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Wang W, Zhao T, Geng K, Yuan G, Chen Y, Xu Y. Smoking and the Pathophysiology of Peripheral Artery Disease. Front Cardiovasc Med 2021; 8:704106. [PMID: 34513948 PMCID: PMC8429807 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2021.704106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2021] [Accepted: 07/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Smoking is one of the most important preventable factors causing peripheral artery disease (PAD). The purpose of this review is to comprehensively analyze and summarize the pathogenesis and clinical characteristics of smoking in PAD based on existing clinical, in vivo, and in vitro studies. Extensive searches and literature reviews have shown that a large amount of data exists on the pathological process underlying the effects of cigarette smoke and its components on PAD through various mechanisms. Cigarette smoke extracts (CSE) induce endothelial cell dysfunction, smooth muscle cell remodeling and macrophage phenotypic transformation through multiple molecular mechanisms. These pathological changes are the molecular basis for the occurrence and development of peripheral vascular diseases. With few discussions on the topic, we will summarize recent insights into the effect of smoking on regulating PAD through multiple pathways and its possible pathogenic mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiming Wang
- The State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, China.,Department of General Surgery (Vascular Surgery), The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Medical Electrophysiology, Ministry of Education and Medical Electrophysiological Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Institute of Cardiovascular Research, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Tingting Zhao
- The State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, China
| | - Kang Geng
- The State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, China
| | - Gang Yuan
- The State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, China
| | - Yue Chen
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Youhua Xu
- The State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, China
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Rajendra KC, Zosky GR, Shukla SD, O’Toole RF. A cost-effective technique for generating preservable biomass smoke extract and measuring its effect on cell receptor expression in human bronchial epithelial cells. Biol Methods Protoc 2018; 3:bpy010. [PMID: 32161803 PMCID: PMC6994070 DOI: 10.1093/biomethods/bpy010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2018] [Revised: 08/02/2018] [Accepted: 08/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Nearly half of the world’s population uses biomass fuel for the purposes of cooking and heating. Smoke derived from biomass increases the risk of the development of lung diseases, including pneumonia, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, airway tract infections, and lung cancer. Despite the evidence linking biomass smoke exposure to pulmonary disease, only a small number of experimental studies have been conducted on the impact of biomass smoke on airway epithelial cells. This is in part due to the lack of a standard and easily accessible procedure for the preparation of biomass smoke. Here, we describe a cost-effective and reproducible method for the generation of different smoke extracts, in particular, cow dung smoke extract (CDSE) and wood smoke extract (WSE) for use in a range of biological applications. We examined the effect of the biomass smoke extracts on human bronchial epithelial cell expression of a known responder to cigarette smoke exposure (CSE), the platelet-activating factor receptor (PAFR). Similar to the treatment with CSE, we observed a dose-dependent increase in PAFR expression on human airway epithelial cells that were exposed to CDSE and WSE. This method provides biomass smoke in a re-usable form for cell and molecular bioscience studies on the pathogenesis of chronic lung disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- K C Rajendra
- College of Health and Medicine, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Graeme R Zosky
- College of Health and Medicine, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Shakti D Shukla
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Ronan F O’Toole
- College of Health and Medicine, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
- Correspondence address: School of Medicine, College of Health and Medicine, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS 7000, Australia. Tel: +61-3-62266974; E-mail:
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Zhang M, Zhang Z, Xie X, Yao Q, Liu J, Lai B, Xiao L, Wang N. Xenobiotic pregnane X receptor promotes neointimal formation in balloon-injured rat carotid arteries. J Cell Physiol 2018; 234:4342-4351. [PMID: 30132884 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.27215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2018] [Accepted: 07/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Pregnane X receptor (PXR) is a member of nuclear receptor superfamily and responsible for the detoxification of xenobiotics. Recent studies demonstrated that PXR was also expressed in the vasculature and protected the vessels from endogenous and exogenous insults, thus representing a novel gatekeeper in vascular defense. In this study, we examined the potential function of PXR in the neointimal formation following vascular injury. In the rat carotid artery after balloon injury, overexpression of a constitutively active PXR increased the intima-to-media ratio in the injured region. PXR increased cell proliferation and migration in cultured rat aortic smooth muscle cells (SMCs) by inducing the expressions of cyclins (cyclin A, D1, and E) and cyclin-dependent kinase 2. In addition, PXR increased the phosphorylation and activation of extracellular-signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2) and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK). Inactivation of ERK1/2 and p38 MAPK pathways using selective inhibitors (U0126 and SB203580) abrogated PXR-induced SMC proliferation and migration. Furthermore, cigarette smoke particles (CSP) activated PXR in SMCs. Knockdown of PXR by small interfering RNA suppressed the cell proliferation, migration, and activation of the MAPK pathways by CSP. These findings suggested a novel role for PXR in promoting SMC proliferation and migration, and neointimal hyperplasia. Therefore, PXR may be a potential therapeutic target for vascular disease related to xenobiotics such as cigarette smoking and other environmental pollutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meiqian Zhang
- Laboratory of Vascular Molecular Biology and Bioengineering, Cardiovascular Research Center, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Zihui Zhang
- Laboratory of Vascular Molecular Biology and Bioengineering, Cardiovascular Research Center, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Xinya Xie
- Laboratory of Vascular Molecular Biology and Bioengineering, Cardiovascular Research Center, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Qinyu Yao
- Laboratory of Vascular Molecular Biology and Bioengineering, Cardiovascular Research Center, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Jia Liu
- Laboratory of Vascular Molecular Biology and Bioengineering, Cardiovascular Research Center, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Baochang Lai
- Laboratory of Vascular Molecular Biology and Bioengineering, Cardiovascular Research Center, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Lei Xiao
- Laboratory of Vascular Molecular Biology and Bioengineering, Cardiovascular Research Center, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Nanping Wang
- Laboratory of Vascular Molecular Biology and Bioengineering, Cardiovascular Research Center, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China.,Laboratory of Vascular Molecular Biology and Bioengineering, The Advanced Institute for Medical Sciences, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
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Wang R, Xiao X, Cao L, Shen ZX, Lei Y, Cao YX. Airborne fine particulate matter induces an upregulation of endothelin receptors on rat bronchi. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2016; 209:11-20. [PMID: 26618262 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2015.10.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2015] [Accepted: 10/23/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Airborne fine particulate matter (PM2.5) is a risk factor for respiratory diseases. However, little is known about the effects of PM2.5 on bronchi. The present study investigated the effect of airborne PM2.5 on rat bronchi and the underlying mechanisms. Isolated rat bronchial segments were cultured for 24 h. Endothelin (ET) receptor-mediated contractile responses were recorded using a wire myograph. The mRNA and protein expression levels of ET receptors were studied using quantitative real-time PCR, Western blotting, and immunohistochemistry. The results demonstrated that ETA and ETB receptor agonists induced remarkable contractile responses on fresh and cultured bronchial segments. PM2.5 (1.0 or 3.0 μg/ml) significantly enhanced ETA and ETB receptor-mediated contractile responses in bronchi with a markedly increased maximal contraction compared to the DMSO or fresh groups. PM2.5 increased the mRNA and protein expression levels of ETA and ETB receptors. U0126 (a MEK1/2 inhibitor) and SB203580 (a p38 inhibitor) significantly suppressed PM2.5-induced increases in ETB receptor-mediated contractile responses, mRNA and protein levels. SP600125 (a JNK inhibitor) and SB203580 significantly abrogated the PM2.5-induced enhancement of ETA receptor-mediated contraction and receptor expression. In conclusion, PM2.5 upregulates ET receptors in bronchi. ETB receptor upregulation is associated with MEK1/2 and p38 pathways, and the upregulation of ETA receptor is involved in JNK and p38 pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xue Xiao
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Lei Cao
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China.
| | - Zhen-xing Shen
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Ying Lei
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yong-xiao Cao
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China.
