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Talukder A, Sara SS, Hossain MT, Nath CD, Rahman R, Hussain S, Sarma H, Huda MN. Rural and urban differences in the prevalence and determinants of Type-2 diabetes in Bangladesh. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0298071. [PMID: 38603719 PMCID: PMC11008877 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0298071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/13/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To estimate the prevalence of Type 2 Diabetes (T2D) in urban and rural settings and identify the specific risk factors for each location. METHOD We conducted this study using data from the 2017-18 Bangladesh Demographic and Health Survey (BDHS), sourced from the DHS website. The survey employed a stratified two-stage sampling method, which included 7,658 women and 7,048 men aged 18 and older who had their blood glucose levels measured. We utilized chi-square tests and ordinal logistic regression to analyze the association between various selected variables in both urban and rural settings and their relationship with diabetes and prediabetes. RESULTS The prevalence of T2D was 10.8% in urban areas and 7.4% in rural areas, while pre-diabetes affected 31.4% and 27% of the populations in these respective settings. The study found significant factors influencing diabetes in both urban and rural regions, particularly in the 55-64 age group (Urban: AOR = 1.88, 95% CI [1.46, 2.42]; Rural: AOR = 1.87, 95% CI [1.54, 2.27]). Highly educated individuals had lower odds of T2D, while wealthier and overweight participants had higher odds in both areas. In rural regions, T2D risk was higher among caffeinated drink consumers and those not engaged in occupation-related physical activity, while these factors did not show significant influence in urban areas. Furthermore, urban participants displayed a significant association between T2D and hypertension. CONCLUSION Our study outlines a comprehensive strategy to combat the increasing prevalence of T2D in both urban and rural areas. It includes promoting healthier diets to control BMI level, encouraging regular physical activity, early detection through health check-ups, tailored awareness campaigns, improving healthcare access in rural regions, stress management in urban areas, community involvement, healthcare professional training, policy advocacy like sugary drink taxation, research, and monitoring interventions. These measures collectively address the T2D challenge while accommodating the distinct features of urban and rural settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashis Talukder
- Statistics Discipline, Science Engineering and Technology School, Khulna University, Khulna, Bangladesh
- National Centre for Epidemiology and Population Health, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
| | - Sabiha Shirin Sara
- Statistics Discipline, Science Engineering and Technology School, Khulna University, Khulna, Bangladesh
| | - Md. Tanvir Hossain
- Sociology Discipline, Social Science School, Khulna University, Khulna, Bangladesh
| | - Chuton Deb Nath
- Mass Communication and Journalism Discipline, Social Science School, Khulna University, Khulna, Bangladesh
| | - Riaz Rahman
- Statistics Discipline, Science Engineering and Technology School, Khulna University, Khulna, Bangladesh
| | - Sadiq Hussain
- Examination Branch, Dibrugarh University, Dibrugarh, India
| | - Haribondhu Sarma
- Research Fellow, National Centre for Epidemiology and Population Health, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
| | - Md. Nazmul Huda
- Translational Health Research Institute, Western Sydney University, Campbell Town, NSW, Australia
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Sawane H, Rajpurohit L, Mathur A, Sonawane S, Kharat P. Smokeless Tobacco Use and Its Association with Type 2 Diabetes: A Case Control Study. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2023; 24:4209-4217. [PMID: 38156856 PMCID: PMC10909092 DOI: 10.31557/apjcp.2023.24.12.4209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Accepted: 12/17/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a prevalent metabolic disorder characterized by hyperglycemia and insulin resistance. Its incidence is increasing globally, with a significant impact on public health. Smokeless tobacco (SLT) is a form of tobacco consumption that has been associated with various health risks, including potential effects on glucose homeostasis. This case-control study aimed to investigate the association between SLT use and T2DM. Additionally, the study aimed to assess the relationship of age, gender, socioeconomic status (SES), body mass index (BMI), family history of diabetes, physical activity, and periodontal status with T2DM participants. METHODS The study was conducted over 24 months and included 82 T2DM cases and 164 non-diabetic controls. Demographic data, tobacco use, medical history, oral hygiene habits, BMI, and periodontal status were collected through a self-administered questionnaire and interviews. Statistical analyses were performed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) for Windows 26.0 (SPSS, Inc. Chicago, Illinois). RESULTS The majority of T2DM cases were in the age group of 31-50 years, and there was a significant association between gender and T2DM, with more males being diabetic. There was no significant association between SES and diabetes. Obesity was found to be a significant risk factor for T2DM. Among SLT users, gutkha was the most commonly used product. SLT use was significantly associated with T2DM. Family history of diabetes and physical inactivity were also significantly associated with diabetes. CONCLUSION The study suggests that SLT use is a risk factor for T2DM and may be associated with increased diabetes risk. Further research is warranted to understand the underlying mechanisms and potential interventions to reduce the impact of SLT on diabetes risk.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ladusingh Rajpurohit
- Department of Public Health Dentistry, Dr D Y Patil Dental College and Hospital, Pimpri, Pune Maharashtra, Dr D Y Patil Vidyapeeth Pimpri, Pune Maharashtra, India.
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Sawane HB, Shetiya SH. Smokeless Tobacco as a Risk Factor for Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in South East Asia Region: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Indian J Community Med 2023; 48:579-587. [PMID: 37662127 PMCID: PMC10470557 DOI: 10.4103/ijcm.ijcm_937_22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a chronic metabolic disorder of which prevalence has been increasing steadily all over the world. There is a need of understanding the role of tobacco products in diabetes mellitus, especially smokeless tobacco (ST) products. Objective To analyze if ST is a determinant for T2DM among patients in South East Asia Region (SEAR) and secondly to obtain the pooled prevalence of use of ST in T2DM patients/participants from these studies. Materials and Methods PubMed, Google Scholar, EBSCO, and Scopus are the databases that were searched to find desired manuscripts, which fulfilled the inclusion criteria to undertake this systematic review and meta-analysis (SRMA). Meta-analysis was carried out to determine the pooled effect size for the odds ratio of ST use in T2DM with 95% CI. MedCalc statistical software was used followed by the DerSimonian and Laird method under the random effect model. Results A total of 8 manuscripts were involved in the systematic review and 7 in the meta-analysis. Odds of 1.39 indicating increased frequency of using ST among T2DM patients or survey participants was observed, which was not significant with C.I. 95% (0.843-2.288) and P < 0.001 with high heterogeneity. The pooled prevalence of use of ST in T2DM is 24.08% (CI 15.67 to 33.64) under random effect model with I2 inconsistency of 97.16% in 8 studies from India and Bangladesh. Conclusion This pooled analysis shows that ST use is not a risk factor for T2DM. The number of studies included in the SRMA from SEAR is limited having no representation from Myanmar, Bhutan, Timor Leste, and Sri Lanka.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harshawardhan B. Sawane
- Department of Public Health Dentistry, Dr. D. Y. Patil Dental College and Hospital, Dr. D. Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Pimpri, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Sahana H. Shetiya
- Department of Public Health Dentistry, Dr. D. Y. Patil Dental College and Hospital, Dr. D. Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Pimpri, Pune, Maharashtra, India
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Diabetes, Hypertension, and Comorbidity among Bangladeshi Adults: Associated Factors and Socio-Economic Inequalities. J Cardiovasc Dev Dis 2022; 10:jcdd10010007. [PMID: 36661902 PMCID: PMC9863699 DOI: 10.3390/jcdd10010007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2022] [Revised: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetes, hypertension, and comorbidity are still crucial public health challenges that Bangladeshis face. Nonetheless, very few studies have been conducted to examine the associated factors, especially the socioeconomic inequalities in diabetes, hypertension, and comorbidity in Bangladesh. This study explored the prevalence of, factors connected with, and socioeconomic inequalities in diabetes, hypertension, and comorbidity among Bangladeshi adults. We used the Bangladesh Demographic and Health Survey (BDHS) data set of 2017−2018. A total of 12,136 (weighted) Bangladeshi adults with a mean age of 39.5 years (±16.2) participated in this study. Multilevel (mixed-effect) logistic regression analysis was employed to ascertain the determinants of diabetes, hypertension, and comorbidity, where clusters were considered as a level-2 factor. The concentration curve (CC) and concentration index (CIX) were utilized to investigate the inequalities in diabetes, hypertension, and comorbidity. The weighted prevalence of diabetes, hypertension, and comorbidity was 10.04%, 25.70%, and 4.47%, respectively. Age, body mass index, physical activity, household wealth status, and diverse administrative divisions were significantly associated with diabetes, hypertension, and comorbidity among the participants. Moreover, participants’ smoking statuses were associated with hypertension. Women were more prone to hypertension and comorbidity than men. Diabetes (CIX: 0.251, p < 0.001), hypertension (CIX: 0.071, p < 0.001), and comorbidity (CIX: 0.340, p < 0.001) were higher among high household wealth groups. A pro-wealth disparity in diabetes, hypertension, and comorbidity was found. These inequalities in diabetes, hypertension, and comorbidity emphasize the necessity of designing intervention schemes geared towards addressing the rising burden of these diseases.
