Systematic review and meta-analysis comparing land and aquatic exercise for people with hip or knee arthritis on function, mobility and other health outcomes

Identifying the benefits of recovery programs of aquatic gymnastics, aquatic ludotherapy and therapeutic swimming on human motor, kinetotherapeutic and mental capacity

Introduction

This study aimed to evaluate the motor, kinetotherapeutic, and psychological benefits of three aquatic therapeutic programs-aquagym recovery (AG), aquatic ludotherapy (ALT), and therapeutic swimming (TS)-for students specializing in balneo-physio-kinetotherapy.

Methods

The study group consisted of 101 students, out of which 43 students from the balneo-physiokinetotherapy study program (BFKT) and 67 master's degree students from physical therapy and functional rehabilitation (PTFR). The questionnaire was named Questionnaire regarding the benefits of therapeutic aquatic programs (QBTAP), and included 3 subscales according to the typology of the targeted objectives, namely: motor, kinetotherapeutic and psychological. The items of each subscale correspond to the objectives identified in the content of the 3 aquatic programs stipulated in the content of the courses corresponding to the disciplines in the education plans of academic study programs (BFK, TRFR). The motor subscale included 8 items, the kinetotherapeutic subscale included 16 items, and the psychological subscale included 10 items. The evaluation of the QBTAP questionnaire 5-point Likert scale. The three evaluated programs were: recovery aquagym (AG), aquatic ludotherapy (ALT) and therapeutic swimming (TS).

Results

The results and conclusion sections should highlight the main findings succinctly. For example: "The QBTAP showed high internal consistency (Cronbach's Alpha >0.9) across all subscales and programs, with significant differences identified between the three programs (p < 0.05).

Conclusion

The study concludes that aquagym most effectively improves motor capacity, aquatic ludotherapy enhances psychological function, and therapeutic swimming is most beneficial for recovery and rehabilitation.

Comparative Efficacy of Various Exercise Therapies and Combined Treatments on Inflammatory Biomarkers and Morphological Measures of Skeletal Muscle among Older Adults with Knee Osteoarthritis: A Network Meta-Analysis

Osteoarthritis is associated with high risks of sarcopenia in older populations. Exercise interventions are promising treatments for musculoskeletal impairments in knee osteoarthritis (KOA). The purpose of this study was to identify the comparative effects of exercise monotherapy and its adjunct treatments on muscle volume and serum inflammation for older individuals with KOA. A literature search in the electronic databases was comprehensively performed from this study's inception until April 2024 to identify relevant randomized controlled trials (RCTs) that reported muscle morphology and inflammation outcomes after exercise. The included RCTs were analyzed through a frequentist network meta-analysis (NMA). The standard mean difference (SMD) with a 95% confidence interval was estimated for treatment effects on muscle morphology and inflammation biomarkers. The relative effects on each main outcome among all treatment arms were compared using surface under the cumulative ranking (SUCRA) scores. The certainty of evidence (CoE) was assessed by the GRADE (Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development, and Evaluations) ranking system. Probable moderators of the treatment efficacy were investigated by network meta-regression analysis. This study included 52 RCTs (4255 patients) for NMA. Among the 27 identified treatment arms, isokinetic training plus physical modality as well as low-load resistance training plus blood-flow restriction yielded the most optimal treatment for inflammation reduction (-1.89; SUCRA = 0.97; CoE = high) and muscle hypertrophy (SMD = 1.28; SUCRA = 0.94; CoE = high). The patient's age (β = -0.73), the intervention time (β = -0.45), and the follow-up duration (β = -0.47) were identified as significant determinants of treatment efficacy on muscle hypertrophy. Exercise therapy in combination with noninvasive agents exert additional effects on inflammation reduction and muscle hypertrophy compared to its corresponding monotherapies for the KOA population. However, such treatment efficacy is likely moderated by the patient's age, the intervention time, and the follow-up duration.

The efficacy and safety of leucine-enriched essential amino acids in knee osteoarthritis patients: A randomized controlled trial

BACKGROUND

Supplementation with leucine-enriched essential amino acids (LEAAs) has shown efficacy in the recovery of muscle injury and activation of muscle synthesis. Muscle function in knee osteoarthritis is a crucial factor for managing pain and preserving ambulatory function. However, the efficacy and safety of LEAAs supplementation in patients with knee osteoarthritis have not been evaluated.

METHODS

In this prospective analysis, we evaluated the efficacy and safety of supplementation with 12 g of LEAAs daily for 8 weeks in knee-symptomatic osteoarthritis patients. For assessing the efficacy, clinical pain, calf circumference, and disability were assessed using questionnaires (visual analog scale, Knee Society Score, and 36-item short form survey [SF-36]), laboratory analyses (total protein and albumin), and radiologic study (dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry [DEXA]) for muscle and bone density. To evaluate safety, generalized or localized protein allergic reactions, complete blood count, liver and kidney function, and serum glucose were measured.

RESULTS

Sixty-five participants, categorized into the experimental (n = 32) and control (n = 33) groups, were included in this 8-week trial from March 2022 to July 2022. A significantly higher efficacy was observed in the experimental group than in the control group, as indicated by muscle density in the DEXA scan (P = .001) and SF-36 (P < .001). The safety evaluation revealed no related generalized or local protein allergy. Hematological findings, serum glucose, and kidney and liver toxicity were not significantly different between the groups.

