, Marcos-Jiménez A, Quiroga B, Morado M, Monroy F, Muñoz-Calleja C, Sánchez-Madrid F, Urrutia AA, Aragonés J. Erythroid SLC7A5/SLC3A2 amino acid carrier controls red blood cell size and maturation. iScience 2022; 26:105739. [PMID: 36582828 PMCID: PMC9792907 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2022.105739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2022] [Revised: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 12/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Inhibition of the heterodimeric amino acid carrier SLC7A5/SLC3A2 (LAT1/CD98) has been widely studied in tumor biology but its role in physiological conditions remains largely unknown. Here we show that the SLC7A5/SLC3A2 heterodimer is constitutively present at different stages of erythroid differentiation but absent in mature erythrocytes. Administration of erythropoietin (EPO) further induces SLC7A5/SLC3A2 expression in circulating reticulocytes, as it also occurs in anemic conditions. Although Slc7a5 gene inactivation in the erythrocyte lineage does not compromise the total number of circulating red blood cells (RBCs), their size and hemoglobin content are significantly reduced accompanied by a diminished erythroblast mTORC1 activity. Furthermore circulating Slc7a5-deficient reticulocytes are characterized by lower transferrin receptor (CD71) expression as well as mitochondrial activity, suggesting a premature transition to mature RBCs. These data reveal that SLC7A5/SLC3A2 ensures adequate maturation of reticulocytes as well as the proper size and hemoglobin content of circulating RBCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Bouthelier
- Research Unit, Hospital of Santa Cristina, Research Institute Princesa (IP), Autonomous University of Madrid, 28009 Madrid, Spain
| | - Lucía Fernández-Arroyo
- Research Unit, Hospital of Santa Cristina, Research Institute Princesa (IP), Autonomous University of Madrid, 28009 Madrid, Spain
| | - Claudia Mesa-Ciller
- Research Unit, Hospital of Santa Cristina, Research Institute Princesa (IP), Autonomous University of Madrid, 28009 Madrid, Spain
| | - Danay Cibrian
- Immunology Department, Hospital de la Princesa, Instituto Investigación Sanitaria Princesa, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain,Department of Vascular Biology and Inflammation, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Noa Beatriz Martín-Cófreces
- Immunology Department, Hospital de la Princesa, Instituto Investigación Sanitaria Princesa, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain,Department of Vascular Biology and Inflammation, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Raquel Castillo-González
- Immunology Department, Hospital de la Princesa, Instituto Investigación Sanitaria Princesa, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain,Department of Vascular Biology and Inflammation, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Madrid, Spain,Pathology Anatomy Department, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital 12 de Octubre (imas12), Madrid, Spain
| | - Macarena Calero
- Departamento de Química Física, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Ciudad Universitaria s/n, Madrid, Spain,Translational Biophysics. Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital Doce de Octubre (Imas12), Madrid, Spain
| | - Diego Herráez-Aguilar
- Facultad de Ciencias Experimentales, Universidad Francisco de Vitoria, Ctra. Pozuelo-Majadahonda Km 1,800, 28223, Pozuelo de Alarcón, Madrid, Spain
| | - Andrea Guajardo-Grence
- Research Unit, Hospital of Santa Cristina, Research Institute Princesa (IP), Autonomous University of Madrid, 28009 Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana María Pacheco
- Research Unit, Hospital of Santa Cristina, Research Institute Princesa (IP), Autonomous University of Madrid, 28009 Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana Marcos-Jiménez
- Immunology Department, Hospital de la Princesa, Instituto Investigación Sanitaria Princesa, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Borja Quiroga
- Nephrology Department, Hospital de la Princesa, Instituto Investigación Sanitaria Princesa, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Marta Morado
- Hematology Department, Hospital Universitario La Paz, Madrid, Spain
| | - Francisco Monroy
- Departamento de Química Física, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Ciudad Universitaria s/n, Madrid, Spain,Translational Biophysics. Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital Doce de Octubre (Imas12), Madrid, Spain
| | - Cecilia Muñoz-Calleja
- Immunology Department, Hospital de la Princesa, Instituto Investigación Sanitaria Princesa, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Francisco Sánchez-Madrid
- Immunology Department, Hospital de la Princesa, Instituto Investigación Sanitaria Princesa, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain,Nephrology Department, Hospital de la Princesa, Instituto Investigación Sanitaria Princesa, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain,CIBER de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares, Carlos III Health Institute, Madrid, Spain
| | - Andrés A. Urrutia
- Research Unit, Hospital of Santa Cristina, Research Institute Princesa (IP), Autonomous University of Madrid, 28009 Madrid, Spain
| | - Julián Aragonés
- Research Unit, Hospital of Santa Cristina, Research Institute Princesa (IP), Autonomous University of Madrid, 28009 Madrid, Spain,CIBER de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares, Carlos III Health Institute, Madrid, Spain,Corresponding author
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11
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Targeting L-type amino acid transporter 1 in urological malignancy: Current status and future perspective. J Pharmacol Sci 2022; 150:251-258. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphs.2022.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2021] [Revised: 09/18/2022] [Accepted: 10/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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12
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Cheng X, Deng W, Zhang Z, Zeng Z, Liu Y, Zhou X, Zhang C, Wang G. Novel amino acid metabolism‐related gene signature to predict prognosis in clear cell renal cell carcinoma. Front Genet 2022; 13:982162. [PMID: 36118874 PMCID: PMC9478740 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2022.982162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Amino acid metabolism (AAM) deregulation, an emerging metabolic hallmark of malignancy, plays an essential role in tumour proliferation, invasion, and metastasis. However, the expression of AAM-related genes and their correlation with prognosis in clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) remain elusive. This study aims to develop a novel consensus signature based on the AAM-related genes. Methods: The RNA-seq expression data and clinical information for ccRCC were downloaded from the TCGA (KIRC as training dataset) and ArrayExpress (E-MTAB-1980 as validation dataset) databases. The AAM‐related differentially expressed genes were screened via the “limma” package in TCGA cohorts for further analysis. The machine learning algorithms (Lasso and stepwise Cox (direction = both)) were then utilised to establish a novel consensus signature in TCGA cohorts, which was validated by the E-MTAB-1980 cohorts. The optimal cutoff value determined by the “survminer” package was used to categorise patients into two risk categories. The Kaplan-Meier curve, the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve, and multivariate Cox regression were utilised to evaluate the prognostic value. The nomogram based on the gene signature was constructed, and its performance was analysed using ROC and calibration curves. Gene Set Enrichment Analysis (GSEA) and immune cell infiltration analysis were conducted on its potential mechanisms. The relationship between the gene signature and key immune checkpoint, N6-methyladenosine (m6A)-related genes, and sensitivity to chemotherapy was assessed. Results: A novel consensus AMM‐related gene signature consisting of IYD, NNMT, ACADSB, GLDC, and PSAT1 is developed to predict prognosis in TCGA cohorts. Kaplan-Meier survival shows that overall survival in the high-risk group was more dismal than in the low-risk group in the TCGA cohort, validated by the E-MTAB-1980 cohort. Multivariate regression analysis also demonstrates that the gene signature is an independent predictor of ccRCC. Immune infiltration analysis highlighted that the high-risk group indicates an immunosuppressive microenvironment. It is also closely related to the level of key immune checkpoints, m6A modification, and sensitivity to chemotherapy drugs. Conclusion: In this study, a novel consensus AAM-related gene signature is developed and validated as an independent predictor to robustly predict the overall survival from ccRCC, which would further improve the clinical outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofeng Cheng
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
- Jiangxi Institute of Urology, Nanchang, China
| | - Wen Deng
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
- Jiangxi Institute of Urology, Nanchang, China
| | - Zhicheng Zhang
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
- Jiangxi Institute of Urology, Nanchang, China
| | - Zhenhao Zeng
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
- Jiangxi Institute of Urology, Nanchang, China
| | - Yifu Liu
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
- Jiangxi Institute of Urology, Nanchang, China
| | - Xiaochen Zhou
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
- Jiangxi Institute of Urology, Nanchang, China
| | - Cheng Zhang
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
- Jiangxi Institute of Urology, Nanchang, China
| | - Gongxian Wang
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
- Jiangxi Institute of Urology, Nanchang, China
- *Correspondence: Gongxian Wang,
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13
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Zhao X, Sakamoto S, Maimaiti M, Anzai N, Ichikawa T. Contribution of LAT1-4F2hc in Urological Cancers via Toll-like Receptor and Other Vital Pathways. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14010229. [PMID: 35008399 PMCID: PMC8750950 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14010229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2021] [Revised: 12/28/2021] [Accepted: 01/02/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary LAT1-4F2hc complex is an important amino acid transporter. It mainly transports specific amino acids through the cell membrane, provides nutrition for cells, and participates in a variety of metabolic pathways. LAT1 plays a role in transporting essential amino acids including leucine, which regulates the mTOR signaling pathway. However, the importance of SLCs is still not well known in the field of urological cancer. Therefore, the purpose of this review is to report the role of the LAT1-4F2hc complex in urological cancers, as well as their clinical significance and application. Moreover, the inhibitor of LAT1-4F2hc complex is a promising direction as a targeted therapy to improve the treatment and prognosis of urological cancers. Abstract Tumor cells are known for their ability to proliferate. Nutrients are essential for rapidly growing tumor cells. In particular, essential amino acids are essential for tumor cell growth. Tumor cell growth nutrition requires the regulation of membrane transport proteins. Nutritional processes require amino acid uptake across the cell membrane. Leucine, one of the essential amino acids, has recently been found to be closely associated with cancer, which activate mTOR signaling pathway. The transport of leucine into cells requires an L-type amino acid transporter protein 1, LAT1 (SLC7A5), which requires the 4F2 cell surface antigen heavy chain (4F2hc, SLC3A2) to form a heterodimeric amino acid transporter protein complex. Recent evidence identified 4F2hc as a specific downstream target of the androgen receptor splice variant 7 (AR-V7). We stressed the importance of the LAT1-4F2hc complex as a diagnostic and therapeutic target in urological cancers in this review, which covered the recent achievements in research on the involvement of the LAT1-4F2hc complex in urinary system tumors. In addition, JPH203, which is a selective LAT1 inhibitor, has shown excellent inhibitory effects on the proliferation in a variety of tumor cells. The current phase I clinical trials of JPH203 in patients with biliary tract cancer have also achieved good results, which is the future research direction for LAT1 targeted therapy drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Zhao
- Department of Urology, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba 260-8670, Japan; (X.Z.); (T.I.)
- Department of Urology, Tongren Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200336, China
| | - Shinichi Sakamoto
- Department of Urology, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba 260-8670, Japan; (X.Z.); (T.I.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-43-226-2134; Fax: +81-43-226-2136
| | - Maihulan Maimaiti
- Department of Tumor Pathology, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba 260-8670, Japan;
| | - Naohiko Anzai
- Department of Pharmacology, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba 260-8670, Japan;
| | - Tomohiko Ichikawa
- Department of Urology, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba 260-8670, Japan; (X.Z.); (T.I.)
