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Reczkowski J, Długosz M, Ratajczak M, Voelkel A, Sandomierski M. Gelatin-Zinc Carrier as a New Method of Targeted and Controlled Release of Risedronate. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 17:2473. [PMID: 38893737 PMCID: PMC11172601 DOI: 10.3390/ma17112473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2024] [Revised: 05/10/2024] [Accepted: 05/17/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024]
Abstract
The essence of drug delivery is to use an appropriate carrier that delivers the active substance to the appropriate pathogenic site at a specific time. This study aims to develop a novel drug carrier characterized by the controlled and targeted release of risedronate (RSD). The search for new routes to deliver RSD is important because oral delivery has many disadvantages. The carrier proposed in this work is composed of gelatin, polyphosphates, and zinc. The zinc contained in the carrier is responsible for coordinating the drug. The resulting material releases RSD in a controlled manner. The rate of delivery of the substance to the body depends on the pH of the environment. This study investigated the delivery of RSD in a neutral environment, where the process exhibited a prolonged and consistent release rate. This process has also been studied in an acidic environment, which accelerates the release of the drug. Mixed-environment studies were also conducted. Initially, the drug was released in a neutral environment, and then the conditions rapidly changed to acidic. In this case, the carrier demonstrated high stability and controlled release, adapting the rate of drug release to the prevailing environmental conditions. The presented results indicate the great potential of the new gelatin-based carrier in the delivery of risedronate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakub Reczkowski
- Institute of Chemical Technology and Engineering, Poznan University of Technology, ul. Berdychowo 4, 60-965 Poznań, Poland; (J.R.); (M.D.); (A.V.)
| | - Maria Długosz
- Institute of Chemical Technology and Engineering, Poznan University of Technology, ul. Berdychowo 4, 60-965 Poznań, Poland; (J.R.); (M.D.); (A.V.)
| | - Maria Ratajczak
- Institute of Building Engineering, Poznan University of Technology, ul. Piotrowo 5, 60-965 Poznań, Poland;
| | - Adam Voelkel
- Institute of Chemical Technology and Engineering, Poznan University of Technology, ul. Berdychowo 4, 60-965 Poznań, Poland; (J.R.); (M.D.); (A.V.)
| | - Mariusz Sandomierski
- Institute of Chemical Technology and Engineering, Poznan University of Technology, ul. Berdychowo 4, 60-965 Poznań, Poland; (J.R.); (M.D.); (A.V.)
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Jiang B, Mou YJ, Zhang XM, Lu K, Xie P, Rao YL, Cong ZW, Sun QG. Ziyin Bushen Fang improves Diabetic Osteoporosis by Inhibiting Autophagy and Oxidative Stress In vitro and In vivo. Comb Chem High Throughput Screen 2024; 27:786-796. [PMID: 38773797 DOI: 10.2174/0113862073261310231113062630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Revised: 09/26/2023] [Accepted: 10/02/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Diabetic osteoporosis (DOP) belongs to the group of diabetes-induced secondary osteoporosis and is the main cause of bone fragility and fractures in many patients with diabetes. The aim of this study was to determine whether Ziyin Bushen Fang (ZYBSF) can improve DOP by inhibiting autophagy and oxidative stress. METHODS Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) was induced in rats using a high-fat high-sugar diet combined with streptozotocin. Micro-CT scanning was used to quantitatively observe changes in the bone microstructure in each group. Changes in the serum metabolites of DOP rats were analyzed using UHPLC-QTOF-MS. The DOP mouse embryonic osteoblast precursor cell model (MC3T3-E1) was induced using high glucose levels. RESULTS After ZYBSF treatment, bone microstructure significantly improved. The bone mineral density, trabecular number, and trabecular thickness in the ZYBSF-M and ZYBSF-H groups significantly increased. After ZYBSF treatment, the femur structure of the rats was relatively intact, collagen fibers were significantly increased, and osteoporosis was significantly improved. A total of 1239 metabolites were upregulated and 1527 were downregulated in the serum of T1DM and ZYBSF-treated rats. A total of 20 metabolic pathways were identified. In cellular experiments, ZYBSF reduced ROS levels and inhibited the protein expression of LC3II / I, Beclin-1, and p-ERK. CONCLUSION ZYBSF may improve DOP by inhibiting the ROS/ERK-induced autophagy signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Jiang
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Wuhan Third Hospital, Wuhan, 430060, China
| | - Yan Jie Mou
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Wuhan Third Hospital, Wuhan, 430060, China
| | - Xian Mei Zhang
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Wuhan Third Hospital, Wuhan, 430060, China
| | - Kun Lu
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Wuhan Third Hospital, Wuhan, 430060, China
| | - Ping Xie
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Wuhan Third Hospital, Wuhan, 430060, China
| | - Yan Ling Rao
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Wuhan Third Hospital, Wuhan, 430060, China