CONCLUSION

Supplementation with leucine-enriched proteins is safe and efficacious in the improvement of muscle density and quality of life.

Long-term efficacy of hydrotherapy on balance function in patients with Parkinson's disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Background

Hydrotherapy can improve the motor and non-motor symptoms of Parkinson's disease (PD), but the long-term effects of hydrotherapy on PD are still unclear.

Objective

The purpose of this systematic evaluation and meta-analysis was to explore the long-term effects of hydrotherapy on balance function in PD patients.

Methods

A systematic search of five databases was conducted to identify appropriate randomized controlled trials (RCTs) according to the established inclusion and exclusion criteria. The general characteristics and outcome data (balance, exercise, mobility, quality of life, etc.) of the included studies were extracted, and the quality of the included studies was evaluated using the Cochrane risk of bias assessment tool. Finally, the outcome data were integrated for meta-analysis.

Results

A total of 149 articles were screened, and 5 high-quality RCTs involving 135 PD patients were included. The results of the meta-analysis showed positive long-term effects of hydrotherapy on balance function compared to the control group (SMD = 0.69; 95% CI = 0.21, 1.17; p = 0.005; I2 = 44%), However, there were no significant long-term effects of hydrotherapy on motor function (SMD = 0.06; 95% CI = -0.33, 0.44; p = 0.77; I2 = 0%), mobility and quality of life (SMD = -0.21; 95% CI = -0.98, 0.57; p = 0.6; I2 = 71%). Interestingly, the results of the sensitivity analysis performed on mobility showed a clear continuation effect of hydrotherapy on mobility compared to the control group (SMD = -0.80; 95% CI = -1.23, -0.37; p < 0.001; I2 = 0%).

Conclusion

The long-term effects of hydrotherapy on PD patients mainly focus on balance function, and the continuous effects on motor function, mobility, and quality of life are not obvious.

Efficacy of aquatic exercise in chronic musculoskeletal disorders: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials

BACKGROUND

Aquatic exercise (AE) is becoming ever more popular as a physical therapy, while it is unclear what precise improvements it will produce and how effective it will be in comparison with other non-surgical therapies. The study aimed to assess whether AE positively impacts chronic musculoskeletal disorder patients in terms of pain, physical function, and quality of life.

METHODS

PRISMA guidelines were followed, and our study protocol was published online at PROSPERO under registration number CRD42023417411. We searched PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, and Cochrane library databases for English-language articles published before April 11, 2023, including studies from all relevant randomized controlled trials (RCTs). After screening, we ultimately included 32 RCTs with a total of 2,200 participants. We also performed subgroup analyses for all included studies. This meta-analysis calculated standardized mean difference (SMD) with 95% confidence interval (CI), and the variance was estimated using a random-effects model. The quality of the included studies was assessed by using the Cochrane collaborative "risk of bias" assessment tool (version 2.0). Thus ensuring that the literature included is of high quality.

RESULTS

This meta-analysis included 32 trials with 2,200 participants; these patients were all between the ages of 38-80. The study showed that compared to the no exercise (NE) group, patients in the AE group experienced a remarkable reduction in pain (SMD: -0.64, P < 0.001), a significant increase in physical function (SMD: 0.62, P < 0.001), and a statistically significant improvement in quality of life (SMD: -0.64, P < 0.001). When compared to land-based exercise (LE), AE significantly relieves patients' pain (SMD: -0.35, P = 0.03).

CONCLUSIONS

This is the first systematic review and meta-analysis to study whether AE could improve chronic musculoskeletal disorders. The evidence suggests that AE benefits pain, physical function, and quality of life in adults with chronic musculoskeletal conditions compared to NE. Furthermore, when compared to LE, AE continues to provide a better improvement in patient pain. More long-term clinical trials are needed to confirm AE's positive effects and improvement mechanisms and the more existential advantages compared to LE.

The effect of aquatic and land exercise on the mental well-being of women following breast cancer surgery-comparative study

PURPOSE

Women after surgical treatment of breast cancer are less likely to engage in physical activity and may exhibit depressive symptoms even for many years post-treatment. The aim of the study was to compare the impact of 6 months aquatic and land exercise on mental well-being of women after breast cancer surgery.

METHODS

The study was based on a survey which involved a total of 90 women ≥ 50 years of age (including 60 subjects after treatment of breast cancer ≥ 2 years after surgery and 30 healthy control). The study participants were divided into three groups, i.e. women attending general exercise sessions in a gym (A, n = 30), participating in aquatic exercise (B, n = 30), as well as healthy female peers reporting no regular physical exercise for the period of 6 months (C, n = 30). The present data were acquired using standardized questionnaires designed to assess physical activity (IPAQ-SF), mental well-being (WHO-5) and level of anxiety, i.e., Generalized Anxiety Disorder Questionnaire (GAD-7).