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14
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Lee SH, Park JS, Kim H, Kim D, Lee SH, Ham WS, Han WK, Choi YD, Yun M. Glycolysis on F-18 FDG PET/CT Is Superior to Amino Acid Metabolism on C-11 Methionine PET/CT in Identifying Advanced Renal Cell Carcinoma at Staging. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13102381. [PMID: 34069168 PMCID: PMC8155930 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13102381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2021] [Revised: 05/10/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Alteration of metabolism, including glycolysis and glutaminolysis in malignant tumours, has become a hallmark of cancer and related biological aggressiveness. The metabolic signature of each cancer has been actively investigated for potential new drug development. Of the metabolic imaging biomarkers, F-18 fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) and C-11 methionine positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET/CT) are widely studied to evaluate the degree of glucose metabolism and amino acid metabolism, respectively. In this prospective study, we found that both F-18 FDG and C-11 methionine uptakes on PET/CT were heterogeneous in renal cell carcinomas, and increased uptake was associated with higher grades of both radiotracers. Additionally, metabolic tumour volume on F-18 FDG PET/CT but not C-11 methionine PET/CT was significant in predicting advanced-stage renal cell carcinoma. These metabolic features derived with PET/CT may help in the development of new drugs targeting glucose and amino acid metabolic pathways. Abstract We evaluated the value of F-18 fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) and C-11 methionine positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET/CT) to predict high-Fuhrman grade and advanced-stage tumours in patients with renal cell carcinoma (RCC). Forty patients with RCC underwent F-18 FDG and C-11 methionine PET/CT between September 2016 and September 2018. They were classified into limited (stages I and II, n = 15) or advanced stages (stages III and IV, n = 25) according to pathological staging. Logistic regressions were used to predict the advanced stage using various parameters, including maximum standardised uptake value (SUVmax) and metabolic tumour volume (MTV). Receiver operating characteristic analyses were performed to predict high-grade tumours (Fuhrman 3 and 4). On univariate analysis, tumour size, SUVmax and MTV of F-18 FDG and C-11 methionine, and Fuhrman grades were significant predictors for the advanced stage. On multivariate analysis, F-18 FDG MTV > 21.3 cm3 was the most significant predictor (p < 0.001). The area under the curve for predicting high-grade tumours was 0.830 for F-18 FDG (p < 0.001) and 0.726 for C-11 methionine PET/CT (p = 0.014). In conclusion, glycolysis on F-18 FDG PET/CT and amino acid metabolism on C-11 methionine PET/CT were variable but increased in high-grade RCCs. Increased MTV on F-18 FDG PET/CT is a powerful predictor of advanced-stage tumours.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suk-Hyun Lee
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03772, Korea; (S.-H.L.); (D.K.)
- Department of Radiology, Hallym University Kangnam Sacred Heart Hospital, Seoul 07441, Korea
| | - Jee-Soo Park
- Department of Urology, Urologic Science Institute, Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03772, Korea; (J.-S.P.); (S.-H.L.); (W.-S.H.); (W.-K.H.)
| | - Hyunjeong Kim
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Yongin Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Yongin-si 17046, Gyeonggi-do, Korea;
| | - Dongwoo Kim
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03772, Korea; (S.-H.L.); (D.K.)
| | - Seung-Hwan Lee
- Department of Urology, Urologic Science Institute, Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03772, Korea; (J.-S.P.); (S.-H.L.); (W.-S.H.); (W.-K.H.)
| | - Won-Sik Ham
- Department of Urology, Urologic Science Institute, Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03772, Korea; (J.-S.P.); (S.-H.L.); (W.-S.H.); (W.-K.H.)
| | - Woong-Kyu Han
- Department of Urology, Urologic Science Institute, Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03772, Korea; (J.-S.P.); (S.-H.L.); (W.-S.H.); (W.-K.H.)
| | - Young-Deuk Choi
- Department of Urology, Urologic Science Institute, Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03772, Korea; (J.-S.P.); (S.-H.L.); (W.-S.H.); (W.-K.H.)
- Correspondence: (Y.-D.C.); (M.Y.); Tel.: +82-2-2228-2317 (Y.-D.C.); +82-2-2228-2350 (M.Y.)
| | - Mijin Yun
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03772, Korea; (S.-H.L.); (D.K.)
- Correspondence: (Y.-D.C.); (M.Y.); Tel.: +82-2-2228-2317 (Y.-D.C.); +82-2-2228-2350 (M.Y.)
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15
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Lopes C, Pereira C, Medeiros R. ASCT2 and LAT1 Contribution to the Hallmarks of Cancer: From a Molecular Perspective to Clinical Translation. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13020203. [PMID: 33429909 PMCID: PMC7828050 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13020203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2020] [Revised: 12/31/2020] [Accepted: 01/07/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The role of the amino acid transporters ASCT2 and LAT1 in cancer has been explored throughout the years. In this review, we report their impact on the hallmarks of cancer, as well as their clinical significance. Overall, both proteins have been associated with cell death resistance through dysregulation of caspases and sustainment of proliferative signaling through mTOR activation. Furthermore, ASCT2 appears to play an important role in cellular energetics regulation, whereas LAT1 expression is associated with angiogenesis and invasion and metastasis activation. The molecular impact of these proteins on the hallmarks of cancer translates into various clinical applications and both transporters have been identified as prognostic factors in many types of cancer. Concerning their role as therapeutic targets, efforts have been undertaken to synthesize competitive or irreversible ASCT2 and LAT1 inhibitors. However, JHP203, a selective inhibitor of the latter, is, to the best of our knowledge, the only compound included in a Phase 1 clinical trial. In conclusion, considering the usefulness of ASCT2 and LAT1 in a variety of cancer-related pathways and cancer therapy/diagnosis, the development and testing of novel inhibitors for these transporters that could be evaluated in clinical trials represents a promising approach to cancer prognosis improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catarina Lopes
- Molecular Oncology and Viral Pathology Group, IPO Porto Research Center (CI-IPOP), Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto (IPO-Porto), Rua Dr. António Bernardino de Almeida, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal; (C.L.); (R.M.)
| | - Carina Pereira
- Molecular Oncology and Viral Pathology Group, IPO Porto Research Center (CI-IPOP), Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto (IPO-Porto), Rua Dr. António Bernardino de Almeida, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal; (C.L.); (R.M.)
- CINTESIS—Center for Health Technology and Services Research, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Plácido da Costa, 4200-450 Porto, Portugal
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +351-225-084-000; Fax: +351-225-084-001
| | - Rui Medeiros
- Molecular Oncology and Viral Pathology Group, IPO Porto Research Center (CI-IPOP), Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto (IPO-Porto), Rua Dr. António Bernardino de Almeida, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal; (C.L.); (R.M.)
- Research Department of the Portuguese League Against Cancer—North (LPCC-NRNorte), Estrada da Circunvalação, 4200-177 Porto, Portugal
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The Harmonious Interplay of Amino Acid and Monocarboxylate Transporters Induces the Robustness of Cancer Cells. Metabolites 2021; 11:metabo11010027. [PMID: 33401672 PMCID: PMC7823946 DOI: 10.3390/metabo11010027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Revised: 12/26/2020] [Accepted: 12/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
There is a growing body of evidence that metabolic reprogramming contributes to the acquisition and maintenance of robustness associated with malignancy. The fine regulation of expression levels of amino acid and monocarboxylate transporters enables cancer cells to exhibit the metabolic reprogramming that is responsible for therapeutic resistance. Amino acid transporters characterized by xCT (SLC7A11), ASCT2 (SLC1A5), and LAT1 (SLC7A5) function in the uptake and export of amino acids such as cystine and glutamine, thereby regulating glutathione synthesis, autophagy, and glutaminolysis. CD44 variant, a cancer stem-like cell marker, stabilizes the xCT antiporter at the cellular membrane, and tumor cells positive for xCT and/or ASCT2 are susceptible to sulfasalazine, a system Xc(-) inhibitor. Inhibiting the interaction between LAT1 and CD98 heavy chain prevents activation of the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) complex 1 by glutamine and leucine. mTOR signaling regulated by LAT1 is a sensor of dynamic alterations in the nutrient tumor microenvironment. LAT1 is overexpressed in various malignancies and positively correlated with poor clinical outcome. Metabolic reprogramming of glutamine occurs often in cancer cells and manifests as ASCT2-mediated glutamine addiction. Monocarboxylate transporters (MCTs) mediate metabolic symbiosis, by which lactate in cancer cells under hypoxia is exported through MCT4 and imported by MCT1 in less hypoxic regions, where it is used as an oxidative metabolite. Differential expression patterns of transporters cause functional intratumoral heterogeneity leading to the therapeutic resistance. Therefore, metabolic reprogramming based on these transporters may be a promising therapeutic target. This review highlights the pathological function and therapeutic targets of transporters including xCT, ASCT2, LAT1, and MCT.
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Differential Contribution of N- and C-Terminal Regions of HIF1α and HIF2α to Their Target Gene Selectivity. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21249401. [PMID: 33321829 PMCID: PMC7764359 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21249401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2020] [Revised: 12/04/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Cellular response to hypoxia is controlled by the hypoxia-inducible transcription factors HIF1α and HIF2α. Some genes are preferentially induced by HIF1α or HIF2α, as has been explored in some cell models and for particular sets of genes. Here we have extended this analysis to other HIF-dependent genes using in vitro WT8 renal carcinoma cells and in vivo conditional Vhl-deficient mice models. Moreover, we generated chimeric HIF1/2 transcription factors to study the contribution of the HIF1α and HIF2α DNA binding/heterodimerization and transactivation domains to HIF target specificity. We show that the induction of HIF1α-dependent genes in WT8 cells, such as CAIX (CAR9) and BNIP3, requires both halves of HIF, whereas the HIF2α transactivation domain is more relevant for the induction of HIF2 target genes like the amino acid carrier SLC7A5. The HIF selectivity for some genes in WT8 cells is conserved in Vhl-deficient lung and liver tissue, whereas other genes like Glut1 (Slc2a1) behave distinctly in these tissues. Therefore the relative contribution of the DNA binding/heterodimerization and transactivation domains for HIF target selectivity can be different when comparing HIF1α or HIF2α isoforms, and that HIF target gene specificity is conserved in human and mouse cells for some of the genes analyzed.
