1
|
Roy SF, Baig J, DeCoste R, Finch S, Sennik S, Kakadekar A, Sade S, Micevic G, Chergui M, Rahimi K, Flaman A, Trinh VQH, Osmond A. Tumour necrosis is a valuable histopathological prognostic parameter in melanomas of the vulva and vagina. Pathology 2024:S0031-3025(24)00136-3. [PMID: 38906758 DOI: 10.1016/j.pathol.2024.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2023] [Revised: 03/03/2024] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 06/23/2024]
Abstract
Vulvar and vaginal melanomas (VVMs) are rare and aggressive malignancies with limited prognostic models available and there is no standard reporting protocol. VVMs were selected from six tertiary Canadian hospitals from 2000-2021, resected from patients aged ≥18 years, with 6 months or longer follow-up data, and confirmation of melanocytic differentiation by at least two immunohistochemical markers. Cases were reviewed by pathologists to identify histological biomarkers. Survival outcomes were tested with Kaplan-Meier log-rank, univariate Cox, and multivariate Cox regression. There were 79 VVMs with median follow-up at 26 months. Univariate analysis revealed that tumour necrosis, tumour ulceration, positive lymph nodes, and metastasis at diagnosis were significantly associated with disease-specific mortality, progression, and metastasis. Multivariate analysis identified tumour necrosis as an independent prognostic factor for disease-specific mortality (HR 4.803, 95% CI 1.954-11.803, p<0.001), progression (HR 2.676, 95% CI 1.403-5.102, p=0.003), and time-to-metastasis for non-metastatic patients at diagnosis (HR 3.761, 95%CI 1.678-8.431, p=0.001). Kaplan-Meier survival analyses demonstrated that tumour necrosis was a poor prognostic factor for disease-specific, progression-free, and metastasis-free survival (p<0.001 for all comparisons). Vaginal melanomas displayed decreased survival compared to vulvar or clitoral melanomas. This study identifies tumour necrosis as an independent prognostic factor for VVMs. Vaginal melanomas specifically showed worse survival outcomes compared to vulvar or clitoral melanomas, consistent with previously reported findings in the literature, emphasising the importance of differentiating between these primary tumour epicentres for prognostication and treatment planning in the care of genital melanoma patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Simon F Roy
- Department of Dermatology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, USA.
| | - Jumanah Baig
- Institute for Research in Immunology and Cancer, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Canada
| | - Ryan DeCoste
- Department of Pathology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Canada
| | - Sarah Finch
- Department of Pathology, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St-John's, Canada
| | - Simrin Sennik
- Department of Pathology, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St-John's, Canada
| | | | - Shachar Sade
- Department of Pathology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Goran Micevic
- Department of Dermatology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, USA
| | - May Chergui
- Department of Pathology, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Kurosh Rahimi
- Department of Pathology and Cellular Biology, University of Montreal, Montreal, Canada
| | - Ashley Flaman
- Department of Pathology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
| | - Vincent Q H Trinh
- Institute for Research in Immunology and Cancer, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Canada
| | - Allison Osmond
- Department of Pathology, University of Saskatchewan, Regina, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Liposomes Loaded with Amaranth Unsaponifiable Matter and Soybean Lunasin Prevented Melanoma Tumor Development Overexpressing Caspase-3 in an In Vivo Model. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14102214. [PMID: 36297649 PMCID: PMC9609684 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14102214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2022] [Revised: 10/09/2022] [Accepted: 10/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to assess the effectiveness of liposomes loaded with soybean lunasin and amaranth unsaponifiable matter (UM + LunLip) as a source of squalene in the prevention of melanoma skin cancer in an allograft mice model. Tumors were induced by transplanting melanoma B16-F10 cells into the mice. The most effective treatments were those including UM + LunLip, with no difference between the lunasin concentrations (15 or 30 mg/kg body weight); however, these treatments were statistically different from the tumor-bearing untreated control (G3) (p < 0.05). The groups treated with topical application showed significant inhibition (68%, p < 0.05) compared to G3. The groups treated with subcutaneous injections showed significant inhibition (up to 99%, p < 0.05) in G3. During tumor development, UM + LunLip treatments under-expressed Ki-67 (0.2-fold compared to G3), glycogen synthase kinase-3β (0.1-fold compared to G3), and overexpressed caspase-3 (30-fold compared to G3). In addition, larger tumors showed larger necrotic areas (38% with respect to the total tumor) (p < 0.0001). In conclusion, the UM + LunLip treatment was effective when applied either subcutaneously or topically in the melanoma tumor-developing groups, as it slowed down cell proliferation and activated apoptosis.
Collapse
|
3
|
Mohsen MO, Heath M, Kramer MF, Velazquez TC, Bullimore A, Skinner MA, Speiser DE, Bachmann MF. In situ delivery of nanoparticles formulated with micron-sized crystals protects from murine melanoma. J Immunother Cancer 2022; 10:jitc-2022-004643. [PMID: 36100311 PMCID: PMC9472128 DOI: 10.1136/jitc-2022-004643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Intratumoral injections of novel therapeutics can activate tumor antigen-specific T cells for locoregional tumor control and may even induce durable systemic protection (against distant metastases) via recirculating T cells. Here we explored the possibility of a universal immunotherapy that promotes T-cell responses in situ and beyond, upon intratumoral injection of nanoparticles formulated with micron-sized crystals. Methods Cucumber mosaic virus-like particles containing a tetanus toxin peptide (CuMVTT) were formulated with microcrystalline tyrosine (MCT) adjuvant and injected directly in B16F10 melanoma tumors. To further enhance immunogenicity, we loaded the nanoparticles with a TLR7/8 ligand and incorporated a universal tetanus toxin T-helper cell peptide. We assessed therapeutic efficacy and induction of local and systemic immune responses, including RNA sequencing, providing broad insight into the tumor microenvironment and correlates of protection. Results MCT crystals were successfully decorated with CuMVTT nanoparticles. This ‘immune-enhancer’ formed immunogenic depots in injected tumors, enhanced polyfunctional CD8+ and CD4+ T cells, and inhibited B16F10 tumor growth locally and systemically. Local inflammation and immune responses were associated with upregulation of genes involved in complement activation and collagen formation. Conclusions Our new immune-enhancer turned immunologically cold tumors into hot ones and inhibited local and distant tumor growth. This type of immunotherapy does not require the identification of (patient–individual) relevant tumor antigens. It is well tolerated, non-infectious, and affordable, and can readily be upscaled for future clinical testing and broad application in melanoma and likely other solid tumors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mona O Mohsen
- Department of BioMedical Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Daniel E Speiser
- Department of Oncology UNIL CHUV, University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Martin F Bachmann
- Department of BioMedical Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.,Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Gonçalves JP, da Cruz AF, Nunes ÁM, Meneghetti MR, de Barros HR, Borges BS, de Medeiros LCAS, Soares MJ, Dos Santos MP, Grassi MT, Rossi GR, Bellan DL, Biscaia SMP, Cristal AM, Buzzo JLA, Ribeiro YC, Acco A, Cardoso MB, Simas FF, Trindade ES, Riegel-Vidotti IC, de Oliveira CC. Biocompatible gum arabic-gold nanorod composite as an effective therapy for mistreated melanomas. Int J Biol Macromol 2021; 185:551-561. [PMID: 34216657 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.06.172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Revised: 05/23/2021] [Accepted: 06/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Advanced melanoma patients that are not included in common genetic classificatory groups lack effective and safe therapeutic options. Chemotherapy and immunotherapy show unsatisfactory results and devastating adverse effects for these called triple wild-type patients. New approaches exploring the intrinsic antitumor properties of gold nanoparticles might reverse this scenario as a safer and more effective alternative. Therefore, we investigated the efficacy and safety of a composite made of gum arabic-functionalized gold nanorods (GA-AuNRs) against triple wild-type melanoma. The natural polymer gum arabic successfully stabilized the nanorods in the biological environment and was essential to improve their biocompatibility. In vivo results obtained from treating triple wild-type melanoma-bearing mice showed that GA-AuNRs remarkably reduced primary tumor growth by 45%. Furthermore, GA-AuNRs induced tumor histological features associated with better prognosis while also reducing superficial lung metastasis depth and the incidence of intrapulmonary metastasis. GA-AuNRs' efficacy comes from their capacity to reduce melanoma cells ability to invade the extracellular matrix and grow into colonies, in addition to a likely immunomodulatory effect induced by gum arabic. Additionally, a broad safety investigation found no evidence of adverse effects after GA-AuNRs treatment. Therefore, this study unprecedentedly reports GA-AuNRs as a potential nanomedicine for advanced triple wild-type melanomas.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jenifer P Gonçalves
- Laboratory of Inflammatory and Neoplastic Cells/Laboratory of Sulfated Polysaccharides Investigation, Cell Biology Department, Section of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal do Paraná (UFPR), Av Cel Francisco H dos Santos, s/n, CEP 81530-980 Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - Anderson F da Cruz
- Laboratory of Inflammatory and Neoplastic Cells/Laboratory of Sulfated Polysaccharides Investigation, Cell Biology Department, Section of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal do Paraná (UFPR), Av Cel Francisco H dos Santos, s/n, CEP 81530-980 Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - Ábner M Nunes
- Catalysis and Chemical Reactivity Group, Institute of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Universidade Federal de Alagoas, Av. Lourival de Melo Mota, s/n, CEP 57072-900 Maceió, AL, Brazil
| | - Mario R Meneghetti
- Catalysis and Chemical Reactivity Group, Institute of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Universidade Federal de Alagoas, Av. Lourival de Melo Mota, s/n, CEP 57072-900 Maceió, AL, Brazil
| | - Heloise R de Barros
- Macromolecules and Interfaces Research Group, Department of Chemistry, UFPR, Av Cel Francisco H dos Santos, s/n, CEP 81530-980 Curitiba, PR, Brazil; Laboratory of Electroactive Materials, Chemistry Institute, Universidade de São Paulo, Av Professor Lineu Prestes, 748, CEP 05513-970 São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Beatriz S Borges
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, Instituto Carlos Chagas (ICC/Fiocruz), Rua Prof. Algacyr Munhoz Mader, 3775, CEP 81350-010 Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - Lia C A S de Medeiros
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, Instituto Carlos Chagas (ICC/Fiocruz), Rua Prof. Algacyr Munhoz Mader, 3775, CEP 81350-010 Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - Maurilio J Soares