RESULTS

Both the aquatic and land exercise had positive effect on mental well-being of woman after breast cancer surgery and there were no significant differences between them. Analysis of the anxiety level (GAD-7) confirms that women after breast cancer treatment were more exposed to a feeling of generalised anxiety disorder, i.e. 8.67 vs. 6.73, 4.5 (p = 0.001). The results of WHO-5 index were significantly higher in the A and B groups comparing to healthy control, i.e. 13.27 vs. 14.18; 10.10 (p < 0.001), but the obtained results still indicate the low self-esteem of the study group. Women after breast cancer surgery who regularly participated in aquatic exercise were engaged in more vigorous physical activity compared to the other groups, i.e. 1049.33 vs. 521.33; 860.00 MET min/week (p = 0.001).

CONCLUSION

Regardless of the type of physical activity, 6 months aquatic and land exercise contributed to improved mental well-being and ensured adequate levels of moderate physical activity of woman after BC surgery. Regular physical activity is crucial in the rehabilitation after mastectomy and can be an effective treatment to achieve beneficial mental outcomes.

Effects of aquatic exercises on physical fitness and quality of life in postmenopausal women: an updated systematic review and meta-analysis

Objective

In the present systematic review and meta-analysis, we aimed to evaluate and update the effects of aquatic exercise on physical fitness and quality of life (QoL) in postmenopausal women.

Methods

The databases Cochrane Library, PubMed, Web of Science, and MEDLINE were searched for randomized controlled trials (RCTs) on the topic from inception to July 2022. The GetData software was used to extract data from the published images. RevMan5.4 software was used for statistical analysis. Data are expressed as standardized mean difference (SMD) with 95% confidence intervals (CI). I² index was employed for heterogeneity. Egger's test was used to assess publication bias. We evaluated the methodological quality of included studies using the Physiotherapy Evidence Database scale.

Results

We included 594 participants in 16 RCTs (19 comparison groups). The results indicated that aquatic exercise can significantly improve lower limb strength (LLS), upper limb strength (ULS), agility, flexibility, and overall QoL. No significant effects were found on aerobic capacity. Subgroup-analysis results indicated that aquatic exercise only significantly improved LLS, ULS, agility, and flexibility in postmenopausal women < 65 years of age. However, aquatic exercise improves the overall QoL both in postmenopausal women < 65 years and ≥ 65 years. Aquatic resistance exercise significantly improves LLS, ULS, agility and flexibility. In addition, aquatic aerobic exercise can effectively increase LLS, and combined aquatic aerobic and resistance exercise can enhance the overall QoL.

Conclusions

Aquatic exercise can effectively improve physical fitness and overall QoL in postmenopausal women, but has limited effects on aerobic capacity; thus, it is highly recommended in postmenopausal women.

Improvement of Pain Symptoms in Musculoskeletal Diseases After Multimodal Spa Therapy in the Austrian Gastein Valley-A Study Based on Longitudinal Registry Data

Objective: The study aim was to investigate the course of pain in rest and motion in seven different rheumatic diseases (RMD), prior and after multimodal spa therapy including low-dose radon treatment and at 3-, 6-; and 9-month follow up. Methods: Complete data from the radon indication registry including information on 561 subjects with RMD were analysed to explore the association of timepoint of measurement with pain in rest and motion. For this purpose, linear regression models adjusted for RMD-type, age, sex and body mass index (BMI) were applied. Results: The mean age of the sample was 55 years, the average body mass index was 26.8, and 275 subjects were women. Pain scores were significantly improved at all-time points compared to baseline. Pain courses were different for each RMD with the largest improvement seen in fibromyalgia. Conclusion: Timing spa facility visits according to RMD-specific pain courses may result in sustained pain reduction.

A Novel Approach to Assess Balneotherapy Effects on Musculoskeletal Diseases-An Open Interventional Trial Combining Physiological Indicators, Biomarkers, and Patients' Health Perception

The present study aimed to evaluate whether a 14-day period of balneotherapy influences the inflammatory status, health-related quality of life (QoL) and quality of sleep, underlying overall health state, and clinically relevant benefits of patients with musculoskeletal diseases (MD). The health-related QoL was evaluated using the following instruments: 5Q-5D-5L, EQ-VAS, EUROHIS-QOL, B-IPQ, and HAQ-DI. The quality of sleep was evaluated by a BaSIQS instrument. Circulating levels of IL-6 and C-reactive protein (CRP) were measured by ELISA and chemiluminescent microparticle immunoassay, respectively. The smartband, Xiaomi MI Band 4, was used for real-time sensing of physical activity and sleep quality. MD patients improved the health-related QoL measured by 5Q-5D-5L (p < 0.001), EQ-VAS (p < 0.001), EUROHIS-QOL (p = 0.017), B-IPQ (p < 0.001), and HAQ-DI (p = 0.019) after balneotherapy; the sleep quality was also improved (BaSIQS, p = 0.019). Serum concentrations of IL-6 were markedly decreased after the 14-day balneotherapy (p < 0.001). No statistically significant differences were observed regarding the physical activity and sleep quality data recorded by the smartband. Balneotherapy may be an effective alternative treatment in managing the health status of MD patients, with a decrease in inflammatory states, along with positive effects on pain reduction, patient's functionality, QoL, quality of sleep, and disability perception status.

Mobilizing physiotherapy knowledge: Understanding the best evidence and barriers to implementation of hydrotherapy for musculoskeletal disease

OBJECTIVES

To explore two linked strategies to highlight the best current available evidence for hydrotherapy and to explore the barriers and enablers to mobilizing this evidence into practice.