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Belisario DC, Kopecka J, Pasino M, Akman M, De Smaele E, Donadelli M, Riganti C. Hypoxia Dictates Metabolic Rewiring of Tumors: Implications for Chemoresistance. Cells 2020; 9:cells9122598. [PMID: 33291643 PMCID: PMC7761956 DOI: 10.3390/cells9122598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2020] [Revised: 12/02/2020] [Accepted: 12/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Hypoxia is a condition commonly observed in the core of solid tumors. The hypoxia-inducible factors (HIF) act as hypoxia sensors that orchestrate a coordinated response increasing the pro-survival and pro-invasive phenotype of cancer cells, and determine a broad metabolic rewiring. These events favor tumor progression and chemoresistance. The increase in glucose and amino acid uptake, glycolytic flux, and lactate production; the alterations in glutamine metabolism, tricarboxylic acid cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation; the high levels of mitochondrial reactive oxygen species; the modulation of both fatty acid synthesis and oxidation are hallmarks of the metabolic rewiring induced by hypoxia. This review discusses how metabolic-dependent factors (e.g., increased acidification of tumor microenvironment coupled with intracellular alkalinization, and reduced mitochondrial metabolism), and metabolic-independent factors (e.g., increased expression of drug efflux transporters, stemness maintenance, and epithelial-mesenchymal transition) cooperate in determining chemoresistance in hypoxia. Specific metabolic modifiers, however, can reverse the metabolic phenotype of hypoxic tumor areas that are more chemoresistant into the phenotype typical of chemosensitive cells. We propose these metabolic modifiers, able to reverse the hypoxia-induced metabolic rewiring, as potential chemosensitizer agents against hypoxic and refractory tumor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimas Carolina Belisario
- Department of Oncology, University of Torino, via Santena 5/bis, 10126 Torino, Italy; (D.C.B.); (J.K.); (M.P.); (M.A.)
| | - Joanna Kopecka
- Department of Oncology, University of Torino, via Santena 5/bis, 10126 Torino, Italy; (D.C.B.); (J.K.); (M.P.); (M.A.)
| | - Martina Pasino
- Department of Oncology, University of Torino, via Santena 5/bis, 10126 Torino, Italy; (D.C.B.); (J.K.); (M.P.); (M.A.)
| | - Muhlis Akman
- Department of Oncology, University of Torino, via Santena 5/bis, 10126 Torino, Italy; (D.C.B.); (J.K.); (M.P.); (M.A.)
| | - Enrico De Smaele
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Roma, 00185 Roma, Italy;
| | - Massimo Donadelli
- Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, Section of Biochemistry, University of Verona, 37134 Verona, Italy;
| | - Chiara Riganti
- Department of Oncology, University of Torino, via Santena 5/bis, 10126 Torino, Italy; (D.C.B.); (J.K.); (M.P.); (M.A.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-011-670-5857
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Zhang J, Xu Y, Li D, Fu L, Zhang X, Bao Y, Zheng L. Review of the Correlation of LAT1 With Diseases: Mechanism and Treatment. Front Chem 2020; 8:564809. [PMID: 33195053 PMCID: PMC7606929 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2020.564809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2020] [Accepted: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
LAT1 is a member of the system L transporter family. The main role of the LAT1 is to transport specific amino acids through cell membranes to provide nutrients to cells and participate in several metabolic pathways. It also contributes to the transport of hormones and some drugs, which are essential for the development and treatment of some diseases. In recent years, many studies have shown that LAT1 is related to cancer, obesity, diabetes, and other diseases. However, the specific mechanism underlying the influence of LAT1 on such conditions remains unclear. Through the increasing number of studies on LAT1, we have obtained a preliminary understanding on the function of LAT1 in diseases. These studies also provide a theoretical basis for finding treatments for LAT1-related diseases, such as cancer. This review summarizes the function and mechanism of LAT1 in different diseases and the treatment of LAT1-related diseases. It also provides support for the development of novel and reliable disease treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingshun Zhang
- Reproductive Medical Center, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Ying Xu
- Reproductive Medical Center, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Dandan Li
- Reproductive Medical Center, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Lulu Fu
- Reproductive Medical Center, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Xueying Zhang
- Reproductive Medical Center, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yigang Bao
- Reproductive Medical Center, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Lianwen Zheng
- Reproductive Medical Center, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
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20
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LAT-1 and GLUT-1 Carrier Expression and Its Prognostic Value in Gastroenteropancreatic Neuroendocrine Tumors. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12102968. [PMID: 33066332 PMCID: PMC7602091 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12102968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2020] [Revised: 10/02/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine tumors (GEP-NETs) represent about 70% of all NETs; however, improvement in their outcomes has yet to be achieved. Here, we aimed to analyze the role of metabolic players such as the amino acid transporter 1 (LAT-1) and glucose transporter 1 (GLUT-1), regulated by the oxygen-sensing mechanism Von Hippel Lindau-hypoxia-inducible factor (VHL-HIF), in gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine tumors (GEP-NET). We also aimed to correlate them with tumor malignancy and progression. We confirmed that specific mechanisms that increase nutrient uptake, such as LAT-1 and GLUT-1, are increased in GEP-NETs, whereas pVHL is decreased. Our results suggest that these biomarkers could have a potential role in NET pathophysiology which might be related to their proliferation and metastatic capacity. Abstract Cancer cells develop mechanisms that increase nutrient uptake, including key nutrient carriers, such as amino acid transporter 1 (LAT-1) and glucose transporter 1 (GLUT-1), regulated by the oxygen-sensing Von Hippel Lindau-hypoxia-inducible factor (VHL-HIF) transcriptional pathway. We aimed to analyze these metabolic players in gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine tumors (GEP-NET) and correlate them with tumor malignancy and progression. LAT-1, GLUT-1, and pVHL expression was analyzed in 116 GEP-NETs and 48 peritumoral tissue samples by immunohistochemistry. LAT-1 was stably silenced using specific shRNA in the human NET BON cell line. LAT-1 expression was significantly increased in tumor tissue compared to non-tumor tissue in both gastrointestinal (67% vs. 44%) and pancreatic NETs (54% vs. 31%). Similarly, GLUT-1 was substantially elevated in gastrointestinal (74% vs. 19%) and pancreatic (58% vs. 4%) NETs. In contrast, pVHL expression was decreased (85% vs. 58%) in pancreatic NETs. Tumors with metastases at diagnosis displayed increased LAT-1 and GLUT-1 and decreased pVHL expression (p < 0.001). In accordance with these data, silencing LAT-1 curtailed cell proliferation in BON cells. These findings suggest that specific mechanisms that increase nutrient uptake, such as LAT-1 and GLUT-1, are increased in GEP-NETs, whereas pVHL is decreased. These markers might be related to the proliferation and metastatic capacity of these tumors.
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Correlation of high LAT1 expression with the prognosis of endometrioid carcinoma of the uterine corpus. Virchows Arch 2020; 477:421-427. [PMID: 32144539 DOI: 10.1007/s00428-020-02781-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2019] [Revised: 02/09/2020] [Accepted: 02/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
The expression of L-type amino acid transporter 1 (LAT1) has been described to play essential roles in cancer cell growth and survival. To determine the significance of LAT1 in the prognosis of endometrial endometrioid carcinoma, we investigated LAT1 expression in 353 endometrioid carcinoma patients by immunohistochemical analysis using tissue microarray. The tumors in which stained tumor cells made up more than 25% of the tumor were graded as high expression. High expression of LAT1 was detected in 29 (8.2%) of patients. The ratio of high LAT1 expression did not significantly differ by age (< 60 vs. ≥ 60), FIGO stage (stage I/II vs. III/IV), histological grade (grade 1 vs. grade 2/3), or lymph node metastasis (positive vs. negative). However, high LAT1 expression in endometrioid carcinoma was associated with a poorer progression-free survival and overall survival, as per the results of the log-rank test (P = 0.0263 and 0.0404, respectively). Cox univariate and multivariate analyses revealed that high LAT1 expression is an independent marker of poor progression-free survival (hazard ratio = 2.598, P = 0.0137), in addition to a higher age (≥ 60 years vs. < 60 years), FIGO stage (stage III/IV vs. I/II), and histological grade (grade 2/3 vs. grade 1). In conclusion, we demonstrate that LAT1 is associated with a poor prognosis of endometrioid carcinoma of the uterine corpus.
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22
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Co-Expression Effect of SLC7A5/SLC3A2 to Predict Response to Endocrine Therapy in Oestrogen-Receptor-Positive Breast Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21041407. [PMID: 32093034 PMCID: PMC7073058 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21041407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2020] [Revised: 02/15/2020] [Accepted: 02/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The majority of breast cancers are oestrogen-receptor-positive (ER+) and are subject to endocrine therapy; however, an unpredictable subgroup of patients will develop resistance to endocrine therapy. The SLC7A5/SLC3A2 complex is a major route for the transport of large neutral essential amino acids through the plasma membrane. Alterations in the expression and function of those amino-acid transporters lead to metabolic reprogramming, which contributes to the tumorigenesis and drug resistance. This study aims to assess the effects and roles of SLC7A5/SLC3A2 co-expression in predicting responses to endocrine therapy in patients with ER+ breast cancer. The biological and clinical impact of SLC7A5/SLC3A2 co-expression was assessed in large annotated cohorts of ER+/HER2− breast cancer with long-term follow-up at the mRNA and protein levels. In vitro experiments were conducted to investigate the effect of SLC7A5/SLC3A2 knockdown in the proliferation of cancer cells and to the sensitivity to tamoxifen. We found that proliferation-related genes are highly expressed in a subgroup of patients with high SLC7A5/SLC3A2, and knockdown of SLC7A5/SLC3A2 decreased proliferation of ER+ breast cancer cells. In patients treated with endocrine therapy, high SLC7A5/SLC3A2 co-expression was associated with poor patient outcome, and depletion of SLC7A5/SLC3A2 using siRNA increased the sensitivity of breast cancer cells to tamoxifen. On the basis of our findings, SLC7A5/SLC3A2 co-expression has the potential of identifying a subgroup of ER+/HER2− breast cancer patients who fail to benefit from endocrine therapy and could guide the choice of other alternative therapies.
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23
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Lu X. The Role of Large Neutral Amino Acid Transporter (LAT1) in Cancer. Curr Cancer Drug Targets 2019; 19:863-876. [DOI: 10.2174/1568009619666190802135714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2019] [Revised: 05/24/2019] [Accepted: 05/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Background:
The solute carrier family 7 (SLC7) can be categorically divided into two
subfamilies, the L-type amino acid transporters (LATs) including SLC7A5-13, and SLC7A15, and
the cationic amino acid transporters (CATs) including SLC7A1-4 and SLC7A14. Members of the
CAT family transport predominantly cationic amino acids by facilitating diffusion with intracellular
substrates. LAT1 (also known as SLC7A5), is defined as a heteromeric amino acid transporter
(HAT) interacting with the glycoprotein CD98 (SLC3A2) through a conserved disulfide to uptake
not only large neutral amino acids, but also several pharmaceutical drugs to cells.
Methods:
In this review, we provide an overview of the interaction of the structure-function of
LAT1 and its essential role in cancer, specifically, its role at the blood-brain barrier (BBB) to facilitate
the transport of thyroid hormones, pharmaceuticals (e.g., I-DOPA, gabapentin), and metabolites
into the brain.
Results:
LAT1 expression increases as cancers progress, leading to higher expression levels in highgrade
tumors and metastases. In addition, LAT1 plays a crucial role in cancer-associated
reprogrammed metabolic networks by supplying tumor cells with essential amino acids.