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, Instituto Carlos Chagas (ICC/Fiocruz), Rua Prof. Algacyr Munhoz Mader, 3775, CEP 81350-010 Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - Mayara P Dos Santos
- Environmental Chemistry Group, Department of Chemistry, UFPR, Av Cel Francisco H dos Santos, s/n, CEP 81530-980 Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - Marco T Grassi
- Environmental Chemistry Group, Department of Chemistry, UFPR, Av Cel Francisco H dos Santos, s/n, CEP 81530-980 Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - Gustavo R Rossi
- Laboratory of Inflammatory and Neoplastic Cells/Laboratory of Sulfated Polysaccharides Investigation, Cell Biology Department, Section of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal do Paraná (UFPR), Av Cel Francisco H dos Santos, s/n, CEP 81530-980 Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - Daniel L Bellan
- Laboratory of Inflammatory and Neoplastic Cells/Laboratory of Sulfated Polysaccharides Investigation, Cell Biology Department, Section of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal do Paraná (UFPR), Av Cel Francisco H dos Santos, s/n, CEP 81530-980 Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - Stellee M P Biscaia
- Laboratory of Inflammatory and Neoplastic Cells/Laboratory of Sulfated Polysaccharides Investigation, Cell Biology Department, Section of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal do Paraná (UFPR), Av Cel Francisco H dos Santos, s/n, CEP 81530-980 Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - Aline M Cristal
- Laboratory of Inflammatory and Neoplastic Cells/Laboratory of Sulfated Polysaccharides Investigation, Cell Biology Department, Section of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal do Paraná (UFPR), Av Cel Francisco H dos Santos, s/n, CEP 81530-980 Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - João L A Buzzo
- Laboratory of Inflammatory and Neoplastic Cells/Laboratory of Sulfated Polysaccharides Investigation, Cell Biology Department, Section of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal do Paraná (UFPR), Av Cel Francisco H dos Santos, s/n, CEP 81530-980 Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - Yasmin C Ribeiro
- Laboratory of Inflammatory and Neoplastic Cells/Laboratory of Sulfated Polysaccharides Investigation, Cell Biology Department, Section of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal do Paraná (UFPR), Av Cel Francisco H dos Santos, s/n, CEP 81530-980 Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - Alexandra Acco
- Department of Pharmacology, UFPR, Av Cel Francisco H dos Santos, s/n, CEP 81530-980 Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - Mateus B Cardoso
- Laboratório Nacional de Luz Síncrotron, Centro Nacional de Pesquisa em Energia e Materiais, Rua Giuseppe Máximo Scolfaro, 10000, CEP 13083-970, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Fernanda F Simas
- Laboratory of Inflammatory and Neoplastic Cells/Laboratory of Sulfated Polysaccharides Investigation, Cell Biology Department, Section of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal do Paraná (UFPR), Av Cel Francisco H dos Santos, s/n, CEP 81530-980 Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - Edvaldo S Trindade
- Laboratory of Inflammatory and Neoplastic Cells/Laboratory of Sulfated Polysaccharides Investigation, Cell Biology Department, Section of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal do Paraná (UFPR), Av Cel Francisco H dos Santos, s/n, CEP 81530-980 Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - Izabel C Riegel-Vidotti
- Macromolecules and Interfaces Research Group, Department of Chemistry, UFPR, Av Cel Francisco H dos Santos, s/n, CEP 81530-980 Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - Carolina C de Oliveira
- Laboratory of Inflammatory and Neoplastic Cells/Laboratory of Sulfated Polysaccharides Investigation, Cell Biology Department, Section of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal do Paraná (UFPR), Av Cel Francisco H dos Santos, s/n, CEP 81530-980 Curitiba, PR, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Fleminger G, Dayan A. The moonlighting activities of dihydrolipoamide dehydrogenase: Biotechnological and biomedical applications. J Mol Recognit 2021; 34:e2924. [PMID: 34164859 DOI: 10.1002/jmr.2924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2021] [Accepted: 06/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Dihydrolipoamide dehydrogenase (DLDH) is a homodimeric flavin-dependent enzyme that catalyzes the NAD+ -dependent oxidation of dihydrolipoamide. The enzyme is part of several multi-enzyme complexes such as the Pyruvate Dehydrogenase system that transforms pyruvate into acetyl-co-A. Concomitantly with its redox activity, DLDH produces Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS), which are involved in cellular apoptotic processes. DLDH possesses several moonlighting functions. One of these is the capacity to adhere to metal-oxides surfaces. This was first exemplified by the presence of an exocellular form of the enzyme on the cell-wall surface of Rhodococcus ruber. This capability was evolutionarily conserved and identified in the human, mitochondrial, DLDH. The enzyme was modified with Arg-Gly-Asp (RGD) groups, which enabled its interaction with integrin-rich cancer cells followed by "integrin-assisted-endocytosis." This allowed harnessing the enzyme for cancer therapy. Combining the TiO2 -binding property with DLDH's ROS-production, enabled us to develop several medical applications including improving oesseointegration of TiO2 -based implants and photodynamic treatment for melanoma. The TiO2 -binding sites of both the bacterial and human DLDH's were identified on the proteins' molecules at regions that overlap with the binding site of E3-binding protein (E3BP). This protein is essential in forming the multiunit structure of PDC. Another moonlighting activity of DLDH, which is described in this Review, is its DNA-binding capacity that may affect DNA chelation and shredding leading to apoptotic processes in living cells. The typical ROS-generation by DLDH, which occurs in association with its enzymatic activity and its implications in cancer and apoptotic cell death are also discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gideon Fleminger
- The Shmunis School of Biomedicine and Cancer Research, The George Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Ramat Aviv, Israel
| | - Avraham Dayan
- The Shmunis School of Biomedicine and Cancer Research, The George Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Ramat Aviv, Israel
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Strashilov S, Yordanov A. Aetiology and Pathogenesis of Cutaneous Melanoma: Current Concepts and Advances. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:6395. [PMID: 34203771 PMCID: PMC8232613 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22126395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Revised: 06/09/2021] [Accepted: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Melanoma develops from malignant transformations of the pigment-producing melanocytes. If located in the basal layer of the skin epidermis, melanoma is referred to as cutaneous, which is more frequent. However, as melanocytes are be found in the eyes, ears, gastrointestinal tract, genitalia, urinary system, and meninges, cases of mucosal melanoma or other types (e.g., ocular) may occur. The incidence and morbidity of cutaneous melanoma (cM) are constantly increasing worldwide. Australia and New Zealand are world leaders in this regard with a morbidity rate of 54/100,000 and a mortality rate of 5.6/100,000 for 2015. The aim of this review is to consolidate and present the data related to the aetiology and pathogenesis of cutaneous melanoma, thus rendering them easier to understand. In this article we will discuss these problems and the possible impacts on treatment for this disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Strahil Strashilov
- Department of Plastic Restorative, Reconstructive and Aesthetic Surgery, University Hospital “Dr. Georgi Stranski”, Medical University Pleven, 5800 Pleven, Bulgaria
| | - Angel Yordanov
- Clinic of Gynecologic Oncology, University Hospital “Dr. Georgi Stranski”, Medical University Pleven, 5800 Pleven, Bulgaria;
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Van Wilpe S, Koornstra R, Den Brok M, De Groot JW, Blank C, De Vries J, Gerritsen W, Mehra N. Lactate dehydrogenase: a marker of diminished antitumor immunity. Oncoimmunology 2020; 9:1731942. [PMID: 32158624 PMCID: PMC7051189 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2020.1731942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2019] [Revised: 01/09/2020] [Accepted: 01/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) levels are inversely related with response to checkpoint inhibitors. Elevated LDH levels are the product of enhanced glycolytic activity of the tumor and tumor necrosis due to hypoxia, the latter being associated with high tumor burden. In this review, we elucidate the effects of glycolysis and hypoxia on antitumor immunity and set forth ways to improve response to immunotherapy in cancer patients with elevated LDH levels. We discuss the current knowledge on combining immunotherapy with glycolysis inhibitors, anti-acidifying drugs, anti-angiogenic or cytoreductive therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Van Wilpe
- Department of Medical Oncology, The Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Rutger Koornstra
- Department of Medical Oncology, The Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.,Department of Medical Oncology, Rijnstate Hospital, Arnhem, The Netherlands
| | - Martijn Den Brok
- Department of Medical Oncology, The Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Jan Willem De Groot
- Department of Medical Oncology, Isala Oncology Center, Zwolle, The Netherlands
| | - Christian Blank
- Department of Medical Oncology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jolanda De Vries
- Department of Tumor Immunology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Winald Gerritsen
- Department of Medical Oncology, The Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Niven Mehra
- Department of Medical Oncology, The Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Relationship between semiquantitative 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography metrics and necrosis in classical Hodgkin lymphoma. Sci Rep 2019; 9:11073. [PMID: 31363153 PMCID: PMC6667466 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-47453-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2019] [Accepted: 07/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Semiquantitative 18F-fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose positron emission tomography (18F-FDG PET) parameters have been proposed as prognostic markers in classical Hodgkin lymphoma (cHL). In non-Hodgkin lymphoma necrosis as assessed by 18F-FDG PET or computed tomography (CT) (necrosisvisual) correlates with an adverse prognosis. We investigated whether semiquantitative 18F-FDG PET metrics correlate with necrosisvisual, determined the incidence of necrosisvisual and explored the prognostic impact of these factors in cHL. From 87 cHL cases treated with ABVD, (escalated) BEACOPP or CHOP chemotherapy between 2010 and 2017, 71 had both a NEDPAS/EARL accredited 18F-FDG PET and a contrast enhanced CT scan. Semiquantitative 18F-FDG PET parameters were determined using Hermes Hybrid 3D software. Necrosisvisual, defined by photopenic tumor areas on 18F-FDG PET and attenuation values between 10 and 30 Hounsfield units (HUs) on CT, was assessed blinded to outcome. Univariate Cox regression survival analyses of progression free survival (PFS) were performed. Necrosisvisual was observed in 18.3% of cHL patients. Bulky disease (tumor mass >10 cm in any direction) (P = 0.002) and TLG (P = 0.041) but no other semiquantitative parameters were significantly associated with necrosisvisual. In exploratory univariate survival analysis for PFS the covariates IPS, bulky disease, MTV and TLG were prognostic, while necrosisvisual was not.
