1
|
Tran G, Kerr E, Kelly B, Ryan ST, Norman J, Hammersley M, Vuong C, Wardle K, Okely A. Nutrition and physical activity practices in family day care: A cross-sectional survey of Australian family day care educators. Health Promot J Austr 2024. [PMID: 39155613 DOI: 10.1002/hpja.913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2023] [Revised: 07/26/2024] [Accepted: 08/03/2024] [Indexed: 08/20/2024] Open
Abstract
ISSUE ADDRESSED Munch & Move is a New South Wales (NSW) Ministry of Health program offering family day care (FDC) educators training to support children's healthy behaviours. This study examined educators' nutrition, physical activity and screen time practices and relationships between Munch & Move training and professional development (PD) on these practices. METHODS NSW FDC educators (n = 186) completed an online survey from July 2020-June 2021. Differences between groups based on Munch & Move training (trained; not trained) and PD (those who completed PD ≥1 time per year; those who completed PD <1 time per year or never) were tested using bivariate analyses. RESULTS A significantly higher proportion of educators trained in Munch & Move offered information to families regarding food serving sizes, nutrition policies, and children's physical activity and screen time. Over one-third in both groups did not meet the guideline of no screen time for children under 2 years old. Compared with those who completed PD ≥1 time per year, a significantly higher proportion of educators who completed PD <1 time per year or never did not provide families with nutrition guidelines or resources. CONCLUSIONS Educators trained in Munch & Move, and those who completed PD more frequently, demonstrated better nutrition, physical activity and screen time practices in several areas. SO WHAT?: This study demonstrated benefits of the Munch & Move program, implemented with support from Local Health District health promotion officers, and highlighted key areas for improvement in healthy practices in FDC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Georgie Tran
- School of Health and Society, Faculty of the Arts, Social Sciences and Humanities, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, Australia
| | - Erin Kerr
- School of Health and Society, Faculty of the Arts, Social Sciences and Humanities, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, Australia
- Health Promotion Service, Sydney Local Health District, Camperdown, Australia
| | - Bridget Kelly
- School of Health and Society, Faculty of the Arts, Social Sciences and Humanities, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, Australia
| | - Sarah T Ryan
- School of Health and Society, Faculty of the Arts, Social Sciences and Humanities, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, Australia
| | - Jennifer Norman
- School of Health and Society, Faculty of the Arts, Social Sciences and Humanities, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, Australia
- Health Promotion Service, Illawarra Shoalhaven Local Health District, Warrawong, Australia
| | - Megan Hammersley
- School of Health and Society, Faculty of the Arts, Social Sciences and Humanities, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, Australia
| | - Cecilia Vuong
- Health Promotion Service, South Western Sydney Local Health District, Liverpool, Australia
| | - Karen Wardle
- Health Promotion Service, South Western Sydney Local Health District, Liverpool, Australia
| | - Anthony Okely
- School of Health and Society, Faculty of the Arts, Social Sciences and Humanities, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Kucab M, Keown-Stoneman CDG, Birken C, Perlman M, Parsons J, Maguire JL. Centre-based childcare in early childhood and child obesity: systematic review and meta-analysis protocol. BMJ Open 2024; 14:e078116. [PMID: 39122383 PMCID: PMC11404161 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2023-078116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/12/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Centre-based childcare has been identified as a promising environment for obesity prevention in early childhood, but the longitudinal relationships between attending centre-based childcare and child obesity are not well understood. The objective of this systematic review is to evaluate the longitudinal associations between centre-based childcare attendance in early childhood and child body mass index compared with other childcare settings or parental care. Subgroup analyses will also be conducted to determine if socioeconomic factors and characteristics of the childcare setting modify the relationships. METHODS Databases that will be searched include MEDLINE, Embase, Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature, the Cochrane Database and Web of Science. Longitudinal prospective cohort studies, retrospective cohort studies, case-control studies and intervention trials conducted in middle-income and high-income countries will be included in the search strategy. Sensitivity and subgroup analyses will be conducted to explore factors that may modify the findings. Study selection, data extraction, risk of bias and quality of evidence assessments will be conducted independently and in duplicate by two reviewers. Risk of bias will be assessed using the Risk Of Bias In Non-randomized Studies - of Exposure tool. Meta-analysis will be conducted using random effects models to account for between-study variation. Heterogeneity across included studies will be estimated using the I2 statistic. If meta-analysis is not possible, a narrative summary will be provided. The quality of the evidence will be assessed using the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation tool. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION Ethical approval is not required for this study since no data will be collected. Findings aim to inform interventions and guide efforts in childcare settings to support optimal child growth. Results will be published in a peer-reviewed journal. Results may be of relevance for childcare and public health policy, researchers, parents and healthcare practitioners. PROSPERO REGISTRATION NUMBER CRD42023436911.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michaela Kucab
- Nutritional Sciences, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Joannah and Brian Lawson Centre for Child Nutrition, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario
| | - Charles D G Keown-Stoneman
- Applied Health Research Centre, Unity Health Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Division of Biostatistics, Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Catherine Birken
- Child Health Evaluative Sciences, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Edwin S.H. Leong Centre for Healthy Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Michal Perlman
- Department of Applied Psychology and Human Development, Ontario Institute for Studies in Education, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Janet Parsons
- Department of Occupational Science & Occupational Therapy, Rehabilitation Sciences Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jonathon L Maguire
- Nutritional Sciences, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Joannah and Brian Lawson Centre for Child Nutrition, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario
- Pediatrics, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, Unity Health Toronto, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Ding X, Ji Y, Dong Y, Li Z, Zhang Y. The impact of family factors and communication on recreational sedentary screen time among primary school-aged children: a cross-sectional study. BMC Public Health 2024; 24:1733. [PMID: 38943094 PMCID: PMC11214221 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-024-19128-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 06/13/2024] [Indexed: 07/01/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Childhood obesity is increasingly recognized as a major public health challenge worldwide, and excessive sedentary screen time is emerging as a key risk factor. This study aimed to assess the recreational screen sedentary time of Chinese primary school-aged children and investigate the relationship between screen-related family factors and the outcome variable. METHODS Our study used data from a cross-sectional survey collected from fifth-grade students and their parents in Beijing, China, from April to May 2018 (n = 2,373). The questions included basic demographic information, family socioeconomic status, students' and parents' sedentary and exercising habits, within-family communicational factors, and health belief patterns. The recreational screen sedentary time of the children was compared across demographic groups. The study employed multivariate linear regression models to examine associations between children's screen time and various family factors, as well as the moderating effect of overall family communication. RESULTS Our findings revealed an average daily recreational screen sedentary time of 2.4 h among participants. Screen time significantly varied across demographic categories, including children's sex, age, residence, parents' education, household income, family size, and primary family member. After adjustment, the proportion of child-owned digital devices (p < 0.01), child's personal room (p < 0.05), family screen-viewing together (p < 0.01), and parental screen time (p < 0.01) were positively related to children's recreational sedentary screen time. Parental restrictions on screen time (p < 0.001) and attitudes toward reducing sitting time (p < 0.01) were correlated with a decrease in children's screen time. The overall family communication environment significantly moderated the effects of parental practice of restricting children's screen time (p < 0.001), positive reinforcement by parents (p < 0.05), and parents' recreational sedentary screen time (p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS Our findings underscored the significance of family dynamics, parental practices, and communication in shaping children's screen time behaviors, providing valuable insights for tailored interventions and strategies to reduce childhood obesity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xueting Ding
- Department of Health, Society, and Behavior, Program in Public Health, Susan and Henry Samueli College of Health Sciences, University of California, Irvine, UCI Health Sciences Complex, 856 Health Sciences Quad, 92697, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Ying Ji
- Department of Social Medicine and Health Education, School of Public Health, Peking University, No.38, Xueyuan Road, Haidian District, 100191, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuan Dong
- Department of Social Medicine and Health Education, School of Public Health, Peking University, No.38, Xueyuan Road, Haidian District, 100191, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhijing Li
- Department of Social Medicine and Health Education, School of Public Health, Peking University, No.38, Xueyuan Road, Haidian District, 100191, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Beijing Centers for Diseases Control and Prevention, He Ping Li Zhong Street No. 16, Dong Cheng District,, 100013, Beijing, People's Republic of China.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Veldman S, Altenburg T, Chinapaw M, Gubbels J. Correlates of screen time in the early years (0-5 years): A systematic review. Prev Med Rep 2023; 33:102214. [PMID: 37223568 PMCID: PMC10201873 DOI: 10.1016/j.pmedr.2023.102214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2022] [Revised: 04/03/2023] [Accepted: 04/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The majority of young children engage in high levels of screen time. To inform future interventions, knowledge on correlates of screen time is important. This review expands on previous work by focusing on the entire early childhood range, and including a broad focus regarding types of correlates and screens. A literature search (PubMed, Embase, PsycINFO, SPORTDiscus) was performed from 2000 up to October 2021. Included studies (cross-sectional and prospective) examined associations between a potential correlate and screen time (duration or frequency) in typically developing, apparently healthy children aged 0-5 years. Methodological quality was assessed by two independent researchers. Fifty-two of 6,614 studies were included. Two studies had high methodological quality. We found moderate evidence for a positive association between an electronic device in the bedroom, parental screen time, having a TV on at home, descriptive norms and screen time, and a negative association between sleep duration, household features, high value on physical activity, monitoring screen time, being in childcare, parental self-efficacy and screen time. We found no evidence for an association for child sex, body mass index, physical activity, temperament, number of siblings, being a first-born, neighborhood-related factors, socio-economic indicators, and parental marital status, physical activity, weight status, depression, wellbeing, sex, age and positive outcome expectations. The evidence for other investigated correlates was inconsistent or insufficient. Despite the evidence for moderate associations, we were unable to draw strong conclusions. More high-quality research is needed to identify correlates of screen time in early childhood.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S.L.C. Veldman
- Department of Public and Occupational Health, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Mulier Institute, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - T.M. Altenburg
- Department of Public and Occupational Health, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - M.J.M. Chinapaw
- Department of Public and Occupational Health, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - J.S. Gubbels
- Department of Health Promotion, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Szpunar M, Bruijns BA, Vanderloo LM, Shelley J, Burke SM, Tucker P. Development of a Physical Activity and Sedentary Behaviour Policy for Canadian Childcare Settings: A Delphi Study. EARLY CHILDHOOD EDUCATION JOURNAL 2023:1-20. [PMID: 37360589 PMCID: PMC10042097 DOI: 10.1007/s10643-023-01473-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to obtain consensus on physical activity (PA) and sedentary behaviour (SB) policy items for use in Canadian childcare settings. Purposeful sampling of Canadian experts in PA/SB (n = 19) and Early Childhood Education (ECE; n = 20) was used to form two distinct (i.e., PA/SB and ECE) panels for a 3-round Delphi study. In round 1, the PA/SB experts suggested their top 10 items for a Canadian childcare PA/SB policy. Policy items were then pooled to generate a list of 24 unique items. In round 2, experts in both panels rated the importance of the 24 policy items using a 7-point Likert scale (i.e., 1 = Not at all important to 7 = Extremely important). The ECE panel was also asked to report on the feasibility of the policy items using a 4-point Likert scale (i.e., 1 = Not at all feasible to 4 = Very feasible). Policy items that received an interquartile deviation (IQD) score of ≤ 1 (indicating consensus) and a median score of ≥ 6 (indicating importance) in both panels were considered shared priorities. In round 3, members of both panels re-rated the importance of the policy items that did not achieve consensus among their respective panel in round 2 and were asked to order items based on importance. Descriptive statistics were used to assess feasibility of policy items, and differences in panel ratings were quantified using Mann Whitney U tests. Consensus was achieved for 23 policy items in the PA/SB panel and 17 items in the ECE panel. Overall, 15 shared priorities were identified (e.g., provide 120 min of outdoor time per day, sedentary behaviour should not be used as a punishment), and six policy items exhibited a statistical difference in ratings across panels. Members of the ECE panel indicated that the policy item, "children should be permitted to go outside whenever they want, for as long as they want" (M = 1.78; SD = 0.65) was lowest in terms of feasibility, and the policy item, "children should receive opportunities to engage in both unstructured and structured physical activity opportunities daily" (M = 3.89; SD = 0.32) was the most feasible for daily implementation. Findings from this study can inform the development of an expert-generated and feasibility-informed institutional PA/SB policy for use in Canadian childcare settings. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s10643-023-01473-z.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Monika Szpunar
- Health and Rehabilitation Sciences Program, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Western Ontario, London, ON N6A 3K7 Canada
| | - Brianne A. Bruijns
- School of Occupational Therapy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Western Ontario, London, ON N6A 3K7 Canada
| | - Leigh M. Vanderloo
- School of Occupational Therapy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Western Ontario, London, ON N6A 3K7 Canada
- ParticipACTION, 77 Bloor Street West, Suite 1205, Toronto, ON M5S 1M2 Canada
| | - Jacob Shelley
- School of Health Studies, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Western Ontario, London, ON N6A 3K7 Canada
- Faculty of Law, University of Western Ontario, London, ON N6A 3K7 Canada
| | - Shauna M. Burke
- School of Health Studies, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Western Ontario, London, ON N6A 3K7 Canada
- Children’s Health Research Institute, Lawson Health Research Institute, London, ON N6C 4V3 Canada
| | - Patricia Tucker
- School of Occupational Therapy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Western Ontario, London, ON N6A 3K7 Canada
- School of Health Studies, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Western Ontario, London, ON N6A 3K7 Canada
- Children’s Health Research Institute, Lawson Health Research Institute, London, ON N6C 4V3 Canada