| | - Ze Wei Cong
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Wuhan Third Hospital, Wuhan, 430060, China
| | - Qin Guo Sun
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Wuhan Third Hospital, Wuhan, 430060, China
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Davies BK, Hibbert AP, Roberts SJ, Roberts HC, Tickner JC, Holdsworth G, Arnett TR, Orriss IR. A Machine Learning-Based Image Segmentation Method to Quantify In Vitro Osteoclast Culture Endpoints. Calcif Tissue Int 2023; 113:437-448. [PMID: 37566229 PMCID: PMC10516805 DOI: 10.1007/s00223-023-01121-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2023] [Accepted: 07/29/2023] [Indexed: 08/12/2023]
Abstract
Quantification of in vitro osteoclast cultures (e.g. cell number) often relies on manual counting methods. These approaches are labour intensive, time consuming and result in substantial inter- and intra-user variability. This study aimed to develop and validate an automated workflow to robustly quantify in vitro osteoclast cultures. Using ilastik, a machine learning-based image analysis software, images of tartrate resistant acid phosphatase-stained mouse osteoclasts cultured on dentine discs were used to train the ilastik-based algorithm. Assessment of algorithm training showed that osteoclast numbers strongly correlated between manual- and automatically quantified values (r = 0.87). Osteoclasts were consistently faithfully segmented by the model when visually compared to the original reflective light images. The ability of this method to detect changes in osteoclast number in response to different treatments was validated using zoledronate, ticagrelor, and co-culture with MCF7 breast cancer cells. Manual and automated counting methods detected a 70% reduction (p < 0.05) in osteoclast number, when cultured with 10 nM zoledronate and a dose-dependent decrease with 1-10 μM ticagrelor (p < 0.05). Co-culture with MCF7 cells increased osteoclast number by ≥ 50% irrespective of quantification method. Overall, an automated image segmentation and analysis workflow, which consistently and sensitively identified in vitro osteoclasts, was developed. Advantages of this workflow are (1) significantly reduction in user variability of endpoint measurements (93%) and analysis time (80%); (2) detection of osteoclasts cultured on different substrates from different species; and (3) easy to use and freely available to use along with tutorial resources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bethan K Davies
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, Royal College Street, London, NW1 0TU, UK
- Clinical and Experimental Endocrinology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Andrew P Hibbert
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, Royal College Street, London, NW1 0TU, UK
| | - Scott J Roberts
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, Royal College Street, London, NW1 0TU, UK
| | - Helen C Roberts
- Department of Natural Sciences, Middlesex University, London, UK
| | - Jennifer C Tickner
- School of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | | | - Timothy R Arnett
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, Royal College Street, London, NW1 0TU, UK
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Isabel R Orriss
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, Royal College Street, London, NW1 0TU, UK.
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Loss of mutual protection between human osteoclasts and chondrocytes in damaged joints initiates osteoclast-mediated cartilage degradation by MMPs. Sci Rep 2021; 11:22708. [PMID: 34811438 PMCID: PMC8608887 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-02246-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2021] [Accepted: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Osteoclasts are multinucleated, bone-resorbing cells. However, they also digest cartilage during skeletal maintenance, development and in degradative conditions including osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis and primary bone sarcoma. This study explores the mechanisms behind the osteoclast–cartilage interaction. Human osteoclasts differentiated on acellular human cartilage expressed osteoclast marker genes (e.g. CTSK, MMP9) and proteins (TRAP, VNR), visibly damaged the cartilage surface and released glycosaminoglycan in a contact-dependent manner. Direct co-culture with chondrocytes during differentiation increased large osteoclast formation (p < 0.0001) except when co-cultured on dentine, when osteoclast formation was inhibited (p = 0.0002). Osteoclasts cultured on dentine inhibited basal cartilage degradation (p = 0.012). RNA-seq identified MMP8 overexpression in osteoclasts differentiated on cartilage versus dentine (8.89-fold, p = 0.0133), while MMP9 was the most highly expressed MMP. Both MMP8 and MMP9 were produced by osteoclasts in osteosarcoma tissue. This study suggests that bone-resident osteoclasts and chondrocytes exert mutually protective effects on their ‘native’ tissue. However, when osteoclasts contact non-native cartilage they cause degradation via MMPs. Understanding the role of osteoclasts in cartilage maintenance and degradation might identify new therapeutic approaches for pathologies characterized by cartilage degeneration.