Collapse
|
9
|
Hugdahl E, Bachmann IM, Schuster C, Ladstein RG, Akslen LA. Prognostic value of uPAR expression and angiogenesis in primary and metastatic melanoma. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0210399. [PMID: 30640942 PMCID: PMC6331131 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0210399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2018] [Accepted: 12/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Angiogenesis is important for the progression of cutaneous melanoma. Here, we analyzed the prognostic impact of the angiogenic factor urokinase plasminogen activator resecptor (uPAR), vascular proliferation index (VPI) and tumor necrosis as a measure of hypoxia in a patient series of nodular melanomas (n = 255) and matched loco-regional metastases (n = 78). Expression of uPAR was determined by immunohistochemistry and VPI was assessed by dual immunohistochemistry using Factor-VIII/Ki67 staining. Necrosis was recorded based on HE-slides. As novel findings, high uPAR expression and high VPI were associated with each other, and with increased tumor thickness, presence of tumor necrosis, tumor ulceration, increased mitotic count and reduced cancer specific survival in primary melanoma. In matched cases, VPI was decreased in metastases, whereas the frequency of necrosis was increased. Our findings demonstrate for the first time the impact on melanoma specific survival of uPAR expression and VPI in primary tumors, and of increased necrosis as an indicator of tumor hypoxia in loco-regional metastases. These findings support the importance of tumor angiogenesis in melanoma aggressiveness, and suggest uPAR as an indicator of vascular proliferation and a potential biomarker in melanoma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emilia Hugdahl
- Centre for Cancer Biomarkers CCBIO, Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- Department of Dermatology, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Ingeborg M. Bachmann
- Centre for Cancer Biomarkers CCBIO, Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- Department of Dermatology, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Cornelia Schuster
- Centre for Cancer Biomarkers CCBIO, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- Department of Oncology Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Rita G. Ladstein
- Centre for Cancer Biomarkers CCBIO, Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- Department of Dermatology, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Lars A. Akslen
- Centre for Cancer Biomarkers CCBIO, Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- Department of Pathology, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Skala SL, Arps DP, Zhao L, Cha KB, Wang M, Harms PW, Andea AA, Fullen DR, Chan MP. Comprehensive histopathological comparison of epidermotropic/dermal metastatic melanoma and primary nodular melanoma. Histopathology 2018; 72:472-480. [PMID: 28881040 DOI: 10.1111/his.13384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2017] [Accepted: 09/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Metastatic melanoma involving the epidermis and/or upper dermis may show significant histological overlap with primary cutaneous melanoma, especially the nodular subtype. Proper histopathological classification is crucial to appropriate staging and management, but is often challenging. The aim of this study was to identify helpful histopathological features for differentiating epidermotropic/dermal metastatic melanoma (EDMM) and primary nodular melanoma (PNM). METHODS AND RESULTS A cohort of EDMMs (n = 74) and PNMs (n = 75) was retrospectively reviewed for various histopathological features, and the data were compared between groups by the use of univariate analysis. Features significantly associated with EDMM included a tumour size of <2 mm, an absence of tumour-infiltrating lymphocytes and plasma cells, monomorphism, and involvement of adnexal epithelium. Features associated with PNM included a polypoid (exophytic) configuration, prominent tumour-infiltrating plasma cells (TIPs), a tumour size of >10 mm, ulceration, epidermal collarettes, a higher mitotic rate, necrosis, multiple phenotypes, significant pleomorphism, and lichenoid inflammation. In multivariate analysis, a logistic regression model including large tumour size, ulceration, prominent TIPs, lichenoid inflammation and epidermal collarettes was highly predictive of PNM. Six (8%) EDMMs from three patients showed an 'epidermal-only' or 'epidermal-predominant' pattern closely simulating in-situ or microinvasive melanoma. Two of these cases were tested by fluorescence in-situ hybridisation, which confirmed clonal relationships with their corresponding primary melanomas. CONCLUSIONS This is the first comprehensive histopathological comparison of EDMM and PNM. Recognition of the above histopathological associations should aid in the correct classification and staging of cutaneous melanoma. Epidermotropic metastatic melanomas may occasionally show an epidermal-only/epidermal-predominant pattern; accurate diagnosis requires prudent clinical correlation and, when necessary, ancillary molecular tests.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - David P Arps
- Consolidated Pathology Consultants, Libertyville, IL, USA
| | - Lili Zhao
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Kelly B Cha
- Department of Dermatology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Min Wang
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Paul W Harms
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Department of Dermatology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Aleodor A Andea
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Department of Dermatology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Douglas R Fullen
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Department of Dermatology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - May P Chan
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Department of Dermatology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Dayan A, Fleminger G, Ashur-Fabian O. RGD-modified dihydrolipoamide dehydrogenase conjugated to titanium dioxide nanoparticles –switchableintegrin-targeted photodynamic treatment of melanoma cells. RSC Adv 2018; 8:9112-9119. [PMID: 35541888 PMCID: PMC9078614 DOI: 10.1039/c7ra13777j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2017] [Accepted: 02/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The photocytotoxic effect of UVA-excited titanium dioxide (TiO2), which is caused by the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), is often used in medical applications, such as cancer treatment. Photodynamic-therapy (PDT) is applied in several cancer models including cutaneous melanoma (CM), however the lack of selectivity causing damage to surrounding healthy tissues limits its applicability and novel targeted-delivery approaches are required. As cancer cells often overexpress integrin receptors (e.g. αvβ3) on their cell surface, targeted delivery of TiO2 nanoparticles (NPs) via an Arg-Gly-Asp (RGD) motif would make PDT more selective. We have recently reported that the mitochondrial enzyme dihydrolipoamide dehydrogenase (DLDH) strongly and specifically conjugates TiO2via coordinative bonds. In this work we have modified DLDH with RGD moieties (DLDHRGD), creating a molecular bridge between the integrin-expressing cancer cells and the photo-excitable TiO2 nanoparticles. Physicochemical assays have indicated that the hybrid-conjugated nanobiocomplex, TiO2–DLDHRGD, is producing controlled-release ROS under UVA illumination, with anatase NPs being the most photoreactive TiO2 form. This drug delivery system exhibited a cytotoxic effect in αvβ3 integrin-expressing mice melanoma cells (B16F10), but not in normal cells lacking this integrin (HEK293). No cytotoxic effect was observed in the absence of UV illumination. Our results demonstrate the feasibility of combining the high efficiency of TiO2-based PDT, with an integrin-mediated tumor-targeted drug delivery for nanomedicine. This work presents a UVA switchable integrin-targeted photodynamic therapy in melanoma, composed of an RGD-modified DLDH conjugated to TiO2 nanoparticles, with high selectivity towards integrin-expressing cancer cells.![]()
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Avraham Dayan
- The School of Molecular Cell Biology and Biotechnology
- George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences
- Israel
| | - Gideon Fleminger
- The School of Molecular Cell Biology and Biotechnology
- George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences
- Israel
| | - Osnat Ashur-Fabian
- The Department of Human Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry
- Sackler School of Medicine
- Tel Aviv University
- Israel
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Lee Y, Lee SS, Cheong H, Lee CK, Kim N, Son WC, Hong SM. Intravoxel incoherent motion MRI for monitoring the therapeutic response of hepatocellular carcinoma to sorafenib treatment in mouse xenograft tumor models. Acta Radiol 2017; 58:1045-1053. [PMID: 28273738 DOI: 10.1177/0284185116683576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Background With the introduction of targeted therapies, there has been a growing need for non-invasive imaging methods which accurately evaluate therapeutic effects and overcome the limitations of tumor size-based therapeutic response assessments. Purpose To assess diagnostic values of intra-voxel incoherent motion (IVIM) imaging in evaluating therapeutic effects of sorafenib on hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) using mouse xenograft model. Material and Methods Twenty-four mice bearing Huh-7 were divided into a control group and two treatment groups received sorafenib doses of 5 mg/kg (5 mg-Tx) or 30 mg/kg (30 mg-Tx). IVIM imaging was performed using 10 b-values (0-900 s/mm2). The apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC), diffusion coefficient ( D), and perfusion fraction ( f) were measured for whole tumors and tumor periphery. Changes between baseline and post-treatment parameters ( Δ ADC, Δ D, and Δ f) were calculated, and these parameters were compared with microvessel density (MVD) and area of tumor cell death. Results The post-treatment f and Δ f for tumor periphery were significantly higher in control group, followed by 5 mg-Tx and 30 mg-Tx ( P < 0.001). MVD showed significant positive correlation with post-treatment f ( r = 0.584, P = 0.003) and negative correlation with D ( r = -0.495, P = 0.014) for tumor periphery, while no parameter showed significant correlation with area of tumor cell death. Conclusion The f is significantly correlated with MVD of HCC, and could potentially be used to evaluate the anti-angiogenic effects of sorafenib.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yedaun Lee
- Department of Radiology and Research Institute of Radiology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Current address: Department of Radiology, Haeundae Paik Hospital, Inje University College of Medicine, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Soo Lee
- Department of Radiology and Research Institute of Radiology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyunhee Cheong
- Department of Radiology and Research Institute of Radiology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang Kyung Lee
- Department of Radiology and Research Institute of Radiology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Namkug Kim
- Department of Radiology and Research Institute of Radiology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Woo-Chan Son
- Department of Pathology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Mo Hong
- Department of Pathology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Abstract
Conjugates of cytotoxic agents with RGD peptides (Arg-Gly-Asp) addressed to ανβ3, α5β1 and ανβ6 integrin receptors overexpressed by cancer cells, have recently gained attention as potential selective anticancer chemotherapeutics. In this review, the design and the development of RGD conjugates coupled to different small molecules including known cytotoxic drugs and natural products will be discussed.