METHOD

Phase 1: The best published evidence for hydrotherapy was collated using a Critically Appraised Topic (CAT) methodology. The focus was the best available research evidence for hydrotherapy in musculoskeletal conditions (i.e. osteoarthritis (OA), juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA), rheumatoid arthritis (RA), ankylosing spondylitis (AS), and low back pain (LBP)). Once evaluated for quality, a summary of the evidence was produced in a Clinical Bottom Line (CBL). Phase 2: A Focus Group explored the: CBL, the barriers and facilitators of embedding the best evidence for hydrotherapy into practice.

RESULTS

Phase 1: The CAT identified seven studies that indicated hydrotherapy had beneficial, although short term, effects for common musculoskeletal conditions. Phase 2: Six participants from primary, secondary care, private practice, and education discussed the evidence identified. They highlighted issues such as: understanding the value of hydrotherapy, an overuse of quantitative methodologies and the quality of existing research as being barriers to this knowledge being actively mobilized into clinical care.

CONCLUSIONS

These two linked enquiries (CAT and Focus Group) identified the best evidence and the basis for discussion to explore barriers and facilitators of evidence use in practice. This gave an understanding of the reasons for the research to practice gap and thereby allows planning of knowledge mobilization strategies to reduce this.

The effectiveness of treadmill and swimming exercise in an animal model of osteoarthritis

Introduction: Osteoarthritis (OA) is considered an inflammatory and degenerative joint disease, characterized by loss of hyaline joint cartilage and adjacent bone remodeling with the formation of osteophytes, accompanied by various degrees of functional limitation and reduction in the quality of life of individuals. The objective of this work was to investigate the effects of treatment with physical exercise on the treadmill and swimming in an animal model of osteoarthritis. Methods: Forty-eight male Wistar rats were divided (n=12 per group): Sham (S); Osteoarthritis (OA); Osteoarthritis + Treadmill (OA + T); Osteoarthritis + Swimming (OA + S). The mechanical model of OA was induced by median meniscectomy. Thirty days later, the animals started the physical exercise protocols. Both protocols were performed at moderate intensity. Forty-eight hours after the end of the exercise protocols, all animals were anesthetized and euthanized for histological, molecular, and biochemical parameters analysis. Results: Physical exercise performed on a treadmill was more effective in attenuating the action of pro-inflammatory cytokines (IFN-γ, TNF-α, IL1-β, and IL6) and positively regulating anti-inflammatories such as IL4, IL10, and TGF-β in relation to other groups. Discussion: In addition to maintaining a more balanced oxi-reductive environment within the joint, treadmill exercise provided a more satisfactory morphological outcome regarding the number of chondrocytes in the histological evaluation. As an outcome, better results were found in groups submitted to exercise, mostly treadmill exercise.

Impact of physical exercise programs in breast cancer survivors on health-related quality of life, physical fitness, and body composition: Evidence from systematic reviews and meta-analyses

Background

Breast cancer is the most common cancer worldwide, and despite remarkable progress in its treatment, the survivors' quality of life is hampered by treatment-related side effects that impair psychosocial and physiological outcomes. Several studies have established the benefits of physical exercise in breast cancer survivors in recent years. Physical exercise reduces the impact of treatment-related adverse events to promote a better quality of life and functional outcomes.

Aim

This study aims to provide an overview of systematic reviews and meta-analyses on the effect of physical exercise on the health-related quality of life, cardiorespiratory fitness, muscle strength, and body composition of breast cancer survivors.

Methods

PubMed and Cochrane databases were searched for systematic reviews and meta-analyses from January 2010 to October 2022. The main focus was ascertaining the effectiveness of physical exercise in breast cancer survivors undergoing curative treatment (surgery and/or radiotherapy and/or chemotherapy). Two reviewers independently screened the literature, extracted the data, and assessed the risk of bias in the included studies.

Results

A total of 101 studies were identified, and 12 were yielded for final analysis. The eligible studies included nine systematic reviews/meta-analyses, one meta-analysis/meta-regression, and two systematic reviews. The number of randomised clinical trials included in each review varied from 11 to 63, and the number of participants was from 214 to 5761. A positive and significant effect of different physical exercise interventions on health-related quality of life was reported in 83.3% (10 studies) of the eligible studies. Physical exercise also improved cardiorespiratory fitness (3 studies; 25%) and showed to be effective in reducing body weight (3 studies; 25%) and waist circumference (4 studies; 33.3%).

Conclusions

Our results suggest that physical exercise is an effective strategy that positively affects breast cancer survivors' quality of life, cardiorespiratory fitness, and body composition. Healthcare professionals should foster the adoption of physical exercise interventions to achieve better health outcomes following breast cancer treatments.

Systematic review registration

https://inplasy.com/inplasy-2022-11-0053/, identifier INPLASY2022110053.