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Wang JC, Hsieh CY, Kung SH. The impact of smartphone use on learning effectiveness: A case study of primary school students. EDUCATION AND INFORMATION TECHNOLOGIES 2022; 28:6287-6320. [PMID: 36406784 PMCID: PMC9651103 DOI: 10.1007/s10639-022-11430-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated the effects of smartphone use on the perceived academic performance of elementary school students. Following the derivation of four hypotheses from the literature, descriptive analysis, t testing, one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA), Pearson correlation analysis, and one-way multivariate ANOVA (MANOVA) were performed to characterize the relationship between smartphone behavior and academic performance with regard to learning effectiveness. All coefficients were positive and significant, supporting all four hypotheses. We also used structural equation modeling (SEM) to determine whether smartphone behavior is a mediator of academic performance. The MANOVA results revealed that the students in the high smartphone use group academically outperformed those in the low smartphone use group. The results indicate that smartphone use constitutes a potential inequality in learning opportunities among elementary school students. Finally, in a discussion of whether smartphone behavior is a mediator of academic performance, it is proved that smartphone behavior is the mediating variable impacting academic performance. Fewer smartphone access opportunities may adversely affect learning effectiveness and academic performance. Elementary school teachers must be aware of this issue, especially during the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic. The findings serve as a reference for policymakers and educators on how smartphone use in learning activities affects academic performance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jen Chun Wang
- Department of Industry Technology Education, National Kaohsiung Normal University, 62, Shenjhong Rd., Yanchao District, Kaohsiung, 82446 Taiwan
| | - Chia-Yen Hsieh
- Department of Early Childhood Education, National PingTung University, No.4-18, Minsheng Rd., Pingtung City, Pingtung County 900391 Taiwan
| | - Shih-Hao Kung
- Department of Industry Technology Education, National Kaohsiung Normal University, 62, Shenjhong Rd., Yanchao District, Kaohsiung, 82446 Taiwan
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Vanderloo LM, Taylor L, Yates J, Bassett-Gunter R, Stanley M, Tucker P. Physical activity among young children with disabilities: a systematic review protocol. BMJ Open 2022; 12:e060140. [PMID: 35973701 PMCID: PMC9386215 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2021-060140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Physical activity in the early years is necessary for setting the foundation for healthy growth and development in later childhood and adolescence. While most published evidence to date focuses on typically developing children, prevalence rates of physical activity among children with disabilities have been less studied. This protocol paper documents the plan of a systematic review, which aims to synthesise the evidence regarding physical activity levels among young children with disabilities. METHODS AND ANALYSIS Searches are anticipated to commence in May 2022. Empirical quantitative studies will be considered for inclusion if they present intervention or observational data on non-therapeutic (ie, leisure time) physical activity among children <5.99 years with physical, mental, intellectual or sensory impairments. Data sources will be retrieved via electronic database searches (Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL), EBSCO Sports Medicine Database (SPORTDiscus), Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System Online (MEDLINE), Elsevier Bibliographic Database (Scopus), Psychological Abstracts (PsycINFO), Education Resources Information Centre (ERIC) and Excerpta Medica Database (EMBASE)). Additional strategies to identify relevant studies will include manual searching and citation tracking of included articles. Titles and abstracts of identified studies will be screened for inclusion, followed by full-text reviews. Three independent reviewers will conduct quality appraisal using the Downs and Black checklist. A summary of included studies will describe the study designs, participant and activity characteristics, and outcomes. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION This systematic review involves a secondary analysis of previously published data; therefore, this review does not require ethical approval. The proposed paper will summarise the current evidence base on physical activity levels among young children with a diagnosed disability. The findings from this systematic review will identify gaps to be explored by future research studies and inform future investigations among the paediatric disability population. PROSPERO REGISTRATION NUMBER CRD42021266585.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Leigh M Vanderloo
- School of Occupational Therapy, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Leah Taylor
- Department of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Julia Yates
- Department of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Meagan Stanley
- Department of Western Libraries, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Patricia Tucker
- School of Occupational Therapy, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
- Children's Health Research Institute, London, Ontario, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Risica PM, Karpowicz JM, von Ash T, Gans KM, Stowers KC, Tovar A. Feeding and Activity Environments for Infants and Toddlers in Childcare Centers and Family Childcare Homes in Southeastern New England. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19159702. [PMID: 35955058 PMCID: PMC9367851 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19159702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2022] [Revised: 07/30/2022] [Accepted: 08/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Few studies have documented the food and physical activity (PA) environments of childcare settings caring for children <24 months of age, although they may be key contributors to developing child PA and diet patterns. We used an adapted Environment and Policy Assessment and Observation tool to assess the food and activity environments for infants and toddlers in childcare centers (n = 21) and family childcare homes (FCCH) (n = 20) and explored differences by childcare type. Many similarities were found between childcare site types; however, centers used more recommended feeding practices than FCCH (e.g., 100% of center providers talked with toddlers about feelings of hunger or fullness compared to 18% of family childcare providers (FCCP), p < 0.01). Differences in non-recommended feeding practices (e.g., spoon feeding, bottle propping and encouraging unhealthy foods) were mixed between childcare types. Toddlers in centers spent more time playing at higher PA levels than those in FCCH (61 vs. 13 min, p < 0.001). Screen time was observed in FCCH, but not in centers. Differences between childcare types may indicate differential influences on infant and toddler feeding and PA behaviors, which could predict disparate obesity risk. Future research should further observe these behaviors in a larger sample of centers and FCCH to inform childcare interventions and policies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Markham Risica
- Brown University School of Public Health, Providence, RI 02912, USA
- Center for Health Promotion and Health Equity, Brown University School of Public Health, Providence, RI 02912, USA
- Department of Behavioral and Social Sciences, Brown University School of Public Health, Providence, RI 02912, USA
| | | | - Tayla von Ash
- Brown University School of Public Health, Providence, RI 02912, USA
- Center for Health Promotion and Health Equity, Brown University School of Public Health, Providence, RI 02912, USA
- Department of Behavioral and Social Sciences, Brown University School of Public Health, Providence, RI 02912, USA
| | - Kim M. Gans
- Brown University School of Public Health, Providence, RI 02912, USA
- Department of Behavioral and Social Sciences, Brown University School of Public Health, Providence, RI 02912, USA
- Department of Human Development and Family Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA
- Institute for Collaboration in Health, Interventions and Policy, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA
| | - Kristen Cooksey Stowers
- Institute for Collaboration in Health, Interventions and Policy, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA
- Department of Allied Health Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA
- Rudd Center for Food Policy and Health, University of Connecticut, Hartford, CT 06103, USA
| | - Alison Tovar
- Brown University School of Public Health, Providence, RI 02912, USA
- Center for Health Promotion and Health Equity, Brown University School of Public Health, Providence, RI 02912, USA
- Department of Behavioral and Social Sciences, Brown University School of Public Health, Providence, RI 02912, USA
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Li C, Cheng G, He S, Xie X, Tian G, Jiang N, Min X, Shi Y, Li R, Zhou T, Yan Y. Prevalence, correlates, and trajectory of screen viewing among Chinese children in Changsha: a birth cohort study. BMC Public Health 2022; 22:1170. [PMID: 35690770 PMCID: PMC9188020 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-022-13268-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 04/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND High screen viewing time has detrimental effects on children's health, development, and behavior developing. Children are being exposed to more and more media devices at an earlier age. This study was aimed to determine the amount of daily screen time and its variation and to assess potential factors of screen time by identifying the trajectory of screen time among children aged 1 to 5 years. METHOD This study was based on a representative sample of Changsha young children from a cohort study during 2015-2020. The demographic information and children's screen viewing time were collected by parents or caregivers through face-to-face interviews. The Latent growth model was used to test the effects of outdoor play on screen viewing time at eight time points, meanwhile, unconditional and conditional models were examined sequentially. RESULT After excluding respondents with missing key variables, we included 953 children in the final analysis. Children's outdoor play was slightly increased at 18 months and subsequently declined at 24-60 months, with a maximum duration of 2.96 h per day. Children's average screen time was increased at 18-36 months, and decreased at 42-54 months, with a slight increase at 60 months. The duration of media exposure peaked at 1.4 h/d at age of 36 months and 60 months. Standardized coefficients of the outdoor play at age of 12 months showed negative effects on the screen time in children, but with positive influence at age of 24, 36, and 42 months (P < 0.01). CONCLUSION High proportions of young Chinese children in Changsha had more screen time than the AAP recommended according to our analysis. Significant predictors of screen time included pregnancy computer use, paternal educational level, and outdoor play in this study, however, further understanding of risk factors is needed to promote great public health efforts to reduce children's screen exposure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chao Li
- Department of Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha, 410000, Hunan, China
| | - Gang Cheng
- Department of Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha, 410000, Hunan, China
| | - Simin He
- Department of Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha, 410000, Hunan, China
| | - Xiaowei Xie
- Department of Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha, 410000, Hunan, China
| | - Gang Tian
- Department of Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha, 410000, Hunan, China
| | - Ni Jiang
- Department of Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha, 410000, Hunan, China
| | - Xianying Min
- Department of Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha, 410000, Hunan, China
| | - Yan Shi
- Department of Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha, 410000, Hunan, China
| | - Rui Li
- Department of Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha, 410000, Hunan, China
| | - Tong Zhou
- Department of Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha, 410000, Hunan, China
| | - Yan Yan
- Department of Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha, 410000, Hunan, China.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Gans KM, Jiang Q, Tovar A, Kang A, McCardle M, Risica PM. Physical Activity and Screen Time Practices of Family Child Care Providers: Do They Meet Best Practice Guidelines? Child Obes 2022; 18:281-290. [PMID: 34851731 PMCID: PMC9145567 DOI: 10.1089/chi.2021.0094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Background: Child care settings significantly influence children's physical activity (PA) and screen time (ST) behaviors, yet less research has been conducted in family child care homes (FCCHs) than in child care centers. While a few studies have measured family child care providers' (FCCPs') PA practices, none have used observation to assess which specific evidence-based, best practice guidelines FCCPs met or did not meet, and no previous studies have included Latinx providers. This article examines FCCPs' adherence to PA and ST best practice guidelines using primarily observational methods with diverse FCCPs (including Latinx). Methods: We examined baseline data from a cluster randomized trial including surveys and observational data collected at the FCCH to assess whether providers met specific PA and ST best practices from the Nutrition and Physical Activity Self-Assessment for Child Care (NAP SACC) and the American Academy of Pediatrics. Results: Providers completed a telephone survey and participated in two full-day observations (n = 127; 72% Hispanic). Overall, only 4 of 14 PA and ST best practices were met by >50% of providers including: leading a planned PA class more than once a week; no ST during meal or snack; not modeling sedentary behavior; and providing families with information about children's ST. Best practices least likely to be met (<20% of providers) include: providing children with >60 minutes of outdoor play daily; providing children with >45 minutes of adult-led PA each day; participating in outdoor PA with children; participating in indoor PA with children; prompting and praising children for being active; and talking with children informally about the importance of PA. Conclusions: While FCCPs engage in some positive PA and ST practices, many providers do not meet best practice guidelines. There is a need for more research about how to overcome providers' personal and environmental barriers for meeting these guidelines as well as interventions and supports to overcome these barriers. Clinical Trial Registration Number NCT0245645.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kim M. Gans
- Department of Human Development and Family Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA.,University of Connecticut Institution for Collaboration in Health, Interventions and Policy, Storrs, CT, USA.,Department of Behavioral and Social Health Sciences, Brown University School of Public Health, Providence, RI, USA.,Center for Health Promotion and Health Equity, Brown University School of Public Health, Providence, RI, USA.,Address correspondence to: Kim M. Gans, PhD, MPH, Department of Human Development and Family Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA
| | - Qianxia Jiang
- Department of Human Development and Family Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA.,University of Connecticut Institution for Collaboration in Health, Interventions and Policy, Storrs, CT, USA
| | - Alison Tovar
- Department of Nutrition and Food Sciences, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI, USA
| | - Augustine Kang
- Department of Behavioral and Social Health Sciences, Brown University School of Public Health, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Meagan McCardle
- Department of Behavioral and Social Health Sciences, Brown University School of Public Health, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Patricia M. Risica
- Department of Behavioral and Social Health Sciences, Brown University School of Public Health, Providence, RI, USA.,Center for Health Promotion and Health Equity, Brown University School of Public Health, Providence, RI, USA