Collapse
|
14
|
Väyrynen SA, Väyrynen JP, Klintrup K, Mäkelä J, Karttunen TJ, Tuomisto A, Mäkinen MJ. Clinical impact and network of determinants of tumour necrosis in colorectal cancer. Br J Cancer 2016; 114:1334-42. [PMID: 27195424 PMCID: PMC4984458 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.2016.128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2016] [Revised: 04/06/2016] [Accepted: 04/20/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: The disease outcome in colorectal cancer (CRC) can vary in a wide range within the same tumour stage. The aim of this study was to clarify the prognostic value and the determinants of tumour necrosis in CRC. Methods: The areal proportion (%) of tumour tissue showing coagulative necrosis was evaluated in a cohort of 147 CRC patients and correlated with basic clinicopathological characteristics, microvascular density (MVD), cell proliferation rate, KRAS and BRAF mutations, and survival. To validate the prognostic significance of tumour necrosis, an independent cohort of 418 CRC patients was analysed. Results: Tumour necrosis positively correlated with tumour stage (P=8.5E−4)—especially with T class (4.0E−6)—and inversely correlated with serrated histology (P=0.014), but did not significantly associate with cell proliferation rate, MVD, and KRAS or BRAF mutation. Abundant (10% or more) tumour necrosis associated with worse disease-free survival independent of stage and other biological or clinicopathological characteristics in both cohorts, and the adverse effect was directly related to its extent. High CD105 MVD was also a stage independent marker for worse disease-free survival. Conclusions: Tumour necrosis percentage is a relevant histomorphological prognostic indicator in CRC. More studies are needed to disclose the mechanisms of tumour necrosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sara A Väyrynen
- Department of Pathology, Cancer and Translational Medicine Research Unit, University of Oulu, POB 5000, Oulu 90014, Finland.,Department of Pathology, Oulu University Hospital and Medical Research Center Oulu, POB 21, Oulu 90029, Finland
| | - Juha P Väyrynen
- Department of Pathology, Cancer and Translational Medicine Research Unit, University of Oulu, POB 5000, Oulu 90014, Finland.,Department of Pathology, Oulu University Hospital and Medical Research Center Oulu, POB 21, Oulu 90029, Finland
| | - Kai Klintrup
- Department of Surgery, Oulu University Hospital and Medical Research Center Oulu, POB 21, Oulu 90029, Finland.,Department of Surgery, Research Unit of Surgery, Anesthesia and Intensive Care, University of Oulu, POB 5000, Oulu 90014, Finland
| | - Jyrki Mäkelä
- Department of Surgery, Oulu University Hospital and Medical Research Center Oulu, POB 21, Oulu 90029, Finland.,Department of Surgery, Research Unit of Surgery, Anesthesia and Intensive Care, University of Oulu, POB 5000, Oulu 90014, Finland
| | - Tuomo J Karttunen
- Department of Pathology, Cancer and Translational Medicine Research Unit, University of Oulu, POB 5000, Oulu 90014, Finland.,Department of Pathology, Oulu University Hospital and Medical Research Center Oulu, POB 21, Oulu 90029, Finland
| | - Anne Tuomisto
- Department of Pathology, Cancer and Translational Medicine Research Unit, University of Oulu, POB 5000, Oulu 90014, Finland.,Department of Pathology, Oulu University Hospital and Medical Research Center Oulu, POB 21, Oulu 90029, Finland
| | - Markus J Mäkinen
- Department of Pathology, Cancer and Translational Medicine Research Unit, University of Oulu, POB 5000, Oulu 90014, Finland.,Department of Pathology, Oulu University Hospital and Medical Research Center Oulu, POB 21, Oulu 90029, Finland
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Abstract
The tumor microenvironment encompasses several stressful conditions for cancer cells such as hypoxia, oxidative stress and pH alterations. Galectin-3, a well-studied member of the beta-galactoside-binding animal family of lectins has been implicated in multiple steps of metastasis as cell-cell and cell-ECM adhesion, promotion of angiogenesis, cell proliferation and resistance to apoptosis. However, both its aberrantly up- and down-regulated expression was observed in several types of cancer. Thus, the mechanisms that regulate galectin-3 expression in neoplastic settings are not clear. In order to demonstrate the putative role of hypoxia in regulating galectin-3 expression in canine mammary tumors (CMT), in vitro and in vivo studies were performed. In malignant CMT cells, hypoxia was observed to induce expression of galectin-3, a phenomenon that was almost completely prevented by catalase treatment of CMT-U27 cells. Increased galectin-3 expression was confirmed at the mRNA level. Under hypoxic conditions the expression of galectin-3 shifts from a predominant nuclear location to cytoplasmic and membrane expressions. In in vivo studies, galectin-3 was overexpressed in hypoxic areas of primary tumors and well-established metastases. Tumor hypoxia thus up-regulates the expression of galectin-3, which may in turn increase tumor aggressiveness.
Collapse
|
16
|
Kuzel P, Mahmood MN, Metelitsa AI, Salopek TG. A Clinicopathologic Review of a Case Series of Dermatofibrosarcoma Protuberans with Fibrosarcomatous Differentiation. J Cutan Med Surg 2015; 19:28-34. [DOI: 10.2310/7750.2014.13192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Background: Dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans with fibrosarcomatous differentiation (DFSP-FS) is a rare variant of DFSP with a more aggressive clinical course, characterized by higher rates of local recurrence, metastasis, and death. Methods: We conducted a clinicopathologic review of all DFSP-FS cases that occurred in Alberta, Canada, from 1997 to 2007. Results: Of the 75 DFSP cases reviewed, 4 demonstrated fibrosarcomatous differentiation. Three patients were female and one was male, and the age range was 25 to 76 years. Three tumors invaded to skeletal muscle, whereas one invaded to subcutaneous tissue only. Although perineural invasion was noted in all four cases, none exhibited lymphovascular space invasion. One local recurrence developed, and two of four tumors metastasized. Metastasis was associated with tumor size, tumor necrosis, grenz zone involvement, ulceration, thickness, and tumor grade. One patient died within 5 years of diagnosis. Conclusion: DFSP-FS represents a more aggressive subtype of DFSP. Several features of DFSP-FS may impart a higher risk of metastasis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paul Kuzel
- Division of Dermatology and Cutaneous Sciences, Department of Medicine, and Department of Laboratory Medicine & Pathology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB
- Division of Dermatology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB
- Institute for Skin Advancement, Calgary, AB
| | - Muhammad N. Mahmood
- Division of Dermatology and Cutaneous Sciences, Department of Medicine, and Department of Laboratory Medicine & Pathology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB
- Division of Dermatology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB
- Institute for Skin Advancement, Calgary, AB
| | - Andrei I. Metelitsa
- Division of Dermatology and Cutaneous Sciences, Department of Medicine, and Department of Laboratory Medicine & Pathology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB
- Division of Dermatology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB
- Institute for Skin Advancement, Calgary, AB
| | - Thomas G. Salopek
- Division of Dermatology and Cutaneous Sciences, Department of Medicine, and Department of Laboratory Medicine & Pathology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB
- Division of Dermatology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB
- Institute for Skin Advancement, Calgary, AB
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Charles EM, Rehm M. Key regulators of apoptosis execution as biomarker candidates in melanoma. Mol Cell Oncol 2014; 1:e964037. [PMID: 27308353 PMCID: PMC4904965 DOI: 10.4161/23723548.2014.964037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2014] [Revised: 08/11/2014] [Accepted: 08/12/2014] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Resistance to apoptosis is frequently detected in malignant melanoma, a skin cancer with rapidly growing incidence rates. Apoptosis resistance may develop with disease progression and may be associated with the poor responsiveness of metastatic melanoma to apoptosis-inducing treatments, such as genotoxic chemotherapy and radiotherapy. Likewise, the efficacy of novel treatment options (targeted kinase inhibitors and immunotherapeutics) that indirectly lead to cell death may depend on the susceptibility of melanoma to apoptosis. At its core, apoptosis execution is regulated by the interplay between a comparatively small number of pro- and anti-apoptotic proteins, and consequently numerous studies have investigated the potential of these players as biomarker candidates. Here, we provide a comprehensive overview of biomarker discovery studies focusing on key regulators of apoptosis execution, critically review the findings of these studies, and outline strategies that address current limitations and challenges in exploiting regulators of apoptosis execution as prognostic or predictive biomarkers in melanoma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emilie M Charles
- Department of Physiology & Medical Physics; Royal College of Physics; Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland; Dublin 2, Ireland; Centre for Systems Medicine; Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland; Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Markus Rehm
- Department of Physiology & Medical Physics; Royal College of Physics; Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland; Dublin 2, Ireland; Centre for Systems Medicine; Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland; Dublin 2, Ireland
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Aksenenko MB, Ruksha TG. Features of matrix metalloproteinase-2 expression in the nuclei of tumor cells of a skin melanoma. VESTNIK DERMATOLOGII I VENEROLOGII 2014. [DOI: 10.25208/0042-4609-2014-90-3-65-71] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Goal of the study. To compare expression of matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2) in the nuclei and cytoplasm of tumor cells and assess the mutual relation between the localization of MMP-2 expression and different clinical and morphologic criteria in patients with a skin melanoma. Materials and methods. Tumor samples obtained from paraffin blocks taken from patients suffering from a skin melanoma and treated at the Krasnoyarsk Territorial Oncologic Dispensary served as the object of the study. Skin tissue samples taken from patients suffering from a skin melanoma (n = 44) were obtained from the Krasnoyarsk Territorial Pathological Anatomy Bureau. Immunohistochemistry was performed based on a standard technique using primary anti-matrix metalloproteinase-2 antibodies. Results. MMP-2 expression was revealed in the nuclei of tumor cells of a skin melanoma in 43.1% of cases and in the cytoplasm in 56.9% of cases. No significant differences in MMP-2 expression in the nuclei and cytoplasm were revealed (p = 0.33). Patients with nuclear expression in tumor cells are characterized by a more favorable prognosis than patients with cytoplasmic enzyme expression in tumor complexes. No dependence of the intracellular localization of MMP-2 expression on the patient sex or age, tumor localization, Clark level of invasion, Breslow’s thickness, particular features of tumor lymphocyte infiltration, tumor growth phase, histological subtype, pigmentation, tumor ulceration and tumor stage according to AJCC (American Joint Committee on Cancer) was revealed. Conclusion. MMP-2 located in the nuclei can be related to hypoxia in the tumor tissue as well as increased peroxynitrite level, which, in its turn, can have an effect on the function and regulation of matrix metalloproteinases. Moreover, MMP-2 with an atypical localization can be related to tumor cells with different biological characteristics within the same tumor, which characterize the intratumoral heterogeneity of neoplasms. The biological and clinical role of changes in the intracellular localization of the enzyme needs further explanation.