Clinical Impact of Balneotherapy and Therapeutic Exercise in Rheumatic Diseases: A Lexical Analysis and Scoping Review

To review the evidence regarding the clinical effect of spa therapy for rheumatic diseases, with particular attention given to association protocols between balneotherapy and rehabilitation interventions, and to support the literature research and studies’ selection with lexical analysis. Methods: A lexical analysis was performed considering a list of words representing diseases and outcome measures linked to the theme studied in our review. Then, two independent researchers conducted a literature search on PubMed using the string employed for lexical analysis, including Randomized Controlled Trials regarding spa therapy’s clinical effects on patients affected by rheumatic diseases published in the last 30 years. After the exclusion of works that did not meet the eligibility criteria, 14 studies were included in the final scoping review. Results: Spa therapy has shown a favourable effect on pain, function and quality of life in patients with Osteoarthritis, Fibromyalgia and Rheumatoid Arthritis. Different treatment modalities and types of water have demonstrated beneficial long-term clinical improvement. Furthermore, the association between thermal therapy and rehabilitation treatments has shown better clinical outcomes, probably due to the synergistic effect between the peculiar properties of the thermal waters and the therapeutic exercise program, if conducted in the same context. Conclusions: The combination of balneotherapy and rehabilitative interventions seems to be effective in ameliorating several outcomes in patients with rheumatic diseases. However, due to the wide variety of methodologies and interventions employed, these findings need to be further investigated. The lexical analysis should represent an auxiliary support for an extensive evaluation of scientific literature.

Augmented Rehabilitation Program for Patients 60 Years and Younger Following Total Hip Arthroplasty-Feasibility Study

The purpose of this study is to examine the feasibility, safety and outcomes of a study comparing a 6-week post-operative rehabilitation program to usual care in patients ≤60 years undergoing elective unilateral total hip arthroplasty (THA). Methods: A cohort of 24 THA patients were recruited during their 6-week postoperative visit to their surgeons. The community-based rehabilitation program, which was designed to improve function and increase activity, consisted of 12 structured exercise classes on land and water over 6 weeks. Physical activity was assessed using a Sense Wear Pro Armband (SWA). Participants completed the Hip Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (HOOS) and THA satisfaction questionnaire before and immediately after the intervention. Results: 14 participants received the augmented rehabilitation, and 10 participants were in the control group. All except one in the intervention group completed at least 80% of the sessions. The intervention group took significantly more steps/day (mean difference = 2440 steps/day, 95% CI = 1678, 4712) (p < 0.05), at the follow-up compared to baseline. The intervention group had a higher mean change of number of weekly PA bouts than the control group. Within the intervention group, all HOOS subscales were significantly higher at the follow-up compared to baseline. Conclusion: Findings provided pragmatic insight regarding the intervention and assessments of implementing an augmented rehabilitation program for elective THA.

Effectiveness of aquatic exercise in the treatment of inflammatory arthritis: systematic review

Spondyloarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis are classified as inflammatory arthritis and represent a significant source of pain and disability. Non-pharmacological intervention with physical exercise is among the therapeutic approaches most used by health professionals. This study aimed to investigate the effectiveness of aquatic exercise in the treatment of inflammatory arthritis. The review was registered on the PROSPERO (CRD42020189602). The databases (PubMed, PEDro, Web of Science, and SciELO) were searched for studies involving adults with inflammatory arthritis and subjected to rehabilitation with aquatic exercise compared to any other control group, from the year 2010 to March 2022. Pain, disease activity, and physical function were regarded as primary outcomes. Two reviewers completed the eligibility screening and data extraction, and disagreements were resolved by a third reviewer. The methodological quality was assessed using the PEDro scale. A total of 5254 studies were identified, and nine articles were included, totalling 604 participants. Regarding pain, two studies showed that aquatic exercise was superior to home exercise. One study showed that disease activity was significantly improved in the aquatic group compared to the land-based exercise and the control groups (no exercise). Two studies reported that therapy containing aquatic exercise was able to improve physical function. Overall, the studies included in this review indicate that aquatic exercise is effective in treating pain, disease activity, and physical function in individuals with inflammatory arthritis. However, further studies carrying stronger evidence should be conducted to determine whether the treatment with aquatic exercise is superior to other types of therapies.

Effects of Aquatic Exercises for Patients with Osteoarthritis: Systematic Review with Meta-Analysis

This systematic review examined papers published in Korean, English and newer publications that were not included in previous studies to assess the effect size of aquatic exercise-based interventions on pain, quality of life and joint dysfunction among patients with osteoarthritis. Six national and international databases were used to review literature (published up to 7 March 2019) on randomized controlled trials of aquatic exercise-based interventions in patients with osteoarthritis. For the 20 studies included, a meta-analysis showed that aquatic exercise produces 0.61-point reduction (n = 756; mean difference (MD) = −0.61; 95% confidence interval (CI): −0.90–−0.32) in pain compared with a control group, and aquatic exercise was effective in reducing pain (n = 315; MD = −0.28; 95% CI: −0.50–−0.05) compared with a land-based exercise group. Another meta-analysis showed that aquatic exercise produces 0.77-point improvement in quality of life (n = 279; MD = −0.77; 95% CI: −1.38–−0.15) compared with a control group. Finally, a meta-analysis showed that aquatic exercise produces 0.34-point reduction in joint dysfunction (n = 279; MD = −0.77; 95% CI: −1.38–−0.15) compared with a control group. For patients with osteoarthritis, aquatic-exercise-based interventions are effective for reducing pain and joint dysfunction and improving quality of life.

Effects of aquatic therapy on balance in older adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis

PURPOSE

Balance is a key component of movement for daily activities, especially in older adults. Previous studies examining aquatic therapy as an effective way for improving balance have yielded inconsistent findings. The current systematic review and meta-analysis investigated the effectiveness of aquatic therapy on balance among older adults.