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Dimitrijevic I, Edvinsson L. Increased endothelin 1 type B receptors in nasal lesions of patients with granulomatosis with polyangiitis. Am J Rhinol Allergy 2014; 27:444-50. [PMID: 24274217 DOI: 10.2500/ajra.2013.27.3954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Endothelin 1 (ET-1) is a locally produced vasoactive peptide with proinflammatory capabilities. Systemic levels of ET-1 seem elevated in granulomatosis with polyangiitis (GPA). The aim of this study was to examine the involvement of the endothelin system in patients with GPA using nasal mucosal biopsies. METHODS Formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded nasal mucous membranes from eight patients with GPA and eight controls were analyzed for ET-1 type A receptor (ETAR) and type B receptor (ETBR) expression using immunohistochemistry. RESULT ETAR immunostaining was localized only to a few inflammatory cells and to multinucleate giant cells (MGCs) in the nasal mucosa in GPA subjects. Intense ETBR immunostaining was localized to lymphocytes and MGC in the nasal granulomatous lesions in GPA. CD3(+), CD4(+), CD8(+), and CD68(+) lymphocytes expressed ETBRs in GPA subjects. CONCLUSION This observation shows that ETBR(+) lymphocyte expression predominates in nasal granulomatous lesions in GPA compared with ETAR. ETBR immunostaining is located to T cells, CD68(+) cells, and MGCs. ETBR may play an active role in the progression of granulomatous lesions in GPA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Dimitrijevic
- Department of Medicine, Institute of Clinical Sciences Lund University, Lund, Sweden
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Zheng JP, Zhang X, Wang H, Wang Y, Cheng Z, Yin P, Peng W. Vasomotor Dysfunction in the Mesenteric Artery after Organ Culture with Cyclosporin A. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol 2013; 113:370-6. [PMID: 23809336 DOI: 10.1111/bcpt.12105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2013] [Accepted: 06/24/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Pu Zheng
- Experimental Research Center; Putuo Hospital; Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine; Shanghai China
| | - Xuemei Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology; School of Pharmacy; Fudan University; Shanghai China
| | - Hao Wang
- Department of Nephrology; Putuo Hospital; Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine; Shanghai China
| | - Yunman Wang
- Department of Nephrology; Putuo Hospital; Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine; Shanghai China
| | - Zhuoan Cheng
- Experimental Research Center; Putuo Hospital; Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine; Shanghai China
| | - Peihao Yin
- Department of General Surgery; Putuo Hospital; Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine; Shanghai China
| | - Wen Peng
- Department of Nephrology; Putuo Hospital; Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine; Shanghai China
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8
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Cao L, Zhang Y, Cao YX, Edvinsson L, Xu CB. Secondhand smoke exposure causes bronchial hyperreactivity via transcriptionally upregulated endothelin and 5-hydroxytryptamine 2A receptors. PLoS One 2012; 7:e44170. [PMID: 22952915 PMCID: PMC3428315 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0044170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2012] [Accepted: 07/29/2012] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cigarette smoke exposure is strongly associated with airway hyperreactivity (AHR) which is the main characteristic seen in asthma. The intracellular MAPK signaling pathways are suggested to be associated with the airway damage to the AHR. In the present study, we hypothesize that secondhand cigarette smoke (SHS) exposure upregulates the bronchial contractile receptors via activation of the Raf/ERK/MAPK pathway. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS Rats were exposed to SHS for 3 h daily for up to 8 weeks. The receptor agonists-induced bronchial contractile reactivity was analyzed with a sensitive myograph system. The mRNA transcription and protein translation of the target receptors and the kinases in Raf/ERK/MAPK pathway were investigated by real-time PCR, Western blotting and immunofluorescence, respectively. Compared with exposure to fresh air, SHS induced enhanced bronchial contractile responses mediated by the 5-hydroxytryptamine 2A (5-HT(2A)) receptors as well as the endothelin type B (ET(B)) and type A (ET(A)) receptors. The response curves were shifted toward the left with an increased maximal contraction (E(max)) demonstrating that SHS induced AHR. Additionally, the mRNA and protein levels of the 5-HT(2A), ET(B) and ET(A) receptors were increased. Furthermore, SHS exposure increased the phosphorylation of Raf-1 and ERK1/2, but it did not alter p38 or JNK. A Raf-1 inhibitor (GW5074) suppressed the SHS-induced increase in the expression of 5-HT(2A) and ET(A) receptors and the receptor-mediated AHR. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE Our findings show that SHS exposure induces transcriptional upregulation of the 5-HT(2A), ET(B) and ET(A) receptors in rat bronchial smooth muscle cells, which mediates AHR. The Raf/ERK/MAPK pathway is involved in SHS-associated receptor upregulation and AHR.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Bronchial Hyperreactivity/enzymology
- Bronchial Hyperreactivity/genetics
- Bronchial Hyperreactivity/pathology
- Bronchial Hyperreactivity/physiopathology
- Environmental Exposure
- Enzyme Activation/drug effects
- Extracellular Signal-Regulated MAP Kinases/metabolism
- In Vitro Techniques
- Indoles/pharmacology
- Male
- Muscle Contraction/drug effects
- Phenols/pharmacology
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Rats
- Rats, Sprague-Dawley
- Receptor, Endothelin A/genetics
- Receptor, Endothelin A/metabolism
- Receptor, Endothelin B/genetics
- Receptor, Endothelin B/metabolism
- Receptor, Serotonin, 5-HT2A/genetics
- Receptor, Serotonin, 5-HT2A/metabolism
- Serotonin 5-HT2 Receptor Agonists/pharmacology
- Tobacco Smoke Pollution
- Transcription, Genetic/drug effects
- Up-Regulation/drug effects
- Up-Regulation/genetics
- raf Kinases/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Cao
- Division of Experimental Vascular Research, Institute of Clinical Science in Lund, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Yaping Zhang
- Division of Experimental Vascular Research, Institute of Clinical Science in Lund, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Yong-Xiao Cao
- Department of Pharmacology, Xi'an Jiaotong University College of Medicine, Xi'an, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Lars Edvinsson
- Division of Experimental Vascular Research, Institute of Clinical Science in Lund, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Cang-Bao Xu
- Division of Experimental Vascular Research, Institute of Clinical Science in Lund, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
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Substance p regulates environmental tobacco smoke-enhanced tracheal smooth muscle responsiveness in mice. J Allergy (Cairo) 2012; 2012:423612. [PMID: 22927867 PMCID: PMC3425797 DOI: 10.1155/2012/423612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2012] [Revised: 06/05/2012] [Accepted: 07/04/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) is an environmental trigger that leads to airway inflammation and airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR) in susceptible individuals and animals, but the underlying mechanism is not fully understood. Substance P (SP) release from sensory nerve fibers has been linked to AHR. The present experiments characterize the role of SP in tracheal smooth muscle on ETS-increased airway responses. The mice were exposed to either sidestream tobacco smoke (SS), a surrogate to ETS, or filtered air (FA) for 1 day or 5 consecutive days. Contractions of tracheal smooth muscle to SP and electrical field stimulation (EFS) were not significantly altered in 1 of day SS-exposed mice. However, 5 of days SS exposure significantly increased airway smooth muscle contractions to SP and EFS. Administration of CP-99994, an antagonist of the neurokinin (NK)1 receptor, attenuates the SS exposure-enhanced tracheal smooth muscle responses to EFS. Furthermore, the immunohistochemistry showed that SP nerve fibers were increased in tracheal smooth muscle after 5 of days SS exposure. These results suggest that the increased SP production may contribute to SS-enhanced smooth muscle responsiveness in mice trachea.