Collapse
|
19
|
Scanlon P, Tian J, Zhong J, Silva I, Shapiro R, Pavlick A, Berman R, Osman I, Darvishian F. Enhanced immunohistochemical detection of neural infiltration in primary melanoma: is there a clinical value? Hum Pathol 2014; 45:1656-63. [PMID: 24890944 DOI: 10.1016/j.humpath.2014.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2014] [Revised: 03/27/2014] [Accepted: 04/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Neural infiltration in primary melanoma is a histopathologic feature that has been associated with desmoplastic histopathologic subtype and local recurrence in the literature. We tested the hypothesis that improved detection and characterization of neural infiltration into peritumoral or intratumoral location and perineural or intraneural involvement could have a prognostic relevance. We studied 128 primary melanoma cases prospectively accrued and followed at New York University using immunohistochemical detection with antihuman neurofilament protein and routine histology with hematoxylin and eosin. Neural infiltration, defined as the presence of tumor cells involving or immediately surrounding nerve foci, was identified and characterized using both detection methods. Neural infiltration rate of detection was enhanced by immunohistochemistry for neurofilament in matched-pair design (47% by immunohistochemistry versus 25% by routine histology). Immunohistochemical detection of neural infiltration was significantly associated with ulceration (P = .021), desmoplastic and acral lentiginous histologic subtype (P = .008), and head/neck/hands/feet tumor location (P = .037). Routinely detected neural infiltration was significantly associated with local recurrence (P = .010). Immunohistochemistry detected more intratumoral neural infiltration cases compared with routine histology (30% versus 3%, respectively). Peritumoral and intratumoral nerve location had no impact on clinical outcomes. Using a multivariate model controlling for stage, neither routinely detected neural infiltration nor enhanced immunohistochemical characterization of neural infiltration was significantly associated with disease-free or overall survival. Our data demonstrate that routinely detected neural infiltration is associated with local recurrence in all histologic subtypes but that improved detection and characterization of neural infiltration with immunohistochemistry in primary melanoma does not add to prognostic relevance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Scanlon
- Department of Dermatology, New York University School of Medicine, 10016, New York, NY; The New York University Interdisciplinary Melanoma Cooperative Group, 10016, New York, NY
| | - Jaiying Tian
- Department of Dermatology, New York University School of Medicine, 10016, New York, NY; The New York University Interdisciplinary Melanoma Cooperative Group, 10016, New York, NY
| | - Judy Zhong
- The New York University Interdisciplinary Melanoma Cooperative Group, 10016, New York, NY
| | - Ines Silva
- The New York University Interdisciplinary Melanoma Cooperative Group, 10016, New York, NY
| | - Richard Shapiro
- The New York University Interdisciplinary Melanoma Cooperative Group, 10016, New York, NY; Department of Surgery, New York University School of Medicine, 10016, New York, NY
| | - Anna Pavlick
- The New York University Interdisciplinary Melanoma Cooperative Group, 10016, New York, NY
| | - Russell Berman
- The New York University Interdisciplinary Melanoma Cooperative Group, 10016, New York, NY; Department of Surgery, New York University School of Medicine, 10016, New York, NY
| | - Iman Osman
- Department of Dermatology, New York University School of Medicine, 10016, New York, NY; The New York University Interdisciplinary Melanoma Cooperative Group, 10016, New York, NY
| | - Farbod Darvishian
- The New York University Interdisciplinary Melanoma Cooperative Group, 10016, New York, NY; Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, 10016, New York, NY.
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Mandalà M, Massi D. Tissue prognostic biomarkers in primary cutaneous melanoma. Virchows Arch 2014; 464:265-81. [PMID: 24487785 DOI: 10.1007/s00428-013-1526-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2013] [Accepted: 12/03/2013] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Cutaneous melanoma (CM) causes the greatest number of skin cancer-related deaths worldwide. Predicting CM prognosis is important to determine the need for further investigation, counseling of patients, to guide appropriate management (particularly the need for postoperative adjuvant therapy), and for assignment of risk status in groups of patients entering clinical trials. Since recurrence rate is largely independent from stages defined by morphological and morphometric criteria, there is a strong need for identification of additional robust prognostic factors to support decision-making processes. Most data on prognostic biomarkers in melanoma have been evaluated in tumor tissue samples by conventional morphology and immunohistochemistry (IHC) as well as DNA and RNA analyses. In the present review, we critically summarize main high-quality studies investigating IHC-based protein biomarkers of melanoma outcome according to Reporting Recommendations for Tumor Marker Prognostic Studies (REMARK)-derived criteria. Pathways have been classified and conveyed in the "biologic road" previously described by Hanahan and Weinberg. Data derived from genomic and transcriptomic technologies have been critically reviewed to better understand if any of investigated proteins or gene signatures should be incorporated into clinical practice or still remain a field of melanoma research. Despite a wide body of research, no molecular prognostic biomarker has yet been translated into clinical practice. Conventional tissue biomarkers, such as Breslow thickness, ulceration, mitotic rate and lymph node positivity, remain the backbone prognostic indicators in melanoma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mario Mandalà
- Unit of Clinical and Translational Research, Medical Oncology, Department of Oncology and Hematology, Papa Giovanni XXIII Hospital, Bergamo, Italy
| | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Abstract
Melanoma is a solid tumour with its own specificity from the biological and morphological viewpoint. On one hand, numerous mutations are already known affecting different pathways. They usually concern proliferation rate, apoptosis, cell senescence and cell behaviour. On the other hand, several visual criteria at the tissue level are used by physicians in order to diagnose skin lesions. Nevertheless, the mechanisms between the changes from the mutations at the cell level to the morphology exhibited at the tissue level are still not fully understood. Using physical tools, we develop a simple model. We demonstrate analytically that it contains the necessary ingredients to understand several specificities of melanoma such as the presence of microstructures inside a skin lesion or the absence of a necrotic core. We also explain the importance of senescence for growth arrest in benign skin lesions. Thanks to numerical simulations, we successfully compare this model to biological data.