Conclusion:
The increasing understanding of the role of LAT1 in cancer has led to an increase in
interest surrounding its potential as a drug target for cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinjie Lu
- The Mary and Garry Weston Molecular Immunology Laboratory, Thrombosis Research Institute, London, SW3 6LR, United Kingdom
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24
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Yu Y, Yu Q, Zhang X. Allosteric inhibition of HIF-2α as a novel therapy for clear cell renal cell carcinoma. Drug Discov Today 2019; 24:2332-2340. [DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2019.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2019] [Revised: 09/05/2019] [Accepted: 09/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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25
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Barthelemy C, André B. Ubiquitylation and endocytosis of the human LAT1/SLC7A5 amino acid transporter. Sci Rep 2019; 9:16760. [PMID: 31728037 PMCID: PMC6856120 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-53065-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2019] [Accepted: 10/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The human L-type amino acid transporter 1 (LAT1), also known as SLC7A5, catalyzes the transport of large neutral amino acids across the plasma membrane. As the main transporter of several essential amino acids, notably leucine, LAT1 plays an important role in mTORC1 activation. Furthermore, it is overexpressed in various types of cancer cells, where it contributes importantly to sustained growth. Despite the importance of LAT1 in normal and tumor cells, little is known about the mechanisms that might control its activity, for example by promoting its downregulation via endocytosis. Here we report that in HeLa cells, activation of protein kinase C by phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) triggers efficient endocytosis and degradation of LAT1. Under these conditions we found LAT1 downregulation to correlate with increased LAT1 ubiquitylation. This modification was considerably reduced in cells depleted of the Nedd4-2 ubiquitin ligase. By systematically mutagenizing the residues of the LAT1 cytosolic tails, we identified a group of three close lysines (K19, K25, K30) in the N-terminal tail that are important for PMA-induced ubiquitylation and downregulation. Our study thus unravels a mechanism of induced endocytosis of LAT1 elicited by Nedd4-2-mediated ubiquitylation of the transporter's N-terminal tail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Céline Barthelemy
- Molecular Physiology of the Cell, Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB), IBMM (Biopark), Gosselies, Belgium
| | - Bruno André
- Molecular Physiology of the Cell, Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB), IBMM (Biopark), Gosselies, Belgium.
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26
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The L-Type Amino Acid Transporter LAT1-An Emerging Target in Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20102428. [PMID: 31100853 PMCID: PMC6566973 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20102428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2019] [Revised: 05/10/2019] [Accepted: 05/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic proliferation is a major hallmark of tumor cells. Rapidly proliferating cancer cells are highly dependent on nutrients in order to duplicate their cell mass during each cell division. In particular, essential amino acids are indispensable for proliferating cancer cells. Their uptake across the cell membrane is tightly controlled by membrane transporters. Among those, the L-type amino acid transporter LAT1 (SLC7A5) has been repeatedly found overexpressed in a vast variety of cancers. In this review, we summarize the most recent advances in our understanding of the role of LAT1 in cancer and highlight preclinical studies and drug developments underlying the potential of LAT1 as therapeutic target.
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27
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Saito Y, Li L, Coyaud E, Luna A, Sander C, Raught B, Asara JM, Brown M, Muthuswamy SK. LLGL2 rescues nutrient stress by promoting leucine uptake in ER + breast cancer. Nature 2019; 569:275-279. [PMID: 30996345 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-019-1126-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2017] [Accepted: 03/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Drosophila Lgl and its mammalian homologues, LLGL1 and LLGL2, are scaffolding proteins that regulate the establishment of apical-basal polarity in epithelial cells1,2. Whereas Lgl functions as a tumour suppressor in Drosophila1, the roles of mammalian LLGL1 and LLGL2 in cancer are unclear. The majority (about 75%) of breast cancers express oestrogen receptors (ERs)3, and patients with these tumours receive endocrine treatment4. However, the development of resistance to endocrine therapy and metastatic progression are leading causes of death for patients with ER+ disease4. Here we report that, unlike LLGL1, LLGL2 is overexpressed in ER+ breast cancer and promotes cell proliferation under nutrient stress. LLGL2 regulates cell surface levels of a leucine transporter, SLC7A5, by forming a trimeric complex with SLC7A5 and a regulator of membrane fusion, YKT6, to promote leucine uptake and cell proliferation. The oestrogen receptor targets LLGL2 expression. Resistance to endocrine treatment in breast cancer cells was associated with SLC7A5- and LLGL2-dependent adaption to nutrient stress. SLC7A5 was necessary and sufficient to confer resistance to tamoxifen treatment, identifying SLC7A5 as a potential therapeutic target for overcoming resistance to endocrine treatments in breast cancer. Thus, LLGL2 functions as a promoter of tumour growth and not as a tumour suppressor in ER+ breast cancer. Beyond breast cancer, adaptation to nutrient stress is critically important5, and our findings identify an unexpected role for LLGL2 in this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuhiro Saito
- Department of Medicine, Cancer Research Institute, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Pathology, Cancer Research Institute, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Institute for Advanced Biosciences, Keio University, Yamagata, Japan
| | - Lewyn Li
- Center for Functional Cancer Epigenetics, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Etienne Coyaud
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Augustin Luna
- Department of Biostatistics and Computational Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Chris Sander
- Department of Biostatistics and Computational Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Brian Raught
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - John M Asara
- Division of Signal Transduction, Department of Medicine, Cancer Research Institute, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Myles Brown
- Center for Functional Cancer Epigenetics, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Senthil K Muthuswamy
- Department of Medicine, Cancer Research Institute, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA. .,Department of Pathology, Cancer Research Institute, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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28
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Sato K, Miyamoto M, Takano M, Furuya K, Tsuda H. Significant relationship between the LAT1 expression pattern and chemoresistance in ovarian clear cell carcinoma. Virchows Arch 2019; 474:701-710. [PMID: 30637450 DOI: 10.1007/s00428-019-02520-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2018] [Revised: 12/27/2018] [Accepted: 01/03/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
L-type amino acid transporter 1 (LAT1) is a Na+-independent neutral amino acid transporter that plays a key role in cancer cell growth and survival. To determine the significance of LAT1 in prognosis and resistance to chemotherapy in ovarian carcinoma, we investigated the LAT1 expression in 245 ovarian carcinoma patients by immunohistochemistry using tissue microarray. High expression of LAT1 was detected in 85 (34.7%) patients. The ratio of high expression of LAT1 was significantly high in clear cell carcinoma and low in serous carcinoma compared to other histological types (P < 0.0001). High expression of LAT1 in ovarian carcinoma was associated with poorer prognosis as per log-rank test (P = 0.008). Cox's univariate and multivariate analysis revealed that high expression of LAT1 is an independent marker indicating poor prognosis (hazard ratio = 2.810, P < 0.0001) as well as the FIGO stage III/IV (vs. I/II) and suboptimal surgery. High LAT1 expression was also found to be associated with resistance to chemotherapy (P = 0.016) notably in clear cell carcinoma. In conclusion, we demonstrate that LAT1 is not only associated with poor prognosis of ovarian carcinoma, but also associated with chemoresistance in ovarian carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimiya Sato
- Department of Basic Pathology, National Defense Medical College, 3-2 Namiki, Tokorozawa, Saitama, 359-8513, Japan.
| | - Morikazu Miyamoto
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, National Defense Medical College, Tokorozawa, Japan
| | - Masashi Takano
- Department of Clinical Oncology, National Defense Medical College, Tokorozawa, Japan
| | - Kenichi Furuya
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, National Defense Medical College, Tokorozawa, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Tsuda
- Department of Basic Pathology, National Defense Medical College, 3-2 Namiki, Tokorozawa, Saitama, 359-8513, Japan
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29
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Singh N, Scalise M, Galluccio M, Wieder M, Seidel T, Langer T, Indiveri C, Ecker GF. Discovery of Potent Inhibitors for the Large Neutral Amino Acid Transporter 1 (LAT1) by Structure-Based Methods. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 20:ijms20010027. [PMID: 30577601 PMCID: PMC6337383 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20010027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2018] [Revised: 12/11/2018] [Accepted: 12/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The large neutral amino acid transporter 1 (LAT1) is a promising anticancer target that is required for the cellular uptake of essential amino acids that serve as building blocks for cancer growth and proliferation. Here, we report a structure-based approach to identify chemically diverse and potent inhibitors of LAT1. First, a homology model of LAT1 that is based on the atomic structures of the prokaryotic homologs was constructed. Molecular docking of nitrogen mustards (NMs) with a wide range of affinity allowed for deriving a common binding mode that could explain the structure−activity relationship pattern in NMs. Subsequently, validated binding hypotheses were subjected to molecular dynamics simulation, which allowed for extracting a set of dynamic pharmacophores. Finally, a library of ~1.1 million molecules was virtually screened against these pharmacophores, followed by docking. Biological testing of the 30 top-ranked hits revealed 13 actives, with the best compound showing an IC50 value in the sub-μM range.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natesh Singh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Vienna, Althanstrasse 14, 1090 Wien, Austria.
| | - Mariafrancesca Scalise
- Department DiBEST, Unit of Biochemistry & Molecular Biotechnology, University of Calabria, Via P. Bucci 4C, 87036 Arcavacata di Rende, Italy.
| | - Michele Galluccio
- Department DiBEST, Unit of Biochemistry & Molecular Biotechnology, University of Calabria, Via P. Bucci 4C, 87036 Arcavacata di Rende, Italy.
| | - Marcus Wieder
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Vienna, Althanstrasse 14, 1090 Wien, Austria.
| | - Thomas Seidel
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Vienna, Althanstrasse 14, 1090 Wien, Austria.
| | - Thierry Langer
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Vienna, Althanstrasse 14, 1090 Wien, Austria.
| | - Cesare Indiveri
- Department DiBEST, Unit of Biochemistry & Molecular Biotechnology, University of Calabria, Via P. Bucci 4C, 87036 Arcavacata di Rende, Italy.
| | - Gerhard F Ecker
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Vienna, Althanstrasse 14, 1090 Wien, Austria.
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30
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Shen L, Qian C, Cao H, Wang Z, Luo T, Liang C. Upregulation of the solute carrier family 7 genes is indicative of poor prognosis in papillary thyroid carcinoma. World J Surg Oncol 2018; 16:235. [PMID: 30558624 PMCID: PMC6297957 DOI: 10.1186/s12957-018-1535-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2018] [Accepted: 11/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The solute carrier (SLC) 7 family genes comprise 14 members and function as cationic amino acid/glycoprotein transporters in many cells, they are essential for the maintenance of amino acid nutrition and survival of tumor cells. This study was conducted to analyze the associations of SLC7 family gene expression with mortality in papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC). Methods Clinical features, somatic mutations, and SLC7 family gene expression data were downloaded from The Cancer Genome Atlas database. Linear regression model analysis was performed to analyze the correlations between SLC7 family gene expression and clinicopathologic features. Kaplan-Meier survival and logistic regression analyses were performed to characterize the associations between gene expression and patients’ overall survival. Results Patient mortality was negatively associated with age and tumor size but positively increased cancer stage and absence of thyroiditis in PTC patients. Kaplan-Meier survival analysis indicated that patients with high SLC7A3, SLC7A5, and SLC7A11 expression levels exhibited poorer survival than those with low SLC7A3, SLC7A5, and SLC7A11 expression levels (P < 0.05 for all cases). Logistic regression analysis showed that SLC7A3, SLC7A5, and SLC7A11 were associated with increased mortality (odds ratio [OR] 8.61, 95% confidence interval [CI] 2.3–55.91; OR 3.87, 95% CI 1.18–17.31; and OR 3.87, 95% CI 1.18–17.31, respectively. Conclusion Upregulation of SLC7A3, SLC7A5, and SLC7A11 expression was associated with poor prognosis in PTC patients, and SLC7 gene expression levels are potentially useful prognostic biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Shen
- Department of Thyroid Breast Oncology, Shanghai East Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University School of Medicine, No.150 Jimo Road, Shanghai, 200120, China
| | - Chunhua Qian
- Department of Endocrinolgy and Metabolism, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Huimin Cao
- Department of Thyroid and Breast, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhongrui Wang
- Department of Thyroid Breast Oncology, Shanghai East Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University School of Medicine, No.150 Jimo Road, Shanghai, 200120, China
| | - Tingxian Luo
- Department of Thyroid Breast Oncology, Shanghai East Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University School of Medicine, No.150 Jimo Road, Shanghai, 200120, China
| | - Chunli Liang
- Department of Thyroid Breast Oncology, Shanghai East Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University School of Medicine, No.150 Jimo Road, Shanghai, 200120, China.