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Milara J, Ortiz JL, Juan G, Guijarro R, Almudever P, Martorell M, Morcillo EJ, Cortijo J. Cigarette smoke exposure up-regulates endothelin receptor B in human pulmonary artery endothelial cells: molecular and functional consequences. Br J Pharmacol 2010; 161:1599-615. [PMID: 20698855 PMCID: PMC3010570 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2010.00979.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2010] [Revised: 06/20/2010] [Accepted: 07/16/2010] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Pulmonary arteries from smokers and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients show abnormal endothelium-dependent vascular reactivity. We studied the effect of cigarette smoke extract (CSE) on endothelin receptor B (ET(B) ) expression in human pulmonary artery endothelial cells (HPAECs) and its role in endothelial dysfunction. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH ET(B) receptor expression was measured by real time RT-PCR, Western blot and immunofluorescence. Cell contraction, intracellular Ca(2+) , F/G-actin, RhoA activity, myosin light chain phosphorylation, ET, NO, thromboxane (Tx)A(2) and reactive oxygen species (ROS) were measured by traction microscopy, fluorescence microscopy, phalloidin fluorescence, colorimetric assay, Western blot, elisa and DCFDA fluorescence respectively. KEY RESULTS Cigarette smoke extract dose-dependently increased ET(B) receptor expression in HPAECs after 24h incubation. CSE-induced ET(B) expression was attenuated by bosentan, the ET(B) receptor antagonist BQ788, the Rho kinase antagonist Y27632 and the antioxidant N-acetylcysteine. A monoclonal antibody to ET-1 prevented CSE-induced ET(B) receptor overexpression. Twenty-four hour exposure to ET-1 dose-dependently increased ET(B) receptor expression, mimicking the effect of CSE. CSE-induced ET(B) receptor overexpression caused greater cell contraction; increased intracellular Ca(2+) ; increased F/G-actin and RhoA activity; increased myosin light chain phosphorylation; augmented TxA(2) and ROS production; and decreased NO after acute ET-1 (10nM). These effects were attenuated by bosentan, BQ788, Y27632 and N-acetylcysteine. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATION Cigarette smoke extract induced ET(B) receptor overexpression by a feed forward mechanism mediated partly by ET release, promoting HPAEC dysfunction and attenuated by ET(B) receptor blockade, Rho kinase and ROS inhibition. These results provide support for the use of bosentan in CS-related endothelial dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Milara
- Research Unit, University General Hospital Consortium, Valencia, Spain.
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Xu CB, Lei Y, Chen Q, Pehrson C, Larsson L, Edvinsson L. Cigarette smoke extracts promote vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation and enhances contractile responses in the vasculature and airway. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol 2010; 107:940-8. [PMID: 20618305 DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-7843.2010.00610.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Cigarette smoke exposure is a strong risk factor for cardiovascular and respiratory diseases. However, the knowledge about how cigarette smoke induces damage to vasculature and airway is limited. The present study was designed to examine the effects of cigarette smoke particles extracted by heptane (heptane-soluble smoke particles, HSP), by water (water-soluble smoke particles, WSP) and by DMSO (DMSO-soluble smoke particles, DSP), which represent lipophilic, hydrophilic and ambiphoteric constituents from the cigarette smoke, respectively. Human aortic smooth muscle cell (HASMC) proliferation was assessed in cell culture. Rat resistance artery and airway contractile responses to serotonin, U46619, phenylephrine, noradrenaline, acetylcholine, des-Arg⁹-bradykinin, bradykinin, sarafotoxin 6c and endothelin-1 were monitored by a sensitive myograph system. Immunocytochemistry and cell-based phosphoELISA assay were used to demonstrate activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinases 1/2 (ERK1/2). For the first time, our results demonstrate that although all the three extracts promote HASMC proliferation, the HSP and DSP effects occur earlier. HSP and DSP, but not WSP, increase the contractile responses to sarafotoxin 6c, U46619 or bradykinin in rat mesenteric artery and/or in bronchi. ERK1/2 is activated by HSP and DSP in HASMCs and inhibition of ERK1/2 abrogated the smoke extracts-induced HASMC proliferation, while blockage of nicotinic receptors had no effects, suggesting that the toxic effects of the smoke extracts occur via activation of intracellular ERK1/2 signalling, but not nicotinic receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cang-Bao Xu
- Division of Experimental Vascular Research, Institute of Clinical Science in Lund, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.