METHODS

Sources include Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, Medline, ISI Web of Science, EBSCO, Embase, Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature, and Scopus. Randomized controlled or cross-over trials published by Feb 2020 were included following pre-determined search and selection criteria. Data extraction was performed by two researchers independently using a pre-determined data extraction form. Methodological quality was assessed by two reviewers using the PEDro scale which was used to rate trials according to criteria such as concealed allocation, blinding, and intention-to-treat analysis. Furthermore, meta-analysis was conducted where possible. This review was registered at PROSPERO CRD42018118382.

RESULTS

Fifteen trials with 385 healthy participants aged 50 or over were included. Results showed that aquatic therapy had a significant effect on dynamic balance (SMD, - 1.13; 95% CI, [- 1.45 to (- 0.82)]; I² = 77%). The analysis indicated that aquatic therapy improved balance ability compared to controls.

CONCLUSIONS

Aquatic therapy has a positive impact on dynamic balance in older adults. However, further high-quality and appropriately powered studies are required to confirm this assertion.

Effect of aqua walking exercise on knee joint angles, muscular strength, and visual analogue scale for patients with limited range of motion of the knee

The purpose of this study is to identify the effects of aqua walking exercise on the joint range of motion (ROM), muscular strength, and pain in patients who have limited knee ROM from surgery or joint fixation. Ten subjects were participated in this study and divided into two groups: continuous passive motion (CPM) therapy+walking exercise on dryland (CWD) and CPM+aqua walking exercise (CAW) groups. The repeated measures analysis of variance was used to verify the difference between the groups and the duration of the program. A paired t-test was used to verify the significance of the observed difference within the groups, and an independent t-test was used to verify the significance of the observed difference between different groups. In this study, ROM in the knee flexion showed interaction effect between the two groups. CAW had a significant increase of knee flexion angle compared to those in CWD. Also, strength on the knee flexors showed interaction effect between the two groups. CAW had a significant increase of knee flexion angle compared to those in CWD, while strength on the knee extensors showed no significant interaction effect between groups. Visual analogue scale (VAS) score showed interaction between the two groups. CAW had a significant increase of the VAS scores compared to those in CWD. Given these findings reported in present study, aqua walking exercise for patients with osteoarthritis is a very safe and effective therapeutic strategies that can move the joint in the optimal ROM.

Aquatic Exercise for Health Promotion: A 31-Year Bibliometric Analysis

The present study aimed to review the research literature on aquatic exercise for health promotion using bibliometric methods and CiteSpace software. The number of studies related to this topic are constantly expanding, with the USA, Brazil, and Australia the centers of this research. Most published papers fall within Sports Science, but the disciplines of Physiology, Psychology, and Rehabilitation were also found to be dominant domains for this literature. The seven most prolific authors were from Brazil or Spain. The most frequently cited references focused on sub-topics of physiology, biochemistry, physical fitness, psychological health, cardiovascular disease, and joint disease. New research trends have shifted to the promotion of cardiovascular health in clinical populations (stroke, overweight, hypertension, endothelium dysfunctional, obese, inflammation, antioxidant, heart failure). Overall, this review found that research hot spots and trends in this realm have focused on improving cardiovascular health with aquatic exercise.

Impact or no impact for women with mild knee osteoarthritis? A Bayesian meta-analysis of two RCT's with contrasting interventions

OBJECTIVE

We aim to predict the probability of a benefit from two contrasting exercise programs for a woman with a new diagnosis of mild knee osteoarthritis (OA). The short and long-term effects of aquatic resistance training (ART) and high-impact aerobic land training (HLT) compared with the control will be estimated.

METHODS

Original data sets from two previously conducted randomised controlled trials (RCT) were combined and used in a Bayesian meta-analysis. Group differences in multiple response variables were estimated. Variables included cardiorespiratory fitness, dynamic maximum leg muscle power, maximal isometric knee extension and flexion force, pain, other symptoms and quality of life. The statistical model included a latent commitment variable for each female participant.

RESULTS

ART has 55% - 71% probability of benefits in the outcome variables and as the main effect, the intervention outperforms the control in cardiorespiratory fitness with a probability of 71% immediately after the intervention period. HLT has 46% - 63% probability of benefits after intervention with the outcome variables, but differently from ART, the positive effects of physical performance fade away during the follow-up period. Overall, the differences between groups were small and the variation in the predictions between individuals was high.

CONCLUSIONS

Both interventions had benefits but ART has a slightly higher probability of long-term benefits on physical performance. Because of high individual variation and no clear advantage of one training method over the other, personal preferences should be considered in the selection of the exercise program to ensure highest commitment to training.

Nonsurgical Management of Cartilage Defects of the Knee: Who, When, Why, and How?

The nonoperative practitioner managing individuals with cartilage defects should use a patient-centered, multifaceted approach that aims to individualize treatment to provide optimal benefit. These include addressing modifiable risk factors for disease progression and instituting interventions such as weight loss, nutrition, physical activity, and potentially regenerative medicine strategies. This review will focus on these nonoperative treatment strategies with a focus on when treatments are necessary, who will benefit from these approaches, why they are specifically appropriate, and, finally, how these treatments directly modify the structure of a patient's cartilage and resulting symptoms.