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31
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Li Y, Liu X, Ma Y, Wang Y, Zhou W, Hao M, Yuan Z, Liu J, Xiong M, Shugart YY, Wang J, Jin L. knnAUC: an open-source R package for detecting nonlinear dependence between one continuous variable and one binary variable. BMC Bioinformatics 2018; 19:448. [PMID: 30466390 PMCID: PMC6249767 DOI: 10.1186/s12859-018-2427-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2018] [Accepted: 10/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Testing the dependence of two variables is one of the fundamental tasks in statistics. In this work, we developed an open-source R package (knnAUC) for detecting nonlinear dependence between one continuous variable X and one binary dependent variables Y (0 or 1). RESULTS We addressed this problem by using knnAUC (k-nearest neighbors AUC test, the R package is available at https://sourceforge.net/projects/knnauc/ ). In the knnAUC software framework, we first resampled a dataset to get the training and testing dataset according to the sample ratio (from 0 to 1), and then constructed a k-nearest neighbors algorithm classifier to get the yhat estimator (the probability of y = 1) of testy (the true label of testing dataset). Finally, we calculated the AUC (area under the curve of receiver operating characteristic) estimator and tested whether the AUC estimator is greater than 0.5. To evaluate the advantages of knnAUC compared to seven other popular methods, we performed extensive simulations to explore the relationships between eight different methods and compared the false positive rates and statistical power using both simulated and real datasets (Chronic hepatitis B datasets and kidney cancer RNA-seq datasets). CONCLUSIONS We concluded that knnAUC is an efficient R package to test non-linear dependence between one continuous variable and one binary dependent variable especially in computational biology area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Li
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Contemporary Anthropology, Department of Anthropology and Human Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Six Industrial Research Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Human Phenome Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaoyu Liu
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Contemporary Anthropology, Department of Anthropology and Human Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Human Phenome Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yanyun Ma
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Contemporary Anthropology, Department of Anthropology and Human Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Six Industrial Research Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Human Phenome Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yi Wang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Contemporary Anthropology, Department of Anthropology and Human Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Human Phenome Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Weichen Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Collaborative Innovation Center for Genetics and Development, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Department of Computational Medicine & Bioinformatics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Meng Hao
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Contemporary Anthropology, Department of Anthropology and Human Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Human Phenome Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhenghong Yuan
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology of MOE/MOH, Shanghai Medical School, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jie Liu
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology of MOE/MOH, Shanghai Medical School, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Department of Digestive Diseases of Huashan Hospital, Collaborative Innovation Center for Genetics and Development, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Momiao Xiong
- Human Genetics Center, School of Public Health, University of Texas Houston Health Sciences Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Yin Yao Shugart
- Unit on Statistical Genomics, Division of Intramural Division Programs, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
| | - Jiucun Wang
- Six Industrial Research Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, China. .,State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Collaborative Innovation Center for Genetics and Development, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China. .,Human Phenome Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Li Jin
- Six Industrial Research Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, China. .,State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Collaborative Innovation Center for Genetics and Development, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China. .,Human Phenome Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
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32
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Häfliger P, Graff J, Rubin M, Stooss A, Dettmer MS, Altmann KH, Gertsch J, Charles RP. The LAT1 inhibitor JPH203 reduces growth of thyroid carcinoma in a fully immunocompetent mouse model. J Exp Clin Cancer Res 2018; 37:234. [PMID: 30241549 PMCID: PMC6150977 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-018-0907-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2018] [Accepted: 09/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The L-type amino acid transporter 1 (LAT1/SLC7A5) transports essential amino acids across the plasma membrane. While LAT1 is overexpressed in a variety of human neoplasms, its expression and its role in thyroid cancer is currently unknown. Anaplastic thyroid carcinoma (ATC) is a highly aggressive malignancy for which no effective therapy exists. The purpose of this study was to explore whether the inhibition of LAT1 in ATC would affect tumor growth both in vitro and in vivo. METHODS LAT1 was pharmacologically blocked by JPH203 in human ATC and papillary thyroid cancer (PTC) cell lines. The effects on proliferation and mTORC1 activity were addressed in vitro. A genetically engineered mouse model of ATC was used to address the effect of blocking LAT1 on tumor growth in vivo. SLC7A5 transcription was measured in patient-derived ATC samples to address the clinical relevance of the findings. RESULTS LAT1 block by JPH203 reduced proliferation and mTORC1 signaling in human thyroid cancer cell lines. SLC7A5 transcription was upregulated in ATC tissues derived from a genetically engineered mouse model and in ATC samples recovered from patients. JPH203 treatment induced thyroid tumor growth arrest in vivo in a fully immunocompetent mouse model of thyroid cancer. Additionally, analysis of publicly available datasets of thyroid carcinomas revealed that high LAT1 expression is associated with potentially untreatable PTC presenting reduced NIS/SLC5A5 transcription and with ATC. CONCLUSIONS These preclinical results show that LAT1 inhibition is a novel therapeutic approach in the context of thyroid cancers, and more interestingly in untreatable thyroid cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pascal Häfliger
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, and Swiss National Center of Competence in Research (NCCR) TransCure, University of Bern, Bühlstrasse 28, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland
- Present address: Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, USA
| | - Julien Graff
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, and Swiss National Center of Competence in Research (NCCR) TransCure, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 4, CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Matthias Rubin
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, and Swiss National Center of Competence in Research (NCCR) TransCure, University of Bern, Bühlstrasse 28, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Amandine Stooss
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, and Swiss National Center of Competence in Research (NCCR) TransCure, University of Bern, Bühlstrasse 28, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Matthias S. Dettmer
- Institute of Pathology, University of Bern, Murtenstrasse 31, CH-3008 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Karl-Heinz Altmann
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, and Swiss National Center of Competence in Research (NCCR) TransCure, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 4, CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Jürg Gertsch
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, and Swiss National Center of Competence in Research (NCCR) TransCure, University of Bern, Bühlstrasse 28, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Roch-Philippe Charles
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, and Swiss National Center of Competence in Research (NCCR) TransCure, University of Bern, Bühlstrasse 28, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland
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33
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Berends AMA, Kerstens MN, Bolt JW, Links TP, Korpershoek E, de Krijger RR, Walenkamp AME, Noordzij W, van Etten B, Kats-Ugurlu G, Brouwers AH, van der Horst-Schrivers ANA. False-positive findings on 6-[18F]fluor-l-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine PET ( 18F-FDOPA-PET) performed for imaging of neuroendocrine tumors. Eur J Endocrinol 2018; 179:125-133. [PMID: 29875288 DOI: 10.1530/eje-18-0321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2018] [Accepted: 06/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIM PET with 6-[18F]fluor-l-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (18F-FDOPA) has been shown to be a useful imaging tool with a high sensitivity for the visualization of neuroendocrine tumors (NETs). 18F-FDOPA uptake in tumors other than NETs has been suggested previously, but data on this phenomenon are limited. We therefore studied the non-physiological, false-positive uptake of 18F-FDOPA in a large population of patients with a NET or with a high clinical suspicion of harboring a NET. PATIENTS AND METHODS Retrospective single-center study among adult patients in whom 18F-FDOPA PET scintigraphy was performed between January 2004 and December 2014. The original scan report was compared with the original pathology report corresponding with the 18F-FDOPA PET-positive lesion. In case this was inconsistent with the diagnosis of a NET, both the scan and the pathology slides were reassessed. Specimens of these non-NET tissues were immunohistochemically stained for AADC. RESULTS 1070 18F-FDOPA PET scans from 705 patients were evaluated. Focal or multiple 18F-FDOPA-avid lesions were described in 709 18F-FDOPA PET scans (66%). Histology of these 18F-FDOPA PET-positive lesions was present in 508 (72%) cases. In seven cases, the histopathology was not compatible with NET but showed squamous cell carcinoma of the cervix, multiple myeloma (two cases), hepatocellular carcinoma, Schwannoma, adrenocortical carcinoma and a skeletal myxoid chondrosarcoma, with positive immunohistochemical staining for AADC in 67%. CONCLUSIONS Pathological uptake of 18F-FDOPA does not always indicate the presence of a NET. The possibility of 18F-FDOPA uptake by tumor types other than NETs, although rare, should be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annika M A Berends
- Department of Endocrinology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Michiel N Kerstens
- Department of Endocrinology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Janne W Bolt
- Department of Endocrinology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Thera P Links
- Department of Endocrinology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Esther Korpershoek
- Department of Pathology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam and Reinier de Graaf Hospital, Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Ronald R de Krijger
- Department of Pathology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam and Reinier de Graaf Hospital, Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Annemiek M E Walenkamp
- Departments of Medical Oncology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Walter Noordzij
- Departments of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Boudewijn van Etten
- Departments of Surgical Oncology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Gursah Kats-Ugurlu
- Departments of Pathology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Adrienne H Brouwers
- Departments of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
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Meléndez-Rodríguez F, Roche O, Sanchez-Prieto R, Aragones J. Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 2-Dependent Pathways Driving Von Hippel-Lindau-Deficient Renal Cancer. Front Oncol 2018; 8:214. [PMID: 29938199 PMCID: PMC6002531 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2018.00214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2018] [Accepted: 05/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The most common type of the renal cancers detected in humans is clear cell renal cell carcinomas (ccRCCs). These tumors are usually initiated by biallelic gene inactivation of the Von Hippel-Lindau (VHL) factor in the renal epithelium, which deregulates the hypoxia-inducible factors (HIFs) HIF1α and HIF2α, and provokes their constitutive activation irrespective of the cellular oxygen availability. While HIF1α can act as a ccRCC tumor suppressor, HIF2α has emerged as the key HIF isoform that is essential for ccRCC tumor progression. Indeed, preclinical and clinical data have shown that pharmacological inhibitors of HIF2α can efficiently combat ccRCC growth. In this review, we discuss the molecular basis underlying the oncogenic potential of HIF2α in ccRCC by focusing on those pathways primarily controlled by HIF2α that are thought to influence the progression of these tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florinda Meléndez-Rodríguez
- Research Unit, Hospital of Santa Cristina, Research Institute Princesa (IP), Autonomous University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- CIBER de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares, Carlos III Health Institute, Madrid, Spain
| | - Olga Roche
- Unidad Asociada de Biomedicina, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Albacete, Spain
- Departamento de Ciencias Médicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Castilla-La Mancha, Albacete, Spain
- Laboratorio de Oncología Molecular, Unidad de Medicina Molecular, Centro Regional de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Albacete, Spain
| | - Ricardo Sanchez-Prieto
- Unidad Asociada de Biomedicina, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Albacete, Spain
- Departamento de Ciencias Médicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Castilla-La Mancha, Albacete, Spain
- Departamento de Biología del Cáncer, Instituto de investigaciones Biomedicas Alberto Sols, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Julian Aragones
- Research Unit, Hospital of Santa Cristina, Research Institute Princesa (IP), Autonomous University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- CIBER de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares, Carlos III Health Institute, Madrid, Spain
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35
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Singh N, Ecker GF. Insights into the Structure, Function, and Ligand Discovery of the Large Neutral Amino Acid Transporter 1, LAT1. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:E1278. [PMID: 29695141 PMCID: PMC5983779 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19051278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2018] [Revised: 04/18/2018] [Accepted: 04/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The large neutral amino acid transporter 1 (LAT1, or SLC7A5) is a sodium- and pH-independent transporter, which supplies essential amino acids (e.g., leucine, phenylalanine) to cells. It plays an important role at the Blood⁻Brain Barrier (BBB) where it facilitates the transport of thyroid hormones, pharmaceuticals (e.g., l-DOPA, gabapentin), and metabolites into the brain. Moreover, its expression is highly upregulated in various types of human cancer that are characterized by an intense demand for amino acids for growth and proliferation. Therefore, LAT1 is believed to be an important drug target for cancer treatment. With the crystallization of the arginine/agmatine antiporter (AdiC) from Escherichia Coli, numerous homology models of LAT1 have been built to elucidate the substrate binding site, ligand⁻transporter interaction, and structure⁻function relationship. The use of these models in combination with molecular docking and experimental testing has identified novel chemotypes of ligands of LAT1. Here, we highlight the structure, function, transport mechanism, and homology modeling of LAT1. Additionally, results from structure⁻function studies performed on LAT1 are addressed, which have enhanced our knowledge of the mechanism of substrate binding and translocation. This is followed by a discussion on ligand- and structure-based approaches, with an emphasis on elucidating the molecular basis of LAT1 inhibition. Finally, we provide an exhaustive summary of different LAT1 inhibitors that have been identified so far, including the recently discovered irreversible covalent inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natesh Singh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Vienna, Althanstrasse 14, 1090 Wien, Austria.
| | - Gerhard F Ecker
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Vienna, Althanstrasse 14, 1090 Wien, Austria.