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Lei Y, Cao Y, Zhang Y, Edvinsson L, Xu CB. Enhanced airway smooth muscle cell thromboxane receptor signaling via activation of JNK MAPK and extracellular calcium influx. Eur J Pharmacol 2010; 650:629-38. [PMID: 21036122 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2010.10.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2010] [Revised: 10/14/2010] [Accepted: 10/15/2010] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Thromboxane is a key inflammatory mediator and potent airway constrictor. It acts on thromboxane A(2) (TP) receptors and contributes to airway inflammation and airway hyperresponsiveness that is the characteristic feature of asthma. The present study was designed to study TP receptor signaling in airway smooth muscle cells by using an organ culture model and a set of selective pharmacological inhibitors for mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and calcium signal pathways. Western-blot, immunohistochemistry, myograph and a selective TP receptor agonist U46619 were used for examining TP receptor signal proteins and function. Organ culture of rat bronchial segments for up to 48 h induces a time-dependently increased airway contractile response to U46619. This indicates that organ culture increases TP receptor signaling in the airway smooth muscle cells. The enhanced bronchial contraction was attenuated by the inhibition of c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) MAPK activity, chelation of extracellular calcium and calcium channel blocker nifedipine, suggesting that JNK MAPK activity and elevated intracellular calcium level are required for the TP receptor signaling. In conclusion, airway smooth muscle cell TP receptor signaling occurs via JNK MAPK activity and the elevation of extracellular calcium influx, which may provide knowledge for understanding the signaling pathway responsible for the modulation of TP receptor mediated airway hyperresponsiveness to thromboxane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Lei
- Division of Experimental Vascular Research, Institute of Clinical Science in Lund, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
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Xie YH, Wang SW, Zhang Y, Edvinsson L, Xu CB. Up-regulation of G-protein-coupled receptors for endothelin and thromboxane by lipid-soluble smoke particles in renal artery of rat. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol 2010; 107:803-12. [PMID: 20406207 DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-7843.2010.00585.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Up-regulation of G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCR) plays key roles in renal hypertension and cardiovascular disease pathogenesis. The present study was designed to examine if lipid-soluble cigarette smoking particles (DSP), nicotine and endotoxin (LPS), induce GPCR up-regulation for thromboxane A(2) (TP), endothelin type A (ET(A) ) and type B (ET(B) ) receptors in renal artery, and if intracellular signal mechanisms are involved. Renal artery segments of rats were exposed to DSP, nicotine or LPS, in organ culture for up to 24 hr. The GPCR-mediated contractions were recorded by using a myograph system. Expression of the GPCR was examined by real-time PCR and immunohistochemistry at mRNA and protein levels. Sarafatoxin 6c (S6c, selective ET(B) receptor agonist), endothelin-1 (ET-1, non-selective ET(A) and ET(B) receptor agonist) and 9,11-Dideoxy-9a,11a-methanoepoxy prostaglandin F(2a) (U46619, a TP receptor agonist) induced contractions were significantly increased after the arterial segments exposed to DSP in a concentration-dependent (0.1-0.4 μl/ml) manner, and S6c also induced a time-dependent contraction, compared to control (dimethyl sulfoxide). This was in parallel with enhanced mRNA expression for ET(B) receptor but not ET(A) and TP receptors, while increased protein expression for ET(A) , ET(B) and TP receptors was seen. The specific nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) signal pathway inhibitor BMS345541 was applied to link DSP effects to the GPCR up-regulation. It totally abolished ET(B) receptor up-regulation, but not ET(A) and TP receptor up-regulations. Our results suggest that DSP transcriptionally up-regulated ET(B) receptor expression in rat renal artery via NF-κB signal pathways, whereas up-regulation of ET(A) and TP receptor-mediated contraction may involve post-transcriptional mechanisms.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- In Vitro Techniques
- Lipids/chemistry
- Lipopolysaccharides/toxicity
- Male
- Muscle Contraction
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/drug effects
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/physiology
- NF-kappa B/physiology
- Nicotine/toxicity
- Particulate Matter/adverse effects
- Particulate Matter/chemistry
- RNA, Messenger/biosynthesis
- Rats
- Rats, Sprague-Dawley
- Receptors, Endothelin/agonists
- Receptors, Endothelin/biosynthesis
- Receptors, Endothelin/genetics
- Receptors, Thromboxane A2, Prostaglandin H2/agonists
- Receptors, Thromboxane A2, Prostaglandin H2/biosynthesis
- Receptors, Thromboxane A2, Prostaglandin H2/genetics
- Renal Artery/drug effects
- Renal Artery/physiology
- Smoke/adverse effects
- Solubility