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Socioeconomic disparities in diabetes prevalence and management among the adult population in Bangladesh. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0279228. [PMID: 36538534 PMCID: PMC9767371 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0279228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2021] [Accepted: 12/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Diabetes, one of the major metabolic disorders, is rising in Bangladesh. Studies indicate there is inequality in prevalence and care-seeking behavior, which requires further exploration to understand the socioeconomic disparities in the pathophysiology of diabetes. This study examined the latest nationally representative estimates of diabetes prevalence, awareness, and management among adults aged 18 years and above in Bangladesh and its association with socioeconomic status in 2017-18. METHODS We used the 2017-18 Bangladesh Demographic and Health Survey data. Diabetic status of 12,092 adults aged 18 years and above was measured in the survey using fasting plasma glucose levels. We applied multivariate logistic regressions to examine the role of socioeconomic status on diabetes prevalence, awareness, and management, after controlling for relevant covariates. RESULTS Overall, 10% of adults had diabetes in Bangladesh in 2017-18, with the highest prevalence of 16% in the age group 55-64 years. Our analyses found statistically significant disparities by socioeconomic status in the prevalence of diabetes as well as the person's awareness of his/her diabetic condition. However, the effect of socioeconomic status on receiving anti-diabetic medication only approached significance (p = 0.07), and we found no significant association between socioeconomic status and control of diabetes. CONCLUSIONS We expect to see an 'accumulation' of the number of people with diabetes to continue in the coming years. The rising prevalence of diabetes is only the tip of an iceberg; a large number of people with uncontrolled diabetes and a lack of awareness of their condition will lead to increased morbidity and mortality, and that could be the real threat. Immediate measures to increase screening coverage and exploration of poor control of diabetes are required to mitigate the situation.
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Prevalence, trends and associated factors of hypertension and diabetes mellitus in Bangladesh: Evidence from BHDS 2011 and 2017–18. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0267243. [PMID: 35503777 PMCID: PMC9064112 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0267243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2021] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The evolving pandemic of non-communicable diseases like hypertension, diabetes mellitus are globally on the rise, and the trend is also escalating in Bangladesh. We aimed to assess the prevalence trend and associated factors of hypertension (HTN), diabetes mellitus (DM), and hypertension- diabetes mellitus combined (HDC) among Bangladeshi adults from 2011 to 2018. Two nationally representative cross-sectional data from Bangladesh Demographic and Health Survey (BDHS): 2011 and 2017–18 were utilized. According to baseline characteristics, the average annual rate of change (AARC) was applied to quantify the annual rate of increase/decrease in HTN, DM, and HDC from 2011 to 2018. The prevalence ratios of HTN, DM, and HDC were assessed through modified Poisson regression with robust error variance (PR, 95% Confidence Interval (CI)). The data were prepared in SPSS version 23 and exported to Stata version 13 for further analysis. Among 11,686 participants, the overall mean age of the study participants was 52.79 years, Standard Deviation (SD)±12.99, and 42.28% were female. From 2011–2018, HTN, DM, and HDC prevalence in Bangladesh has increased by 13, 3.2, and 3.1 percentage points, respectively. The average annual rate of increase was observed in the HTN and HDC prevalence by all socio-economic and demographic categories during 2011–2018. The prevalence of HDC among Chittagong residents was approximately double in 2018: 3.95% (2011) versus 6.59% (2018). Increased age, inactive workers, overweight adults, and adults in wealthy families were common risk factors associated with HTN, DM, and HDC in Bangladesh. The prevalence of developing HTN and HDC was significantly higher among adults aged ≥ 70 years (PR: 2.70, 95% CI: 2.42–3.00; PR: 2.97, 95% CI: 2.08–4.24, respectively). A comprehensive approach of different stakeholders is required to develop appropriate strategies, including appropriate weight management, adequate physical activity, and healthier food habits. Health agencies should take initiatives to spread awareness among people at an early age, but special attention is needed for older people and those at risk for NCDs.
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Sarker AR, Ali SMZ, Ahmed M, Chowdhury SMZI, Ali N. Out-of-pocket payment for healthcare among urban citizens in Dhaka, Bangladesh. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0262900. [PMID: 35073368 PMCID: PMC8786169 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0262900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives Out-of-pocket (OOP) payment is the major payment strategy for healthcare in Bangladesh, and the share of OOP expenditure has increased alarmingly. Dhaka is recognised as one of the fastest-growing megacities in the world. The objective of this study is to capture the self-reported illnesses among urban citizens and to identify whether and to what extent socioeconomic, demographic and behavioural factors of the population influence OOP healthcare expenditures. Subject and methods This study utilises cross-sectional survey data collected from May to August 2019 in urban Dhaka, Bangladesh. A total of 3,100 households were randomly selected. Simple descriptive statistics including frequencies, percentage, mean (95% CI), median and inter-quartile range were presented. Bivariate analysis and multivariate regression models were employed. Results We observed that acute illnesses (e.g., fever, flu/cough) were dominant among participants. Among the chronic illnesses, approximately 9.6% of people had diabetes, while 5.3% had high/low blood pressure. The richest quintile only spent 5.2% of their household income on healthcare, while the poorest households spent approximately six times more than the richest households. We noted that various factors such as marital status, religion, source of care, access to safe water, income quintile and even the location of households had a significant relationship with OOP expenditure. Conclusions Our findings can serve as important source of data in terms of disease- specific symptoms and out-of-pocket cost among urban citizens in Dhaka. The people belonging to wealthier households tended to choose better healthcare facilities and spend more. A pro-poor policy initiative and even an urban health protection scheme may be necessary to ensure that healthcare services are accessible and affordable, in line with the Bangladesh National Urban Health Strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - S. M. Zulfiqar Ali
- Bangladesh Institute of Development Studies, Agargaon, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Maruf Ahmed
- Bangladesh Institute of Development Studies, Agargaon, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | | | - Nausad Ali
- Bangladesh Institute of Development Studies, Agargaon, Dhaka, Bangladesh
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Hosen MJ, Anwar S, Taslem Mourosi J, Chakraborty S, Miah MF, Vanakker OM. Genetic counseling in the context of Bangladesh: current scenario, challenges, and a framework for genetic service implementation. Orphanet J Rare Dis 2021; 16:168. [PMID: 33836792 PMCID: PMC8034097 DOI: 10.1186/s13023-021-01804-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2020] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
With the advancements in genetics and genomics in the twenty-first century, genetic services have become an integral part of medical practices in high-income and upper-middle-income countries. However, people living in low and lower-middle-income countries (LICs and LIMCs), including Bangladesh, are rather underprivileged in receiving genetic services. Consequently, genetic disorders are emerging as a significant public health concern in these countries. Lack of expertise, high expense, the dearth of epidemiological data, insufficiently updated medical education system, poor infrastructure, and the absence of comprehensive health policies are the main factors causing people living in these countries not having access to genetic services. In this article, the authors took benefit from their professional experience of practicing medical genetics in the area and reviewed existing literature to provide their opinions. Particularly, it reviews the current knowledge of genetic disorders' burden and their causative factors in Bangladesh. It focuses on why providing genetic services is challenging in the context of the country's cultural and religious sentiment. Finally, it proposes a physician-academician collaborative framework within the existing facility that aims to tackle the challenges. Such a framework could also be useful for other LICs and LMICs to address the challenges associated with providing genetic services.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Jakir Hosen
- Department of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Shahjalal University of Science and Technology, Sylhet, 3114 Bangladesh
| | - Saeed Anwar
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, 8440 112 St. NW, Edmonton, AB T6G 2R7 Canada
| | - Jarin Taslem Mourosi
- Department of Biology, The Catholic University of America, 620 Michigan Avenue NE, Washington, DC 20064 USA
| | - Sourav Chakraborty
- Research and Development Laboratory, Globe Biotech Limited, Tejgaon, Dhaka, 1208 Bangladesh
| | - Md. Faruque Miah
- Department of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Shahjalal University of Science and Technology, Sylhet, 3114 Bangladesh
| | - Olivier M. Vanakker
- Center for Medical Genetics, Ghent University Hospital, Corneel Heymanslaan 10, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