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Gans KM, Tovar A, Kang A, Ward DS, Stowers KC, von Ash T, Dionne L, Papandonatos GD, Mena N, Jiang Q, Risica PM. A multi-component tailored intervention in family childcare homes improves diet quality and sedentary behavior of preschool children compared to an attention control: results from the Healthy Start-Comienzos Sanos cluster randomized trial. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act 2022; 19:45. [PMID: 35428298 PMCID: PMC9013065 DOI: 10.1186/s12966-022-01272-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Accepted: 03/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Childcare settings are important environments for influencing child eating and physical activity (PA). Family childcare homes (FCCH) care for many children of low-income and diverse racial/ethnic backgrounds who are at greater risk for poor diet quality, low PA, and obesity, but few interventions have targeted this setting. The aim of this study was to assess the efficacy of a multicomponent intervention conducted in FCCH on the diet quality and PA of 2-5 year old children in their care. TRIAL DESIGN Cluster randomized trial. METHODS The cluster-randomized trial, Healthy Start/Comienzos Sanos (2015-2019) evaluated an 8-month nutrition and PA intervention that included four components: (1) monthly telephone calls from a support coach using brief motivational interviewing, (2) tailored reports, newsletters and videos, (3) group support meetings, and (4) active play toys. After completing baseline measurement, FCCH were randomized into intervention or comparison groups in matched pairs. Both groups received the same intervention components but on different topics (intervention: nutrition/PA vs. comparison: reading readiness/literacy). Evaluation staff were blinded to group assignment. Child primary outcome measures collected at baseline and 8-months included: 1) Healthy Eating Index (HEI-2015) scores calculated from diet observation, and 2) accelerometer measurement of PA. Process measures were collected from field data and provider surveys. Generalized Estimating Equation Models assessed changes in HEI-2015 scores and PA over time by experimental condition. RESULTS Ethnically diverse FCCH providers (n = 119) and 2-to-5-year-old children in their care (n = 377) were included in the final analysis. Process evaluation showed high participation in all intervention components except for group meetings. Compared to children in comparison group FCCH, children in intervention FCCH increased total HEI-2015 scores by 7.2 points (p < .001) including improvement in component scores for vegetables (0.84 points, p = .025) and added sugar (0.94 points, p = .025). For PA, compared to children in the comparison group, children in intervention FCCH decreased sedentary time by 5.7% (p = .021). CONCLUSIONS The multicomponent Healthy Start intervention was effective in improving diet quality and sedentary behavior of children in FCCH, which demonstrates the promise of obesity prevention interventions in this setting. Future research could include enhancing the Healthy Start intervention to strengthen the PA component, considering virtual peer support, and determining how to best translate and disseminate the intervention into FCCH nationally. TRIAL REGISTRATION National Institutes of Health, NCT02452645 . Registered 5 May 2015.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kim M. Gans
- Department of Human Development and Family Sciences, University of Connecticut, 348 Mansfield Road, Storrs, CT 06269 USA
- Brown University School of Public Health, Box G-121-5, 121 S. Main St, Providence, 02912 USA
| | - Alison Tovar
- Brown University School of Public Health, Box G-121-5, 121 S. Main St, Providence, 02912 USA
- Center for Health Promotion and Health Equity, Brown School of Public Health, Box G-121 8, Providence, RI 02912 USA
| | | | - Dianne Stanton Ward
- Department of Nutrition, Gillings School of Global Public Health, 135 Dauer Drive 245 Rosenau Hall, CB #7461, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA
| | - Kristen Cooksey Stowers
- Department of Allied Health Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269 USA
- Rudd Center for Food Policy and Obesity, University of Connecticut, Hartford, CT 06103 USA
| | - Tayla von Ash
- Brown University School of Public Health, Box G-121-5, 121 S. Main St, Providence, 02912 USA
- Center for Health Promotion and Health Equity, Brown School of Public Health, Box G-121 8, Providence, RI 02912 USA
| | - Laura Dionne
- Center for Health Promotion and Health Equity, Brown School of Public Health, Box G-121 8, Providence, RI 02912 USA
| | | | - Noereem Mena
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY USA
| | - Qianxia Jiang
- Department of Human Development and Family Sciences, University of Connecticut, 348 Mansfield Road, Storrs, CT 06269 USA
| | - Patricia Markham Risica
- Brown University School of Public Health, Box G-121-5, 121 S. Main St, Providence, 02912 USA
- Center for Health Promotion and Health Equity, Brown School of Public Health, Box G-121 8, Providence, RI 02912 USA
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Nobre JNP, Morais RLDS, Prat BV, Fernandes AC, Viegas ÂA, Figueiredo PHS, Costa HS, Camargos ACR, de Alcantara MA, Mendonça VA, Lacerda ACR. Physical environmental opportunities for active play and physical activity level in preschoolers: a multicriteria analysis. BMC Public Health 2022; 22:340. [PMID: 35177034 PMCID: PMC8855597 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-022-12750-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Active play opportunities seems to influence the level of physical activity during childhood. However, a gap remains about which environmental opportunities including the daycare physical environment could have a positive impact on the level of physical activity in preschoolers. OBJECTIVES (1) To develop an index to measure the environmental opportunities of free active play for preschoolers of middle-income countries; (2) to check the relationship and contribution of the index to explain objectively the level of physical activity. METHODS A quantitative, cross-sectional, exploratory study with 51 preschool children. The established criteria for the index according to the literature were: (1) Outdoor time on typical days of the week. (2) Outdoor time on a typical weekend day. (3) The presence of internal space and external environment in the child's home that allows playing. (4) Presence of patio with space for games at the school. (5) Presence of a playground with a toy at the school. We applied multi-attribute utility theory for the determination of the multicriteria index of physical environmental opportunities. Pearson's correlation analysis and simple linear regression were used to verify the association between the index and the physical activity level. RESULTS The index showed a positive correlation with the level of physical activity, e.g., the average time of MVPA (r = 0.408, p = 0.003). The univariate linear regression demonstrated that the quality of physical environmental opportunities for physical activity explained 20% of the preschooler's classification as active and 16% of the time in moderate to vigorous physical activity (p < 0.001). CONCLUSION Physical environmental opportunities for active play have a positive effect on physical activity in preschoolers and should be encouraged in different social segments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Juliana Nogueira Pontes Nobre
- Centro Integrado de Pós-Graduação e Pesquisa em Saúde (CIPq-Saúde), Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri (UFVJM), Diamantina, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
| | - Rosane Luzia De Souza Morais
- Faculdade de Fisioterapia, Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri (UFVJM), Diamantina, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Bernat Viñola Prat
- Instituto de Ciência e Tecnologia (ICT - UFVJM) e SaSA, Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri (UFVJM), Diamantina, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Amanda Cristina Fernandes
- Centro Integrado de Pós-Graduação e Pesquisa em Saúde (CIPq-Saúde), Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri (UFVJM), Diamantina, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Ângela Alves Viegas
- Centro Integrado de Pós-Graduação e Pesquisa em Saúde (CIPq-Saúde), Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri (UFVJM), Diamantina, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | | | - Henrique Silveira Costa
- Faculdade de Fisioterapia, Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri (UFVJM), Diamantina, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | | | - Marcus Alessandro de Alcantara
- Faculdade de Fisioterapia, Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri (UFVJM), Diamantina, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Vanessa Amaral Mendonça
- Faculdade de Fisioterapia, Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri (UFVJM), Diamantina, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Ana Cristina Rodrigues Lacerda
- Faculdade de Fisioterapia, Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri (UFVJM), Diamantina, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Abstract
PURPOSE OF RESEARCH To investigate upon the relationship between screen exposure time and graphic/fine motor skills of children aged 5 to 6 in Auvergne. METHODS A cross-sectional epidemiological study was carried out in 2019-2020 in 3 kindergarten classes in Clermont-Ferrand and 4 in Cantal, chosen according to different socio-demographic criteria. The main criteria for evaluating fine motor skills were 3 calibrated graphic/fine motor activities, carried out during an individual assessment at school. The weekly screen exposure time of the child was assessed during a parental interview. RESULTS 127 children took part in the survey. The main results point out that children who spend more than 10 hours per school week (more than 20 hours a holiday school week) on screen have significantly lower graphic/fine motor skills. Regardless of screen exposure time, a child living with a single parent, and/or of low level of educational, and/or intermediate occupation/socio-professional category, has lower graphic/fine motor skills scores. The rural setting of the school seems to play a positive role in the level of graphic/fine motor skills, while the socio-demographic profile of the school and the attendance of the children do not seem to influence these skills. CONCLUSIONS Our survey shows a significant association between increased weekly screen time exposure and decreased graphic/fine motor skills in children aged 5-6 years. Further work will be required to explore this association. Health education programs implemented in school and health communities with parental involvement would be useful to improve screen usage and prevent learning disabilities.
Collapse
|
14
|
|
15
|
Kristo AS, Çinar N, Kucuknil SL, Sikalidis AK. Technological Devices and Their Effect on Preschool Children's Eating Habits in Communities of Mixed Socioeconomic Status in Istanbul; a Pilot Cross-Sectional Study. Behav Sci (Basel) 2021; 11:bs11110157. [PMID: 34821618 PMCID: PMC8614987 DOI: 10.3390/bs11110157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2021] [Revised: 11/11/2021] [Accepted: 11/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of technological devices is increasing in all age groups, especially in preschool-aged children. However, there is a limiting number of studies investigating the relationship between the use of technological devices, eating behavior, and weight status in preschool children. The aim of this study was (1) to describe total usage of technological devices, (2) to evaluate level of exclusive use of such devices by children, (3) to investigate children’s eating behaviors and diet in relation to screen time and type. A cross-sectional study was conducted with 104 children aged 2–5 years in Küçükçekmece and Bakırköy, Istanbul. Data collection consisted of a validated parental questionnaire on demographics and the child’s use of technology and eating behavior, while associations in children were examined using logistic regression analysis. The analysis of the obtained data uncovered a strong association between children’s TV and tablet/smart phone use and the foods consumed by children when using these devices (p = 0.0001; p = 0.012). Also, there was a significant association between children’s eating habits and TV, and tablet/smart phone durations of use (p = 0.015; p = 0.025), but not with computer duration of use (p > 0.05). Obesity and associated health problems can arise as results of suboptimal eating behavior, such as the ones observed in our study, which are also intensified with an increased duration of use of technological devices. The attitude of families towards prudent use of technological equipment is of great importance in impacting present and future health.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra S. Kristo
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, California Polytechnic State University, 1 Grand Ave., San Luis Obispo, CA 93407, USA;
- Correspondence:
| | - Nur Çinar
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Istanbul Yeni Yuzyil University, Yilanli Ayazma Yolu No 26, Istanbul 34010, Turkey; (N.Ç.); (S.L.K.)
| | - Stefanos L. Kucuknil
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Istanbul Yeni Yuzyil University, Yilanli Ayazma Yolu No 26, Istanbul 34010, Turkey; (N.Ç.); (S.L.K.)
- Balıklı Greek Hospital, Physiotherapy Clinic, Belgrad Kapi Yolu No 2, Istanbul 34020, Turkey
| | - Angelos K. Sikalidis
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, California Polytechnic State University, 1 Grand Ave., San Luis Obispo, CA 93407, USA;
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Carson V, Predy M, Hunter S, Storey K, Farmer AP, McIsaac JL, Flynn J. An Environmental Scan of Existing Canadian Childcare Resources Targeting Improvements in Health Behaviours. EARLY CHILDHOOD EDUCATION JOURNAL 2021; 50:1417-1428. [PMID: 36339969 PMCID: PMC9622543 DOI: 10.1007/s10643-021-01266-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/03/2021] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED The objective was to conduct an environmental scan of existing Canadian childcare resources targeting nutrition, physical activity, sedentary behaviour, and/or sleep. A comprehensive search plan was conducted that involved four search strategies: (1) grey literature databases, (2) customized Google search engines, (3) targeted websites, and (4) consultation with content experts. A resource (i.e., information, materials) must have been created by government or an organization/agency within Canada, available in English, intended for childcare educators or directors working with children ≤ 5 years of age, and focused on targeting improvements in nutrition, physical activity, sedentary behaviour, and/or sleep. The quality of each included resource was assessed using a modified version of the Authority, Accuracy, Coverage, Objectivity, Date, Significance checklist. A total of 192 eligible resources were included. Most resources targeted only nutrition (n = 101) or physical activity (n = 60), and few resources targeted only sedentary behaviour (n = 2) or sleep (n = 1). The remaining 28 resources targeted more than one health behaviour. The 4 most common topics of resources were menu/meal planning (n = 55), healthy nutrition practices/environment (n = 37), physical activities/games (n = 33), and nutrition/food literacy (n = 20). Only 52 included resources cited evidence. One-third of the included resources (n = 64) were rated as high quality, including 55 that received a point for the significance criterion. Therefore, numerous high quality Canadian childcare resources exist for nutrition and physical activity. Future resource development is needed for sedentary behaviour and sleep. Findings can assist future intervention work and the database of resources can be utilized by relevant stakeholders to support other childcare initiatives. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s10643-021-01266-2.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Valerie Carson
- Faculty of Kinesiology, Sport and Recreation, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB Canada
| | - Madison Predy
- Faculty of Kinesiology, Sport and Recreation, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB Canada
| | - Stephen Hunter
- Faculty of Kinesiology, Sport and Recreation, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB Canada
| | - Kate Storey
- School of Public Health, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB Canada
| | - Anna P. Farmer
- Faculty of Agricultural, Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB Canada
| | - Jessie-Lee McIsaac
- Department of Child and Youth Study, Faculty of Education, Mount Saint Vincent University, Halifax, NS Canada
| | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Radanović D, Đorđević D, Stanković M, Pekas D, Bogataj Š, Trajkovic N. Test of Motor Proficiency Second Edition (BOT-2) Short Form: A Systematic Review of Studies Conducted in Healthy Children. CHILDREN-BASEL 2021; 8:children8090787. [PMID: 34572219 PMCID: PMC8471722 DOI: 10.3390/children8090787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2021] [Revised: 09/01/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Motor skill competence of children is one of the important predictors of health because if a child is physically active during early childhood, the possibility of occurrence of many chronic diseases in adulthood will be reduced. The aim of this study was to systematically review the studies conducted in healthy children using the shorter form of the Bruininks-Oseretsky (BOT-2) and to determine the applicability in cross-sectional studies and pre-post designs. The search and analysis of the studies were done in accordance with the PRISMA guidelines. An electronic databases search (Google Scholar, PubMed, Mendeley, Science Direct, and Scopus) yielded 250 relevant studies conducted from 2011 to 2020. A total of 21 studies were included in quantitative synthesis, with a total of 3893 participants, both male and female. Through this study, the BOT-2 test proved its broad applicability, so it can be concluded that this test can be used to improve motor proficiency in a healthy population of children. Hence, it is necessary to invest a lot of time during the implementation of various programs so that children would adequately develop their basic motor skills so they broaden their own repertoire of movements.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Danilo Radanović
- Faculty of Sport and Physical Education, University of Novi Sad, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia;
| | - Dušan Đorđević
- Faculty of Sport and Physical Education, University of Niš, 18000 Niš, Serbia; (D.Đ.); (M.S.)
| | - Mima Stanković
- Faculty of Sport and Physical Education, University of Niš, 18000 Niš, Serbia; (D.Đ.); (M.S.)
| | - Damir Pekas
- Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Zagreb, 10110 Zagreb, Croatia;
| | - Špela Bogataj
- Faculty of Sport, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia;
- Department of Nephrology, University Medical Centre Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Nebojša Trajkovic
- Faculty of Sport and Physical Education, University of Niš, 18000 Niš, Serbia; (D.Đ.); (M.S.)