A systematic review and meta-analysis comparing the effect of aquatic and land exercise on dynamic balance in older adults

BACKGROUND

Balance impairments are the leading causes of falls in older adults. Aquatic-based exercises have been broadly practiced as an alternative to land-based exercises; however, the effects on dynamic balance have not been comprehensively reviewed and compared to land exercises. Thus, the purpose of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to compare the effectiveness of aquatic exercises (AE) to land exercises (LE) on dynamic balance in older adults.

METHODS

Electronic databases (PubMed, MEDLINE, CINAHL, SPORTDiscus, psycINFO), from inception to November 2019, were searched. Studies met the following eligibility criteria: Randomized controlled trials, English language, older adults aged 65 years or older, a minimum of one AE and LE group, at least one assessment for dynamic balance. For the meta-analysis, the effect sizes of dynamic balance outcomes were calculated using a standardized mean difference (SMD) and a 95% confidence interval (CI).

RESULTS

A total of 11 trials met the inclusion criteria, and 10 studies were eligible for the meta-analysis. The meta-analysis presented that older adults in AE groups demonstrated comparable enhancements in dynamic steady-state balance (SMD = - 0.24; 95% CI, -.81 to .34), proactive balance (SMD = - 0.21; 95% CI, -.59 to .17), and balance test batteries (SMD = - 0.24; 95% CI, -.50 to .03) compared with those in LE groups.

CONCLUSIONS

AE and LE have comparable impacts on dynamic balance in older adults aged 65 years or older. Thus, this review provides evidence that AE can be utilized as a reasonable alternative to LE to improve dynamic balance and possibly reduce the risk of falls.

Comparison of Aquatic Therapy vs. Dry Land Therapy to Improve Mobility of Chronic Stroke Patients

One of the most serious and disabling problems of stroke is pain and a decrease in balance, with the consequent increased risk of falls. The aim of the randomized controlled trial study was to compare the efficacy of three different treatment proposals to improve pain, gait, and balance in chronic stroke patients. Forty patients diagnosed with stroke were divided into three groups: the dry-land therapy group (control group) received sessions that included walking exercises and trunk mobility. The experimental group received Ai Chi aquatic therapy, and the combined group received alternating dry-land therapy sessions and Ai Chi aquatic therapy. The measurement instruments used were: the Tinetti balance and gait scale, the visual analog scale (VAS), 360° turn, single leg stance, and the 30-s stand test (CS-30). After twelve weeks of treatment, the results were significantly better for the combined therapy group and the experimental group compared to the dry-land therapy group (p < 0.01) in the VAS scale, CS-30, and 360° turn, although improvements were also found in the evaluations carried out in the aquatic therapy group. In total, for the Tinetti scale and single-leg stance, the differences between the groups were evident, although not statistically significant (p = 0.001). Aquatic therapy with Ai Chi and the combination of aquatic therapy with dry-land therapy was effective in improving pain, balance, and gait in patients with chronic stroke, thus improving their functional capacity and quality of life.

Spa therapy and rehabilitation of musculoskeletal pathologies: a proposal for best practice in Italy

Spa therapy is a heterogeneous collection of treatments and methods based on natural resources. It is often considered as an option in the common therapeutic approach to many musculoskeletal disorders, as well as respiratory, vascular, and dermatological disorders. The objective of this paper is to highlight possible interactions between rehabilitation and spa medicine in the field of musculoskeletal disorders, through an analysis of the scientific literature, in order to give the practitioner the ability to integrate good clinical practice in the field of rehabilitation through practical application involving spa therapies. The literature search was conducted using Medline, PEDro, Cochrane Database, and Google Scholar. Only studies published in English and works concerning the implementation of spa thermal treatment in neuro-musculoskeletal diseases were included. Specifically, the publications analyzed dealt with the treatment of diseases such as arthritis, rheumatic arthritis, ankylosing spondylitis, and low back pain through the use of thermal spa therapies. In conjunction with its widespread use in clinical practice, many studies in the literature suggest the effectiveness of crenobalneotherapy for a number of musculoskeletal disorders, generally those which are chronic and debilitating, finding significant clinical improvement both in terms of pain and functional limitations. Some of the guidelines formulated by national and international bodies on the treatment of specific diseases, such as the Italian Rheumatology Society (SIR) and the Osteoarthritis Research Society International (OARSI) guidelines, recognize the value of thermal medicine as a complement, but not a replacement, for conventional therapy (pharmacological or not).

Effect of changing water depth on muscle activity and motion kinematics during sit-to-stand motion

BACKGROUND

Sit-to-stand (STS) movement is a fundamental activity in daily life. Studies have examined the effect of water depth during aquatic exercise; however, no investigation has examined the effect of water depth on STS movements.

RESEARCH QUESTION

This study examined whether changing water depth affected muscle activity and motion kinematics during the STS movement.

METHODS

Eleven participants performed the STS movement on the ground (land) and at different water depths (1.0-m [deep] and 0.6-m [shallow]) at a self-determined pace. Lower extremity and trunk muscle activity, lower extremity joint angle, and trunk segment inclination angle were measured. Mean muscle activity during STS movement, initial and final postures, and range of motion of each angle was evaluated. Correlations of a normalised time-series pattern of electromyography and motion kinematics measures between land and shallow (land-shallow) and between land and deep (land-deep) were investigated.