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Culibrk RA, Hahn MS. The Role of Chronic Inflammatory Bone and Joint Disorders in the Pathogenesis and Progression of Alzheimer's Disease. Front Aging Neurosci 2020; 12:583884. [PMID: 33364931 PMCID: PMC7750365 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2020.583884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Accepted: 11/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Late-onset Alzheimer's Disease (LOAD) is a devastating neurodegenerative disorder that causes significant cognitive debilitation in tens of millions of patients worldwide. Throughout disease progression, abnormal secretase activity results in the aberrant cleavage and subsequent aggregation of neurotoxic Aβ plaques in the cerebral extracellular space and hyperphosphorylation and destabilization of structural tau proteins surrounding neuronal microtubules. Both pathologies ultimately incite the propagation of a disease-associated subset of microglia-the principle immune cells of the brain-characterized by preferentially pro-inflammatory cytokine secretion and inhibited AD substrate uptake capacity, which further contribute to neuronal degeneration. For decades, chronic neuroinflammation has been identified as one of the cardinal pathophysiological driving features of AD; however, despite a number of works postulating the underlying mechanisms of inflammation-mediated neurodegeneration, its pathogenesis and relation to the inception of cognitive impairment remain obscure. Moreover, the limited clinical success of treatments targeting specific pathological features in the central nervous system (CNS) illustrates the need to investigate alternative, more holistic approaches for ameliorating AD outcomes. Accumulating evidence suggests significant interplay between peripheral immune activity and blood-brain barrier permeability, microglial activation and proliferation, and AD-related cognitive decline. In this work, we review a narrow but significant subset of chronic peripheral inflammatory conditions, describe how these pathologies are associated with the preponderance of neuroinflammation, and posit that we may exploit peripheral immune processes to design interventional, preventative therapies for LOAD. We then provide a comprehensive overview of notable treatment paradigms that have demonstrated considerable merit toward treating these disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mariah S. Hahn
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, United States
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6
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Löfvall H, Katri A, Dąbrowska A, Karsdal MA, Luo Y, He Y, Manon-Jensen T, Dziegiel MH, Bay-Jensen AC, Thudium CS, Henriksen K. GPDPLQ 1237-A Type II Collagen Neo-Epitope Biomarker of Osteoclast- and Inflammation-Derived Cartilage Degradation in vitro. Sci Rep 2019; 9:3050. [PMID: 30816326 PMCID: PMC6395810 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-39803-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2018] [Accepted: 01/31/2019] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
C-telopeptide of type II collagen (CTX-II) has been shown to be a highly relevant biomarker of cartilage degradation in human rheumatic diseases, if measured in synovial fluid or urine. However, serum or plasma CTX-II have not been demonstrated to have any clinical utility to date. Here, we describe the GPDPLQ1237 ELISA which targets the EKGPDPLQ↓ neo-epitope, an elongated version of the CTX-II neo-epitope (EKGPDP↓), speculated to be a blood-precursor of CTX-II generated by the cysteine protease cathepsin K. Human osteoclast cartilage resorption cultures as well as oncostatin M and tumour necrosis factor α-stimulated bovine cartilage explant cultures were used to validate GPDPLQ1237 biologically by treating the cultures with the cysteine protease inhibitor E-64 and/or the matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) inhibitor GM6001 to assess the potential contributions of these two protease classes to GPDPLQ1237 release. Cartilage resorption-derived GPDPLQ1237 release was inhibited by E-64 (72.1% inhibition), GM6001 (75.5%), and E-64/GM6001 (91.5%), whereas CTX-II release was inhibited by GM6001 (87.0%) but not by E-64 (5.5%). Cartilage explant GPDPLQ1237 and CTX-II release were both fully inhibited by GM6001 but were not inhibited by E-64. No clinically relevant GPDPLQ1237 reactivity was identified in human serum, plasma, or urine from healthy donors or arthritis patients. In conclusion, the GPDPLQ1237 biomarker is released during osteoclast-derived cysteine protease- and MMP-mediated cartilage degradation in vitro, whereas CTX-II release is mediated by MMPs and not by cysteine proteases, as well as from MMP-mediated cartilage degradation under a pro-inflammatory stimulus. These findings suggest that GPDPLQ1237 may be relevant in diseases with pathological osteoclast activity and cartilage degradation. Further studies are required to validate the neo-epitope in human samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henrik Löfvall