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Impact of the Childcare Physical Activity (PLAY) Policy on Young Children's Physical Activity and Sedentary Time: A Pilot Clustered Randomized Controlled Trial. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18147468. [PMID: 34299917 PMCID: PMC8304787 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18147468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2021] [Revised: 07/07/2021] [Accepted: 07/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Background: The importance of daily physical activity is crucial for healthy development during the early years. Currently, a formal written physical activity policy is lacking in Canadian childcare centers, but holds promise for offering consistent physical activity opportunities. With eight recommendations, the Childcare PLAY policy is an evidence-informed, institutional-level document, targeting children’s physical activity, outdoor play, and sedentary time. The purpose of this study was to examine the impact of the Childcare Physical Activity (PLAY) policy on the physical activity and sedentary time of young children (18 months–4 years) in childcare. Methods: Nine childcare centers in London, Ontario participated in the cluster, randomized controlled trial. The centers in the control condition (n = 4) continued their typical daily routines, while the centers in the intervention condition (n = 5) implemented the PLAY policy for eight weeks. To assess physical activity levels, toddlers and preschoolers wore ActiGraph wGT3X-BT accelerometers for five consecutive days during childcare hours, at baseline, mid- and post-intervention, and at the six-month follow-up. Raw accelerometry data were converted to 15 s epochs, and age- and device-specific cut-points were applied. The participants with two or more days of at least 5 h/day of wear-time at baseline, and at one additional time point, were included in the linear mixed-effects models. An adjusted alpha (p < 0.017) was used to account for multiple comparison bias. Results: A total of 148 children (31.92 ± 7.41 months) had valid accelerometry data. The intervention resulted in a significant increase in light physical activity among the participants in the experimental group at the six-month follow-up (+1.07 min/h, an 11.16% increase; p = 0.0017). The intervention did not have a statistically significant effect on the total physical activity, moderate-to-vigorous physical activity, or sedentary time. Conclusions: The findings indicate that the Childcare PLAY policy was effective at increasing the toddlers’ and preschoolers’ light physical activity. This pilot intervention appears promising for supporting some improved movement behaviors among children in childcare settings; however, additional investigations are needed to explore the feasibility and effectiveness with larger and more-diverse samples.
Collapse
|
19
|
Szpunar M, Bruijns B, Tucker P. Measuring Early Childhood Educators' Physical Activity and Sedentary Behavior-Related Self-Efficacy: A Systematic Review of Tools. HEALTH EDUCATION & BEHAVIOR 2021; 48:455-467. [PMID: 34254546 PMCID: PMC8278557 DOI: 10.1177/10901981211025471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Early childhood educators’ (ECEs) self-efficacy is often predictive of their ability and likelihood of promoting healthy activity behaviors in childcare settings. To date, ECEs’ physical activity and sedentary behavior–related self-efficacy has been measured in a variety of ways in childcare-based research, creating difficulty when comparing across studies. To identify the different approaches ECEs’ self-efficacy is assessed, the current study aimed to compare all existing tools that quantitatively measure physical activity and sedentary behavior–related self-efficacy of pre- and in-service ECEs. Seven online databases were searched for original, peer-reviewed, English-written journal articles. Articles were deemed eligible if they employed a tool which measured physical activity and/or sedentary behavior–related self-efficacy of pre- or in-service ECEs. A total of 16 studies were included in this review, and 13 unique tools were identified. All tools measured task self-efficacy (n = 13), while only 1 tool measured barrier self-efficacy, and approximately half of the tools (n = 7; 54%) reported on the validity and reliability. Great variability existed among the self-efficacy items included in the tools; however, common constructs included: teaching/leading physical activity, fundamental movement skill development, and physical activity programming. Very few tools mentioned sedentary behavior (n = 2) and outdoor/risky play (n = 2). Given the low number of studies that tested validity and reliability of their self-efficacy tools, the lack of consideration for barrier self-efficacy, and the paucity of tools that fully encompassed physical activity, sedentary behavior, and outdoor play considerations for ECEs, future research is needed to validate a new, reliable tool.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Patricia Tucker
- University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
- Patricia Tucker, School of Occupational Therapy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Western Ontario, 1201 Western Road, Elborn College, Room 2547, London, Ontario N6G 1H1, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Vercammen KA, Frelier JM, Poole MK, Kenney EL. Obesity prevention in early care and education: a comparison of licensing regulations across Canadian provinces and territories. J Public Health (Oxf) 2021; 42:362-373. [PMID: 32090258 DOI: 10.1093/pubmed/fdaa019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2019] [Revised: 01/10/2020] [Accepted: 01/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Early care and education (ECE) settings represent an important point of intervention for childhood obesity prevention efforts. The objective of this paper was to compare ECE licensing regulations for each Canadian province/territory to evidence-based, obesity prevention standards. METHODS Two authors reviewed existing ECE regulations for each province/territory and examined whether the regulatory text supported standards for nutrition (n = 11), physical activity (n = 5) and screen time (n = 4). Provinces/territories were evaluated on the strength of regulatory language for each standard (i.e. fully, partially, or not addressed) and a total comprehensiveness score (maximum score of 20). ECE centres and homes were examined separately. RESULTS The majority of provinces/territories required providers to follow Canada's Food Guide, but few had regulations for specific foods or beverages. Most provinces/territories included standards related to written menus and drinking water, but the strength of these standards was weak. Many provinces/territories required physical activity and outdoor opportunities to be provided daily, but few included a time requirement. Only two provinces included any screen time standards. Total comprehensiveness scores averaged 5.7 for centres and 5.4 for homes. CONCLUSIONS Canadian provinces/territories have insufficient obesity prevention regulations in ECE settings, highlighting a potential point of intervention to prevent obesity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kelsey A Vercammen
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Johannah M Frelier
- Department of Health Policy and Management, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Mary Kathryn Poole
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Erica L Kenney
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Çelen Yoldaş T, Özmert EN. Communicative Environmental Factors Including Maternal Depression and Media Usage Patterns on Early Language Development. Matern Child Health J 2021; 25:900-908. [PMID: 33905063 DOI: 10.1007/s10995-021-03125-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION From the ecological perspective of multifactorial causal mechanism, the communicative interaction environment has been less studied in early childhood which is the most sensitive phase for language development. We aimed to research simultaneous communicative environmental factors including maternal depression and media usage patterns in young children aged 1-31/2 years. METHODS One hundred and one participants were included in the study; fifty-one children with language delay as the case group and fifty children with typical development as the control group. Maternal depressive symptoms were evaluated by Beck Depression Inventory. The general development of each child was evaluated by Denver II Screening Test and Bayley-Third Edition. Language development was evaluated by the Preschool Language Scale-5. The questionnaire for the sociodemographic data and media usage patterns was prepared by the study team. RESULTS Maternal depression scores, duration of TV viewing, background TV were higher in the children with language delay and they started earlier using screen devices in comparison with the control group (p < 0.05). The total amount of interaction time and co-viewing were less in children with language delay and more parents intended to keep their children occupied by watching in the case group (p < 0.05). Mother care-giving (p = 0.002, OR = 5.80, CI 1.93-17.4) and absence of co-viewing (p = 0.000, OR = 9.46, CI 2.69-33.3) were the significant factors associated with language delay. DISCUSSION Young children with language delay were more exposed to communicative environmental risk factors than children with typical development. The integration of this perspective to child health care practices should be encouraged in early childhood.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tuba Çelen Yoldaş
- Division of Developmental Pediatrics, Department of Pediatrics, Hacettepe University Faculty of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey.
| | - Elif Nursel Özmert
- Division of Developmental Pediatrics, Department of Pediatrics, Hacettepe University Faculty of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
De Buck E, Vanhove AC, O D, Veys K, Lang E, Vandekerckhove P. Day care as a strategy for drowning prevention in children under 6 years of age in low- and middle-income countries. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2021; 4:CD014955. [PMID: 33884613 PMCID: PMC8406676 DOI: 10.1002/14651858.cd014955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Drowning is responsible for an estimated 320,000 deaths a year, and over 90% of drowning mortality occurs in low- to middle-income countries (LMICs), with peak drowning rates among children aged 1 to 4 years. In this age group, mortality due to drowning is particularly common in rural settings and about 75% of drowning accidents happen in natural bodies of water close to the home. Providing adequate child supervision can protect children from drowning, and organized formal day care programs could offer a way to achieve this. OBJECTIVES Primary objective • To assess the effects of day care programs for children under 6 years of age on drowning-related mortality or morbidity, or on total drowning accidents (fatal and non-fatal), in LMICs, compared to no day care programs or other drowning prevention interventions Secondary objectives • To assess the effects of day care programs in LMICs for children under 6 years of age on unsafe water exposure • To assess safety within these programs (e.g. transmission of infection within day care, physical or sexual abuse of children within day care) • To assess the incidence of unintentional injury within these programs • To describe the cost-effectiveness of such programs, in relation to averted drowning-related mortality or morbidity SEARCH METHODS: On November 23, 2019, and for an update on August 18, 2020, we searched MEDLINE (PubMed), Embase, CENTRAL, ERIC, and CINAHL, as well as two trial registries. On December 16, 2019, and for an update on February 9, 2021, we searched 12 other resources, including websites of organizations that develop programs targeted to children. SELECTION CRITERIA We included randomized, quasi-randomized, and non-randomized controlled studies (with explicitly listed specific study design features) that implemented formal day care programs as a single program or combined with additional out-of-day care components (such as educational activities aimed at preventing injury or drowning or early childhood development activities) for children of preschool age (below 6 years of age) in LMICs for comparison with no such programs or with other drowning prevention interventions. Studies had to report at least one outcome related to drowning or injury prevention for the children enrolled. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS Two review authors independently performed study selection and data extraction, as well as risk of bias and GRADE assessment. MAIN RESULTS Two non-randomized observational studies, conducted in rural Bangladesh, involving a total of 252,631 participants, met the inclusion criteria for this review. One of these studies compared a formal day care program combined with parent education, playpens provided to parents, and community-based activities as additional out-of-day care components versus no such program. Overall we assessed this study to be at moderate risk of bias (moderate risk of bias due to confounding, low risk of bias for other domains). This study showed that implementation of a formal day care program combined with parent education, provision of playpens to parents, and community-based activities, in a rural area with a high drowning incidence, likely reduces the risk of death from drowning over the study period of 4 years and 8 months compared to no day care program (hazard ratio 0.18, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.06 to 0.58; 1 study, 136,577 participants; moderate-certainty evidence). Drowning morbidity (non-fatal drowning resulting in complications), total drowning (fatal and non-fatal), unsafe water exposure, and program safety (e.g. transmission of infection within day care, physical or sexual abuse of children within day care) were not reported, nor was the incidence of other unintentional injuries. Cost-effectiveness was reported as 812 USD (95% CI 589 to 1777) per disability-adjusted life-year averted as a consequence of drowning (moderate-certainty evidence). The second study compared day care programs with or without playpens provided to parents as an additional component versus only playpens provided to parents as an alternative drowning prevention intervention. Overall we assessed the study to be at critical risk of bias because we judged bias due to confounding to be at critical risk. As the certainty of evidence was very low, we are uncertain about the effects on drowning mortality rate of implementing a day care program compared to providing playpens (rate ratio 0.25, 95% CI 0.15 to 0.41; 1 study; 76,575 participants; very low-certainty evidence). Likewise, we are uncertain about the effects of a day care program with playpens provided as an additional component versus playpens provided alone (rate ratio 0.06, 95% CI 0.02 to 0.12; 1 study, 45,460 participants; very low-certainty evidence). The other outcomes of interest - drowning morbidity, total drowning, unsafe water exposure, program safety, incidence of other unintentional injuries, and cost-effectiveness - were not reported. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS This review provides evidence suggesting that a day care program with additional out-of-day care components such as community-based education, parent education, and playpens provided to parents likely reduces the drowning mortality risk in regions with a high burden of drowning compared to no intervention.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emmy De Buck
- Centre for Evidence-Based Practice, Belgian Red Cross, Mechelen, Belgium
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Faculty of Medicine, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Cochrane First Aid, Mechelen, Belgium
| | - Anne-Catherine Vanhove
- Centre for Evidence-Based Practice, Belgian Red Cross, Mechelen, Belgium
- Belgian Centre for Evidence-Based Medicine - Cochrane Belgium, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Dorien O
- Centre for Evidence-Based Practice, Belgian Red Cross, Mechelen, Belgium
| | - Koen Veys
- Centre for Evidence-Based Practice, Belgian Red Cross, Mechelen, Belgium
| | - Eddy Lang
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
| | - Philippe Vandekerckhove
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Faculty of Medicine, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Belgian Red Cross, Mechelen, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Reisberg K, Riso EM, Jürimäe J. Preschool physical activity and fitness predicts conceptual, verbal and perceptual skills at school. J Sports Sci 2021; 39:1988-1995. [PMID: 33825616 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2021.1912451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated longitudinal relationships between physical activity (PA), fitness and cognitive performance at early years. In total, 147 children at the age of 6.6 and 7.6 years participated in the study. PA and sedentary behaviour (SB) were registered with accelerometer. Skinfold thickness measurements were used to assess body composition. Children's cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF), muscular strength and speed-agility fitness was assessed using PREFIT fitness test battery and static balance by EUROFIT test battery. Cognitive skills were measured with modified Boehm-3 test. Linear regression analyses showed that PA at the age of 6.6 years was positively, while SB was negatively associated with the conceptual skills at the age of 7.6 years after adjusting for confounders. Positive associations were observed between CRF, lower-limbs strength relative to fat-free mass, static balance at the age of 6.6 years with perceptual skills at 7.6 years in unadjusted analysis. PA and fitness were not associated with verbal abilities. Physically active lifestyle and CRF, relative explosive strength of the lower limbs, balance at 6.6 years in kindergarten predict conceptual and perceptual skills, but does not predict verbal abilities 1 year later at first grade in school. SB affects negatively conceptual skills.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kirkke Reisberg
- Institute of Sports Sciences and Physiotherapy, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia.,Tartu Healthcare College, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Eva-Maria Riso