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Selim S, Nabi MU, Saifuddin M, Hannan MA, Bakar MA, Talukder SK, Hasan ABMK, Amin MN, Hoque MA, Rahman MS, Mir AS, Afsana F. Demographic, Clinical and Biochemical Characteristics of Drug Naive Type 2 Diabetes Patients of Bangladesh. OPEN JOURNAL OF ENDOCRINE AND METABOLIC DISEASES 2021. [DOI: 10.4236/ojemd.2021.118012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Akhtar S, Nasir JA, Sarwar A, Nasr N, Javed A, Majeed R, Salam MA, Billah B. Prevalence of diabetes and pre-diabetes in Bangladesh: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ Open 2020; 10:e036086. [PMID: 32907898 PMCID: PMC7482481 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2019-036086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2019] [Revised: 06/02/2020] [Accepted: 07/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The purpose of this paper is to perform a systematic review and meta-analysis in order to summarise the prevalence of diabetes and pre-diabetes and their associated risk factors in Bangladesh. DESIGN Systematic review and meta-analysis. PARTICIPANTS General population of Bangladesh. DATA SOURCES PubMed, Medline, Embase, Bangladesh Journals Online, Science Direct, Scopus, Cochrane Library and Web of Science were used to search for studies, published between 1st of January 1995 and 31st of August 2019, on the prevalence of diabetes and pre-diabetes and their associated risk factors in Bangladesh. Only articles published in the English language articles were considered. Two authors independently selected studies. The quality of the articles was also assessed. RESULTS Out of 996 potentially relevant studies, 26 population-based studies, which together involved a total of 80 775 individuals, were included in the meta-analysis. The pooled prevalence of diabetes in the general population was 7.8% (95% CI: 6.4-9.3). In a sample of 56 452 individuals, the pooled prevalence of pre-diabetes was 10.1% (95% CI: 6.7-14.0; 17 studies). The univariable meta-regression analyses showed that the prevalence of diabetes is associated with the factors: the year of study, age of patients and presence of hypertension. The prevalence of diabetes was significantly higher in urban areas compared with rural areas, while there was no significant gender difference. CONCLUSIONS This meta-analysis suggests a relatively high prevalence of pre-diabetes and diabetes in Bangladesh, with a significant difference between rural and urban areas. The main factors of diabetes include urbanisation, increasing age, hypertension and time period. Further research is needed to identify strategies for early detecting, prevention and treatment of people with diabetes in the population. PROSPERO REGISTRATION NUMBER CRD42019148205.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sohail Akhtar
- Deaprtment of Statistics, Government College University Lahore, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan
| | - Jamal Abdul Nasir
- Deaprtment of Statistics, Government College University Lahore, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan
| | - Aqsa Sarwar
- Deaprtment of Statistics, Government College University Lahore, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan
| | - Nida Nasr
- Deaprtment of Statistics, Government College University Lahore, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan
| | - Amara Javed
- Deaprtment of Statistics, Government College University Lahore, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan
- School of Statistics, Minhaj University, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Rizwana Majeed
- Deaprtment of Statistics, Government College University Lahore, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Abdus Salam
- Deaprtment of Statistics, Government College University Lahore, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan
| | - Baki Billah
- SPHPM, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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Talukder A, Hossain MZ. Prevalence of Diabetes Mellitus and Its Associated Factors in Bangladesh: Application of Two-level Logistic Regression Model. Sci Rep 2020; 10:10237. [PMID: 32581295 PMCID: PMC7314753 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-66084-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2020] [Accepted: 05/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
This study intends to explore the prevalence of diabetes mellitus (DM) and its associated factors in Bangladesh. The necessary information was extracted from Bangladesh Demographic and Health Survey (BDHS) 2011. In bivariate analysis, Chi-square test was performed to assess the association between selected covariates and diabetes status. A two-level logistic regression model with a random intercept at each of the individual and regional level was considered to identify the risk factors of DM. A total of 7,535 individuals were included in this study. From the univariate analysis, the prevalence of DM was found to be 33.3% in 50-54 age group for instance. In bivariate setup, all the selected covariates except sex of the participants were found significant for DM (p < 0.05). According to the two-level logistic regression model, the chance of occurring DM increases as age of the participants' increases. It was observed that female participants were more likely to have DM. The occurrence of DM was 62% higher for higher educated participants, 42% higher for the individuals who came from rich family and 63% higher for the individuals having hypertension. The chance of developing diabetes among overweighed people was almost double. However, the individuals engaged in physical work had less chance to have DM. This study calls for greater attention of government and other concerned entities to come up with appropriate policy interventions to lower the risk of DM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashis Talukder
- Statistics Discipline, Khulna University, Khulna, 9208, Bangladesh.
| | - Md Zobayer Hossain
- Development Studies Discipline, Khulna University, Khulna, 9208, Bangladesh
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Determinants of diabetes in Bangladesh using two approaches: an analysis of the Demographic and Health Survey 2011. J Biosoc Sci 2019; 52:585-595. [PMID: 31630691 DOI: 10.1017/s002193201900066x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
This cross-sectional study analysed data from the Bangladesh Demographic and Health Survey 2011 to investigate factors associated with diabetes in Bangladesh. Data were analysed using logistic and log-binomial regressions to estimate odds ratios (ORs) and prevalence ratios (PRs), respectively. Among the 7544 respondents aged ≥35 years, the estimated prevalence of diabetes was 11.0%. In the adjusted analysis, survey participants in the age group 55-64 years (adjusted PR [APR]: 1.8, 95% Confidence Interval (CI): 1.4, 2.2; adjusted OR [AOR]: 1.9, 95% CI: 1.5, 2.5) and those with at least secondary education level (APR: 1.3, 95% CI: 1.0, 1.6; AOR: 1.3, 95% CI: 1.0, 1.7) were more likely to have diabetes than those in the age group 35-44 years and those with no education. Furthermore, respondents living in Khulna (APR: 0.5, 95% CI: 0.4, 0.6; AOR: 0.4, 95% CI: 0.3, 0.6) were less likely to have diabetes than people living in Barisal. While adjusted estimates of PR and OR were similar in terms of significance of association, the magnitude of the point estimate was attenuated in PR compared with the OR. Nevertheless, the measured factors still had a significant association with diabetes in Bangladesh. The results of this study suggest that Bangladeshi adults would benefit from increased education on, and awareness of, the risk factors for diabetes. Focused public health intervention should target these high-risk populations.
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Ali N, Akram R, Sheikh N, Sarker AR, Sultana M. Sex-specific prevalence, inequality and associated predictors of hypertension, diabetes, and comorbidity among Bangladeshi adults: results from a nationwide cross-sectional demographic and health survey. BMJ Open 2019; 9:e029364. [PMID: 31530600 PMCID: PMC6756587 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2019-029364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2019] [Revised: 08/09/2019] [Accepted: 08/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To determine the sex-specific prevalence, inequality and factors associated with healthcare utilisation for diabetes mellitus (DM), hypertension and comorbidity among the adult population of Bangladesh. STUDY DESIGN This study analysed cross-sectional nationwide Bangladesh Demographic and Health Survey data from 2011. Comorbidity was defined as the coexistence of both DM and hypertension. Several socioeconomic and demographic factors such as age, sex, education, geographic location, administrative division, employment status, education and wealth index were considered as major explanatory variables. Inequality in prevalence and healthcare utilisation was measured using the 'Lorenz curve'. Adjusted multiple logistic regression models were performed to observe the effects of different factors and reported as adjusted ORs (AORs) with 95% CIs. A p value of <0.05 was adopted as the level of statistical significance. SETTING The study was conducted in Bangladesh. PARTICIPANTS A total of 7521 adult participants with availability of biomarkers information were included. RESULTS The mean age of the study participants was 51.4 years (SD ±13.0). The prevalence of hypertension, diabetes and comorbidity were 29.7%, 11.0% and 4.5% respectively. Socioeconomic inequality was observed in the utilisation of healthcare services. A higher prevalence of hypertension and comorbidity was significantly associated with individuals aged >70 years (AOR 7.0, 95% CI 5.0 to 9.9; AOR 6.7, 95% CI 3.0 to 14.9). The risk of having hypertension, diabetes and comorbidity were significantly higher among more educated, unemployed as well as among individuals from Khulna division. CONCLUSIONS The study revealed a rising prevalence of hypertension, diabetes and comorbidity with inequality in service utilisation. A joint effort involving public, private and non-governmental organisations is necessary to ensure improved accessibility in service utilisation and to reduce the disease burden.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nausad Ali
- Health Systems and Population Studies Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Raisul Akram
- Bangladesh Institute of Development Studies, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Nurnabi Sheikh
- Institute of Health Economics, University of Dhaka, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | | | - Marufa Sultana
- Nutrition and Clinical Services Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh
- Deakin Health Economics, School of Health and Social Development, Deakin University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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Wangdi K, Jamtsho T. Risk factors for self-reported diabetes among Bhutanese adults: A nationally representative survey data analysis. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0206034. [PMID: 30439962 PMCID: PMC6237308 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0206034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2017] [Accepted: 10/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Bhutan, a small land-locked country in the eastern Himalayas has been undergoing an epidemiological and nutritional transition in the last two decades. The objective of this paper was to determine the prevalence and explore the risk factors of self-reported diabetes among Bhutanese adults. Methods We conducted a secondary data analysis among adults 18 years and older Bhutanese using the data from the National Health Survey 2012 (NHS, 2012) of Bhutan. The self-reported information on risk factors was obtained using standard protocols of the WHO STEPwise approach to Surveillance. The outcome of interest was self-reported diabetes on medication. Adjusted and unadjusted logistic regression analyses were performed to identify the risk factor of diabetes. Results A total of 31,066 participants aged 18 years and older were included for the analysis. The prevalence of self-reported hypertension was 1.8% (491). Risk factors for diabetes were: age groups: 35–44 years adjusted odds ratio (AOR) = 2.82 (95% CI, 1.07, 7.41), 45–54 years AOR = 6.02 (95% CI, 2.29, 15.83), 55–64 year AOR = 15.7 (95% CI 5.93, 41.55) and >65 years AOR = 19.60 (95% CI, 6.93, 55.71); high school and diploma/certificate education AOR = 2.57, (95% CI 1.62, 4.07) and AOR = 3.92 (95% CI 1.70, 9.07); and urban dwellers AOR = 2.37, (95% 1.58, 3.57); hypertension AOR = 3.3, (95% CI 2.47, 4.41); and fruit servings of 1–3 per week AOR = 1.63 (95% CI 1.15, 2.31). Conclusion The number of Bhutanese adults with diabetes and co-morbidities associated with it is likely to increase with the ageing of the population, nutrition transition, and high rural-urban migration in the near future. This calls for an urgent need to implement strategies to prevent diabetes in the Bhutanese population targeting risk factors including healthy lifestyle with increased physical activities and reduced smoking. At the same time treating other chronic morbidities including hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kinley Wangdi
- Phuentsholing General Hospital, Phuentsholing, Bhutan
- Department of Global Health, Research School of Population Health, College of Health and Medicine, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
- * E-mail:
| | - Tshering Jamtsho
- School of Demography, ANU College of Arts & Social Sciences, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
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Prevalence of metabolic syndrome in Bangladesh: a systematic review and meta-analysis of the studies. BMC Public Health 2018; 18:308. [PMID: 29499672 PMCID: PMC5833131 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-018-5209-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2017] [Accepted: 02/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Metabolic syndrome (MS) is a cluster of health problems that set the stage for serious health conditions and places individuals at higher risk of cardiovascular disease, diabetes and stroke. The worldwide prevalence of MS in the adult population is on the rise and Bangladesh is no exception. According to some epidemiological study, MS is highly prevalent in Bangladesh and has increased dramatically in last few decades. To provide a clear picture of the current situation, we conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis with an objective to assess the prevalence of metabolic syndrome among the Bangladeshi population using data already published in the scientific literature. Methods We searched MEDLINE, EMBASE and PubMed and manually checked references of all identified relevant publications that described the prevalence of MS in Bangladesh. Random effects meta-analysis was used to pool the prevalence. Heterogeneity was explored using formal tests and subgroup analyses. Study quality and publication bias was also explored. Results Electronic and grey literature search retrieved 491 potentially relevant papers. After removing duplicates, reviewing titles and abstracts and screening full texts, 10 studies were finally selected. Most of the studies were conducted in rural populations and study participants were mostly females. The weighted pooled prevalence of metabolic syndrome regardless of gender and criteria used to define metabolic syndrome, was 30.0% with high heterogeneity observed. Weighted pooled prevalence of metabolic syndrome is higher in females (32%) compared to males (25%) though not statistically significant (p = 0.434). Prevalence was highest (37%) when Modified NCEP ATP III criteria was used to define MS, while it was lowest (20%) when WHO criteria was used. In most cases, geographical area (urban/rural) was identified as a source of heterogeneity between the studies. Most of the studies met study quality assessment criteria’s except adequate sample size criteria and evidence of small study effect was also detected. Conclusions The prevalence of metabolic syndrome is high and rising in Bangladesh. Strategies aimed at primary prevention are required to mitigate a further increase in the prevalence and for the reduction of the morbidity and mortality associated with metabolic syndrome. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12889-018-5209-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Chowdhury SH, Karim MN, Selim S, Ahmed F, Azad AK, Maksud SA, Rahaman MFU, Uddin MF, Chowdhury MAJ. Risk of depression among Bangladeshi type 2 diabetic patients. Diabetes Metab Syndr 2017; 11 Suppl 2:S1009-S1012. [PMID: 28736257 DOI: 10.1016/j.dsx.2017.07.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2017] [Accepted: 07/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The objective of this study was to examine the strength and consistency of the relationship between depression and diabetes in Bangladeshi population. METHODS The study was conducted at the medicine department of Bangabandhu Shiekh Mujib Medical University (BSMMU) during May 2012 to May 2013. Equal number of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) patients and non-diabetic subjects (patient attendants) were recruited from outpatient department matching for age (±2 years) and gender. Demographic and anthropometric data were collected from all the subjects. Depression was assessed using, Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) questionnaire. A subject with a score above 8 was considered as depressive. Baseline characteristics of diabetic and non-diabetic participants were compared using chi square test. Multivariable logistic regression was performed to assess the association between diabetes and depression adjusting for all plausible confounders in the model. RESULTS 24.8% non-diabetic and 56.2% diabetic subjects were found to have depression. Statistically significant difference was found in income, waist-to-hip ratio between diabetic and non-diabetic subjects (P<0.001). Diabetic patients show 7-fold greater odds of having depression in comparison to their non-diabetic counterpart [OR 7.0, 95% CI (3.4, 14.3)]. Female gender appeared as significant predictor of depression [OR 4.3, 95% CI (2.1, 8.9)]. CONCLUSIONS In Bangladeshi population, people with diabetes are 7 times more likely to have co-existing depression in comparison to non-diabetic subjects. Further studies are required to establish the nature of the relationship between depression and T2DM.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - M N Karim
- Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Medicine Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University, Australia.
| | - S Selim
- Department of Endocrinology, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - F Ahmed
- National Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - A K Azad
- Department of Internal Medicine, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - S A Maksud
- Department of Psychiatry, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - M F U Rahaman
- Department of Internal Medicine, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - M F Uddin
- Department of Endocrinology, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - M A J Chowdhury
- Department of Internal Medicine, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
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Saquib N, Saquib J, Alhadlag A, Albakour MA, Aljumah B, Sughayyir M, Alhomidan Z, Alminderej O, Aljaser M, Al-Dhlawiy AM, Al-Mazrou A. Health benefits of Quran memorization for older men. SAGE Open Med 2017; 5:2050312117740990. [PMID: 29163949 PMCID: PMC5686875 DOI: 10.1177/2050312117740990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2017] [Accepted: 10/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective To examine the association between Quran memorization and health among older men. Methods This cross-sectional study included older Saudi men (age ≥ 55 years) from Buraidah, Al-Qassim. The neighborhoods were selected randomly (20 out of 96); eligible men from the mosques were recruited. Demographics, lifestyle, and depression were assessed with standardized questionnaires; height, weight, blood pressure, and random blood glucose (glucometer) were measured with standard protocol. Results The mean and standard deviation for age, body mass index, and Quran memorization were 63 years (7.5), 28.9 kg/m2 (4.8), and 4.3 sections (6.9). Prevalence of hypertension, diabetes, and depression were 71%, 29%, and 22%, respectively. Those who memorized at least 10 sections of Quran were 64%, 71%, and 81% less likely to have hypertension, diabetes, and depression compared to those who memorized less than 0.5 sections, after controlling for covariates. Conclusion There was a strong linear association between Quran memorization and hypertension, diabetes, and depression indicating that those who had memorized a larger portion of the Quran were less likely to have one of these chronic diseases. Future studies should explore the potential health benefits of Quran memorization and the underlying mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nazmus Saquib
- College of Medicine, Sulaiman Al-Rajhi Colleges, Al Bukayriyah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Juliann Saquib
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, College of Medicine, Qassim University, Buraidah, Saudi Arabia
| | | | | | - Bader Aljumah
- College of Medicine, Sulaiman Al-Rajhi Colleges, Al Bukayriyah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed Sughayyir
- College of Medicine, Sulaiman Al-Rajhi Colleges, Al Bukayriyah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ziad Alhomidan
- College of Medicine, Sulaiman Al-Rajhi Colleges, Al Bukayriyah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Omar Alminderej
- College of Medicine, Sulaiman Al-Rajhi Colleges, Al Bukayriyah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohamed Aljaser
- College of Medicine, Sulaiman Al-Rajhi Colleges, Al Bukayriyah, Saudi Arabia