- Nordic Bioscience, Herlev, Denmark.,Division of Molecular Medicine and Gene Therapy, Lund Strategic Center for Stem Cell Biology, Lund, Sweden
| | - Anna Katri
- Nordic Bioscience, Herlev, Denmark.,Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Copenhagen University, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | | | | | - Yi He
- Nordic Bioscience, Herlev, Denmark
| | | | - Morten H Dziegiel
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Löfvall H, Newbould H, Karsdal MA, Dziegiel MH, Richter J, Henriksen K, Thudium CS. Osteoclasts degrade bone and cartilage knee joint compartments through different resorption processes. Arthritis Res Ther 2018; 20:67. [PMID: 29636095 PMCID: PMC5894194 DOI: 10.1186/s13075-018-1564-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2017] [Accepted: 03/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Osteoclasts have been strongly implicated in osteoarthritic cartilage degradation, at least indirectly via bone resorption, and have been shown to degrade cartilage in vitro. The osteoclast resorption processes required to degrade subchondral bone and cartilage—the remodeling of which is important in the osteoarthritic disease process—have not been previously described, although cathepsin K has been indicated to participate. In this study we profile osteoclast-mediated degradation of bovine knee joint compartments in a novel in vitro model using biomarkers of extracellular matrix (ECM) degradation to assess the potential of osteoclast-derived resorption processes to degrade different knee joint compartments. Methods Mature human osteoclasts were cultured on ECMs isolated from bovine knees—articular cartilage, cortical bone, and osteochondral junction ECM (a subchondral bone-calcified cartilage mixture)—in the presence of inhibitors: the cystein protease inhibitor E-64, the matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) inhibitor GM6001, or the vacuolar-type H+-ATPase (V-ATPase) inhibitor diphyllin. Biomarkers of bone (calcium and C-terminal type I collagen (CTX-I)) and cartilage (C2M) degradation were measured in the culture supernatants. Cultures without osteoclasts were used as background samples. Background-subtracted biomarker levels were normalized to the vehicle condition and were analyzed using analysis of variance with Tukey or Dunnett’s T3 post hoc test, as applicable. Results Osteochondral CTX-I release was inhibited by E-64 (19% of vehicle, p = 0.0008), GM6001 (51% of vehicle, p = 0.013), and E-64/GM6001 combined (4% of vehicle, p = 0.0007)—similarly to bone CTX-I release. Diphyllin also inhibited osteochondral CTX-I release (48% of vehicle, p = 0.014), albeit less than on bone (4% of vehicle, p < 0.0001). Osteochondral C2M release was only inhibited by E-64 (49% of vehicle, p = 0.07) and GM6001 (14% of vehicle, p = 0.006), with complete abrogation when combined (0% of vehicle, p = 0.004). Cartilage C2M release was non-significantly inhibited by E-64 (69% of vehicle, p = 0.98) and was completely abrogated by GM6001 (0% of vehicle, p = 0.16). Conclusions Our study supports that osteoclasts can resorb non-calcified and calcified cartilage independently of acidification. We demonstrated both MMP-mediated and cysteine protease-mediated resorption of calcified cartilage. Osteoclast functionality was highly dependent on the resorbed substrate, as different ECMs required different osteoclast processes for degradation. Our novel culture system has potential to facilitate drug and biomarker development aimed at rheumatic diseases, e.g. osteoarthritis, where pathological osteoclast processes in specific joint compartments may contribute to the disease process. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13075-018-1564-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henrik Löfvall
- Nordic Bioscience, Herlev Hovedgade 205-207, 2730, Herlev, Denmark.,Division of Molecular Medicine and Gene Therapy, Lund Strategic Center for Stem Cell Biology, Lund, Sweden
| | - Hannah Newbould
- Nordic Bioscience, Herlev Hovedgade 205-207, 2730, Herlev, Denmark
| | - Morten A Karsdal
- Nordic Bioscience, Herlev Hovedgade 205-207, 2730, Herlev, Denmark
| | - Morten H Dziegiel
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Johan Richter
- Division of Molecular Medicine and Gene Therapy, Lund Strategic Center for Stem Cell Biology, Lund, Sweden
| | - Kim Henriksen
- Nordic Bioscience, Herlev Hovedgade 205-207, 2730, Herlev, Denmark
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8