- Nicotiana
- Up-Regulation
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-hua Xie
- Institute of Materia Medica, School of Pharmacy, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
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Vikman P, Xu CB, Edvinsson L. Lipid-soluble cigarette smoking particles induce expression of inflammatory and extracellular-matrix-related genes in rat cerebral arteries. Vasc Health Risk Manag 2009; 5:333-41. [PMID: 19436652 PMCID: PMC2672441 DOI: 10.2147/vhrm.s4866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS Cigarette smoking is one of the strongest risk factors for stroke. However, the underlying molecular mechanisms that smoke leads to the pathogenesis of stroke are incompletely understood. METHODS Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO)-soluble (lipid-soluble) cigarette smoking particles (DSP) were extracted from cigarette smoke (0.8 mg nicotine per cigarette; Marlboro). Rat cerebral arteries were isolated and organ cultured in the presence of DSP (0.2 microl/ml, equivalent to the plasma level in smokers) for 24 h. The expression of matrix metalloproteinase 9 and 13 (MMP9 and MMP13), angiotensin receptor 1 and 2 (AT(1) and AT(2)), interleukin 6 and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) were investigated at mRNA level by real-time PCR and/or at protein level by immunohistochemistry. In addition, the activity of three mitogen-activated protein kinases (p38, ERK 1/2 and SAPK/JNK) and their downstream transcription factors (ATF-2, Elk-1 and c-Jun) were examined. RESULTS We observed that compared with control (DMSO-treated cerebral arteries), the cerebral arteries treated by DSP exhibited enhanced expression of MMP13 and AT(1) receptors, but not of AT(2) receptors, at both mRNA and protein levels, suggesting that a transcriptional mechanism is most likely involved in the DSP effects. This is further supported by the findings that DSP induced phosphorylation of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinases inflammatory signal protein in parallel with activation of its downstream transcription factor ATF-2 and Elk-1. However, ERK 1/2 and SAPK/JNK activities were markedly expressed in the control (organ culture per se with DMSO), and DSP failed to further enhance the activation of ERK 1/2 and SAPK/JNK in the cerebral arteries. CONCLUSIONS DSP induces cerebral vessel inflammation with activation of p38 MAPK inflammatory signal and the downstream transcriptional factors (ATF-2 and Elk-1) in parallel with enhanced extracellular-matrix-related gene transcription and increased AT(1) receptor expression in the cerebral arteries, which are key events in stroke pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petter Vikman
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Experimental Vascular Research, Lund, Sweden
| | - Cang-Bao Xu
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Experimental Vascular Research, Lund, Sweden
| | - Lars Edvinsson
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Experimental Vascular Research, Lund, Sweden
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15
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Lei Y, Cao YX, Xu CB, Zhang Y. The Raf-1 inhibitor GW5074 and dexamethasone suppress sidestream smoke-induced airway hyperresponsiveness in mice. Respir Res 2008; 9:71. [PMID: 18976506 PMCID: PMC2599896 DOI: 10.1186/1465-9921-9-71] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2008] [Accepted: 11/03/2008] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sidestream smoke is closely associated with airway inflammation and hyperreactivity. The present study was designed to investigate if the Raf-1 inhibitor GW5074 and the anti-inflammatory drug dexamethasone suppress airway hyperreactivity in a mouse model of sidestream smoke exposure. METHODS Mice were repeatedly exposed to smoke from four cigarettes each day for four weeks. After the first week of the smoke exposure, the mice received either dexamethasone intraperitoneally every other day or GW5074 intraperitoneally every day for three weeks. The tone of the tracheal ring segments was recorded with a myograph system and concentration-response curves were obtained by cumulative administration of agonists. Histopathology was examined by light microscopy. RESULTS Four weeks of exposure to cigarette smoke significantly increased the mouse airway contractile response to carbachol, endothelin-1 and potassium. Intraperitoneal administration of GW5074 or dexamethasone significantly suppressed the enhanced airway contractile responses, while airway epithelium-dependent relaxation was not affected. In addition, the smoke-induced infiltration of inflammatory cells and mucous gland hypertrophy were attenuated by the administration of GW5074 or dexamethasone. CONCLUSION Sidestream smoke induces airway contractile hyperresponsiveness. Inhibition of Raf-1 activity and airway inflammation suppresses smoking-associated airway hyperresponsiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Lei
- Department of Pharmacology, Xi'an Jiaotong University College of Medicine, No. 76, Yanta West Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province 710061, PR China
| | - Yong-Xiao Cao
- Department of Pharmacology, Xi'an Jiaotong University College of Medicine, No. 76, Yanta West Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province 710061, PR China