Collapse
|
22
|
|
23
|
Kale S, Raja R, Thorat D, Soundararajan G, Patil TV, Kundu GC. Osteopontin signaling upregulates cyclooxygenase-2 expression in tumor-associated macrophages leading to enhanced angiogenesis and melanoma growth via α9β1 integrin. Oncogene 2013; 33:2295-306. [PMID: 23728342 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2013.184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2012] [Revised: 03/28/2013] [Accepted: 04/12/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) have multifaceted roles in tumor development, particularly linked with tumor angiogenesis and invasion, but the molecular mechanism underlying this association remains unclear. In this study, we report that lack of osteopontin (OPN) suppresses melanoma growth in opn(-/-) mice and macrophages are the crucial component responsible for OPN-regulated melanoma growth. In tumor microenvironment, OPN activates macrophages and influences angiogenesis by enhancing cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2)-dependent prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) production in an autocrine manner. Furthermore, we identify α9β1 integrin as a functional receptor for OPN that mediates its effect and activates ERK and p38 signaling, which ultimately leads to COX-2 expression in macrophages. The major role played by OPN and PGE2 in angiogenesis are further amplified by upregulation of MMP-9. OPN-activated macrophages promote the migration of endothelial and cancer cells via PGE2. These findings provide evidence that TAMs serve as source of key components such as OPN and COX-2-derived PGE2 and MMP-9 in melanoma microenvironment. Clinical specimens analyses revealed that increased infiltration of OPN-positive TAMs correlate with melanoma growth and angiogenesis. These data provide compelling evidence that OPN and COX-2 expressing macrophages are obligatory factors in melanoma growth. We conclude that OPN signaling is involved in macrophage recruitment into tumor, and our results emphasize the potential role of macrophage in modulation of tumor microenvironment via secretion of OPN, PGE2 and MMP-9, which trigger angiogenesis and melanoma growth. Thus, blockade of OPN and its regulated signaling network provides unique strategy to eradicate melanoma by manipulating TAMs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Kale
- Laboratory of Tumor Biology, Angiogenesis and Nanomedicine Research, National Center for Cell Science, Pune, India
| | - R Raja
- Laboratory of Tumor Biology, Angiogenesis and Nanomedicine Research, National Center for Cell Science, Pune, India
| | - D Thorat
- Laboratory of Tumor Biology, Angiogenesis and Nanomedicine Research, National Center for Cell Science, Pune, India
| | - G Soundararajan
- Laboratory of Tumor Biology, Angiogenesis and Nanomedicine Research, National Center for Cell Science, Pune, India
| | - T V Patil
- Department of Pathology, YCM Hospital, Pune, India
| | - G C Kundu
- Laboratory of Tumor Biology, Angiogenesis and Nanomedicine Research, National Center for Cell Science, Pune, India
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
αvβ3 Integrin and Fibroblast growth factor receptor 1 (FGFR1): Prognostic factors in a phase I-II clinical trial associating continuous administration of Tipifarnib with radiotherapy for patients with newly diagnosed glioblastoma. Eur J Cancer 2013; 49:2161-9. [PMID: 23566417 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejca.2013.02.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2012] [Revised: 02/04/2013] [Accepted: 02/26/2013] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Based on our previous results showing the involvement of the farnesylated form of RhoB in glioblastoma radioresistance, we designed a phase II trial associating the farnesyltransferase inhibitor Tipifarnib with radiotherapy in patients with glioblastoma and studied the prognostic values of the proteins which we have previously shown control this pathway. PATIENTS AND METHODS Patients were treated with 200mg Tipifarnib (recommended dose (RD)) given continuously during radiotherapy. Twenty-seven patients were included in the phase II whose primary end-point was time to progression (TTP). Overall survival (OS) and biomarker analysis were secondary end-points. Expressions of αvβ3, αvβ5 integrins, FAK, ILK, fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF2) and fibroblast growth factor receptor 1 (FGFR1) were studied by immuno-histochemistry in the tumour of the nine patients treated at the RD during the previously performed phase I and on those of the phase II patients. We evaluated the correlation of the expressions of these proteins with the clinical outcome. RESULTS For the phase II patients median TTP was 23.1 weeks (95%CI = [15.4; 28.2]) while the median OS was 80.3 weeks (95%CI = [57.8; 102.7]). In the pooled phase I and II population, median OS was 60.4 w (95%CI = [47.3; 97.6]) while median TTP was 18.1 w (95%CI = [16.9; 25.6]). FGFR1 over-expression (HR = 4.65; 95%CI = [1.02; 21.21], p = 0.047) was correlated with shorter TTP while FGFR1 (HR = 4.1 (95% CI = [1.09-15.4]; p = 0.036)) and αvβ3 (HR = 10.38 (95%CI = [2.70; 39.87], p = 0.001)) over-expressions were associated with reduced OS. CONCLUSION Association of 200mg Tipifarnib with radiotherapy shows promising OS but no increase in TTP compared to historical data. FGFR1 and αvβ3 integrin are independent bad prognostic factors of OS and TTP.
Collapse
|
25
|
Abstract
The significance of tumor necrosis in cutaneous melanoma has not been well elucidated. The purpose of this study was to explore the prognostic impact of necrosis in comparison with other known clinicopathologic factors in these tumors. Initially, 457 consecutive cases of nodular cutaneous melanoma (1981 to 2008) were included in this series. Tumor necrosis was assessed on hematoxylin and eosin-stained sections and was recorded as significant when an area of at least a quarter of a high-power field (×400; 0.07 mm) was occupied by necrotic cells and as sparse when clusters of at least 5 necrotic cells were observed. Tumor necrosis (26% of the cases) was associated with increased tumor thickness, high mitotic count, presence of tumor ulceration, and decreased survival. Stratified analyses (univariate and multivariate) with standard microscopic variables indicated the strongest prognostic influence of necrosis in tumors thicker than 4 mm. Notably, in the stratum of pT4 tumors, presence of necrosis was a stronger prognostic predictor than was ulceration. Tumor necrosis was a significant prognostic indicator providing additional information to established predictors of patient outcome in this series of nodular cutaneous melanoma, predominantly among thick tumors (>4 mm). Presence of necrosis was a stronger indicator for worse outcome compared with ulceration in pT4 tumors.
Collapse
|
26
|
Zhang JZ, Bryce NS, Lanzirotti A, Chen CKJ, Paterson D, de Jonge MD, Howard DL, Hambley TW. Getting to the core of platinum drug bio-distributions: the penetration of anti-cancer platinum complexes into spheroid tumour models. Metallomics 2012; 4:1209-17. [PMID: 23086354 DOI: 10.1039/c2mt20168b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Elemental mapping and fluorescence imaging techniques are frequently employed to probe the distribution of platinum-based chemotherapeutics within biological systems. Although useful, these techniques have unique limitations: elemental mapping methods, such as those that use particle beams, typically require rigorous sample preparation that can alter chemical distributions, whilst in situ visible fluorescence studies require fluorescent-tagging of the platinum component and may be confounded by factors such as ligand loss. The present study aimed to establish reliable methods for accurately probing the bio-distribution of platinum compounds within the model tumour micro-environment of the well characterised DLD-1 colorectal cancer cell spheroids. 3D X-ray fluorescence computed micro-tomography (XRF-CT) was performed on intact untreated spheroids to determine the effect of physical sectioning and chemical fixation on elemental distributions. It was revealed for the first time that cisplatin can readily penetrate through DLD-1 spheroids and accumulate in the central hypoxic and necrotic regions of the spheroids. Furthermore, formalin fixing was shown to cause significant changes to the distributions and concentrations of the elements, particularly in the cases of platinum and zinc. This effect was not observed in the cryo-fixed and cryo-sectioned samples. X-ray fluorescence microscopy (XFM) was used to re-examine the fate of platinum in the previously reported fluorescence distribution studies of platinum(ii) complexes tagged with fluorescent anthraquinone moieties. In contrast to the fluorescence distributions, in which fluorescence was observed predominantly around the periphery of the spheroids, the XFM revealed a high level of platinum in the spheroid centre, indicating that ligand exchange occurred within the peripheral cell layers. Both the platinum maps and the fluorescence images exhibit similar diffusion trends, supporting the conclusion that charge on the compound can slow cellular uptake can enhance tumour penetration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jenny Z Zhang
- School of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, New South Wales, 2006, Australia
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
de Souza DA, Toso VD, Campos MRDC, Lara VS, Oliver C, Jamur MC. Expression of mast cell proteases correlates with mast cell maturation and angiogenesis during tumor progression. PLoS One 2012; 7:e40790. [PMID: 22815822 PMCID: PMC3399855 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0040790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2012] [Accepted: 06/13/2012] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Tumor cells are surrounded by infiltrating inflammatory cells, such as lymphocytes, neutrophils, macrophages, and mast cells. A body of evidence indicates that mast cells are associated with various types of tumors. Although role of mast cells can be directly related to their granule content, their function in angiogenesis and tumor progression remains obscure. This study aims to understand the role of mast cells in these processes. Tumors were chemically induced in BALB/c mice and tumor progression was divided into Phases I, II and III. Phase I tumors exhibited a large number of mast cells, which increased in phase II and remained unchanged in phase III. The expression of mouse mast cell protease (mMCP)-4, mMCP-5, mMCP-6, mMCP-7, and carboxypeptidase A were analyzed at the 3 stages. Our results show that with the exception of mMCP-4 expression of these mast cell chymase (mMCP-5), tryptases (mMCP-6 and 7), and carboxypeptidase A (mMC-CPA) increased during tumor progression. Chymase and tryptase activity increased at all stages of tumor progression whereas the number of mast cells remained constant from phase II to III. The number of new blood vessels increased significantly in phase I, while in phases II and III an enlargement of existing blood vessels occurred. In vitro, mMCP-6 and 7 are able to induce vessel formation. The present study suggests that mast cells are involved in induction of angiogenesis in the early stages of tumor development and in modulating blood vessel growth in the later stages of tumor progression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Devandir Antonio de Souza
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology and Pathogenic Bioagents, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto – University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paolo, Brazil
| | - Vanina Danuza Toso
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology and Pathogenic Bioagents, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto – University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paolo, Brazil
| | - Maria Rita de Cássia Campos
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology and Pathogenic Bioagents, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto – University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paolo, Brazil
| | - Vanessa Soares Lara
- Department of Estomatology, Faculdade de Odontologia de Bauru, University of São Paulo, São Paolo, Brazil
| | - Constance Oliver