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Zhang WL, Meng HZ, Yang RF, Yang MW, Sun GH, Liu JH, Shi PX, Liu F, Yang B. Melatonin suppresses autophagy in type 2 diabetic osteoporosis. Oncotarget 2018; 7:52179-52194. [PMID: 27438148 PMCID: PMC5239543 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.10538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2016] [Accepted: 06/30/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes mellitus is often complicated by osteoporosis, a process which may involve osteoblast autophagy. As melatonin suppresses autophagy under certain conditions, we its investigated the effects on bone autophagy during diabetes. We first assessed different body parameters in a diabetic rat model treated with various concentrations of melatonin. Dynamic biomechanicalmeasurements, bone organization hard slice dyeing and micro-CT were used to observe the rat bone microstructure, and immunohistochemistry was used to determine levels of autophagy biomarkers. We also performed in vitro experiments on human fetal osteoblastic (hFOB1.19) cells cultured with high glucose, different concentrations of melatonin, and ERK pathway inhibitors. And we used Western blotting and immunofluorescence to measure the extent of osteogenesis and autophagy. We found that melatonin improved the bone microstructure in our rat diabetes model and reduced the level of autophagy(50 mg/kg was better than 100 mg/kg). Melatonin also enhanced osteogenesis and suppressed autophagy in osteoblasts cultured at high glucose levels (10 μM was better than 1 mM). This suggests melatonin may reduce the level of autophagy in osteoblasts and delay diabetes-induced osteoporosis by inhibiting the ERK signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Lin Zhang
- Department of Orthopedics, the First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Hong-Zheng Meng
- Department of Orthopedics, the First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Rui-Fei Yang
- School of Medical Applied Technology, Shenyang Medical College, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Mao-Wei Yang
- Department of Orthopedics, the First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Guang-Hong Sun
- Department of Orthopedics, the First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Jun-Hua Liu
- Department of Orthopedics, the First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Peng-Xu Shi
- Department of Orthopedics, the First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Fei Liu
- Department of Orthopedics, the First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Bo Yang
- Department of Orthopedics, the First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
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Florencio-Silva R, Sasso GRDS, Simões MDJ, Simões RS, Baracat MCP, Sasso-Cerri E, Cerri PS. Osteoporosis and autophagy: What is the relationship? Rev Assoc Med Bras (1992) 2017; 63:173-179. [PMID: 28355379 DOI: 10.1590/1806-9282.63.02.173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2016] [Accepted: 05/31/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is a survival pathway wherein non-functional proteins and organelles are degraded in lysosomes for recycling and energy production. Therefore, autophagy is fundamental for the maintenance of cell viability, acting as a quality control process that prevents the accumulation of unnecessary structures and oxidative stress. Increasing evidence has shown that autophagy dysfunction is related to several pathologies including neurodegenerative diseases and cancer. Moreover, recent studies have shown that autophagy plays an important role for the maintenance of bone homeostasis. For instance, in vitro and animal and human studies indicate that autophagy dysfunction in bone cells is associated with the onset of bone diseases such as osteoporosis. This review had the purpose of discussing the issue to confirm whether a relationship between autophagy dysfunction and osteoporosis exits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rinaldo Florencio-Silva
- PhD, Postdoctoral Student, Department of Morphology and Genetics, Division of Histology and Structural Biology, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (Unifesp), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Manuel de Jesus Simões
- Full Professor of the Department of Morphology and Genetics, Division of Histology and Structural Biology, Unifesp, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Ricardo Santos Simões
- PhD, MD, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo (FMUSP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Estela Sasso-Cerri
- PhD, Adjunct Professor (Habilitation: BR. Livre-docente) of the Department of Morphology, Laboratory of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Dentistry of Araraquara, Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp), Araraquara, SP, Brazil
| | - Paulo Sérgio Cerri
- PhD, Adjunct Professor (Habilitation: BR. Livre-docente) of the Department of Morphology, Laboratory of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Dentistry of Araraquara, Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp), Araraquara, SP, Brazil
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10