- Institute of Sports Sciences and Physiotherapy, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Jaak Jürimäe
- Institute of Sports Sciences and Physiotherapy, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Moulin MS, Truelove S, Burke SM, Irwin JD. Sedentary time among undergraduate students: A systematic review. JOURNAL OF AMERICAN COLLEGE HEALTH : J OF ACH 2021; 69:237-244. [PMID: 31518211 DOI: 10.1080/07448481.2019.1661422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2019] [Revised: 08/10/2019] [Accepted: 08/15/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
To systematically review and synthesize all relevant literature to assess the range of average daily sedentary time (ST) of undergraduate students enrolled in university and college programs across the world. Methods: Published, peer-reviewed articles were included if they: (a) were in English; (b) had a study population that consisted entirely of undergraduate students; (c) reported a daily or weekly ST for undergraduate students; and (d) included a measure of ST using a valid sedentary behavior questionnaire or accelerometers. Results: Twenty-three studies were included in the review. A wide range of ST (0.75 to 14.35 hours per day) was reported. Mean ST as measured by domain-specific questionnaires and accelerometers was 11.10 hours per day and 10.69 hours per day, respectively. Conclusion: Findings suggest that some undergraduate students participate in high levels of ST. Additional research, as well as interventions focused on reducing ST among postsecondary students, are needed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marc S Moulin
- Faculty of Health Sciences, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Stephanie Truelove
- Faculty of Health Sciences, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Shauna M Burke
- Faculty of Health Sciences, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jennifer D Irwin
- Faculty of Health Sciences, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Szpunar M, Johnson AM, Driediger M, Burke SM, Irwin JD, Shelley J, Timmons BW, Vanderloo LM, Tucker P. Implementation Adherence and Perspectives of the Childcare PhysicaL ActivitY (PLAY) Policy: A Process Evaluation. HEALTH EDUCATION & BEHAVIOR 2021; 49:66-77. [PMID: 33749362 PMCID: PMC8892048 DOI: 10.1177/1090198121996285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The Childcare PhysicaL ActivitY (PLAY) policy was an evidence-informed, eight-item institutional-level policy document targeting children’s physical activity, outdoor play, and sedentary time. Nine childcare centers in London, Ontario, participated in this cluster, randomized controlled trial. Early Childhood Educators allocated to the experimental group, from five childcare centers in London, Ontario, implemented the policy for young children (18 months to 4 years) for 8 weeks and documented adherence to each policy item (i.e., dose) in daily logs. Program evaluation surveys (n = 21) and interviews (n = 10) were completed postintervention to assess Early Childhood Educators’ perspectives of feasibility, context, enjoyment, communication between researchers and childcare staff, and likelihood of future implementation. Descriptive statistics were calculated, and thematic analysis was conducted. Adherence to policy items ranged from 16.5% (for delivery of shorter, more frequent outdoor periods) to 85.9% (for delivery of unstructured/child-directed play). Participants reported effective communication between the research team and childcare centers (0 = not at all effective to 5 = very effective; M = 4.20; SD = 0.83) but noted that they were unlikely to continue the implementation of more frequent outdoor periods (0 = not at all likely to 5 = extremely likely; M = 2.19; SD = 1.21). Interview themes included weather as a prominent barrier and the use of verbal prompts as a solution for implementing the policy. As this was a small and short-term intervention, this pilot study offers important insight on larger scale policy interventions aimed at increasing physical activity and minimizing sedentary time among children enrolled in childcare.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Leigh M Vanderloo
- Western University, London, Ontario, Canada.,The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Park JH, Park M. Smartphone use patterns and problematic smartphone use among preschool children. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0244276. [PMID: 33647038 PMCID: PMC7920339 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0244276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The purpose of the present study was to identify smartphone use patterns associated with problematic smartphone use (PSU) among preschool children. Little is known about PSU patterns in younger children, although the age for first smartphone use is decreasing. Methods We applied a cross-sectional study design to analyze data obtained from a nationwide survey on smartphone overdependence conducted in 2017 by the South Korean Ministry of Science and ICT and the National Information Society Agency. Data from 1,378 preschool children were analyzed using binomial logistic regression analysis. This study was conducted in compliance with STROBE (Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology). Results Seventeen percent of the sample met the criteria for PSU. The odds of PSU significantly increased with frequent smartphone use and in children who used a smartphone for more than two hours per day. Using smartphones to watch TV shows or videos for entertainment or fun significantly increased the odds of PSU, whereas using smartphones for education, games, and social networking did not. Conclusions The findings indicate that one of five preschool children using smartphones could experience PSU. Compared to other age groups, PSU in young children may be more associated with their caregivers. To prevent PSU in preschool children, caregivers need information about the total screen time recommended for children, smartphone use patterns associated with PSU, suggestions for other activities as possible alternatives to smartphone use, and strategies to strengthen children’s self-regulation with regards to smartphone use.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jeong Hye Park
- Department of Nursing, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju-si, Gyeongsangnam-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Minjung Park
- National Agency for Development of Innovative Technologies in Korean Medicine, National Institute of Korean Medicine Development, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Bruijns BA, Johnson AM, Irwin JD, Burke SM, Driediger M, Vanderloo LM, Tucker P. Training may enhance early childhood educators' self-efficacy to lead physical activity in childcare. BMC Public Health 2021; 21:386. [PMID: 33607984 PMCID: PMC7893737 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-021-10400-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2020] [Accepted: 02/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Early childhood educators (ECEs) play a critical role in promoting physical activity (PA) among preschoolers in childcare; thus, PA-related training for ECEs is essential. The Supporting PA in the Childcare Environment (SPACE) intervention incorporated: 1. shorter, more frequent outdoor play sessions; 2. provision of portable play equipment; and, PA training for ECEs. An extension of the SPACE intervention (the SPACE-Extension) incorporated only the shorter, more frequent outdoor play periods component of the original SPACE intervention. The purpose of this study was to explore the individual impact of these interventions on ECEs’ PA-related self-efficacy and knowledge. Methods ECEs from the SPACE (n = 83) and SPACE-Extension (n = 31) were administered surveys at all intervention time-points to assess: self-efficacy to engage preschoolers in PA (n = 6 items; scale 0 to 100); self-efficacy to implement the intervention (n = 6 items); and, knowledge of preschooler-specific PA and screen-viewing guidelines (n = 2 items). A linear mixed effects model was used to analyze the impact of each intervention on ECEs’ self-efficacy and knowledge and controlled for multiple comparison bias. Results The SPACE intervention significantly impacted ECEs’ self-efficacy to engage preschoolers in PA for 180 min/day (main effect), and when outdoor playtime was not an option (interaction effect). Further, the interaction model for ECEs’ knowledge of the total PA guideline for preschoolers approached significance when compared to the main effects model. Participants within the SPACE-Extension did not demonstrate any significant changes in self-efficacy or knowledge variables. Conclusions Findings from this study highlight the benefit of ECE training in PA with regard to fostering their PA-related self-efficacy and knowledge. Future research should explore the impact of PA training for ECEs uniquely in order to determine if this intervention component, alone, can produce meaningful changes in children’s PA behaviours at childcare. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12889-021-10400-z.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Brianne A Bruijns
- Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, Western University, London, Canada
| | - Andrew M Johnson
- School of Health Studies, Faculty of Health Sciences, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jennifer D Irwin
- School of Health Studies, Faculty of Health Sciences, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Shauna M Burke
- School of Health Studies, Faculty of Health Sciences, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Molly Driediger
- School of Kinesiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Leigh M Vanderloo
- Child Health and Evaluative Science, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Patricia Tucker
- School of Occupational Therapy, Faculty of Health Sciences, Western University, 1201 Western Road, Elborn College, Room 2547, London, ON, N6G 1H1, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Associations between Home Environment, Children's and Parents' Characteristics and Children's TV Screen Time Behavior. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18041589. [PMID: 33567527 PMCID: PMC7914694 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18041589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2020] [Revised: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 02/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
In Ireland, television (TV) screen time is a highly prevalent sedentary behavior among children aged less than five years. Little is known about the influence of parental rules and policies or screen time availability and accessibility within the home on children’s TV screen time behaviors. This cross-sectional study aimed to examine the extent to which parents’ sociodemographic and sedentary behaviors are associated with children’s TV screen time; and to determine the associations between parents’ rules and practices, home physical environment and children’s daily TV viewing. Three hundred and thirty-two children aged 3–5 years and their parents participated in the study. Children’s TV screen time and home environmental characteristics (parents’ rules and practices and the physical environment) were assessed using questions from standardized and validated questionnaires. The data were analyzed using binary logistic regression. Within the different sedentary behaviors evaluated, parents’ TV viewing was positively associated with children’s TV screen time (OR 1.65, 95%CI 1.09–2.50, p = 0.018). Leaving the TV on, whether or not it was being watched, was associated with a 38% increased probability of children watching ≥ 1 h TV daily. Children whose parents restricted their outdoor activity were more likely to watch ≥ 1 h TV daily (OR 2.01, 95%CI 1.04–3.88, p = 0.036). Findings from the study demonstrated that parents’ own screen time behaviors, leaving the TV on whether it was being watched or not and restricting outdoor play were associated with higher children’s TV viewing in the home environment. This knowledge is essential to inform future interventions aimed to address the increase in screen time among young children.
Collapse
|
29
|
Associations between parenting styles and excessive screen usage in preschool children. Turk Arch Pediatr 2021; 56:261-266. [PMID: 34104919 DOI: 10.14744/turkpediatriars.2020.43765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2020] [Accepted: 09/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Objective Young children and preschoolers are now growing up in settings filled with a variety of technological devices. Despite the recommendation that parents should limit screen time, many preschoolers are exposed to screens at very early ages and for a long time. This study aimed to investigate the associations between parenting styles and the excessive screen time of preschool-aged children. Material and Methods This cross-sectional descriptive study included preschool children with low screen exposure (<1 hour; n=176) and excessive screen exposure (>4 hours; n=74). A self-completion-structured survey form and Parent Attitude Scale were filled by the mothers. Results More than half (52.0%) of them were male children. Increased number of children, increased household sizes, mothers being unemployed, birth order ≥2, and home-based care were found to be statistically significantly higher in the excessive screen exposure group than in the low screen exposure group. Mothers and fathers in the excessive screen exposure group had lower educational levels compared with their counterparts in the low screen exposure group (p<0.001). Multivariate logistic regression analyses showed that mothers' high authoritative (democratic) scores were associated with low screen exposure(adjusted odds ratio (AOR): 0.3; 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.1-0.9). High overprotective and permissive parenting subscale scores were related to excessive screen exposure after adjusting potential confounders (AOR: 2.8, 95% CI: 1.1-6.7; AOR: 4.5, 95% CI: 1.8-11.6). Conclusion Excessive screening time may indicate a problematic parent-child relationship. Establishing a positive parent-child relationship can be an effective way of managing screen time in preschool children.
Collapse
|
30
|
Mougharbel F, Goldfield GS. Psychological Correlates of Sedentary Screen Time Behaviour Among Children and Adolescents: a Narrative Review. Curr Obes Rep 2020; 9:493-511. [PMID: 32870464 DOI: 10.1007/s13679-020-00401-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The aims of this narrative review were to (1) synthesise the literature on the relationship between screen time and important mental health outcomes and (2) examine the underpinning factors that can influence this association. RECENT FINDINGS Paralleling the rise of mental health issues in children and adolescents is the ubiquitous overuse of screens, but it is unclear how screen time is related to important mental health outcomes and whether this association differs by gender, age and screen type. METHODS Medline/PubMed, PsychINFO and Google Scholar databases were searched on December 2019 for articles published mainly in the last 5 years. The search focused on two main concepts: (i) screen time and (ii) mental health outcomes including anxiety, depression, psychological and psychosocial well-being and body image concerns. RESULTS Sixty studies were included in the review. Higher levels of screen time were associated with more severe depressive symptoms. We found moderate evidence for an association between screen time and poor psychological well-being and body dissatisfaction especially among females. Relationships between screen time and anxiety were inconsistent and somewhat gender specific. Social media use was consistently associated with poorer mental health. Higher levels of screen time are generally associated with poorer mental health outcomes, but associations are influenced by screen type, gender and age. Practitioners, parents, policy makers and researchers should collectively identify and evaluate strategies to reduce screen time, or to use screens more adaptively, as a means of promoting better mental health among children and adolescents.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fatima Mougharbel
- Interdisciplinary School of Health Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- Healthy Active Living and Obesity Research Group, Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Gary S Goldfield
- Healthy Active Living and Obesity Research Group, Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario, Ottawa, ON, Canada.
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, 401 Smyth Rd, Ottawa, ON, K1H 8L1, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Experimental Verification of Objective Visual Fatigue Measurement Based on Accurate Pupil Detection of Infrared Eye Image and Multi-Feature Analysis. SENSORS 2020; 20:s20174814. [PMID: 32858920 PMCID: PMC7506756 DOI: 10.3390/s20174814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2020] [Revised: 08/21/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
As the use of electronic displays increases rapidly, visual fatigue problems are also increasing. The subjective evaluation methods used for visual fatigue measurement have individual difference problems, while objective methods based on bio-signal measurement have problems regarding motion artifacts. Conventional eye image analysis-based visual fatigue measurement methods do not accurately characterize the complex changes in the appearance of the eye. To solve this problem, in this paper, an objective visual fatigue measurement method based on infrared eye image analysis is proposed. For accurate pupil detection, a convolutional neural network-based semantic segmentation method was used. Three features are calculated based on the pupil detection results: (1) pupil accommodation speed, (2) blink frequency, and (3) eye-closed duration. In order to verify the calculated features, differences in fatigue caused by changes in content color components such as gamma, color temperature, and brightness were compared with a reference video. The pupil detection accuracy was confirmed to be 96.63% based on the mean intersection over union. In addition, it was confirmed that all three features showed significant differences from the reference group; thus, it was verified that the proposed analysis method can be used for the objective measurement of visual fatigue.