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology and Pathogenic Bioagents, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto – University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paolo, Brazil
| | - Maria Célia Jamur
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology and Pathogenic Bioagents, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto – University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paolo, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Nieto FJ, Peppard PE, Young T, Finn L, Hla KM, Farré R. Sleep-disordered breathing and cancer mortality: results from the Wisconsin Sleep Cohort Study. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2012; 186:190-4. [PMID: 22610391 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.201201-0130oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 312] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
RATIONALE Sleep-disordered breathing (SDB) has been associated with total and cardiovascular mortality, but an association with cancer mortality has not been studied. Results from in vitro and animal studies suggest that intermittent hypoxia promotes cancer tumor growth. OBJECTIVES The goal of the present study was to examine whether SDB is associated with cancer mortality in a community-based sample. METHODS We used 22-year mortality follow-up data from the Wisconsin Sleep Cohort sample (n = 1,522). SDB was assessed at baseline with full polysomnography. SDB was categorized using the apnea-hypopnea index (AHI) and the hypoxemia index (percent sleep time below 90% oxyhemoglobin saturation). The hazards of cancer mortality across levels of SDB severity were compared using crude and multivariate analyses. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS Adjusting for age, sex, body mass index, and smoking, SDB was associated with total and cancer mortality in a dose-response fashion. Compared with normal subjects, the adjusted relative hazards of cancer mortality were 1.1 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.5-2.7) for mild SDB (AHI, 5-14.9), 2.0 (95% CI, 0.7-5.5) for moderate SDB (AHI, 15-29.9), and 4.8 (95% CI, 1.7-13.2) for severe SDB (AHI ≥ 30) (P-trend = 0.0052). For categories of increasing severity of the hypoxemia index, the corresponding relative hazards were 1.6 (95% CI, 0.6-4.4), 2.9 (95% CI, 0.9-9.8), and 8.6 (95% CI, 2.6-28.7). CONCLUSIONS Our study suggests that baseline SDB is associated with increased cancer mortality in a community-based sample. Future studies that replicate our findings and look at the association between sleep apnea and survival after cancer diagnosis are needed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- F Javier Nieto
- Department of Population Health Sciences, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 615 Walnut Street, WARF Building 707C, Madison, WI 53726, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Immunohistochemical expression of VEGF, HIF1-a, and PlGF in malignant melanomas and dysplastic nevi. Melanoma Res 2012; 21:389-94. [PMID: 21876459 DOI: 10.1097/cmr.0b013e328347ee33] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
We evaluated the role of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), placental growth factor (PlGF), and hypoxia-inducible factor 1-a (HIF1-a) in melanoma angiogenesis and investigated their expression in dysplastic nevi, as potential melanoma precursors. In addition, we examined a possible correlation of VEGF expression with PlGF and HIF1-a. These factors were detected immunohistochemically in 95 melanomas of all types and stages and in 28 dysplastic nevi. We used 10 intradermal melanocytic nevi as controls. HIF1-a was expressed in 93 out of 95 (97.89%) melanomas and in none of the dysplastic or control nevi. HIF1-a expression was more intense in melanocytes around necrotic areas but did not correlate with melanoma type, the Clark staging or the Breslow thickness. A strong positive association was detected between HIF1-a and VEGF expression in all cases. VEGF was detected in 82 out of 95 (86.31%) melanomas and in 21 out of 28 (75%) dysplastic nevi, whereas it was expressed weakly in neoplastic cells of the controls. Its expression was more intense in melanomas, especially in nodular melanomas of elevated stage and thickness. PIGF was detected in 46 out of 95 (48.42%) melanomas and in none of the nevi. Expression did not correlate with melanoma staging nor thickness; however, it was more intense in superficial spreading melanomas, where a weak positive association between VEGF and PlGF was also detected. There was no association between HIF1-a and PlGF in any melanoma type. Hypoxia, through the expression of HIF1-a, plays a key role in melanoma progression; it activates VEGF secretion, which induces angiogenesis and metastasis. The role of PlGF seems to be limited.
Collapse
|
30
|
Downregulation of RPL6 by siRNA inhibits proliferation and cell cycle progression of human gastric cancer cell lines. PLoS One 2011; 6:e26401. [PMID: 22043320 PMCID: PMC3197136 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0026401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2011] [Accepted: 09/26/2011] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Our previous study revealed that human ribosomal protein L6 (RPL6) was up-regulated in multidrug-resistant gastric cancer cells and over-expression of RPL6 could protect gastric cancer from drug-induced apoptosis. It was further demonstrated that up-regulation of RPL6 accelerated growth and enhanced in vitro colony forming ability of GES cells while down-regulation of RPL6 exhibited the opposite results. The present study was designed to investigate the potential role of RPL6 in therapy of gastric cancer for clinic. The expression of RPL6 and cyclin E in gastric cancer tissues and normal gastric mucosa was evaluated by immunohistochemisty. It was found that RPL6 and cyclin E were expressed at a higher level in gastric cancer tissues than that in normal gastric mucosa and the two were correlative in gastric cancer. Survival time of postoperative patients was analyzed by Kaplan- Meier analysis and it was found that patients with RPL6 positive expression showed shorter survival time than patients that with RPL6 negative expression. RPL6 was then genetically down-regulated in gastric cancer SGC7901 and AGS cell lines by siRNA. It was demonstrated that down-regulation of RPL6 reduced colony forming ability of gastric cancer cells in vitro and reduced cell growth in vivo. Moreover, down-regulation of RPL6 could suppress G1 to S phase transition in these cells. Further, we evidenced that RPL6 siRNA down-regulated cyclin E expression in SGC7901 and AGS cells. Taken together, these data suggested that RPL6 was over-expressed in human gastric tissues and caused poor prognosis. Down-regulation of RPL6 could suppress cell growth and cell cycle progression at least through down-regulating cyclin E and which might be used as a novel approach to gastric cancer therapy.
Collapse
|
31
|
Iatsyna OI, Stakhovsky EO, Sheremet YA, Spivak SI, Stakhovsky OE, Gavrilyuk ON, Vitruk YV, Emets AI, Blyum YB, Vernygorodskyi SV. Specific features of the apoptotic response of urinary bladder cancer cells to neoadjuvant chemotherapy. CYTOL GENET+ 2011. [DOI: 10.3103/s0095452711040128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
32
|
Catalano O, Voit C, Sandomenico F, Mandato Y, Petrillo M, Franco R, Botti G, Caracò C, Mozzillo N, D'Errico AG. Previously reported sonographic appearances of regional melanoma metastases are not likely due to necrosis. JOURNAL OF ULTRASOUND IN MEDICINE : OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF ULTRASOUND IN MEDICINE 2011; 30:1041-1049. [PMID: 21795479 DOI: 10.7863/jum.2011.30.8.1041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Sonography has proven to be a reliable tool in early detection of lymph node and in-transit cutaneous-subcutaneous metastases. Those metastases normally appear as hypoechoic or even anechoic lesions on sonography. It has been assumed that this appearance is due to necrosis of the lesions, but so far, that assumption has never been proven. The purpose of this retrospective study was to evaluate whether the hypoechoic appearance of melanoma metastasis is really due to tumor necrosis. METHODS From a radiographic database, we retrieved 212 melanoma cases imaged with sonography over a 2-year period for disease staging or follow-up. We selected 37 positive cases with 84 nodal and extranodal (satellite and in-transit) metastatic lesions and reviewed the sonograms and pathologic slides (slides available for 40 of 84 lesions). We retrospectively assessed the vascularization pattern (color Doppler images available for 78 of 84 lesions), categorizing it as poor, intermediate, or consistent. We also looked for necrosis on the histopathologic material, categorizing it into scores of 0, 1, 2, and 3 for absence of necrosis, less than 20% necrosis, 20% to 40% necrosis, and greater than 40% necrosis, respectively. RESULTS Despite their gray scale appearance, most melanoma lesions were vascularized on color Doppler imaging and showed limited necrosis at histopathologic analysis. Consistent vascularization on Doppler imaging, excluding substantial necrosis, was found in 44 of 78 lesions (56.4%). Poor vascularization on Doppler imaging, suggesting necrosis, was present in only 14% of the lesions. Substantial necrosis (scores of 2 and 3) was found pathologically in only 10% of the lesions. CONCLUSIONS Necrosis seems to be an uncommon event in melanoma metastasis and is probably not the basis for its low-level echo pattern on sonography. The hypoechoic appearance is very typical of melanoma metastasis and is likely due to massive melanomatous infiltration (with the poor echo reflectivity of melanin). However, confirmation in larger pathologically proven series is required.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Orlando Catalano
- Department of Radiology, National Cancer Institute, Fondazione G. Pascale, via Semmola, 80131 Naples, Italy.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Schramm SJ, Mann GJ. Melanoma Prognosis: A REMARK-Based Systematic Review and Bioinformatic Analysis of Immunohistochemical and Gene Microarray Studies: Figure 1. Mol Cancer Ther 2011; 10:1520-8. [DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-10-0901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
|
34
|
Rosai J. Death and the cancer cell. Ann Thorac Surg 2011; 91:1657-9. [PMID: 21619961 DOI: 10.1016/j.athoracsur.2011.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2010] [Revised: 12/29/2010] [Accepted: 01/04/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
|
35
|
Kong Y, Kumar SM, Xu X. Molecular pathogenesis of sporadic melanoma and melanoma-initiating cells. Arch Pathol Lab Med 2011. [PMID: 21128770 DOI: 10.1043/2009-0418-rar.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Recent advances in molecular genetics and cancer stem cell biology have shed some light on the molecular basis of melanomagenesis. In this review, we will focus on major genetic alterations in the melanoma, particularly pathways involved in cell proliferation, apoptosis, and tumor suppression. The potential role of melanoma-initiating cells during melanomagenesis and progression will also be discussed. Understanding pathogenesis of melanoma may uncover new diagnostic clues and therapeutic targets for this increasingly prevalent disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yunyi Kong
- Department of Pathology, Cancer Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Kong Y, Kumar SM, Xu X. Molecular Pathogenesis of Sporadic Melanoma and Melanoma-Initiating Cells. Arch Pathol Lab Med 2010; 134:1740-9. [DOI: 10.5858/2009-0418-rar.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Recent advances in molecular genetics and cancer stem cell biology have shed some light on the molecular basis of melanomagenesis. In this review, we will focus on major genetic alterations in the melanoma, particularly pathways involved in cell proliferation, apoptosis, and tumor suppression. The potential role of melanoma-initiating cells during melanomagenesis and progression will also be discussed. Understanding pathogenesis of melanoma may uncover new diagnostic clues and therapeutic targets for this increasingly prevalent disease.