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Bernhardt A, Schamel M, Gbureck U, Gelinsky M. Osteoclastic differentiation and resorption is modulated by bioactive metal ions Co2+, Cu2+ and Cr3+ incorporated into calcium phosphate bone cements. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0182109. [PMID: 28763481 PMCID: PMC5538673 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0182109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2017] [Accepted: 07/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Biologically active metal ions in low doses have the potential to accelerate bone defect healing. For successful remodelling the interaction of bone graft materials with both bone-forming osteoblasts and bone resorbing osteoclasts is crucial. In the present study brushite forming calcium phosphate cements (CPC) were doped with Co2+, Cu2+ and Cr3+ and the influence of these materials on osteoclast differentiation and activity was examined. Human osteoclasts were differentiated from human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) both on the surface and in indirect contact to the materials on dentin discs. Release of calcium, phosphate and bioactive metal ions was determined using ICP-MS both in the presence and absence of the cells. While Co2+ and Cu2+ showed a burst release, Cr3+ was released steadily at very low concentrations (below 1 μM) and both calcium and phosphate release of the cements was considerably changed in the Cr3+ modified samples. Direct cultivation of PBMC/osteoclasts on Co2+ cements showed lower attached cell number compared to the reference but high activity of osteoclast specific enzymes tartrate resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP), carbonic anhydrase II (CAII) and cathepsin K (CTSK) and significantly increased gene expression of vitronectin receptor. Indirect cultivation with diluted Co2+ cement extracts revealed highest resorbed area compared to all other modifications and the reference. Cu2+ cements had cytotoxic effect on PBMC/osteoclasts during direct cultivation, while indirect cultivation with diluted extracts from Cu2+ cements did not provoke cytotoxic effects but a strictly inhibited resorption. Cr3+ doped cements did not show cytotoxic effects at all. Gene expression and enzyme activity of CTSK was significantly increased in direct culture. Indirect cultivation with Cr3+ doped cements revealed significantly higher resorbed area compared to the reference. In conclusion Cr3+ doped calcium phosphate cements are an innovative cement modification because of their high cytocompatibility and support of active resorption by osteoclasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Bernhardt
- Centre for Translational Bone, Joint and Soft Tissue Research, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus and Faculty of Medicine of Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Martha Schamel
- Department for Functional Materials in Medicine and Dentistry, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Uwe Gbureck
- Department for Functional Materials in Medicine and Dentistry, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Michael Gelinsky
- Centre for Translational Bone, Joint and Soft Tissue Research, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus and Faculty of Medicine of Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
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11
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Sanguineti R, Puddu A, Mach F, Montecucco F, Viviani GL. Advanced glycation end products play adverse proinflammatory activities in osteoporosis. Mediators Inflamm 2014; 2014:975872. [PMID: 24771986 PMCID: PMC3977495 DOI: 10.1155/2014/975872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2014] [Accepted: 02/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteoporosis is a major public health burden that is expected to further increase as the global population ages. In the last twenty years, advanced glycation end products (AGEs) have been shown to be critical mediators both in the pathogenesis and development of osteoporosis and other chronic degenerative diseases related to aging. The accumulation of AGEs within the bone induces the formation of covalent cross-links with collagen and other bone proteins which affects the mechanical properties of tissue and disturbs bone remodelling and deterioration, underlying osteoporosis. On the other hand, the gradual deterioration of the immune system during aging (defined as immunosenescence) is also characterized by the generation of a high level of oxidants and AGEs. The synthesis and accumulation of AGEs (both localized within the bone or in the systemic circulation) might trigger a vicious circle (in which inflammation and aging merged in the word "Inflammaging") which can establish and sustain the development of osteoporosis. This narrative review will update the molecular mechanisms/pathways by which AGEs induce the functional and structural bone impairment typical of osteoporosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberta Sanguineti
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Genoa, 6 Viale Benedetto XV, 16132 Genoa, Italy
| | - Alessandra Puddu