Collapse
|
32
|
|
33
|
Parajára MDC, de Castro BM, Coelho DB, Meireles AL. Are neighborhood characteristics associated with sedentary behavior in adolescents? A systematic review. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH RESEARCH 2020; 30:388-408. [PMID: 30929461 DOI: 10.1080/09603123.2019.1597833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2018] [Accepted: 03/13/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Sedentary behavior (SB) has emerged as a potential risk factor for chronic diseases. SB includes activities requiring low energy expenditure (≤1.5 metabolic equivalents) performed in a sitting or reclining posture. Our study aimed to gather evidence on the association between SB outcomes in adolescents (10-19 years) and neighborhood characteristics. This systematic review (PROSPERO registration number: CRD42018076877) examined studies indexed in PubMed Central®, LILACS, ScienceDirect, and SPORTDiscus databases. Sixteen articles were included. Insecurity during daytime hours, crime incidence, physical and social disorders, a higher neighborhood socioeconomic level, and time spent with peers were associated with higher levels of SB. Traffic, availability of a favorable environment for physical activity, and higher residential density were associated with lower levels of SB. Despite great variability in the SB cutoff points and methodology used for evaluating SB and neighborhood characteristics among studies, the evidence suggests that adolescent SB might be influenced by neighborhood characteristics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Magda do Carmo Parajára
- Postgraduate Program in Health and Nutrition, Federal University of Ouro Preto , Ouro Preto, Brazil
| | | | - Daniel Barbosa Coelho
- Postgraduate Program in Health and Nutrition, Federal University of Ouro Preto , Ouro Preto, Brazil
- Sports Center, Federal University of Ouro Preto , Ouro Preto, Brazil
| | - Adriana Lúcia Meireles
- Postgraduate Program in Health and Nutrition, Federal University of Ouro Preto , Ouro Preto, Brazil
- Department of Clinical and Social Nutrition, School of Nutrition, Federal University of Ouro Preto , Ouro Preto, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Snell-Rood E, Snell-Rood C. The developmental support hypothesis: adaptive plasticity in neural development in response to cues of social support. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2020; 375:20190491. [PMID: 32475336 PMCID: PMC7293157 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2019.0491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Across mammals, cues of developmental support, such as touching, licking or attentiveness, stimulate neural development, behavioural exploration and even overall body growth. Why should such fitness-related traits be so sensitive to developmental conditions? Here, we review what we term the 'developmental support hypothesis', a potential adaptive explanation of this plasticity. Neural development can be a costly process, in terms of time, energy and exposure. However, environmental variability may sometimes compromise parental care during this costly developmental period. We propose this environmental variation has led to the evolution of adaptive plasticity of neural and behavioural development in response to cues of developmental support, where neural development is stimulated in conditions that support associated costs. When parental care is compromised, offspring grow less and adopt a more resilient and stress-responsive strategy, improving their chances of survival in difficult conditions, similar to existing ideas on the adaptive value of early-life programming of stress. The developmental support hypothesis suggests new research directions, such as testing the adaptive value of reduced neural growth and metabolism in stressful conditions, and expanding the range of potential cues animals may attend to as indicators of developmental support. Considering evolutionary and ecologically appropriate cues of social support also has implications for promoting healthy neural development in humans. This article is part of the theme issue 'Life history and learning: how childhood, caregiving and old age shape cognition and culture in humans and other animals'.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emilie Snell-Rood
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Behavior, University of Minnesota, 1479 Gortner Avenue, Gortner 140, St Paul, MN 55108, USA
| | - Claire Snell-Rood
- School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
A systematic review of interventions to improve the dietary intake, physical activity and weight status of children attending family day care services. Public Health Nutr 2020; 23:2211-2220. [PMID: 32383429 DOI: 10.1017/s1368980019005275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To (i) identify and synthesise findings from interventions to improve the dietary intake, physical activity and weight status of children aged 0-6 years attending family day care services; and (ii) assess the impact of interventions on family day care environments, intervention cost and adverse outcomes. DESIGN Medline in Process, PsycINFO, ERIC, Embase, CINAHL, CENTRAL and Scopus databases were searched in March 2019. Studies were included if they (i) evaluated an intervention to improve the diet, physical activity and/or weight of children aged 0-6 years; (ii) were delivered in family day care services; (iii) targeted child diet, physical activity and/or weight; and (iv) used a parallel control group design. Screening was undertaken by two reviewers with disagreements resolved by a third reviewer. SETTING Family day care services, also known as family childcare homes. PARTICIPANTS Children aged 0-6 years attending family day care services. RESULTS In total, 8977 titles were retrieved, and 199 full-texts reviewed. No studies met the inclusion criteria for the primary outcome; however, two studies reporting on the secondary outcome of family day care environments were included. The 4-year community-wide obesity prevention programme and the 12-month train-the-trainer programme both reported statistically significant improvements in the healthy eating and physical activity environments of family day care, compared to cross-sectional state-average control groups. CONCLUSIONS Findings highlight few existing interventions in family day care services and a need for high-quality controlled trials to identify effective interventions to improve children's diet, activity and weight in this setting.
Collapse
|
36
|
Sivanesan H, Vanderloo LM, Keown-Stoneman CDG, Parkin PC, Maguire JL, Birken CS. The association between screen time and cardiometabolic risk in young children. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act 2020; 17:41. [PMID: 32345327 PMCID: PMC7189472 DOI: 10.1186/s12966-020-00943-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2019] [Accepted: 02/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES While studies exist on the association between screen time and cardiometabolic risk among adolescents, research examining the effect of screen time on cardiometabolic risk in young children is lacking. The primary objective of this study was to examine the association between daily screen time and cardiometabolic risk (CMR) [sum of age- and sex-standardized z-scores of systolic blood pressure (SBP), glucose, log-triglycerides, waist circumference (WC), and negative high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol divided by the square root of five] in young children. Secondary objectives included examining individual CMR risk factors, including waist-to-height ratio and non high-density lipoprotein (non-HDL) cholesterol, as well as the individual cut-offs of these risk factors. Additional analyses include examining the association between screen time and CMR by handheld/non-handheld devices. METHODS A study was conducted among young children 3 to 6 years from the TARGet Kids! practice-based research network in Toronto and Montreal, Canada. Children with one or more measures of screen time and CMR were included in this study. Generalized estimating equation (GEE) multivariable linear regressions and multivariable logistic regressions, using published cut-offs, were conducted to evaluate these associations. RESULTS Data from 1317 children [mean age 52 months (SD = 13.36), 44.34% female] were included for analyses. There was no evidence of associations between screen time and total CMR score or individual risk factors (p > 0.05) after adjusting for confounders. A statistically significant, but small association between daily screen time and non-HDL cholesterol was found (B = 0.046; CI = [0.017 to 0.075]; p = 0.002. CONCLUSIONS Though no relationship was reported between daily screen time and the majority of CMR factors in early childhood, there was an association between daily screen time and non-HDL cholesterol. As the relationship between daily screen time and CMR factors may not be apparent in early childhood, studies to evaluate longer-term cardiometabolic effects of screen time are needed. Although there is an evidence-based rationale to reduce screen time in early childhood, prevention of cardiometabolic risk may not be the primary driver.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Harunya Sivanesan
- Master of Public Health, Epidemiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.,The Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, Child Health and Evaluative Sciences, SickKids Research Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Leigh M Vanderloo
- The Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, Child Health and Evaluative Sciences, SickKids Research Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada.
| | - Charles D G Keown-Stoneman
- Applied Health Research Centre, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute of St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Division of Biostatistics, Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Patricia C Parkin
- Division of Paediatric Medicine, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Child Health and Evaluative Sciences, SickKids Research Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jonathon L Maguire
- Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Pediatrics, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,The Centre for Urban Health Solutions, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute of St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Joannah & Brian Lawson Centre for Child Nutrition, Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Catherine S Birken
- Division of Paediatric Medicine, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Child Health and Evaluative Sciences, SickKids Research Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Joannah & Brian Lawson Centre for Child Nutrition, Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
Venetsanou F, Emmanouilidou K, Kouli O, Bebetsos E, Comoutos N, Kambas A. Physical Activity and Sedentary Behaviors of Young Children: Trends from 2009 to 2018. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:E1645. [PMID: 32138370 PMCID: PMC7084846 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17051645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2020] [Revised: 02/28/2020] [Accepted: 02/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Over the last decade, the lives of children in several countries, including Greece, have been affected by recession. The aim of the present study was (a) to examine time trends in physical activity (PA) and screen time (ST) of Greek preschool children, together with their family affluence (FA), from 2009 until 2018, and to explore the associations among them; and (b) to investigate the connections of parental educational level and children's BMIs to their achieving ST (<1h/day) and PA (11,500 steps/day) guidelines. A total of 652 children from four cross-sectional cohorts participated. PA was recorded with Omron HJ-720IT-E2 pedometers, whereas ST, family affluence (FA) and parental educational level were reported by participants' parents. The results of the one-way ANOVAs that were computed revealed statistically significant differences among cohorts, albeit of no practical importance, in PA, ST and FA. According to the regressions calculated, neither BMI nor the educational level was related to membership in ST and PA guidelines groups. ST was a significant predictor of children's PA in all week periods (school-time, leisure-time, weekend), whereas FA was not such a strong predictor. Multilevel interventions aiming at both ST and PA seem to be imperative for the benefit of young children's health.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fotini Venetsanou
- School of Physical Education and Sport Science, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 17237 Athens, Greece;
| | - Kyriaki Emmanouilidou
- School of Physical Education and Sport Science, Democritus University of Thrace, 69100 Komotini, Greece; (K.E.); (O.K.); (E.B.)
| | - Olga Kouli
- School of Physical Education and Sport Science, Democritus University of Thrace, 69100 Komotini, Greece; (K.E.); (O.K.); (E.B.)
| | - Evangelos Bebetsos
- School of Physical Education and Sport Science, Democritus University of Thrace, 69100 Komotini, Greece; (K.E.); (O.K.); (E.B.)
| | - Nikolaos Comoutos
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Science, University of Thessaly, 42100 Trikala, Greece;
| | - Antonis Kambas
- School of Physical Education and Sport Science, Democritus University of Thrace, 69100 Komotini, Greece; (K.E.); (O.K.); (E.B.)
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Ward DS, Vaughn AE, Burney RV, Hales D, Benjamin-Neelon SE, Tovar A, Østbye T. Keys to healthy family child care homes: Results from a cluster randomized trial. Prev Med 2020; 132:105974. [PMID: 31899253 PMCID: PMC8091030 DOI: 10.1016/j.ypmed.2019.105974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2019] [Revised: 10/24/2019] [Accepted: 12/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Early care and education settings, such as family child care homes (FCCHs), are important venues for children's health promotion. Keys to Healthy Family Child Care Homes evaluated a FCCH-based intervention's impact on children's diet and physical activity. This study enrolled 496 children aged 1.5-4 years and 166 FCCH providers into a cluster-randomized control trial (intervention = 242 children/83 FCCHs, control = 254 children/83 FCCHs) conducted during 2013-2016. The 9-month intervention addressed provider health, health of the FCCH environment, and business practices, and was delivered through three workshops, three home visits, and nine phone calls. The attention control arm received a business-focused intervention. Primary outcomes were children's diet quality (2 days of observed intakes summarized into Healthy Eating Index scores) and moderate to vigorous physical activity (3 days of accelerometry) at the FCCH. Secondary outcomes were child body mass index (BMI), FCCH provider health behaviors, and FCCH nutrition and physical activity environments and business practices. Repeated measures analysis, using an intent-to-treat approach, accounting for clustering of children within FCCHs and adjusting for child age, sex, and BMI, was used to evaluate change (completed in 2018). Compared to controls, intervention children significantly improved their diet quality (5.39, p = .0002, CI = 2.53, 8.26) but not MVPA (0.31, p = .195, CI = -0.16, 0.79). Intervention FCCH providers significantly improved their diet quality and several components of their FCCH environment (i.e., time provided for physical activity, use of supportive physical activity practices, and engagement in nutrition and physical activity education/professional development). FCCHs are malleable settings for health promotion, especially diet quality. TRIAL REGISTRATION: This study is registered at www.clinicaltrials.govNCT01814215.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dianne S Ward
- Department of Nutrition, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 135 Dauer Drive, CB # 7461, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7461, USA; Center for Health Promotion and Disease Prevention, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 1700 Martin L. King Jr. Blvd., CB 7426, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7426, USA.
| | - Amber E Vaughn
- Center for Health Promotion and Disease Prevention, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 1700 Martin L. King Jr. Blvd., CB 7426, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7426, USA
| | - Regan V Burney
- Center for Health Promotion and Disease Prevention, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 1700 Martin L. King Jr. Blvd., CB 7426, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7426, USA
| | - Derek Hales
- Department of Nutrition, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 135 Dauer Drive, CB # 7461, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7461, USA; Center for Health Promotion and Disease Prevention, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 1700 Martin L. King Jr. Blvd., CB 7426, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7426, USA
| | - Sara E Benjamin-Neelon
- Department of Health, Behavior and Society, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, 615 N. Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Alison Tovar
- Department of Nutrition and Food Sciences, University of Rhode Island, 41 Lower College Road, Kingston, RI 02881, USA
| | - Truls Østbye
- Duke University Department of Family Medicine and Community Health, Duke University Medical Center, W Main St 2200, Suite 622, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
McConnell-Nzunga J, Mâsse LC, Buckler EJ, Carson V, Faulkner GE, Lau EY, McKay HA, Temple VA, Wolfenden L, Naylor PJ. Prevalence and Relationships among Physical Activity Policy, Environment, and Practices in Licensed Childcare Centers from a Manager and Staff Perspective. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:E1064. [PMID: 32046187 PMCID: PMC7037996 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17031064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2019] [Revised: 01/24/2020] [Accepted: 02/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Physical activity (PA) is critical to early childhood health and development, and childcare is a key setting for establishing physically active play. In British Columbia (BC), a provincial standard for active play in childcare was enacted, identified here as the Active Play (AP) standard. Pragmatic constraints limit real-world data collection for evaluating policy impact. We explored whether information about policies, practices, and the environment varied when it was collected from managers or staff. Surveys were distributed to BC childcare centers before AP standard enactment to ascertain current PA and fundamental movement skill policies and practices. The full sample (n = 1037 from 625 facilities) and a subsample of paired managers and staff (n = 261 centers) were used to explore agreement across managers and staff in reported prevalence and relationships among indicators. The policy prevalence and relationships for active play and outdoor play variables were relatively similar for manager and staff data, although the matched data had modest agreement and less than optimal intraclass correlations. The prevalence of manager-reported PA policies ranged from 47% for screen-time limits to 77% for fundamental movement skill activities. The manager and staff data highlighted indoor and outdoor space as a primary factor in AP standard adherence. With reliance on sampling staff unfeasible, it appears that the manager data may adequately describe the policies and practices of childcare providers with some notable issues.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer McConnell-Nzunga
- Child Health BC, 4088 Cambie St #305, Vancouver, BC V5Z 2X8, Canada;
- School of Exercise Science, Physical and Health Education, University of Victoria, 3800 Finnerty Road, Victoria, BC, V8P 5C2, Canada;
| | - Louise C. Mâsse
- School of Population and Public Health, University of British Columbia, 2329 West Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada; (L.C.M.); (E.J.B.)