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36
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Yang X, Liu Z, Zhang H, Li Z, Munasinghe JP, Niu G, Teng G, Chen X. Preclinical evaluation of an 18F-trifluoroborate methionine derivative for glioma imaging. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2017; 45:585-592. [PMID: 29285548 DOI: 10.1007/s00259-017-3910-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2017] [Accepted: 12/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE 11C-methionine (MET) is one of the most commonly used amino acid tracers for PET imaging of brain tumors. In this study, we report an 18F-labeled boron-derived methionine analogue, denoted as 18F-B-MET, as a potential substitute of 11C-MET for glioma PET imaging. METHODS 19F-B-MET was synthesized from readily available chemicals according to our previous publication. For kit development, 19F-B-MET was aliquoted in quantities of 10 nmol for on-demand one-step labeling. The 18F-labeling was performed by 18F-19F isotope exchange, and quality control was performed by both HPLC and radio-TLC. Uptake of the tracer was determined in GL26, C6 and U87 tumor cells. PET imaging and the biodistribution assay were performed on mice bearing subcutaneous or orthotopic C6 and U87 tumor xenografts. RESULTS Starting with 740-1110 MBq 18F-fluoride, >370 MBq of 18F-B-MET was obtained in 25 min (n = 5) with >99% purity and high specific activity (>37 GBq/μmol). 18F-B-MET demonstrated excellent in vitro stability with <1% decomposition after incubation with plasma for 2 h. In vitro cell uptake assay showed that 18F-B-MET accumulated in tumor cells in a time dependent manner and could be competitively inhibited by natural methionine and other L-type transporter transported amino acids. In vivo biodistribution and imaging studies showed high tumor accumulation (2.99 ± 0.23 %ID/g, n = 6) compared with low uptake of brain (0.262 ± 0.05 %ID/g, n = 6) at 60 min after injection in a subcutaneous C6 tumor model. Orthotropic C6 and U87 tumors were clearly visualized with high tumor to brain ratios at 60 min post-injection, corroborating with tumor L-type amino acid transporter 1 (LAT-1) expression levels. CONCLUSION 18F-B-MET was radiolabeled with high yield in a one-step labeling process, showed excellent pharmacokinetic properties in vivo, with high tumor-to-brain contrast.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangyu Yang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging and Functional Imaging, Department of Radiology, Zhongda Hospital, Medical School of Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009, China.,Laboratory of Molecular Imaging and Nanomedicine, National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Zhibo Liu
- Laboratory of Molecular Imaging and Nanomedicine, National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Huimin Zhang
- Laboratory of Molecular Imaging and Nanomedicine, National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Zhu Li
- Laboratory of Molecular Imaging and Nanomedicine, National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Jeeva P Munasinghe
- Mouse Imaging Facility, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Gang Niu
- Laboratory of Molecular Imaging and Nanomedicine, National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Gaojun Teng
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging and Functional Imaging, Department of Radiology, Zhongda Hospital, Medical School of Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009, China. .,, Nanjing, China.
| | - Xiaoyuan Chen
- Laboratory of Molecular Imaging and Nanomedicine, National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA. .,, Bethesda, USA.
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Piltti J, Bygdell J, Fernández-Echevarría C, Marcellino D, Lammi MJ. Rho-kinase inhibitor Y-27632 and hypoxia synergistically enhance chondrocytic phenotype and modify S100 protein profiles in human chondrosarcoma cells. Sci Rep 2017. [PMID: 28623370 PMCID: PMC5473921 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-03958-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Articular chondrocytes are slowly dividing cells that tend to lose their cell type-specific phenotype and ability to produce structurally and functionally correct cartilage tissue when cultured. Thus, culture conditions, which enhance the maintenance of chondrocyte phenotype would be very useful for cartilage research. Here we show that Rho-kinase inhibition by Y-27632 under hypoxic conditions efficiently maintains and even enhances chondrocyte-specific extracellular matrix production by chondrocytic cells. The effects of long-term Y-27632 exposure to human chondrosarcoma 2/8 cell phenotype maintenance and extracellular matrix production were studied at normoxia and at a 5% low oxygen atmosphere. Y-27632 treatment at normoxia induced ACAN and COL2A1 gene up-regulation and a minor increase of sulfated glycosaminoglycans (sGAGs), while type II collagen expression was not significantly up-regulated. A further increase in expression of ACAN and COL2A1 was achieved with Y-27632 treatment and hypoxia. The production of sGAGs increased by 65.8%, and ELISA analysis revealed a 6-fold up-regulation of type II collagen. Y-27632 also induced the up-regulation of S100-A1 and S100-B proteins and modified the expression of several other S100 protein family members, such as S100-A4, S100-A6, S100-A13 and S100-A16. The up-regulation of S100-A1 and S100-B proteins is suggested to enhance the chondrocytic phenotype of these cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juha Piltti
- Department of Integrative Medical Biology, Umeå University, Linnaeus väg 9, 90187, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Joakim Bygdell
- Computational Life Science Cluster (CLiC), Department of Chemistry, Umeå University, Linnaeus väg 10, 90187, Umeå, Sweden
| | | | - Daniel Marcellino
- Department of Integrative Medical Biology, Umeå University, Linnaeus väg 9, 90187, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Mikko J Lammi
- Department of Integrative Medical Biology, Umeå University, Linnaeus väg 9, 90187, Umeå, Sweden. .,School of Public Health, Health Science Center of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Key Laboratory of Trace Elements and Endemic Diseases, National Health and Family Planning Commission, Xi'an, China.
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38
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Yamakawa Y, Kusuhara M, Terashima M, Kinugasa Y, Sugino T, Abe M, Mochizuki T, Hatakeyama K, Kami K, Yamaguchi K. CD44 variant 9 expression as a predictor for gastric cancer recurrence: immunohistochemical and metabolomic analysis of surgically resected tissues. Biomed Res 2017; 38:41-52. [PMID: 28239031 DOI: 10.2220/biomedres.38.41] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
CD44 variant 9 (CD44v9) and the heavy chain of 4F2 cell-surface antigen (CD98hc) appear important for regulation of reactive oxygen species defence and tumor growth in gastric cancer. This study examined the roles of CD44v9 and CD98hc as markers of gastric cancer recurrence, and investigated associations with energy metabolism. We applied capillary electrophoresis time-of-flight mass spectrometry to metabolome profiling of gastric cancer specimens from 103 patients who underwent resection with no residual tumor or microscopic residual tumor, and compared metabolite levels to immunohistochemical staining for CD44v9 and CD98hc. Positive expression rates were 40.7% for CD44v9 and 42.7% for CD98hc. Various tumor characteristics were significantly associated with CD44v9 expression. Five-year recurrence-free survival rate was significantly lower for CD44v9-positive tumors (39.1%) than for CD44v9-negative tumors (73.5%; P < 0.0001), but no significant differences in recurrence-free survival were seen according to CD98hc expression. Uni- and multivariate analyses identified positive CD44v9 expression as an independent predictor of poorer recurrence-free survival. Metabolome analysis of 110 metabolites found that levels of glutathione disulfide were significantly lower and reduced glutathione (GSH)/ glutathione disulfide (GSSG) ratio was significantly higher in CD44v9-positive tumors than in CD44v9-negative tumors, suggesting that CD44v9 may enhance pentose phosphate pathway flux and maintain GSH levels in cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yushi Yamakawa
- Division of Colon and Rectal Surgery, Shizuoka Cancer Center
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39
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Liu W, Chen H, Wong N, Haynes W, Baker CM, Wang X. Pseudohypoxia induced by miR-126 deactivation promotes migration and therapeutic resistance in renal cell carcinoma. Cancer Lett 2017; 394:65-75. [PMID: 28257806 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2017.02.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2017] [Revised: 02/20/2017] [Accepted: 02/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Pseudohypoxia plays a central role in the progression and therapeutic resistance of clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC); however, the underlying mechanisms are poorly understood. MicroRNA miR-126 has decreased expression in metastatic or relapsed ccRCC as compared to primary tumors, but the mechanisms by which miR-126 is implicated in RCC remain unknown. Through RNA-seq profiling to evaluate the impact of overexpression or CRISPR knockout of miR-126, we have identified SERPINE1 as a miR-126-5p target regulating cell motility, and SLC7A5 as a miR-126-3p target regulating the mTOR/HIF pathway. Specifically, miR-126 inhibits HIFα protein expression independent of von Hippel-Lindau tumor suppressor (VHL). On the other hand, deactivation of miR-126 induces a pseudohypoxia state due to increased HIFα expression, which further enhances therapeutic resistance and cell motility mediated by SLC7A5 and SERPINE1, respectively. Finally, the clinical relevance of miR-126 modulated gene regulation in ccRCC has been confirmed with profiling data from The Cancer Genome Atlas.