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Genoa, 6 Viale Benedetto XV, 16132 Genoa, Italy
| | - François Mach
- Division of Cardiology, Foundation for Medical Researches, Faculty of Medicine, Geneva University Hospitals, 64 Avenue de la Roseraie, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Fabrizio Montecucco
- Division of Cardiology, Foundation for Medical Researches, Faculty of Medicine, Geneva University Hospitals, 64 Avenue de la Roseraie, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland ; First Clinic of Internal Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Genoa School of Medicine, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria San Martino-IST Istituto Nazionale per la Ricerca sul Cancro, 6 Viale Benedetto XV, 16132 Genoa, Italy ; Division of Laboratory Medicine, Department of Genetics and Laboratory Medicine, Geneva University Hospitals, 4 Gabrielle-Perret-Gentil, 1205 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Giorgio Luciano Viviani
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Genoa, 6 Viale Benedetto XV, 16132 Genoa, Italy
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Fratzl-Zelman N, Roschger P, Fisher JE, Duong LT, Klaushofer K. Effects of Odanacatib on bone mineralization density distribution in thoracic spine and femora of ovariectomized adult rhesus monkeys: a quantitative backscattered electron imaging study. Calcif Tissue Int 2013. [PMID: 23179105 DOI: 10.1007/s00223-012-9673-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Odanacatib (ODN) has been developed as a selective inhibitor of cathepsin K, the major cysteine protease in osteoclasts. In adult rhesus monkeys, treatment with ODN prevents ovariectomy-induced bone loss in lumbar vertebrae and hip. In this study, we evaluate the effects of ODN on bone mineralization density distribution (BMDD) by quantitative backscattered electron imaging in vertebral spongiosa, distal femoral metaphyseal and cortical shaft from monkeys (aged 16-23 years), treated with vehicle (n=5) or ODN (6 mg/kg, n=4 or 30 mg/kg, n=4, PO daily) for 21 months. Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry was measured in a subset of distal femoral samples. In lumbar vertebrae there was a shift to higher mineralization in samples from ODN-treated groups, compared to vehicle: CaMean (+4%), CaPeak (+3%), CaWidth (-9%), CaLow (-28%) in the 6 mg/kg group and CaMean (+5.1%, p<0.023), CaPeak (+3.4%, p<0.046), CaWidth (-15.7%, p=0.06) and CaLow (-38.2%, p<0.034) in the 30 mg/kg group. In distal femoral metaphyseal cancellous bone, there was a clear tendency toward a dose-dependent increase in matrix mineralization, as in the spine. However, primary and osteonal bone of the distal cortical diaphyses showed no significant change in BMDD, whereas bone mineral density was significantly increased after treatment. In ovariectomized monkeys, this study shows that ODN treatment increased trabecular BMDD, consistent with its previously reported ability to reduce cancellous remodeling. Here, ODN also showed no changes in BMDD in cortical bone sites, consistent with its actions on maintaining endocortical and stimulating periosteal bone formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadja Fratzl-Zelman
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute of Osteology of WGKK and AUVA Trauma Centre Meidling, 1st Medical Department, Hanusch Hospital, 1140, Vienna, Austria.
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Neutzsky-Wulff AV, Andreassen KV, Hjuler ST, Feigh M, Bay-Jensen AC, Zheng Q, Henriksen K, Karsdal MA. Future detection and monitoring of diabetes may entail analysis of both β-cell function and volume: how markers of β-cell loss may assist. J Transl Med 2012; 10:214. [PMID: 23110768 PMCID: PMC3499140 DOI: 10.1186/1479-5876-10-214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2012] [Accepted: 10/18/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Disease heterogeneity is as major issue in Type II Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM), and this patient inter-variability might not be sufficiently reflected by measurements of glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c).Β-cell dysfunction and β-cell death are initiating factors in development of T2DM. In fact, β-cells are known vanish prior to the development of T2DM, and autopsy of overt T2DM patients have shown a 60% reduction in β-cell mass.As the decline in β-cell function and mass have been proven to be pathological traits in T2DM, methods for evaluating β-cell loss is becoming of more interest. However, evaluation of β-cell death or loss is currently invasive and unattainable for the vast majority of diabetes patients. Serological markers, reflecting β-cell loss would be advantageous to detect and monitor progression of T2DM. Biomarkers with such capacities could be neo-epitopes of proteins with high β-cell specificity containing post translational modifications. Such tools may segregate T2DM patients into more appropriate treatment groups, based on their β-cell status, which is currently not possible. Presently individuals presenting with adequately elevated levels of both insulin and glucose are classified as T2DM patients, while an important subdivision of those is pending, namely those patients with sufficient β-cell capacity and those without. This may warrant two very different treatment options and patient care paths.Serological biomarkers reflecting β-cell health status may also assist development of new drugs for T2DM and aid physicians in better characterization of individual patients and tailor individual treatments and patient care protocols.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kim V Andreassen