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Ahmed S, Ahmed T, Sharmin T, Ahmed N. Prevalence of diabetic-hypertensive patients in the current population of Dhaka City. J Public Health (Oxf) 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s10389-017-0804-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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Saleh R, Zahid ZI, Rahman MA, Jain P, Alam A, Kawaichi M, Reza HM. Prevalence of PPAR-γ2 (rs1801282), RETN (rs3745367) and ADIPOQ (rs2241766) SNP markers in the Bangladeshi type 2 diabetic population. Meta Gene 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mgene.2016.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
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Cullen MR, Baiocchi M, Eggleston K, Loftus P, Fuchs V. The weaker sex? Vulnerable men and women's resilience to socio-economic disadvantage. SSM Popul Health 2016; 2:512-524. [PMID: 29349167 PMCID: PMC5757782 DOI: 10.1016/j.ssmph.2016.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2016] [Revised: 06/28/2016] [Accepted: 06/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Sex differences in mortality vary over time and place as a function of social, health, and medical circumstances. The magnitude of these variations, and their response to large socioeconomic changes, suggest that biological differences cannot fully account for sex differences in survival. Drawing on a wide swath of mortality data across countries and over time, we develop a set of empiric observations with which any theory about excess male mortality and its correlates will have to contend. We show that as societies develop, M/F survival first declines and then increases, a "sex difference in mortality transition" embedded within the demographic and epidemiologic transitions. After the onset of this transition, cross-sectional variation in excess male mortality exhibits a consistent pattern of greater female resilience to mortality under socio-economic adversity. The causal mechanisms underlying these associations merit further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark R. Cullen
- Stanford University School of Medicine, 1070 Arastradero Rd X276, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA
- NBER, USA
| | - Michael Baiocchi
- Stanford University Medical School Office Building, Room 318, 1265 Welch Road, Mail Code 5411, Stanford, CA 94305-5411, USA
| | - Karen Eggleston
- Stanford University and NBER, Shorenstein Asia-Pacific Research Center, FSI, 616 Serra Street, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Pooja Loftus
- Stanford University Medical School Office Building, 1265 Welch Road, Mail Code 5411, Stanford, CA 94305-5411, USA
| | - Victor Fuchs
- Stanford Institute for Economic Policy Research and NBER, 366 Galvez Street, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
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Double Trouble: Prevalence and Factors Associated with Tuberculosis and Diabetes Comorbidity in Bangladesh. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0165396. [PMID: 27798659 PMCID: PMC5087880 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0165396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2016] [Accepted: 10/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Diabetes among tuberculosis patients increases the risk of tuberculosis treatment failure, death, and development of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis. Yet, there is no data is available in Bangladesh on the prevalence of diabetes among tuberculosis patients. The objective of the current study was to estimate prevalence and identify factors associated with tuberculosis-diabetes co-morbidity among TB patients enrolled in the Directly Observed Treatment, Short course program. Methods A community based cross-sectional quantitative study was conducted among 1910 tuberculosis patients living in six urban and eleven rural areas among whom Oral Glucose Tolerance Test (those who fasted) and Random Blood Sugar test (those who did not fast) were performed. Besides glucose levels, data on socio-demographic information, family history of diabetes and anthropometric measurements (height and weight) were also collected. Result Among the 1910 TB patients who participated in screening for diabetes, 245 (12.8%) were found to have diabetes and 296 (15.5%) to have pre-diabetes. Out of those who had diabetes, 34.7% were newly diagnosed through the current study and 65.3% already knew their status. Among those who were found to have prediabetes, 27 (9.1%) had impaired Fasting Blood Glucose (FBG), 230 (77.7%) had Impaired Glucose Tolerance (IGT), and 39 (13.2%) had both Impaired FBG and IGT. Older age, higher BMI, higher education (secondary level and above), being married, participation in less active work, and family history of diabetes are associated with higher prevalence of diabetes. Conclusion We observed a higher prevalence of diabetes and pre-diabetes in TB patients than reported previously in Bangladesh among the general population which may challenge TB and diabetes control in Bangladesh. Diabetes diagnosis, treatment and care should be integrated in the National TB Program.
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Fatema K, Zwar NA, Milton AH, Ali L, Rahman B. Prevalence of Risk Factors for Cardiovascular Diseases in Bangladesh: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0160180. [PMID: 27494706 PMCID: PMC4975457 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0160180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2015] [Accepted: 07/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Given the rising incidence of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) in Bangladesh, an improved understanding of the epidemiology of CVD risk factors is needed. Therefore, we reviewed published studies on CVD modifiable risk factors e.g., Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM), hypertension (HTN), dyslipidemia and smoking as well as studies on CVDs and conducted a meta-analysis of risk factors and disease prevalence. METHODS We searched the GLOBAL HEALTH, MEDLINE, EMBASE 'BanglaJol' databases for all studies in English on CVDs and its associated modifiable risk factors. Random effects meta-analysis methods were used to estimate pooled prevalence. RESULTS There were 74 eligible studies (outcome: T2DM = 32, HTN = 24, dyslipidaemia = 8 and smoking = 25; CVDs = 10). Due to high between study heterogeneity (p<0.001, I2> 95%) in the prevalence of CVD risk factors, we presented median and interquartile range (IQR) instead of the pooled estimates as the summary measures. Median (IQR) prevalence of T2DM, HTN, dyslipidemia and smoking were 5.9% (1.97%-8.25%); 15.1% (10.52%-17.60%); 34.35% (10.66%-48.50%) and 40.56% (0.80%-55.95%), respectively. The prevalence of T2DM and dyslipidemia were significantly higher in urban compared to rural populations (13.5 vs 6%, p<0.001; 41.5 vs 30%, p = 0.007, respectively). CONCLUSIONS The prevalence of risk factors for CVDs is high in Bangladesh, more so in urban areas. Ageing of the population may be a factor but urbanization seems to have an influence, possibly related to changes in dietary and physical activity patterns. Further research, in particular longitudinal studies, is needed to explore the complex interaction of these factors and to inform policies and programs for the prevention and management of CVDs in Bangladesh.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaniz Fatema
- The School of Public Health and Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
- Department of Epidemiology, Bangladesh University of Health Sciences (BUHS), 125/1 Darus Salam, Mirpur, Dhaka-1216, Bangladesh
| | - Nicholas Arnold Zwar
- The School of Public Health and Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Abul Hasnat Milton
- Centre for Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics (CCEB), The School of Medicine and Public Health, Faculty of Health and Medicine, The University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW 2008, Australia
| | - Liaquat Ali
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, BUHS, 125/1 Darus Salam, Mirpur, Dhaka-1216, Bangladesh
| | - Bayzidur Rahman
- The School of Public Health and Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
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Saquib J, Saquib N, Stefanick ML, Khanam MA, Anand S, Rahman M, Chertow GM, Barry M, Ahmed T, Cullen MR. Sex differences in obesity, dietary habits, and physical activity among urban middle-class Bangladeshis. Int J Health Sci (Qassim) 2016; 10:363-72. [PMID: 27610059 PMCID: PMC5003579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The sustained economic growth in Bangladesh during the previous decade has created a substantial middle-class population, who have adequate income to spend on food, clothing, and lifestyle management. Along with the improvements in living standards, has also come negative impact on health for the middle class. The study objective was to assess sex differences in obesity prevalence, diet, and physical activity among urban middle-class Bangladeshi. METHODS In this cross-sectional study, conducted in 2012, we randomly selected 402 adults from Mohammedpur, Dhaka. The sampling technique was multi-stage random sampling. We used standardized questionnaires for data collection and measured height, weight, and waist circumference. RESULTS Mean age (standard deviation) was 49.4 (12.7) years. The prevalence of both generalized (79% vs. 53%) and central obesity (85% vs. 42%) were significantly higher in women than men. Women reported spending more time watching TV and spending less time walking than men (p<.05); however, men reported a higher intake of unhealthy foods such as fast food and soft drinks. CONCLUSIONS We conclude that the prevalence of obesity is significantly higher in urban middle-class Bangladeshis than previous urban estimates, and the burden of obesity disproportionately affects women. Future research and public health efforts are needed to address this severe obesity problem and to promote active lifestyles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliann Saquib
- School of Medicine, Stanford University, USA
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, Qassim University, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nazmus Saquib
- College of Medicine, Sulaiman Al Rajhi Colleges, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Masuma Akter Khanam
- Centre for Control of Chronic Diseases, International Center on Diarrheal Diseases and Research (ICDDR, B), Dhaka, Bangladesh
- Centre for Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of Newcastle, Australia
| | | | | | | | | | - Tahmeed Ahmed
- Centre for Nutrition and Food Security, International Center on Diarrheal Diseases and Research (ICDDR, B), Dhaka, Bangladesh