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MESH Headings
- Antineoplastic Agents/pharmacology
- Basic Helix-Loop-Helix Transcription Factors/genetics
- Basic Helix-Loop-Helix Transcription Factors/metabolism
- CRISPR-Cas Systems
- Carcinoma, Renal Cell/metabolism
- Carcinoma, Renal Cell/pathology
- Carcinoma, Renal Cell/therapy
- Cell Movement/drug effects
- Cell Movement/radiation effects
- Cisplatin/pharmacology
- Computational Biology
- Databases, Genetic
- Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
- Dose-Response Relationship, Radiation
- Drug Resistance, Neoplasm
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic
- Gene Knockdown Techniques
- HEK293 Cells
- HeLa Cells
- Humans
- Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1, alpha Subunit/genetics
- Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1, alpha Subunit/metabolism
- Kidney Neoplasms/genetics
- Kidney Neoplasms/metabolism
- Kidney Neoplasms/pathology
- Kidney Neoplasms/therapy
- Large Neutral Amino Acid-Transporter 1/genetics
- Large Neutral Amino Acid-Transporter 1/metabolism
- MicroRNAs/genetics
- MicroRNAs/metabolism
- Neoplasm Invasiveness
- Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor 1/genetics
- Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor 1/metabolism
- RNA Interference
- Radiation Tolerance
- Signal Transduction/drug effects
- Signal Transduction/radiation effects
- TOR Serine-Threonine Kinases/genetics
- TOR Serine-Threonine Kinases/metabolism
- Transfection
- Tumor Hypoxia
- Von Hippel-Lindau Tumor Suppressor Protein/genetics
- Von Hippel-Lindau Tumor Suppressor Protein/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Weijun Liu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Hanxiang Chen
- Institute of Pathogenic Biology, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, China; Department of Radiation Oncology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Nathan Wong
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Wesley Haynes
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Callie M Baker
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Xiaowei Wang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA.
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Parks SK, Cormerais Y, Pouysségur J. Hypoxia and cellular metabolism in tumour pathophysiology. J Physiol 2017; 595:2439-2450. [PMID: 28074546 DOI: 10.1113/jp273309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2016] [Accepted: 12/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer cells are optimised for growth and survival via an ability to outcompete normal cells in their microenvironment. Many of these advantageous cellular adaptations are promoted by the pathophysiological hypoxia that arises in solid tumours due to incomplete vascularisation. Tumour cells are thus faced with the challenge of an increased need for nutrients to support the drive for proliferation in the face of a diminished extracellular supply. Among the many modifications occurring in tumour cells, hypoxia inducible factors (HIFs) act as essential drivers of key pro-survival pathways via the promotion of numerous membrane and cytosolic proteins. Here we focus our attention on two areas: the role of amino acid uptake and the handling of metabolic acid (CO2 /H+ ) production. We provide evidence for a number of hypoxia-induced proteins that promote cellular anabolism and regulation of metabolic acid-base levels in tumour cells including amino-acid transporters (LAT1), monocarboxylate transporters, and acid-base regulating carbonic anhydrases (CAs) and bicarbonate transporters (NBCs). Emphasis is placed on current work manipulating multiple CA isoforms and NBCs, which is at an interesting crossroads of gas physiology as they are regulated by hypoxia to contribute to the cellular handling of CO2 and pHi regulation. Our research combined with others indicates that targeting of HIF-regulated membrane proteins in tumour cells will provide promising future anti-cancer therapeutic approaches and we suggest strategies that could be potentially used to enhance these tactics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott K Parks
- Medical Biology Department, Centre Scientifique de Monaco, 8 Quai Antoine 1er, MC-98000, Monaco, Principality of Monaco
| | - Yann Cormerais
- Medical Biology Department, Centre Scientifique de Monaco, 8 Quai Antoine 1er, MC-98000, Monaco, Principality of Monaco
| | - Jacques Pouysségur
- Medical Biology Department, Centre Scientifique de Monaco, 8 Quai Antoine 1er, MC-98000, Monaco, Principality of Monaco.,Institute for Research on Cancer and Aging (IRCAN), CNRS, INSERM, Centre A. Lacassagne, University of Nice-Sophia Antipolis, Nice, France
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41
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Jiang J, Chen X, Liu H, Shao J, Xie R, Gu P, Duan C. Polypyrimidine Tract-Binding Protein 1 promotes proliferation, migration and invasion in clear-cell renal cell carcinoma by regulating alternative splicing of PKM. Am J Cancer Res 2017; 7:245-259. [PMID: 28337374 PMCID: PMC5336499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2016] [Accepted: 01/16/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Polypyrimidine Tract-Binding Protein 1 (PTBP1) is an essential RNA-binding protein that regulates diverse biological events through regulating alternative splice of mRNA. PTBP1 induces cancer-promoting splice variants and is related to tumorigenesis in several cancers. However, both the expression patterns and biological mechanisms of PTBP1 in clear-cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) are unclear. We investigated PTBP1 expression in 533 ccRCC patients from TCGA and 30 ccRCC patients by immunohistochemistry, and found that PTBP1 expression levels were significantly increased in ccRCC tissues and that high PTBP1 expression was closely correlated with advanced tumor stage, AJCC stage and poor prognosis. Cell biological assays with siRNA-mediated knockdown and lentivirus vector-mediated over-expression demonstrated that PTBP1 promoted proliferation, migration and invasion in ccRCC cells in vitro. Furthermore, PTBP1 increased the transformation from pyruvate kinase muscle 1 (PKM1) to PKM2. Knockdown of PKM2 mainly abolished PTBP1-induced proliferation, migration and invasion in ccRCC cells in vitro. In conclusion, our study indicates that PTBP1 plays a tumorigenic role in ccRCC by mediating PKM2 alternative splicing and it may be a potential prognostic marker and a promising target for treatment of ccRCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junyi Jiang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen UniversityGuangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen UniversityGuangzhou, China
| | - Xu Chen
- Department of Urology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen UniversityGuangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen UniversityGuangzhou, China
| | - Hao Liu
- Department of Urology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen UniversityGuangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen UniversityGuangzhou, China
| | - Jing Shao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen UniversityGuangzhou, China
- Medical Research Center, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen UniversityGuangzhou, China
| | - Ruihui Xie
- Department of Urology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen UniversityGuangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen UniversityGuangzhou, China
| | - Peng Gu
- Department of Urology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen UniversityGuangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen UniversityGuangzhou, China
| | - Chaohui Duan
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen UniversityGuangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen UniversityGuangzhou, China
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42
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Otsuki H, Kimura T, Yamaga T, Kosaka T, Suehiro JI, Sakurai H. Prostate Cancer Cells in Different Androgen Receptor Status Employ Different Leucine Transporters. Prostate 2017; 77:222-233. [PMID: 27696482 DOI: 10.1002/pros.23263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2016] [Accepted: 09/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Leucine stimulates cancer cell proliferation through the mTOR pathway, therefore, inhibiting leucine transporters may be a novel therapeutic target for cancer. L-type amino acid transporter (LAT) 1, a Na+ -independent amino acid transporter, is highly expressed in many tumor cells. However, leucine transporter(s) in different stages of prostate cancer, particularly in the stages of castration resistance with androgen receptor (AR) expression, is unclear. METHODS LNCaP and DU145 and PC-3 cell lines were used as a model of androgen dependent, and metastatic prostate cancer. A new "LN-cr" cell line was established after culturing LNCaP cells for 6 months under androgen-free conditions, which is considered a model of castration resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) with androgen AR expression. The expression of leucine transporters was investigated with quantitative PCR and immunofluorescence. Uptake of 14 C Leucine was examined in the presence or absence of BCH (a pan-LAT inhibitor), JPH203 (an LAT1-specific inhibitor), or Na+ . Cell growth was assessed with MTT assay. siRNA studies were performed to evaluate the indispensability of y+ LAT2 on leucine uptake and cell viability in LN-cr. RESULTS Cell viability showed a 90% decrease in the absence of leucine in all four cell lines. LNCaP cells principally expressed LAT3, and their leucine uptake was more than 90% Na+ -independent. BCH, but not JPH203, inhibited leucine uptake, and cell proliferation (IC50BCH :15 mM). DU145 and PC-3 cells predominantly expressed LAT1. Leucine uptake and cell growth were suppressed by BCH or JPH203 in a dose-dependent manner (IC50BCH : ∼20 mM, IC50JPH203 : ∼5 µM). In LN-cr cells, Na+ -dependent uptake of leucine was 3.8 pmol/mgprotein/min, while, Na+ -independent uptake was only 0.52 (P < 0.05). Leucine uptake of LN-cr was largely (∼85%) Na+ -dependent. y+ LAT2 expression was confirmed in LN-cr. Knockdown of y+ LAT2 lead to significant leucine uptake inhibition (40%) and cell growth inhibition (20%). CONCLUSIONS New CRPC cell line with increased expression of y+ LAT2 as a leucine transporter was established in vitro. Anti-leucine transporter therapy could be an important option against prostate cancer. Prostate 77:222-233, 2017. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideo Otsuki
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Kyorin University School of Medicine, Mitaka City, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Toru Kimura
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Kyorin University School of Medicine, Mitaka City, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takashi Yamaga
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Kyorin University School of Medicine, Mitaka City, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takeo Kosaka
- Department of Urology, Keio University School of Medicine, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Jun-Ichi Suehiro
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Kyorin University School of Medicine, Mitaka City, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Sakurai
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Kyorin University School of Medicine, Mitaka City, Tokyo, Japan
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Hayashi K, Anzai N. Novel therapeutic approaches targeting L-type amino acid transporters for cancer treatment. World J Gastrointest Oncol 2017; 9:21-29. [PMID: 28144396 PMCID: PMC5241523 DOI: 10.4251/wjgo.v9.i1.21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2016] [Revised: 10/08/2016] [Accepted: 11/02/2016] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
L-type amino acid transporters (LATs) mainly assist the uptake of neutral amino acids into cells. Four LATs (LAT1, LAT2, LAT3 and LAT4) have so far been identified. LAT1 (SLC7A5) has been attracting much attention in the field of cancer research since it is commonly up-regulated in various cancers. Basic research has made it increasingly clear that LAT1 plays a predominant role in malignancy. The functional significance of LAT1 in cancer and the potential therapeutic application of the features of LAT1 to cancer management are described in this review.