- Nordic Bioscience A/S, Herlev Hovedgade 207, DK-2730, Herlev, Denmark
| | - Sara T Hjuler
- Nordic Bioscience A/S, Herlev Hovedgade 207, DK-2730, Herlev, Denmark
| | - Michael Feigh
- Nordic Bioscience A/S, Herlev Hovedgade 207, DK-2730, Herlev, Denmark
| | | | | | - Kim Henriksen
- Nordic Bioscience A/S, Herlev Hovedgade 207, DK-2730, Herlev, Denmark
| | - Morten A Karsdal
- Nordic Bioscience A/S, Herlev Hovedgade 207, DK-2730, Herlev, Denmark
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14
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Henriksen K, Andreassen KV, Thudium CS, Gudmann KNS, Moscatelli I, Crüger-Hansen CE, Schulz AS, Dziegiel MH, Richter J, Karsdal MA, Neutzsky-Wulff AV. A specific subtype of osteoclasts secretes factors inducing nodule formation by osteoblasts. Bone 2012; 51:353-61. [PMID: 22722081 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2012.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2012] [Revised: 06/07/2012] [Accepted: 06/09/2012] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Osteoclasts are known to be important for the coupling process between bone resorption and formation. The aim of this study was to address when osteoclasts are anabolically active. Human monocytes were differentiated into mature osteoclasts by treatment with M-CSF and RANKL. Conditioned medium was collected from macrophages, pre-osteoclasts, and mature functional or non-resorbing osteopetrotic osteoclasts on either bone, plastic, decalcified bone or dentine with or without diphyllin, E64 or GM6001. Osteoclasts numbers were measured by TRACP activity. Bone resorption was evaluated by CTX-I and calcium release. The osteoblastic cell line 2T3 was treated with 50% of CM or non-CM for 12days. Bone formation was assessed by Alizarin Red extraction. CM from mature osteoclasts induced bone formation, while CM from macrophages did not. Non-resorbing osteoclasts generated from osteopetrosis patients showed little resorption, but still an induction of bone formation by osteoblasts. Mimicking the reduction in bone resorption using the V-ATPase inhibitor Diphyllin, the cysteine proteinase inhibitor E64 and the MMP-inhibitor GM6001 showed that CM from diphyllin and E64 treated osteoclasts showed reduced ability to induce bone formation compared to CM from vehicle treated osteoclasts, while CM from GM6001 treated osteoclasts equaled vehicle CM. Osteoclasts on either dentine or decalcified bone showed strongly attenuated anabolic capacities. In conclusion, we present evidence that osteoclasts, both dependent and independent of their resorptive activity, secrete factors stimulating osteoblastic bone formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kim Henriksen
- Nordic Bioscience A/S, Bone Biology and Biomarkers, Herlev, Denmark.
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15
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Abstract
Imbalances between bone resorption and formation lie at the root of disorders such as osteoporosis, Paget's disease of bone (PDB), and osteopetrosis. Recently, genetic and functional studies have implicated proteins involved in autophagic protein degradation as important mediators of bone cell function in normal physiology and in pathology. Autophagy is the conserved process whereby aggregated proteins, intracellular pathogens, and damaged organelles are degraded and recycled. This process is important both for normal cellular quality control and in response to environmental or internal stressors, particularly in terminally-differentiated cells. Autophagic structures can also act as hubs for the spatial organization of recycling and synthetic process in secretory cells. Alterations to autophagy (reduction, hyperactivation, or impairment) are associated with a number of disorders, including neurodegenerative diseases and cancers, and are now being implicated in maintenance of skeletal homoeostasis. Here, we introduce the topic of autophagy, describe the new findings that are starting to emerge from the bone field, and consider the therapeutic potential of modifying this pathway for the treatment of age-related bone disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lynne J Hocking
- Musculoskeletal Research Programme, Division of Applied Medicine, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK.
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