- British Columbia Children’s Hospital Research Institute, 4480 Oak St., Vancouver, BC V6H 3N1, Canada
| | - E. Jean Buckler
- School of Population and Public Health, University of British Columbia, 2329 West Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada; (L.C.M.); (E.J.B.)
| | - Valerie Carson
- Faculty of Kinesiology, Sport, and Recreation, 3-100 University Hall, Van Vliet Complex, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2H9, Canada;
| | - Guy E. Faulkner
- School of Kinesiology, University of British Columbia, 6081 University Boulevard, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z1, Canada;
| | - Erica Y. Lau
- Department of Family Practice, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, 5950 University Boulevard, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z3, Canada; (E.Y.L.); (H.A.M.)
| | - Heather A. McKay
- Department of Family Practice, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, 5950 University Boulevard, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z3, Canada; (E.Y.L.); (H.A.M.)
| | - Viviene A. Temple
- School of Exercise Science, Physical and Health Education, University of Victoria, 3800 Finnerty Road, Victoria, BC, V8P 5C2, Canada;
| | - Luke Wolfenden
- School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Newcastle, University Drive, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia;
| | - Patti-Jean Naylor
- School of Exercise Science, Physical and Health Education, University of Victoria, 3800 Finnerty Road, Victoria, BC, V8P 5C2, Canada;
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Bruijns BA, Truelove S, Johnson AM, Gilliland J, Tucker P. Infants' and toddlers' physical activity and sedentary time as measured by accelerometry: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act 2020; 17:14. [PMID: 32028975 PMCID: PMC7006115 DOI: 10.1186/s12966-020-0912-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2019] [Accepted: 01/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Early experiences in physical activity (PA) are important to shape healthy movement behaviours long-term; as such, it is critical that PA is promoted from infancy, and that detrimental behaviours (e.g., prolonged sedentary time [ST]) are minimized. The purpose of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to examine infants' and toddlers' movement behaviours across daytime hours. METHODS Seven online databases were searched for terms related to infants (< 12 months), toddlers (12-35.9 months), PA, ST, and accelerometry. Two independent reviewers examined 4873 articles for peer-reviewed original research, published in English, that assessed infants' (counts/min) and/or toddlers' PA or ST (min/day) using accelerometry across daytime hours. Infants' mean PA level (counts/min) was averaged across studies, and ranges were produced. Estimates of toddlers' movement behaviours were aggregated meta-analytically to produce average daily rates, and accelerometer placement, cut-point validity, device type, and epoch length were tested as a moderating variables. RESULTS Twenty-four studies from 16 countries (published 2011-2019), representing 3699 participants, were included in the systematic review. Five studies reported on infants' PA, which ranged from 78.2 to 2580.5 cpm. Across 20 studies, toddlers' total PA, light PA, moderate-to vigorous-intensity PA, and ST ranged from 72.9 to 636.5, 48.5 to 582.4, 6.5 to 89.9, and 172.7 to 545.0 min/day, respectively. After taking into account accelerometer placement, cut-point validity, device type, and epoch length, we found that toddlers engaged in 246.19 min/day (SE = 28.50; 95% CI: 190.34, 302.04) of total PA, 194.10 min/day (SE = 28.76; 95% CI: 137.73, 250.47) of light PA, and 60.16 min/day (SE = 5.88; 95% CI: 48.64, 71.69) of moderate-to vigorous-intensity PA. Toddlers engaged in 337.04 min/day (SE = 32.67; 95% CI: 273.01, 401.07) of ST. CONCLUSIONS With limited studies conducted in infants (n = 5), PA estimates are inconclusive and largely heterogeneous. Overall, toddlers tend to exceed the total PA recommendation of 180 min/day; however, very little of this time is spent at higher movement intensities. Even with high PA rates, toddlers still engage in substantial ST. More consistent and valid measurement protocols are needed to improve comparability across studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Brianne A. Bruijns
- Health and Rehabilitation Sciences Program, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario Canada
| | - Stephanie Truelove
- Health and Rehabilitation Sciences Program, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario Canada
| | - Andrew M. Johnson
- School of Health Studies, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario Canada
| | - Jason Gilliland
- Department of Geography, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario Canada
| | - Patricia Tucker
- School of Occupational Therapy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Western Ontario, 1201 Western Road, Elborn College, Room 2547, London, ON N6G 1H1 Canada
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Trinh MH, Sundaram R, Robinson SL, Lin TC, Bell EM, Ghassabian A, Yeung EH. Association of Trajectory and Covariates of Children's Screen Media Time. JAMA Pediatr 2020; 174:71-78. [PMID: 31764966 PMCID: PMC6902189 DOI: 10.1001/jamapediatrics.2019.4488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Many children begin interacting with screen media as early as infancy. Although screen time is associated with negative developmental consequences, few longitudinal studies in the United States have examined covariates of screen time among children under 3 years of age. OBJECTIVES To identify trajectories of screen time among children aged 1 to 3 years, to examine their association with screen use at 8 years of age, and to assess potential determinants of screen time. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS This prospective birth cohort study included 3895 children (3083 singletons and 812 unrelated multiples) in New York State who had screen time data available for at least 1 time point from 1 to 3 years of age; 1156 children had data at 8 years. The study spanned September 4, 2007, through June 12, 2014, in the first phase, and August 29, 2014, through November 15, 2019, in the second phase. Data analysis for the present study was conducted from September 28, 2018, to July 15, 2019. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES Maternal reports of children's television, movie, and computer game times were summed for total daily screen time at 12, 18, 24, 30, and 36 months of age. Two screen time trajectories (low and increasing use) were classified by cluster analysis, and logistic regression was used to model risk factors for the increasing trajectory. Children exhibiting the highest 10th percentile of screen use at each point were examined, and linear mixed models were used to identify risk factors of this high exposure category. RESULTS Among the 3895 children included in the analysis (2031 boys [52.1%] and 1864 girls [47.9%]), median daily screen time increased from 30 (interquartile range, 0-60) minutes at 12 months of age to 120 (interquartile range, 75-200) minutes at 36 months of age. Of 1045 children with complete data at all 5 time points, 279 (26.7%) had an increasing screen time trajectory. Female child sex (adjusted odds ratio [aOR], 0.90; 95% CI, 0.81-0.99) and graduate school levels of paternal (aOR, 0.73; 95% CI, 0.56-0.95) and maternal (aOR, 0.60; 95% CI, 0.47-0.77) education, compared with having completed college, were associated with lower risk of increasing trajectory. Maternal nulliparity was associated with higher risk of increasing trajectory (aOR, 1.14; 95% CI, 1.00-1.30). Children with an increasing trajectory from 1 to 3 years of age had an additional 22 (95% CI, 11-33) minutes per day of screen time at 8 years of age. Covariates associated with the highest 10th percentile of screen exposure included paterman graduate school education compared with college (aOR, 0.63; 95% CI, 0.39-0.99), maternal graduate school education compared with college (aOR, 0.55; 95% CI, 0.37-0.82), maternal nulliparity (aOR, 1.98; 95% CI, 1.50-2.61), twins compared with singletons (aOR, 1.41; 95% CI, 1.05-1.91), non-Hispanic black compared with non-Hispanic white race/ethnicity (aOR, 4.77; 95% CI, 2.25-10.10), and type of care (home-based care aOR, 2.17 [95% CI, 1.38-3.41]; parental care aOR, 2.11 [95% CI, 1.41-3.15]) compared with center-based care. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE These findings suggest that a range of parental and child characteristics are associated with screen time. Screen time habits appear to track from as early as infancy, emphasizing the need for earlier interventions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mai-Han Trinh
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, Division of Intramural Population Health Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Rajeshwari Sundaram
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, Division of Intramural Population Health Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Sonia L. Robinson
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, Division of Intramural Population Health Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | | | - Erin M. Bell
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University at Albany School of Public Health, Albany, New York,Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University at Albany School of Public Health, Albany, New York
| | - Akhgar Ghassabian
- Department of Pediatrics, New York University Langone, New York,Department of Environmental Medicine, New York University Langone, New York,Department of Population Health, New York University Langone, New York
| | - Edwina H. Yeung
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, Division of Intramural Population Health Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Park JH. Smartphone Use Patterns of Smartphone-dependent Children. CHILD HEALTH NURSING RESEARCH 2020; 26:47-54. [PMID: 35004449 PMCID: PMC8650889 DOI: 10.4094/chnr.2020.26.1.47] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2019] [Revised: 11/18/2019] [Accepted: 12/31/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose The purpose of this study was to identify the smartphone use patterns of smartphone-dependent children. Methods The study design was a cross-sectional descriptive study. The data were derived from the 2017 survey on smartphone overdependence conducted by the Ministry of Science and ICT and the National Information Society Agency. The study sample was 595 elementary school students identified as being smartphone-dependent. The data were analyzed by frequency, percentage, mean, standard deviation, the independent t-test, the χ2 test, the Pearson correlation coefficient, and multiple regression analysis. Results The frequency of smartphone use was the factor strongly associated with more severe smartphone dependence in participants. Games were the most commonly used application type among participants, regardless of their degree of dependence. More severe smartphone dependence was associated with greater use of applications such as learning and television/video. Conclusion As smartphone dependence becomes more severe, children tend to use their smartphones more frequently and to use applications that involve solitary play for the purposes of entertainment and pleasure. The findings suggest that the parents should attentively monitor their children’s smartphone use patterns and provide consistent discipline in a way that ensures appropriate smartphone use.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jeong Hye Park
- Assistant Professor, Department of Nursing, Gyeongnam National University of Science and Technology, Jinju, Korea
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Guedes SDC, Morais RLDS, Santos LR, Leite HR, Nobre JNP, Santos JN. CHILDREN'S USE OF INTERACTIVE MEDIA IN EARLY CHILDHOOD - AN EPIDEMIOLOGICAL STUDY. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 38:e2018165. [PMID: 31778410 PMCID: PMC6909226 DOI: 10.1590/1984-0462/2020/38/2018165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2018] [Accepted: 09/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Objective: To describe the prevalence of interactive media (tablets and smartphones) use by children aged two to four years old, as well as to characterize this use, and investigate habits, practices, parents’ participation and opinion about their child’s interactive media use. Methods: A cross-sectional study with 244 parents or legal guardians of children enrolled in daycare centers in a small Brazilian municipality was conducted. A questionnaire based on interactive media use and related habits were applied, and economic level was assessed. Children were divided into three different groups according to media use: Group 1 did not use (n=81); Group 2 uses up to 45 min/day (n=83) and Group 3 uses more than 45 min/day (n=80). Then, they were compared with regard to the sociodemographic variables and media use by the Chi-square test and Student’s t-test. Results: The prevalence of interactive media use was 67.2%, with a mean time of use of 69.2 minutes/day (confidence interval of 95% - 95%CI 57.1-81.2). The activities most performed were watching videos (55%), listening to music (33%) and playing games (28%). Most parents reported allowing media use in order to stimulate their child’s development (58.4%), accompanying them during use (75.2%), and limiting media time (86.4%). Conclusions: We observed high interactive media use prevalence. The predominant way of using these devices was marked by parent-child participation. Most parents reported believing in the benefits of interactive media. Passive activities were more frequent, with restricted time of use.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Juliana Nunes Santos
- Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, Diamantina, MG, Brazil.,Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Costa S, Benjamin-Neelon SE, Winpenny E, Phillips V, Adams J. Relationship Between Early Childhood Non-Parental Childcare and Diet, Physical Activity, Sedentary Behaviour, and Sleep: A Systematic Review of Longitudinal Studies. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2019; 16:ijerph16234652. [PMID: 31766666 PMCID: PMC6926528 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16234652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2019] [Revised: 11/05/2019] [Accepted: 11/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The rising prevalence of childhood obesity is a global public health concern. Evidence suggests that exposure to non-parental childcare before age six years is associated with development of obesity, diet, and activity behaviours (physical activity, sedentary behaviour, and sleep). However, findings are inconsistent and mostly from cross-sectional studies, making it difficult to identify the direction of causation in associations. This review identified and synthesised the published research on longitudinal associations between non-parental childcare during early childhood, diet, and activity behaviours. Seven databases were searched, and results were independently double-screened through title/abstract and full-text stages. Included studies were evaluated for risk of bias. Of the 18,793 references screened, 13 met eligibility criteria and were included in the review. These presented results on 89 tested childcare/outcome associations, 63 testing diet outcomes (59% null, remainder mixed), and 26 testing activity behaviour outcomes (85% null, remainder mixed). The scarce available literature indicates little and mixed evidence of a longitudinal association. This reflects a paucity of research, rather than clear evidence of no effect. There is an urgent need for studies investigating the longitudinal associations of non-parental childcare on diet and activity behaviours to assess potential lasting effects and mechanisms; whether and how effects vary by provider; and differences by intensity, duration, and population sub-groups.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Costa
- UKCRC Centre for Diet and Activity Research, MRC Epidemiology Unit, School of Clinical Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK; (S.E.B.-N.); (E.W.); (J.A.)
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough LE11 3TU, UK
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +44-(0)1509-226-304
| | - Sara E. Benjamin-Neelon
- UKCRC Centre for Diet and Activity Research, MRC Epidemiology Unit, School of Clinical Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK; (S.E.B.-N.); (E.W.); (J.A.)
- Department of Health, Behavior and Society, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Eleanor Winpenny
- UKCRC Centre for Diet and Activity Research, MRC Epidemiology Unit, School of Clinical Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK; (S.E.B.-N.); (E.W.); (J.A.)
| | - Veronica Phillips
- Medical Library, School of Clinical Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0SP, UK;
| | - Jean Adams
- UKCRC Centre for Diet and Activity Research, MRC Epidemiology Unit, School of Clinical Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK; (S.E.B.-N.); (E.W.); (J.A.)