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Shawon MSR, Hossain FB, Adhikary G, Das Gupta R, Hashan MR, Rabbi MF, Ahsan GU. Attitude towards diabetes and social and family support among type 2 diabetes patients attending a tertiary-care hospital in Bangladesh: a cross-sectional study. BMC Res Notes 2016; 9:286. [PMID: 27230084 PMCID: PMC4881197 DOI: 10.1186/s13104-016-2081-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2015] [Accepted: 05/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Bangladesh has been suffering from an epidemiological transition from infectious and maternal diseases to non-communicable lifestyle-related diseases like diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, cancers etc. The burden of diabetes has been increasing rapidly due to high incidence as well as poor glycemic control leading to various macro and micro-vascular complications. In this study, we aim to assess the attitude towards diabetes and social and family support among the Bangladeshi type 2 diabetic mellitus (T2DM) patients. Methods This was a cross-sectional study among 144 patients with T2DM at the medicine outpatient department of Dhaka Medical College Hospital (DMCH) in Dhaka, Bangladesh between 1 July and 31 July 2014. Data collection was done by interviewing patients using structured questionnaire. Understanding diabetes, education/advice received, attitude towards diabetes, family and friend support were measured by validated scales adapted from diabetes care profile. Results This study includes a total of 144 patients (101 males and 43 females) with type 2 diabetes aged between 20 and 84 years. 87 % of the patients had inadequate blood glucose control (fasting blood sugar >7.2 mmol/L or >130 mg/dl). Statistically significant differences were observed in the mean scores of various attitude scales (i.e. positive, negative, care ability and self-care adherence scale) among patients with adequate and inadequate blood glucose control (p < 0.05). Statistically significant positive correlations were found between these three categories of social and family support. Self-satisfaction with diabetic care was significantly associated with adequate blood glucose control (p = 0.05). Conclusions Positive attitude towards diabetes management and support from friends and family were associated with adequate diabetes management. Appropriate public health interventions should be designed to educate and motivate the family members to offer greater support to the diabetes patients.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Fariha Binte Hossain
- Department of Public Health, North South University, Bashundhara, Dhaka, 1229, Bangladesh
| | - Gourab Adhikary
- Department of Public Health, North South University, Bashundhara, Dhaka, 1229, Bangladesh
| | - Rajat Das Gupta
- Dhaka Medical College, Secretariate Rd, Dhaka, 1000, Bangladesh
| | | | - Md Fazla Rabbi
- Dhaka Medical College, Secretariate Rd, Dhaka, 1000, Bangladesh
| | - G U Ahsan
- Department of Public Health, North South University, Bashundhara, Dhaka, 1229, Bangladesh
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Biswas T, Islam A, Rawal LB, Islam SMS. Increasing prevalence of diabetes in Bangladesh: a scoping review. Public Health 2016; 138:4-11. [PMID: 27169347 DOI: 10.1016/j.puhe.2016.03.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2015] [Revised: 01/18/2016] [Accepted: 03/28/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The prevalence of type 2 diabetes is increasing rapidly in Bangladesh. However, studies documenting the increasing trend of diabetes prevalence are scarce. The aim of this study was to conduct a scoping review of published literature to ascertain the changing patterns of diabetes prevalence in Bangladesh. METHODOLOGY We conducted a scoping review based on York scoping reviews framework and performed a comprehensive search of published literature through Medline, BanglaJOL, and Google Scholar published between 1994 and 2013. We summarised and calculated the time trends and pooled prevalence for type 2 diabetes among adults (≥18 years) in both urban and rural areas in Bangladesh. RESULTS Of 152 studies identified, we included 22 studies for the scoping review which met the inclusion criteria. Overall, 11 studies (50%) were conducted in rural areas, eight in urban (36%) and three (14%) in semi-urban, semi-rural and tribal areas. The overall prevalence of type 2 diabetes ranged between 4.5% and 35.0%. The final estimate of diabetes prevalence obtained after pooling of data from individual studies among 51,252 participants was 7.4% (95% CI 7.2-7.7%). The prevalence of diabetes was higher in males compared to females in urban areas and vice-versa in rural areas. Analyses of exponential trend revealed an increasing trend of diabetes prevalence among urban and rural population at a rate of 0.05% (R = 0.18) and 0.06% (R = 0.35) per year, respectively. CONCLUSION The prevalence of type 2 diabetes showed an increasing trend in both urban and rural population in Bangladesh. Our findings suggest the need for an all-out effort by the government and stakeholders to implement preventive strategies for diabetes in Bangladesh.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Biswas
- International Center for Diarrhoeal Diseases Research, Bangladesh (ICDDR,B), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - A Islam
- International Center for Diarrhoeal Diseases Research, Bangladesh (ICDDR,B), Dhaka, Bangladesh; School of Health Policy & Management, Faculty of Health, York University, Toronto, Canada
| | - L B Rawal
- International Center for Diarrhoeal Diseases Research, Bangladesh (ICDDR,B), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - S M S Islam
- International Center for Diarrhoeal Diseases Research, Bangladesh (ICDDR,B), Dhaka, Bangladesh; Center for International Health (CIH), Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität (LMU), Munich, Germany; Cardiovascular Division, The George Institute for Global Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia.
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Alam DS, Talukder SH, Chowdhury MAH, Siddiquee AT, Ahmed S, Pervin S, Khan S, Hasan K, Koehlmoos TLP, Niessen LW. Overweight and abdominal obesity as determinants of undiagnosed diabetes and pre-diabetes in Bangladesh. BMC OBESITY 2016; 3:19. [PMID: 27004127 PMCID: PMC4797177 DOI: 10.1186/s40608-016-0099-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2015] [Accepted: 03/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Type 2 diabetes and pre-diabetes are an increasing pandemic globally and often remain undiagnosed long after onset in low-income settings. The objective of this study is to assess the determinants and prevalence of undiagnosed diabetes and pre-diabetes among adults in Bangladesh. METHODS In an exploratory study, we performed oral glucose tolerance test on 1243 adults ≥20 years of age from urban Mirpur, Dhaka (n = 518) and rural Matlab, Chandpur (n = 725) who had never been diagnosed with diabetes or pre-diabetes. We collected data on socioeconomic, demographic, past medical history, physical activity, and measured weight, height, waist and hip circumferences, and blood pressure. Risk factors associated with undiagnosed diabetes and pre-diabetes were examined using a multiple logistic regression model. RESULTS Overall prevalence of diabetes and pre-diabetes was 6.6 % (95 % CI 5.3, 8.1) and 16.6 % (14.5, 18.7) respectively, with both being significantly higher in urban than rural populations (diabetes 12.2 % vs 2.6 % respectively, p < 0.000; pre-diabetes 21.2 % vs 13.2 %, p < 0.001). After adjustment the variables, urban residence (OR 2.5 [95 % CI 1.02, 5.9]), age group 40-59 y (2.9 [1.7-5.2]), ≥60 y (8.1 [2.8-23.8]), overweight (2.2 [1.3-3.9]), abdominal obesity (3.3 [1.8-6.0]) and high WHR 5.6 (2.7-11.9) were all significant predictors of diabetes. Significant predictors of pre-diabetes included age group 40-59 (1.6 [1.1-2.2]), female sex (1.5 [1.0-2.2]), abdominal obesity (1.7 [1.2-2.4]) and high WHR (1.6 [1.2-2.3]). CONCLUSION Both overweight and abdominal obesity contribute to the hidden public health threat of undiagnosed diabetes and pre-diabetes. Awareness raising and screening of high risk groups combined with a tailored approach are essential for halting the epidemic of diabetes and pre-diabetes in Bangladesh.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dewan S Alam
- School of Kinesiology and Health Science, Faculty of Health York University, Room 362, Stong College, 4700 Keele St, Toronto, ON M3J 1P3 Canada
| | - Shamim H Talukder
- Eminence, Hena Nibash, 3/6, Asad Avenue, Mohammadpur, Dhaka 1207 Bangladesh
| | | | | | - Shyfuddin Ahmed
- Centre for Control of Chronic Diseases, icddr,b, Mohakhali, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Sonia Pervin
- Centre for Control of Chronic Diseases, icddr,b, Mohakhali, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Sushmita Khan
- Eminence, Hena Nibash, 3/6, Asad Avenue, Mohammadpur, Dhaka 1207 Bangladesh
| | - Khaled Hasan
- Centre for Control of Chronic Diseases, icddr,b, Mohakhali, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Tracey L P Koehlmoos
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Biostatistics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, 4301 Jones Bridge Road, Bethesda, Maryland, 20814-4799 USA
| | - Louis W Niessen
- Centre for Apllied Health Research and Delivery, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, L3 6PQ Liverpool, UK
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Treating Diabetes Mellitus: Pharmacophore Based Designing of Potential Drugs from Gymnema sylvestre against Insulin Receptor Protein. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2016; 2016:3187647. [PMID: 27034931 PMCID: PMC4806669 DOI: 10.1155/2016/3187647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2015] [Accepted: 01/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus (DM) is one of the most prevalent metabolic disorders which can affect the quality of life severely. Injectable insulin is currently being used to treat DM which is mainly associated with patient inconvenience. Small molecules that can act as insulin receptor (IR) agonist would be better alternatives to insulin injection. Herein, ten bioactive small compounds derived from Gymnema sylvestre (G. sylvestre) were chosen to determine their IR binding affinity and ADMET properties using a combined approach of molecular docking study and computational pharmacokinetic elucidation. Designing structural analogues were also performed for the compounds associated with toxicity and less IR affinity. Among the ten parent compounds, six were found to have significant pharmacokinetic properties with considerable binding affinity towards IR while four compounds were associated with toxicity and less IR affinity. Among the forty structural analogues, four compounds demonstrated considerably increased binding affinity towards IR and less toxicity compared with parent compounds. Finally, molecular interaction analysis revealed that six parent compounds and four analogues interact with the active site amino acids of IR. So this study would be a way to identify new therapeutics and alternatives to insulin for diabetic patients.