| | - Cang-Bao Xu
- Division of Experimental Vascular Research, Institute of Clinical Science in Lund, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Yaping Zhang
- Division of Experimental Vascular Research, Institute of Clinical Science in Lund, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
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Niedoszytko M, Gruchała-Niedoszytko M, Chełminska M, Sieminska A, Jassem E. Persistent impact of cigarette smoking on asthma. J Asthma 2008; 45:495-9. [PMID: 18612903 DOI: 10.1080/02770900802074810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE In the present study we assessed the impact of former cigarette smoking on asthma control and treatment effectiveness. METHODS A total of 104 patients with uncontrolled asthma were included in the study. The group of former smokers consisted of 33 subjects, whereas the never smokers group consisted of 71 subjects of similar age and gender. Spirometry, classification of asthma severity, and control were assessed according to Global Initiative for Asthma (GINA) guidelines. Quality of life was measured with the use of the Saint George Hospital Respiratory Questionnaire (SGHRQ). RESULTS Asthma was more severe in the group of former smokers both before and after treatment; p < 0.001. Severe asthma (OR 7.8 CI 2.8-21.9) and cigarette smoking (OR 3.5 CI 1.3-9.2) were associated with difficulties in asthma control achievement. Total quality of life significantly improved in the group of non-smokers; p = 0.02, whereas in former smokers this effect was not significant; p > 0.05. CONCLUSION Cigarette smoking has a persistent, dose-dependent, negative impact on the response to treatment in patients with uncontrolled asthma even after smoking cessation. Smoking cessation should remain the ultimate goal in treatment of asthmatic patients. More efforts should be undertaken to decrease smoking initiation, especially in teenagers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marek Niedoszytko
- Department of Allergology, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland.
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Zhang W, Zhang Y, Edvinsson L, Xu CB. Up-regulation of thromboxane A2 receptor expression by lipid soluble smoking particles through post-transcriptional mechanisms. Atherosclerosis 2008; 196:608-16. [PMID: 17706224 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2007.06.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2007] [Revised: 06/23/2007] [Accepted: 06/25/2007] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is a key factor in vascular disease, and cigarette smoking is a well-known risk factor that may induce an inflammatory response and enhance plaque formation in arteries. Thromboxane (Tx) is one key inflammatory mediator involved in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular disease. The present study was designed to test if lipid soluble smoking particles (DSP) enhance TxA(2) receptor (TP) expression in rat mesenteric arteries, and if intracellular mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways play a role. Organ culture of rat mesenteric arteries in the presence of DSP (0.2 microl/ml for 24h) resulted in markedly elevated contractile responses to the Tx analog U46619, compared with the control DMSO. There was no increase in TP receptor mRNA expression, while the protein expression was significantly enhanced. This up-regulation was not affected by a general transcriptional inhibitor actinomycin D, but was almost completely abolished by cycloheximide, a general translational inhibitor. Dexamethasone, a glucocorticoid, manifested a potent inhibitory effect as well. These results suggest that the up-regulation of TP receptor occurs via post-transcriptional events, and mainly translation. This is supported by experiments with specific inhibitors for c-Jun-NH(2)-terminal kinase (SP600125), extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1 and 2 (PD98059 and U0126) and p38 (SB203580) that had no inhibitory effect on the up-regulation of TP receptors. Collectively, the results show that MAPK pathways are not involved in TP receptor up-regulation. Study on TP receptor mRNA stability showed that during organ culture, the TP receptor mRNA was stable in both DMSO and DSP group, but the latter elicited a tendency to stabilize the TP receptor mRNA at higher level. Thus, post-transcriptional mechanisms are responsible for the up-regulation of TP receptor by DSP, in which enhanced translation is the major cause of the elevated protein expression and the enhanced contraction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zhang
- Division of Experimental Vascular Research, Institute of Clinical Science in Lund, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
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Zhang W, Cao YX, He JY, Xu CB. Down-Regulation of α1-Adrenoceptor Expression by Lipid-Soluble Smoke Particles through Transcriptional Factor Nuclear Factor-κB Pathway. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol 2007; 101:401-6. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-7843.2007.00163.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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