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Tucker P, Driediger M, Vanderloo LM, Burke SM, Irwin JD, Johnson AM, Shelley J, Timmons BW. Exploring the Feasibility and Effectiveness of a Childcare PhysicaL ActivitY (PLAY) Policy: Rationale and Protocol for a Pilot, Cluster-Randomized Controlled Trial. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2019; 16:E4400. [PMID: 31717931 PMCID: PMC6888608 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16224400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2019] [Revised: 11/05/2019] [Accepted: 11/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Background: Young children are prone to low levels of physical activity in childcare. This environment, inclusive of equipment, policies, and staff, has been identified as influencing young children's activity behaviours. To date, no study has examined the feasibility and effectiveness of such policies in Canadian childcare centres, while the provision of physical activity policies in other countries has shown some promise for improving the activity levels of young children. As such, the primary objective of the Childcare PhysicaL ActivitY (PLAY) Policy study is to examine the feasibility of an evidence-based, stakeholder-informed, written physical activity and sedentary time policy for centre-based childcare (i.e., at the institutional level). The secondary objectives are to examine the impact of policy implementation on the physical activity levels and sedentary time of young children, subsequent environmental changes in childcare centres, and childcare providers' self-efficacy to implement a physical activity policy. This study will examine both policy implementation and individual (behavioural) outcomes. Methods/Design: The Childcare PLAY Policy study, a pilot, cluster-randomized controlled trial, involves the random allocation of childcare centres to either the experimental (n = 4) or control (n = 4) group. Childcare centres in the experimental group will adopt a written physical activity policy for eight weeks (at which time they will be asked to stop enforcing the policy). Physical activity levels and sedentary time in childcare will be assessed via ActiGraph™ accelerometers with measurements at baseline (i.e., week 0), mid-intervention (i.e., week 4), immediately post-intervention (i.e., week 9), and at six-month follow-up. Policy implementation and feasibility will be assessed using surveys and interviews with childcare staff. The Environment and Policy Assessment and Observation Self-Report tool will capture potential changes to the childcare setting. Finally, childcare providers' self-efficacy will be captured via a study-specific questionnaire. A nested evaluation of the impact of policy implementation on young children's physical activity levels will be completed. A linear mixed effects models will be used to assess intervention effects on the primary and secondary outcomes. Descriptive statistics and thematic analysis will be employed to assess the feasibility of policy implementation. Discussion: The Childcare PLAY Policy study aims to address the low levels of physical activity and high sedentary time observed in childcare centres by providing direction to childcare staff via a written set of evidence-informed standards to encourage young children's activity and reduce sedentary time. The findings of this work will highlight specific aspects of the policy that worked and will inform modifications that may be needed to enhance scalability. Policy-based approaches to increasing physical activity affordances in childcare may inform future regulations and programming within this environment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Tucker
- School of Occupational Therapy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Western Ontario, London, ON N6A 3K7, Canada;
| | - Molly Driediger
- School of Occupational Therapy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Western Ontario, London, ON N6A 3K7, Canada;
| | - Leigh M. Vanderloo
- Child Health Evaluative Sciences, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 0A4, Canada;
| | - Shauna M. Burke
- School of Health Studies, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Western Ontario, London, ON N6A 3K7, Canada; (S.M.B.); (J.D.I.); (A.M.J.); (J.S.)
| | - Jennifer D. Irwin
- School of Health Studies, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Western Ontario, London, ON N6A 3K7, Canada; (S.M.B.); (J.D.I.); (A.M.J.); (J.S.)
| | - Andrew M. Johnson
- School of Health Studies, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Western Ontario, London, ON N6A 3K7, Canada; (S.M.B.); (J.D.I.); (A.M.J.); (J.S.)
| | - Jacob Shelley
- School of Health Studies, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Western Ontario, London, ON N6A 3K7, Canada; (S.M.B.); (J.D.I.); (A.M.J.); (J.S.)
- Faculty of Law, University of Western Ontario, London, ON N6A 3K7, Canada
| | - Brian W. Timmons
- Child Health and Exercise Medicine Program, Department of Pediatrics, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1, Canada;
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Benjamin-Neelon SE. Position of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics: Benchmarks for Nutrition in Child Care. J Acad Nutr Diet 2019; 118:1291-1300. [PMID: 29937055 DOI: 10.1016/j.jand.2018.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2018] [Accepted: 05/01/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
It is the position of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics that early care and education (ECE) programs should achieve recommended benchmarks to meet children's nutrition needs and promote children's optimal growth in safe and healthy environments. Children's dietary intake is influenced by a number of factors within ECE, including the nutritional quality of the foods and beverages served, the mealtime environments, and the interactions that take place between children and their care providers. Other important and related health behaviors that may influence the development of obesity include children's physical activity, sleep, and stress within child care. Recent efforts to promote healthy eating and improve other health behaviors in ECE include national, state, and local policy changes. In addition, a number of interventions have been developed in recent years to encourage healthy eating and help prevent obesity in young children in ECE. Members of the dietetics profession, including registered dietitian nutritionists and nutrition and dietetics technicians, registered, can work in partnership with ECE providers and parents to help promote healthy eating, increase physical activity, and address other important health behaviors of children in care. Providers and parents can serve as role models to support these healthy behaviors. This Position Paper presents current evidence and recommendations for nutrition in ECE and provides guidance for registered dietitian nutritionists; nutrition and dietetics technicians, registered; and other food and nutrition practitioners working with parents and child-care providers. This Position Paper targets children ages 2 to 5 years attending ECE programs and highlights opportunities to improve and enhance children's healthy eating while in care.
Collapse
|
47
|
Staiano AE, Webster EK, Allen AT, Jarrell AR, Martin CK. Screen-Time Policies and Practices in Early Care and Education Centers in Relationship to Child Physical Activity. Child Obes 2019; 14:341-348. [PMID: 30199286 PMCID: PMC6150934 DOI: 10.1089/chi.2018.0078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Few preschool children meet physical activity recommendations, whereas the majority exceeds screen-time recommendations. The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship of screen-time policies and practices with children's physical activity and sedentary time in early care and education (ECE) centers. METHODS We conducted a cross-sectional study of 104 children (3.3 ± 0.5 years; 50% girls) attending 10 ECE centers in the United States. Physical activity was measured by accelerometry. Screen-time practices were measured by classroom observation and director report. Mixed linear models were used to examine the relationship of screen-time practices with children's total physical activity (TPA) and moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) and sedentary time, adjusting for child's age, sex, and BMI z-score and taking into account the clustering of children within each center. Models were repeated to include director-reported active play time as a covariate. RESULTS More limited/supervised screen-time (by observation) was related to higher TPA (p = 0.0003) and lower sedentary time (p = 0.0003). More limited/supervised screen-time (by director report) was related to higher TPA (p < 0.0001) and MVPA (p = 0.021) and lower sedentary time (p < 0.0001). Associations remained significant when active play time was included as a covariate. TPA was inversely related to computer access (p = 0.0015) and positively related to the use of educational screen-time compared with noneducational screen-time (p = 0.04). CONCLUSIONS Limiting computer usage and ensuring screen-time is educational, and integrated within the curriculum may benefit children's physical activity levels and reduce time spent sedentary.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Corby K. Martin
- LSU's Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, LA
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Joseph ED, Kracht CL, St Romain J, Allen AT, Barbaree C, Martin CK, Staiano AE. Young Children's Screen Time and Physical Activity: Perspectives of Parents and Early Care and Education Center Providers. Glob Pediatr Health 2019; 6:2333794X19865856. [PMID: 31384633 PMCID: PMC6657133 DOI: 10.1177/2333794x19865856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2019] [Revised: 06/24/2019] [Accepted: 06/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Early care and education (ECE) providers and parents can facilitate physical
activity (PA) and reduce screen time in preschoolers. Input from caregivers on
barriers and facilitators of PA and screen time is needed to comprehensively
address these behaviors and promote children’s health. Four focus groups (3
parent and 1 ECE provider) were conducted. Thematic analysis was performed to
identify themes and subthemes. Twenty-eight caregivers (21 parents and 7 ECE
providers) participated. Caregivers reported responsibility for modeling and
shaping children’s PA and screen time. Parents felt that a busy lifestyle was a
PA barrier and encouraged screen time. ECE providers were concerned about
certain environmental influences on PA. The groups differed in their view of
screen time as either entertainment (parents) or educational (providers). Both
types of caregivers were unaware of PA or screen time guidelines. Investigation
into opportunities to utilize screen time to serve priorities of both caregivers
and promote child PA are needed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Corby K Martin
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
49
|
Ott E, Vanderloo LM, Tucker P. Physical activity and screen-viewing policies in Canadian childcare centers. BMC Public Health 2019; 19:145. [PMID: 30717787 PMCID: PMC6360710 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-018-6290-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2018] [Accepted: 12/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Physical activity (PA) offers numerous health benefits for young children; however, many children enrolled in childcare engage in low levels of PA and high levels of sedentary time. This study aimed to describe the prevalence and content of written PA and screen-viewing (SV) policies in Canadian childcare centers. METHODS Using a modified version of the Environment and Policy Assessment and Observation Self-Report (EPAO-SR) tool, an online survey was distributed to all directors/administrators of center-based childcare facilities across Canada. Reminder emails were sent to encourage survey completion and a strong response rate. Descriptive statistics were used to explore demographic characteristics and frequencies were run to examine the number of centers that implemented a PA or SV policy. Deductive content analysis was completed to identify common themes in participants' open-ended responses. RESULTS A total of 1158 childcare representatives participated in the study; 514 provided complete data. Of these, 295 (44%) centers indicated having a written PA policy (with the majority regulated at the provincial/territorial-level; n = 227; 42%). Content of these policies included amount of time: spent outdoors (n = 395; 63%); in teacher-led active play (n = 101; 16%); and PA education for children (n = 91; 16%). Additionally, 178 (29%) respondents reported a written policy regarding SV (with majority regulated at the center-level; n = 173; 34%) and primarily focusing on amount of time children watch television. CONCLUSIONS PA regulations are more common than SV policies in Canadian childcare centers; however, less than half implement a PA policy and only a third adopt SV regulations. An opportunity exists to advance practice by adopting proactive approaches to encouraging young children to be more active and less sedentary in childcare (i.e., through written policies). Supplementing policy with accessible resources, as well as consistent provision of early childhood educator (staff) training, represent important steps for putting said policies into action.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emily Ott
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Western Ontario, 1201 Western Road, Elborn College Rm 2580, London, ON, N6G 1H1, Canada
| | - Leigh M Vanderloo
- School of Occupational Therapy, University of Western Ontario, 1201 Western Road, Elborn College Rm 2547, London, ON, N6G 1H1, Canada
| | - Patricia Tucker
- School of Occupational Therapy, University of Western Ontario, 1201 Western Road, Elborn College Rm 2547, London, ON, N6G 1H1, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Bruijns BA, Adamo KB, Burke SM, Carson V, Irwin JD, Naylor PJ, Timmons BW, Vanderloo LM, Tucker P. Exploring the physical activity and screen-viewing-related knowledge, training, and self-efficacy of early childhood education candidates. BMC Pediatr 2019; 19:5. [PMID: 30611238 PMCID: PMC6320605 DOI: 10.1186/s12887-018-1358-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2018] [Accepted: 11/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Early childhood educators greatly influence young children's physical activity and screen-viewing behaviours in childcare. However, educators have requested additional training in physical activity programming, and one logical place to provide this education is during their pre-service schooling. This study explored the physical activity and screen-viewing-related knowledge, training, and self-efficacy of early childhood education (ECE) candidates across Canada, to determine their confidence and ability to facilitate physical activity opportunities and limit screen-viewing among young children in childcare. METHODS Key program personnel at 61 (of 110) Canadian colleges/universities offering an ECE program agreed to participate in this cross-sectional study. An online survey (112 items; 9 domains), developed by experts using the Tailored Design Method, was administered via Qualtrics© to a sample of 1292 ECE candidates. Descriptive statistics, Mann-Whitney U-tests, and chi-square tests were used to report participant demographics and physical activity and screen-viewing-related knowledge (i.e., of physical activity and screen-viewing concepts), training (i.e., physical activity and screen-viewing courses/content received), and self-efficacy (i.e., to facilitate physical activity and limit screen-viewing in childcare) of candidates. RESULTS ECE candidates exhibited the least amount of knowledge regarding the impact of screen-viewing on physiological outcomes (i.e., blood pressure) in young children. Further, only 32.2 and 26.7% of candidates reported completing physical activity or screen-viewing courses during their post-secondary training, respectively. Candidates who completed one or more physical activity or screen-viewing courses exhibited significantly greater (p <.05) self-efficacy than those without such training related to ensuring children were engaging in adequate moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA). Confidence to limit screen time did not differ. Candidates reporting meeting national physical activity recommendations (i.e., 150+ minutes of MVPA/week) exhibited significantly greater (p <.05) physical activity-related self-efficacy than those not meeting these guidelines. CONCLUSIONS Findings from this work highlight both the need for and the potential of supplementary physical activity and screen-viewing content in post-secondary ECE programs to benefit candidates' knowledge and self-efficacy in these areas. Introducing this content at the post-secondary level will ensure that all early childhood educators are appropriately trained regarding physical activity and screen-viewing before entering a childcare-based profession, where they can positively influence young children's health behaviours.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Brianne A. Bruijns
- Health and Rehabilitation Sciences Program, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario Canada
| | - Kristi B. Adamo
- School of Human Kinetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario Canada
| | - Shauna M. Burke
- School of Health Studies, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario Canada
| | - Valerie Carson
- Faculty of Kinesiology, Sport, and Recreation, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta Canada
| | - Jennifer D. Irwin
- School of Health Studies, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario Canada
| | - Patti-Jean Naylor
- School of Exercise Science, Physical and Health Education, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia Canada
| | - Brian W. Timmons
- Child Health and Exercise Medicine Program, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario Canada
| | - Leigh M. Vanderloo
- Child Health and Evaluative Science, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario Canada
| | - Patricia Tucker
- School of Occupational Therapy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Western Ontario, 1201 Western Road, Elborn College, Room 2547, London, ON N6G 1H1 Canada
| |
Collapse
|