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van der Mijn JC, Panka DJ, Geissler AK, Verheul HM, Mier JW. Novel drugs that target the metabolic reprogramming in renal cell cancer. Cancer Metab 2016; 4:14. [PMID: 27418963 PMCID: PMC4944519 DOI: 10.1186/s40170-016-0154-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2016] [Accepted: 06/30/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Molecular profiling studies of tumor tissue from patients with clear cell renal cell cancer (ccRCC) have revealed extensive metabolic reprogramming in this disease. Associations were found between metabolic reprogramming, histopathologic Fuhrman grade, and overall survival of patients. Large-scale genomics, proteomics, and metabolomic analyses have been performed to identify the molecular players in this process. Genes involved in glycolysis, the pentose phosphate pathway, glutamine metabolism, and lipogenesis were found to be upregulated in renal cell cancer (RCC) specimens as compared to normal tissue. Preclinical research indicates that mutations in VHL, FBP1, and the PI3K-AKT-mTOR pathway drives aerobic glycolysis through transcriptional activation of the hypoxia-inducible factors (HIF). Mechanistic studies revealed glutamine as an important source for de novo fatty acid synthesis through reductive carboxylation. Amplification of MYC drives reductive carboxylation. In this review, we present a detailed overview of the metabolic changes in RCC in conjunction with potential novel therapeutics. We discuss preclinical studies that have investigated targeted agents that interfere with various aspects of tumor cell metabolism and emphasize their impact specifically on glycolysis, lipogenesis, and tumor growth. Furthermore, we describe a number of phase 1 and 2 clinical trials that have been conducted with these agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes C van der Mijn
- Department of Hematology/Oncology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, 330 Brookline Ave, Boston, MA 02215 USA ; Department of Medical Oncology, VU University Medical Center, De Boelelaan 1117, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands ; Department of Internal Medicine, OLVG; Jan van Tooropstraat 164, 1061 AE Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - David J Panka
- Department of Hematology/Oncology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, 330 Brookline Ave, Boston, MA 02215 USA
| | - Andrew K Geissler
- Department of Hematology/Oncology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, 330 Brookline Ave, Boston, MA 02215 USA
| | - Henk M Verheul
- Department of Medical Oncology, VU University Medical Center, De Boelelaan 1117, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - James W Mier
- Department of Hematology/Oncology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, 330 Brookline Ave, Boston, MA 02215 USA
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Cormerais Y, Giuliano S, LeFloch R, Front B, Durivault J, Tambutté E, Massard PA, de la Ballina LR, Endou H, Wempe MF, Palacin M, Parks SK, Pouyssegur J. Genetic Disruption of the Multifunctional CD98/LAT1 Complex Demonstrates the Key Role of Essential Amino Acid Transport in the Control of mTORC1 and Tumor Growth. Cancer Res 2016; 76:4481-92. [PMID: 27302165 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-15-3376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2015] [Accepted: 05/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The CD98/LAT1 complex is overexpressed in aggressive human cancers and is thereby described as a potential therapeutic target. This complex promotes tumorigenesis with CD98 (4F2hc) engaging β-integrin signaling while LAT1 (SLC7A5) imports essential amino acids (EAA) and promotes mTORC1 activity. However, it is unclear as to which member of the heterodimer carries the most prevalent protumoral action. To answer this question, we explored the tumoral potential of each member by gene disruption of CD98, LAT1, or both and by inhibition of LAT1 with the selective inhibitor (JPH203) in six human cancer cell lines from colon, lung, and kidney. Each knockout respectively ablated 90% (CD98 KO: ) and 100% (LAT1 KO: ) of Na(+)-independent leucine transport activity. LAT1 KO: or JPH203-treated cells presented an amino acid stress response with ATF4, GCN2 activation, mTORC1 inhibition, and severe in vitro and in vivo tumor growth arrest. We show that this severe growth phenotype is independent of the level of expression of CD98 in the six tumor cell lines. Surprisingly, CD98 KO: cells with only 10% EAA transport activity displayed a normal growth phenotype, with mTORC1 activity and tumor growth rate undistinguishable from wild-type cells. However, CD98 KO: cells became extremely sensitive to inhibition or genetic disruption of LAT1 (CD98 KO: /LAT1 KO: ). This finding demonstrates that the tumoral potential of CD98 KO: cells is due to residual LAT1 transport activity. Therefore, these findings clearly establish that LAT1 transport activity is the key growth-limiting step of the heterodimer and advocate the pharmacology development of LAT1 transporter inhibitors as a very promising anticancer target. Cancer Res; 76(15); 4481-92. ©2016 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yann Cormerais
- Medical Biology Department, Centre Scientifique de Monaco (CSM), Monaco
| | - Sandy Giuliano
- Institute for Research on Cancer & Aging (IRCAN), CNRS, INSERM, Centre A. Lacassagne, University of Nice-Sophia Antipolis, Nice, France
| | - Renaud LeFloch
- Institute for Research on Cancer & Aging (IRCAN), CNRS, INSERM, Centre A. Lacassagne, University of Nice-Sophia Antipolis, Nice, France
| | - Benoît Front
- Medical Biology Department, Centre Scientifique de Monaco (CSM), Monaco
| | - Jerome Durivault
- Medical Biology Department, Centre Scientifique de Monaco (CSM), Monaco
| | - Eric Tambutté
- Marine Biology Department, Centre Scientifique de Monaco (CSM), Monaco
| | | | | | - Hitoshi Endou
- Research & Development, Fuji Biomedix Co. Ltd, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Michael F Wempe
- School of Pharmacy, University of Colorado Denver, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Manuel Palacin
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine, University of Barcelona and CIBERER, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Scott K Parks
- Medical Biology Department, Centre Scientifique de Monaco (CSM), Monaco
| | - Jacques Pouyssegur
- Medical Biology Department, Centre Scientifique de Monaco (CSM), Monaco. Institute for Research on Cancer & Aging (IRCAN), CNRS, INSERM, Centre A. Lacassagne, University of Nice-Sophia Antipolis, Nice, France.
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Huttunen KM, Gynther M, Huttunen J, Puris E, Spicer JA, Denny WA. A Selective and Slowly Reversible Inhibitor of l-Type Amino Acid Transporter 1 (LAT1) Potentiates Antiproliferative Drug Efficacy in Cancer Cells. J Med Chem 2016; 59:5740-51. [PMID: 27253989 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.6b00190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
The l-type amino acid transporter 1 (LAT1) is a transmembrane protein carrying bulky and neutral amino acids into cells. LAT1 is overexpressed in several types of tumors, and its inhibition can result in reduced cancer cell growth. However, known LAT1 inhibitors lack selectivity over other transporters. In the present study, we designed and synthesized a novel selective LAT1 inhibitor (1), which inhibited the uptake of LAT1 substrate, l-leucin as well as cell growth. It also significantly potentiated the efficacy of bestatin and cisplatin even at low concentrations (25 μM). Inhibition was slowly reversible, as the inhibitor was able to be detached from the cell surface and blood-brain barrier. Moreover, the inhibitor was metabolically stable and selective toward LAT1. Since the inhibitor was readily accumulated into the prostate after intraperitoneal injection to the healthy mice, this compound may be a promising agent or adjuvant especially for the treatment of prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristiina M Huttunen
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland , P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Mikko Gynther
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland , P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Johanna Huttunen
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland , P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Elena Puris
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland , P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Julie A Spicer
- Auckland Cancer Society Research Centre, The University of Auckland , Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - William A Denny
- Auckland Cancer Society Research Centre, The University of Auckland , Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
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47
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Hypoxia optimises tumour growth by controlling nutrient import and acidic metabolite export. Mol Aspects Med 2016; 47-48:3-14. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2015.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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48
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Yoshida GJ. Metabolic reprogramming: the emerging concept and associated therapeutic strategies. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL & CLINICAL CANCER RESEARCH : CR 2015; 34:111. [PMID: 26445347 PMCID: PMC4595070 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-015-0221-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 413] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2015] [Accepted: 09/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Tumor tissue is composed of cancer cells and surrounding stromal cells with diverse genetic/epigenetic backgrounds, a situation known as intra-tumoral heterogeneity. Cancer cells are surrounded by a totally different microenvironment than that of normal cells; consequently, tumor cells must exhibit rapidly adaptive responses to hypoxia and hypo-nutrient conditions. This phenomenon of changes of tumor cellular bioenergetics, called “metabolic reprogramming”, has been recognized as one of 10 hallmarks of cancer. Metabolic reprogramming is required for both malignant transformation and tumor development, including invasion and metastasis. Although the Warburg effect has been widely accepted as a common feature of metabolic reprogramming, accumulating evidence has revealed that tumor cells depend on mitochondrial metabolism as well as aerobic glycolysis. Remarkably, cancer-associated fibroblasts in tumor stroma tend to activate both glycolysis and autophagy in contrast to neighboring cancer cells, which leads to a reverse Warburg effect. Heterogeneity of monocarboxylate transporter expression reflects cellular metabolic heterogeneity with respect to the production and uptake of lactate. In tumor tissue, metabolic heterogeneity induces metabolic symbiosis, which is responsible for adaptation to drastic changes in the nutrient microenvironment resulting from chemotherapy. In addition, metabolic heterogeneity is responsible for the failure to induce the same therapeutic effect against cancer cells as a whole. In particular, cancer stem cells exhibit several biological features responsible for resistance to conventional anti-tumor therapies. Consequently, cancer stem cells tend to form minimal residual disease after chemotherapy and exhibit metastatic potential with additional metabolic reprogramming. This type of altered metabolic reprogramming leads to adaptive/acquired resistance to anti-tumor therapy. Collectively, complex and dynamic metabolic reprogramming should be regarded as a reflection of the “robustness” of tumor cells against unfavorable conditions. This review focuses on the concept of metabolic reprogramming in heterogeneous tumor tissue, and further emphasizes the importance of developing novel therapeutic strategies based on drug repositioning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Go J Yoshida
- Research Fellow of Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, Tokyo, Japan. .,Department of Pathological Cell Biology, Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8510, Japan.
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Huang H, Pan XW, Huang Y, Xu DF, Cui XG, Li L, Hong Y, Chen L, Gao Y, Yin L. Microvascular invasion as a prognostic indicator in renal cell carcinoma: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Int J Clin Exp Med 2015; 8:10779-10792. [PMID: 26379872 PMCID: PMC4565255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2015] [Accepted: 06/10/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Microvascular invasion (MVI), an omen of potential hematogenous spread of tumor cells, has been identified as an accepted risk factor for poor prognosis in some solid tumors. But its prognostic value in renal cell carcinoma (RCC) remains disputable. In order to address this question rigorously, we performed a systematical review of the published literature on MVI and RCC prognosis. According to the PRISMA statement, we searched PubMed, Web of science, and Cochrane Library database and identified 33 cohort articles that met the eligibility criteria and involved 14,946 patients (48-2596 per study) in this meta-analysis. Using the random effects model, the association between MVI and four generally recognized end points were estimated, including cancer-specific survival (CSS), recurrence-free survival (RFS), metastasis-free survival (MFS) and overall survival (OS). The presence of MVI was detected in 14.4% of the pathological specimens. A higher incidence of MVI was associated with some acknowledged prognostic risk factors such as higher pathological TNM stages and higher tumor grades. Statistical significance of the combined hazard ratio (HR) was detected for CSS (HR, 2.090; 95% CI, 1.530-2.857), RFS (HR = 2.749; 95% CI, 1.974-3.828), MFS (HR = 1.621; 95% CI, 1.095-2.400). However, the association between MVI and worse overall survival did not address statistical significance (HR = 1.371; 95% CI, 0.978-1.923). These findings suggest that the presence of MVI has a detrimental effect on clinicopathological features of RCC and could serve as a poor prognostic factor for patient with RCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai Huang
- Department of Urinary Surgery of Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University415 Fengyang Road, Shanghai 200003, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiu-Wu Pan
- Department of Urinary Surgery of Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University415 Fengyang Road, Shanghai 200003, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yi Huang
- Department of Urinary Surgery of Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University415 Fengyang Road, Shanghai 200003, People’s Republic of China
| | - Dan-Feng Xu
- Urology Research Center of the Chinese People’s Liberation Army, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University415 Fengyang Road, Shanghai 200003, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xin-Gang Cui
- Department of Urinary Surgery of Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, Second Military Medical UniversityShanghai 200438, People’s Republic of China
| | - Lin Li
- Department of Urinary Surgery of Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University415 Fengyang Road, Shanghai 200003, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yi Hong
- Department of Urinary Surgery of Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University415 Fengyang Road, Shanghai 200003, People’s Republic of China
| | - Lu Chen
- Department of Urinary Surgery of Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University415 Fengyang Road, Shanghai 200003, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yi Gao
- Department of Urinary Surgery of Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University415 Fengyang Road, Shanghai 200003, People’s Republic of China
| | - Lei Yin
- Department of Urinary Surgery of Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University415 Fengyang Road, Shanghai 200003, People’s Republic of China
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Jin SE, Jin HE, Hong SS. Targeting L-type amino acid transporter 1 for anticancer therapy: clinical impact from diagnostics to therapeutics. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2015; 19:1319-37. [DOI: 10.1517/14728222.2015.1044975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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