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Islam SMS, Mainuddin A, Islam MS, Karim MA, Mou SZ, Arefin S, Chowdhury KN. Prevalence of risk factors for hypertension: A cross-sectional study in an urban area of Bangladesh. Glob Cardiol Sci Pract 2015; 2015:43. [PMID: 26779518 PMCID: PMC4710872 DOI: 10.5339/gcsp.2015.43] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2015] [Accepted: 08/27/2015] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Hypertension is a major risk factor for several cardiovascular diseases (CVD). The prevalence of hypertension is increasing in Bangladesh, especially in urban areas. The objective of this study was to estimate the prevalence of hypertension and its risk factors in an urban area of Bangladesh. Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional survey involving participants aged ≥ 25 years in an urban area in Dhaka between June-December 2012, using multi-stage random sampling. Data on socioeconomic status, tobacco use, physical activity, diet, extra-salt use, family history of hypertension, CVD, anthropometric measurements and blood pressure were collected using modified WHO-STEPS protocol. Hypertension and pre-hypertension were defined according to JNC-7. Multiple logistic regressions models were used to identify risk factors associated with hypertension. Results: The overall age-adjusted prevalence hypertension and pre-hypertension among 730 participants was 23.7% and 19%, respectively, which was higher among males compared to females (23.6% vs 21.71% and 21.7% vs 17.0%, respectively). Bivariate analysis showed significant relationship of hypertension with age, BMI, no physical activity, tobacco use, extra salt intake and family history of stroke/cardiovascular disease. In the multivariate model, factors significantly associated with hypertension were older age (OR 19.18, 95% CI 13.58–28.11), smoking (OR 3.47, 95% CI 2.85–5.19), extra salt intake (OR 1.13, 95% CI 1.04–2.21), and high waist circumference (OR 3.41, 95% CI 2.81–5.29). Conclusions: The prevalence of hypertension and pre-hypertension was high among our study participants. Population-based intervention programs and policies for increased awareness about the risk factors, and life-style modification are essential for prevention of hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiekh Mohammed Shariful Islam
- International Center for Diarrheal Disease Research, Bangladesh (ICDDR-B), Dhaka, Bangladesh; Center for International Health (CIH), Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität (LMU), Munich, Germany
| | - Akm Mainuddin
- International Center for Diarrheal Disease Research, Bangladesh (ICDDR-B), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Md Serajul Islam
- Department of Community Medicine, Ad-din Sakina Medical College, Jessore, Bangladesh
| | | | | | - Shamsul Arefin
- International Center for Diarrheal Disease Research, Bangladesh (ICDDR-B), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Kamrun Nahar Chowdhury
- National Centre for Control of Rheumatic Fever and Heart Disease (NCCRFHD), Dhaka, Bangladesh
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Kreatsoulas C, Corsi DJ, Subramanian SV. Commentary: The salience of socioeconomic status in assessing cardiovascular disease and risk in low- and middle-income countries. Int J Epidemiol 2015; 44:1636-47. [PMID: 26493737 DOI: 10.1093/ije/dyv182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Daniel J Corsi
- Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada and
| | - S V Subramanian
- Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
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Obesity and associated type 2 diabetes and hypertension in factory workers of Bangladesh. BMC Res Notes 2015; 8:460. [PMID: 26386828 PMCID: PMC4575450 DOI: 10.1186/s13104-015-1377-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2014] [Accepted: 08/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Recent data suggest that the prevalence of obesity and its associate cardiometabolic risks are increasing in Bangladesh. Published data of obesity in Bangladeshi industry workers is scarce. The purpose of this study was to assess the prevalence of general and central obesity in Bangladeshi factory workers and their associations with diabetes and hypertension. Methods A total of 791 male factory workers aged ≥20 years in capital Dhaka city of Bangladesh were investigated in a population-based cross-sectional survey. According to the International Association for the Study of Obesity and the International Obesity Task Force guidelines for Asian population, general obesity was defined as body mass index (BMI) ≥25 kg/m2, central obesity was defined as a waist circumference (WC) of ≥90 cm and waist hip ratio (WHR) of ≥0.90. Pearson’s correlation coefficient and logistic regression analysis were used to observe the association between anthropometric indices (BMI, WC and WHR) and cardiometabolic risk indicators (FBG, 2hBG, SBP and DBP). Results The prevalence of overweight (BMI 23–24.9 kg/m2) and general obesity (BMI ≥25 kg/m2) in this study population was 29.8 and 43.5 % respectively. Central obesity defined by WC and WHR was 35.3 and 78.3 % respectively. Both general and central obesity were found to be significantly associated with diabetes and hypertension in separate logistic regression analyses. Conclusion The prevalence of general and central obesity in Bangladeshi factory workers was high, and it was associated with diabetes and hypertension.
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Fatema K, Zwar NA, Zeba Z, Milton AH, Rahman B, Ali L. Clinical and biochemical characterization of high risk and not high risk for cardiovascular disease adults in a population from peripheral region of Bangladesh. BMC Public Health 2015; 15:559. [PMID: 26084331 PMCID: PMC4471932 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-015-1919-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2015] [Accepted: 06/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background A group of 63708 Bangladeshi adults from a rural area were screened in 2011–12 for cardiovascular diseases (CVD) risk using a questionnaire based tool developed as part of the ‘WHO CVD-RISK Management Package for low-and medium resource setting’. In the current study participants who were found to be high risk and a sample of the not high risk participants from the screening were further characterized clinically and biochemically to explore the burden and determinants of CVD risk factors in a remote rural Bangladeshi population. Methods The high risk participants comprised all 1170 subjects who screened positive in 2011–12 and the not high risk group comprised 563 randomly sampled participants from the 62538 who screened negative. Socio-demographic, behavioral, anthropometric, clinical and biochemical data (glucose and lipids) were collected by standardized procedures. Body Mass Index (BMI) was classified following Asian BMI criteria. Data was analyzed using univariable and multivariable methods. Results On univariable analysis in high risk and not high risk participants respectively, age in years (M ± SD) was 50 ± 11 for both groups, ratio of male: female was 40:60 and 66:44, current smoking 28.5 % and 50.6 %; smokeless tobacco use 37.1 % and 34.8 %; overweight and obesity measured by body mass index (BMI) was 39.1 % and 20.5 %; high waist circumference (WC) 36.1 % and 11.9 %; high waist to hip ratio (WHR) 53.8 % and 26.3 %; and with high waist to height ratio (WHtR) 56.4 % and 28.4 %, existence of hypertension (HTN) was 15.8 % and 3.6 %, pre-HTN 43.8 % and 12.1 %, diabetes (DM) 14.0 % and 10.5 %, pre-DM 16.9 % and 12.1 % and dyslipidaemia 85.8 % and 89.5 %. In multivariable logistic regression analysis female sex, BMI, WC, WHR and WHtR, HTN and dyslipidaemia remain significantly more common among high risk participants (p < 0.05 and p < 0.001). Conclusions The prevalence of clinical and biochemical risk factors of CVDs are quite high even in this rural population and this may be related to the socioeconomic and cultural transition in Bangladeshi society. Surprisingly more of the high risk group was female and there were fewer smokers. Obesity and hypertension were more frequent in high risk participants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaniz Fatema
- Department of Epidemiology, Bangladesh University of Health Sciences (BUHS), 125/1, Darus Salam, Mirpur, Dhaka, 1216, Bangladesh. .,The School of Public Health and Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia.
| | - Nicholas Arnold Zwar
- The School of Public Health and Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia.
| | - Zebunnesa Zeba
- Department of Biochemistry, BUHS, 125/1 Darus Salam, Mirpur, Dhaka, 1216, Bangladesh.
| | - Abul Hasnat Milton
- Centre for Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics (CCEB), The School of Medicine and Public Health, Faculty of Health, The University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW 2008, Australia.
| | - Bayzidur Rahman
- The School of Public Health and Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia.
| | - Liaquat Ali
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, BUHS, 125/1 Darus Salam, Mirpur, Dhaka, 1216, Bangladesh.