Collapse
|
37
|
Berretta R, Moscato P. Cancer biomarker discovery: the entropic hallmark. PLoS One 2010; 5:e12262. [PMID: 20805891 PMCID: PMC2923618 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0012262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2009] [Accepted: 06/26/2010] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background It is a commonly accepted belief that cancer cells modify their transcriptional state during the progression of the disease. We propose that the progression of cancer cells towards malignant phenotypes can be efficiently tracked using high-throughput technologies that follow the gradual changes observed in the gene expression profiles by employing Shannon's mathematical theory of communication. Methods based on Information Theory can then quantify the divergence of cancer cells' transcriptional profiles from those of normally appearing cells of the originating tissues. The relevance of the proposed methods can be evaluated using microarray datasets available in the public domain but the method is in principle applicable to other high-throughput methods. Methodology/Principal Findings Using melanoma and prostate cancer datasets we illustrate how it is possible to employ Shannon Entropy and the Jensen-Shannon divergence to trace the transcriptional changes progression of the disease. We establish how the variations of these two measures correlate with established biomarkers of cancer progression. The Information Theory measures allow us to identify novel biomarkers for both progressive and relatively more sudden transcriptional changes leading to malignant phenotypes. At the same time, the methodology was able to validate a large number of genes and processes that seem to be implicated in the progression of melanoma and prostate cancer. Conclusions/Significance We thus present a quantitative guiding rule, a new unifying hallmark of cancer: the cancer cell's transcriptome changes lead to measurable observed transitions of Normalized Shannon Entropy values (as measured by high-througput technologies). At the same time, tumor cells increment their divergence from the normal tissue profile increasing their disorder via creation of states that we might not directly measure. This unifying hallmark allows, via the the Jensen-Shannon divergence, to identify the arrow of time of the processes from the gene expression profiles, and helps to map the phenotypical and molecular hallmarks of specific cancer subtypes. The deep mathematical basis of the approach allows us to suggest that this principle is, hopefully, of general applicability for other diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Regina Berretta
- Centre for Bioinformatics, Biomarker Discovery and Information-Based Medicine, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia
- Information Based Medicine Program, Hunter Medical Research Institute, John Hunter Hospital, New Lambton Heights, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Pablo Moscato
- Centre for Bioinformatics, Biomarker Discovery and Information-Based Medicine, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia
- Information Based Medicine Program, Hunter Medical Research Institute, John Hunter Hospital, New Lambton Heights, New South Wales, Australia
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Bioinformatics, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Biomarkers: the useful and the not so useful--an assessment of molecular prognostic markers for cutaneous melanoma. J Invest Dermatol 2010; 130:1971-87. [PMID: 20555347 DOI: 10.1038/jid.2010.149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Among individuals with localized (Stage I-II) melanoma, stratifying patients by a number of phenotypic variables (e.g., depth of invasion, ulceration) yields a wide range of 10-year melanoma-specific survival rates. With the possible exception of Ki-67, no molecular assessment is routinely used. However, there have been a tremendous number of studies assessing protein expression by immunohistochemistry toward the goal of better prediction of recurrence. In a previous systematic review, which required publication of multivariable prognostic models as a strict inclusion criterion, we identified 37 manuscripts that collectively reported on 62 proteins. Data for 324 proteins extracted from 418 manuscripts did not meet our inclusion criteria for that study, but are revisited here, emphasizing trends of protein expression across either melanocytic lesion progression or gradations of tumor thickness. These identified 101 additional proteins that stratify melanoma, organized according to the Hanahan and Weinberg functional capabilities of cancer.
Collapse
|
39
|
Bedin V, Adam RL, de Sá BC, Landman G, Metze K. Fractal dimension of chromatin is an independent prognostic factor for survival in melanoma. BMC Cancer 2010; 10:260. [PMID: 20525386 PMCID: PMC2902442 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-10-260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2009] [Accepted: 06/05/2010] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Prognostic factors in malignant melanoma are currently based on clinical data and morphologic examination. Other prognostic features, however, which are not yet used in daily practice, might add important information and thus improve prognosis, treatment, and survival. Therefore a search for new markers is desirable. Previous studies have demonstrated that fractal characteristics of nuclear chromatin are of prognostic importance in neoplasias. We have therefore investigated whether the fractal dimension of nuclear chromatin measured in routine histological preparations of malignant melanomas could be a prognostic factor for survival. Methods We examined 71 primary superficial spreading cutaneous melanoma specimens (thickness ≥ 1 mm) from patients with a minimum follow up of 5 years. Nuclear area, form factor and fractal dimension of chromatin texture were obtained from digitalized images of hematoxylin-eosin stained tissue micro array sections. Clark's level, tumor thickness and mitotic rate were also determined. Results The median follow-up was 104 months. Tumor thickness, Clark's level, mitotic rate, nuclear area and fractal dimension were significant risk factors in univariate Cox regressions. In the multivariate Cox regression, stratified for the presence or absence of metastases at diagnosis, only the Clark level and fractal dimension of the nuclear chromatin were included as independent prognostic factors in the final regression model. Conclusion In general, a more aggressive behaviour is usually found in genetically unstable neoplasias with a higher number of genetic or epigenetic changes, which on the other hand, provoke a more complex chromatin rearrangement. The increased nuclear fractal dimension found in the more aggressive melanomas is the mathematical equivalent of a higher complexity of the chromatin architecture. So, there is strong evidence that the fractal dimension of the nuclear chromatin texture is a new and promising variable in prognostic models of malignant melanomas.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Valcinir Bedin
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
40
|
Ki-67 expression is superior to mitotic count and novel proliferation markers PHH3, MCM4 and mitosin as a prognostic factor in thick cutaneous melanoma. BMC Cancer 2010; 10:140. [PMID: 20398247 PMCID: PMC2868809 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-10-140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2009] [Accepted: 04/14/2010] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tumor cell proliferation is a predictor of survival in cutaneous melanoma. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the prognostic impact of mitotic count, Ki-67 expression and novel proliferation markers phosphohistone H3 (PHH3), minichromosome maintenance protein 4 (MCM4) and mitosin, and to compare the results with histopathological variables. METHODS 202 consecutive cases of nodular cutaneous melanoma were initially included. Mitotic count (mitosis per mm2) was assessed on H&E sections, and Ki-67 expression was estimated by immunohistochemistry on standard sections. PHH3, MCM4 and mitosin were examined by staining of tissue microarrays (TMA) sections. RESULTS Increased mitotic count and elevated Ki-67 expression were strongly associated with increased tumor thickness, presence of ulceration and tumor necrosis. Furthermore, high mitotic count and elevated Ki-67 expression were also associated with Clark's level of invasion and presence of vascular invasion. High expression of PHH3 and MCM4 was correlated with high mitotic count, elevated Ki-67 expression and tumor ulceration, and increased PHH3 frequencies were associated with tumor thickness and presence of tumor necrosis. Univariate analyses showed a worse outcome in cases with elevated Ki-67 expression and high mitotic count, whereas PHH3, MCM4 and mitosin were not significant. Tumor cell proliferation by Ki-67 had significant prognostic impact by multivariate analysis. CONCLUSIONS Ki-67 was a stronger and more robust prognostic indicator than mitotic count in this series of nodular melanoma. PHH3, MCM4 and mitosin did not predict patient survival.
Collapse
|
41
|
Ouyang Q, Chen L, Zhao H, Xu R, Lin Q. Detecting metastasis of lymph nodes and predicting aggressiveness in patients with breast carcinomas. JOURNAL OF ULTRASOUND IN MEDICINE : OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF ULTRASOUND IN MEDICINE 2010; 29:343-352. [PMID: 20194931 DOI: 10.7863/jum.2010.29.3.343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to evaluate the contrast-enhanced ultrasonographic (CEUS) characteristics of metastatic lymph nodes (LNs) and to determine the correlation of CEUS parameters with the tumor aggressiveness in patients with breast cancer. METHODS Real-time gray scale CEUS of axillary LNs was preoperatively performed in 51 consecutive patients with breast carcinoma who were scheduled for axillary lymph node dissection. The CEUS characteristics assessed by a direct visualization method and quantification software were compared with pathologic findings. Expression of human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER-2/neu) in the primary tumor was detected by immunohistochemical analysis. Correlation analysis of CEUS parameters with HER-2/neu expression and the LN stage was performed. RESULTS Of the LNs examined, 27 were metastatic, and 25 were diagnosed as reactive hyperplasia. Lymph nodes with metastasis were characterized by centripetal progress (66.7%) and a heterogeneous pattern (55.6%) or no or scarce perfusion (25.9%). However, LNs with nonmetastases were characterized by with centrifugal enhancement (56.0%) and a homogeneous pattern (80.0%). The difference between the hyperintense and hypointense regions was higher in metastatic LNs than nonmetastatic ones (P < .001). No significant differences were found in the arrival time, time to peak intensity, and peak intensity between the two groups. A histopathologic diagnosis could be predicted with sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy of 92.6%, 76.0%, and 84.6% respectively, by a standardized difference between maximum and minimum signal intensity (SI(max)-SI(min)) value of 28. Human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 expression and the LN histopathologic stage were significantly associated with the SI(max)-SI(min). In metastatic LNs, the relationship between the diagnostic sensitivity of CEUS and the transverse diameter of LNs remained statistically significant (P < .05). CONCLUSIONS Noninvasive CEUS can play a role in discriminating metastatic from nonmetastatic LNs and predicting the aggressiveness in patients with breast cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qiufang Ouyang
- Department of Ultrasonography, Second Affiliated People's Hospital of Fujian Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, China
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|