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Tareque MI, Koshio A, Tiedt AD, Hasegawa T. Are the rates of hypertension and diabetes higher in people from lower socioeconomic status in Bangladesh? Results from a nationally representative survey. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0127954. [PMID: 26017066 PMCID: PMC4446365 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0127954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2015] [Accepted: 04/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective A well-established belief regarding inequalities in health around the world is that hypertension and diabetes are higher in groups of lower socioeconomic status. We examined whether rates of hypertension, diabetes, and the coexistence of hypertension and diabetes are higher in people from a lower socioeconomic status than in those from a higher socioeconomic status in Bangladesh. Methods We investigated a nationally representative dataset from the 2011 Bangladesh Demographic and Health Survey with objective measures for hypertension and diabetes. A wealth index was constructed from data on household assets using principal components analysis. Chi-square tests and logistic regressions were performed to test the associations between wealth level, hypertension and diabetes. Findings People from the highest wealth quintile were significantly more likely to have hypertension (Adjusted odds ratios [AOR] = 1.65, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.22-2.25), diabetes (AOR = 1.81, 95% CI = 1.21-2.71), and the coexistence of hypertension and diabetes (AOR = 2.17, 95% CI = 1.05-4.49) than people from the lowest wealth quintile. The odds of having hypertension, diabetes, and their coexistence were higher for older people, women, people who engaged in less physical labor, and people who were overweight and obese. Conclusion Wealthier people, particularly people from the fourth and highest wealth quintiles, should be careful to avoid unhealthy lifestyles to prevent hypertension and diabetes. Health policy makers and planners are urged to target wealthier strata in terms of hypertension and diabetes initiatives while paying special attention to older people, women, people who engage in less physical labor, and individuals who are overweight.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md. Ismail Tareque
- Department of Population Science and Human Resource Development, University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi, Bangladesh
- * E-mail:
| | | | - Andrew D. Tiedt
- United States Department of Justice, Washington, DC, United States of America
| | - Toshihiko Hasegawa
- Department of Health Policy and Management, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo, Japan
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Islam SMS, Alam DS, Wahiduzzaman M, Niessen LW, Froeschl G, Ferrari U, Seissler J, Rouf HMA, Lechner A. Clinical characteristics and complications of patients with type 2 diabetes attending an urban hospital in Bangladesh. Diabetes Metab Syndr 2015; 9:7-13. [PMID: 25450814 DOI: 10.1016/j.dsx.2014.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To investigate the clinical features of patients with type 2 diabetes on oral medication and determine the complications and risk factors in these patients. METHODS A cross-sectional was conducted among 515 patients with type 2 diabetes at the outpatient clinics of Bangladesh Institute of Health Science (BIHS) hospital from September to December 2013. We collected data on socio-economic characteristics, clinical status, risk factors, complications, anthropometric measurements and blood tests. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression was performed to identify risk factors associated with diabetes complications. RESULTS The mean(±SD) age of the participants was 50.0(±10.1) years and 15.3% were less than 40 years. The mean HbA1c was 8.3(±2.1). Only 28.7% of the participants achieved targets for HbA1c. The overall prevalence of hypertension, obesity and dyslipidemia was 57.5%, 62.6% and 72.7%, respectively. Eye problems were the most common complication (68.9%) followed by chronic kidney diseases (21.3%) and cardiovascular diseases (11.8%). There were significant associations between the complications and age, duration of diabetes and duration of hypertension. In the multivariate analysis adjusting for other confounding variables, only systolic blood pressure was found to be significantly associated with complications [OR 0.809, 95% CI 0.666-0.981 (p-value 0.031)]. CONCLUSION Results of the study confirm that even under best clinical settings a great majority Bangladeshi adults with type 2 diabetes have uncontrolled diabetes and a high prevalence of risk factors that might contribute to early development of complications. Early screening of high risk groups and proper management of diabetes is recommended to avoid early complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheikh Mohammed Shariful Islam
- Center for Control of Chronic Diseases (CCCD), Icddr,b, Dhaka, Bangladesh; Center for International Health, Ludwig-Maximilians University, Munich, Germany.
| | - Dewan S Alam
- Center for Control of Chronic Diseases (CCCD), Icddr,b, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | | | | | - Guenter Froeschl
- Center for International Health, Ludwig-Maximilians University, Munich, Germany
| | - Uta Ferrari
- Center for International Health, Ludwig-Maximilians University, Munich, Germany
| | - Jochen Seissler
- Center for International Health, Ludwig-Maximilians University, Munich, Germany
| | - H M A Rouf
- Bangladesh Institute of Health Science (BIHS), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Andreas Lechner
- Center for International Health, Ludwig-Maximilians University, Munich, Germany
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Kyari F, Tafida A, Sivasubramaniam S, Murthy GVS, Peto T, Gilbert CE. Prevalence and risk factors for diabetes and diabetic retinopathy: results from the Nigeria national blindness and visual impairment survey. BMC Public Health 2014; 14:1299. [PMID: 25523434 PMCID: PMC4301086 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2458-14-1299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2014] [Accepted: 12/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In Nigeria, urbanisation and increasing life expectancy are likely to increase the incidence of non-communicable diseases. As the epidemic of diabetes matures, visual loss from diabetic retinopathy (DR) will increase unless mechanisms for early detection and treatment improve, and health systems respond to the growing burden of non-communicable diseases. METHODS A nationally-representative population-based sample of 13,591 participants aged ≥40 years selected by multistage-stratified-cluster-random-sampling with probability-proportional-to-size procedures were examined in 305 clusters in Nigeria between January 2005 to June 2007. All were asked about history of diabetes and underwent basic eye examination. Visual acuity (VA) was measured using logMAR E-chart. Participants with VA<6/12 and/or DR detected underwent detailed eye examination including dilated retinal examination and retinal photography. Systematic sampling of 1-in-7 gave a subsample (n=1759) examined in detail regardless of VA; and had random blood glucose (RBG) testing. Images were graded by Moorfields Eye Hospital Reading Centre. Participants were defined as having diabetes if they were previously diagnosed or RBG>11.1mmol/l or had DR. Data in the subsample were used to estimate the prevalence and to analyse risk factors for diabetes and DR using multivariable logistic regression. Additional information on the types of DR was obtained from participants not in the subsample. RESULTS In the subsample, 164 participants were excluded due to missing data; and 1,595 analysed. 52/1,595 had diabetes, a prevalence of 3.3% (95%CI 2.5-4.3%); and 25/52(48%) did not know. Media opacity in 8/52 precluded retinal examination. 9/44(20.5%) had DR. Higher prevalence of diabetes was associated with urban residence (Odds ratio [OR]1.87) and overweight/obesity (OR3.02/4.43 respectively). Although not statistically significant, DR was associated with hypertension (OR3.49) and RBG>15.0mmol/L (OR8.10). Persons with diabetes had 3 times greater odds of blindness. Of 11,832 other participants in the study sample, 175(1.5%) had history of diabetes; 28 had DR. Types of DR (total=37) included 10.8% proliferative, 51.4% macular oedema. CONCLUSION The age-adjusted prevalence of diabetes in Nigeria was 3.25% (95%CI 2.50-4.30) and over 10% of people with diabetes aged ≥40 years had sight-threatening-DR. These data will enable the development of better public health strategies for the control of diabetes and planning services for DR to prevent vision loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatima Kyari
- />International Centre for Eye Health, Department of Clinical Research, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
- />Department of Ophthalmology, College of Health Sciences, University of Abuja, Abuja, Nigeria
| | | | - Selvaraj Sivasubramaniam
- />Medical Statistics Team, Division of Applied Health Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
| | - Gudlavalleti VS Murthy
- />International Centre for Eye Health, Department of Clinical Research, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
- />Indian Institute of Public Health, Public Health Foundation of India, Hyderabad, Andra Pradesh India
| | - Tunde Peto
- />Moorfields Eye Hospital, London, UK
- />NIHR Biomedical Research Centre at Moorfields Eye Hospital and UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, London, UK
| | - Clare E Gilbert
- />International Centre for Eye Health, Department of Clinical Research, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - The Nigeria National Blindness and Visual Impairment Study Group
- />International Centre for Eye Health, Department of Clinical Research, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
- />Department of Ophthalmology, College of Health Sciences, University of Abuja, Abuja, Nigeria
- />Ministry of Health, Dutse, Jigawa State Nigeria
- />Medical Statistics Team, Division of Applied Health Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
- />Indian Institute of Public Health, Public Health Foundation of India, Hyderabad, Andra Pradesh India
- />Moorfields Eye Hospital, London, UK
- />NIHR Biomedical Research Centre at Moorfields Eye Hospital and UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, London, UK
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Hossain AI, Faisal M, Rahman S, Jahan R, Rahmatullah M. A preliminary evaluation of antihyperglycemic and analgesic activity of Alternanthera sessilis aerial parts. Altern Ther Health Med 2014; 14:169. [PMID: 24885344 PMCID: PMC4035668 DOI: 10.1186/1472-6882-14-169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2014] [Accepted: 05/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Background Alternanthera sessilis is used by folk medicinal practitioners of Bangladesh for alleviation of severe pain. The objective of this study was to scientifically analyze the analgesic (non-narcotic) property of aerial parts of the plant along with antihyperglycemic activity. Methods Antihyperglycemic activity was measured by oral glucose tolerance tests. Analgesic (non-narcotic) activity was determined by observed decreases in abdominal writhings in intraperitoneally administered acetic acid-induced pain model in mice. Results Administration of methanol extract of aerial parts led to dose-dependent and significant reductions in blood glucose levels in glucose-loaded mice. At doses of 50, 100, 200 and 400 mg per kg body weight, the extract reduced blood sugar levels by 22.9, 30.7, 45.4 and 46.1%, respectively compared to control animals. By comparison, a standard antihyperglycemic drug, glibenclamide, when administered at a dose of 10 mg per kg body weight, reduced blood glucose level by 48.9%. In analgesic activity tests, the extract at the above four doses reduced the number of abdominal writhings by 27.6, 37.9, 41.4, and 44.8%, respectively. A standard analgesic drug, aspirin, reduced the number of writhings by 31.0 and 51.7%, respectively, when administered at doses of 200 and 400 mg per kg body weight. Conclusion The results validate the folk medicinal use of the plant to alleviate pain. At the same time, the antihyperglycemic activity result suggests that the plant may be a potential source for blood sugar lowering drug(s).
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