RESULTS

The rectus femoris was more active in shallow than in deep water STS movement but less than that in land STS. Other muscles showed no significant differences between shallow and land STS movement. Correlation of the time series pattern in the tibialis anterior, rectus femoris, and erector spinae muscles was higher in the land-shallow than the land-deep STS. The trunk showed more forward inclination in the shallow STS than the land but less than the deep. Correlation of the time series pattern in the hip joint and trunk inclination angles was higher in the land-shallow STS than in the land-deep STS.

SIGNIFICANCE

STS exercise in the shallow water depth reduced muscle load for the knee extensor but not for other muscles. The muscle activity pattern showed a higher correlation between the land STS and shallow water than deep. Sitting posture becomes upright when the water depth decreases, but a similar motion pattern could be attained regardless of water depth.

Does Health Professional Counseling Impact the Quality-of-Life Levels of Older Adults Enrolled in Physical Activity Programs?

Background and objectives: There are studies showing that exercise counseled by health professionals can improve physical fitness. However, less is known about the effects of exercise counseling on quality of life. The aim of this study was to investigate health-related quality of life of older adults who received or did not receive physical exercise counseling by sport and exercise professionals or physicians. Materials and Methods: This was a cross-sectional study that investigated quality of life of older adults who did or did not receive exercise counseling from health professionals. Older adults who were physically active took part in this study: 45 participants performed exercise advised by sport and exercise professionals (SEPCG), 19 participants performed exercise advised by physicians (PCG), and 26 participants performed exercise without counseling (NCG). Participants answered the SF-36 to estimate quality of life. Results: Analysis revealed that responses on all SF-36 subscales were higher in those participants who received counseling by sport and exercise professionals (Functioning capacity, β = -26.283, p < 0.001 and β = -26.482, p < 0.001, Role limitations due to physical problems, β = -43.372, p < 0.001 and β = -45.177, p < 0.001, Pain, β = -17.634, p < 0.001 and β = -16.015, p < 0.001, General health perceptions, β = -38.008, p < 0.001 and β = -32.529, p < 0.001, Vitality, β = -18.573, p < 0.001 and β = -16.406, p = 0.001, Social functioning, β = -37.963, p < 0.001 and β = -29.224, p < 0.001, Role limitations due to emotional problems, β = -52.246, p < 0.001 and β = -40.173, p < 0.001, Mental health, β = -17.381, p < 0.001 and β = -12.121, p < 0.001, PCG and NCG respectively). Conclusions: The results showed that those older adults who were counseled by sport and exercise professionals presented better quality of life, possibly because these professionals counseled exercise based on current guidelines for exercise prescription.

PEER umbrella systematic review of systematic reviews: Management of osteoarthritis in primary care

OBJECTIVE

To determine how many patients with chronic osteoarthritis pain respond to various non-surgical treatments.

DATA SOURCES

PubMed and the Cochrane Library.

STUDY SELECTION

Published systematic reviews of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) that included meta-analysis of responder outcomes for at least 1 of the following interventions were included: acetaminophen, oral nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), topical NSAIDs, serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs), tricyclic antidepressants, cannabinoids, counseling, exercise, platelet-rich plasma, viscosupplementation, glucosamine, chondroitin, intra-articular corticosteroids, rubefacients, or opioids.

SYNTHESIS

In total, 235 systematic reviews were included. Owing to limited reporting of responder meta-analyses, a post hoc decision was made to evaluate individual RCTs with responder analysis within the included systematic reviews. New meta-analyses were performed where possible. A total of 155 RCTs were included. Interventions that led to more patients attaining meaningful pain relief compared with control included exercise (risk ratio [RR] of 2.36; 95% CI 1.79 to 3.12), intra-articular corticosteroids (RR = 1.74; 95% CI 1.15 to 2.62), SNRIs (RR = 1.53; 95% CI 1.25 to 1.87), oral NSAIDs (RR = 1.44; 95% CI 1.36 to 1.52), glucosamine (RR = 1.33; 95% CI 1.02 to 1.74), topical NSAIDs (RR = 1.27; 95% CI 1.16 to 1.38), chondroitin (RR = 1.26; 95% CI 1.13 to 1.41), viscosupplementation (RR = 1.22; 95% CI 1.12 to 1.33), and opioids (RR = 1.16; 95% CI 1.02 to 1.32). Preplanned subgroup analysis demonstrated no effect with glucosamine, chondroitin, or viscosupplementation in studies that were only publicly funded. When trials longer than 4 weeks were analyzed, the benefits of opioids were not statistically significant.

CONCLUSION

Interventions that provide meaningful relief for chronic osteoarthritis pain might include exercise, intra-articular corticosteroids, SNRIs, oral and topical NSAIDs, glucosamine, chondroitin, viscosupplementation, and opioids. However, funding of studies and length of treatment are important considerations in interpreting these data.

Integrated Thermal Rehabilitation: A New Therapeutic Approach for Disabilities

A mutual link between somatic and visceral neural pathways is known in medicine. This study addresses therapeutic effectiveness of an integrated rehabilitative approach of thermal aquatic environment, combined with neuromuscular manual stimulation, on activation of afferent sensory visceral and somatic efferent neuronal motor pathways in different pathologies of neuromuscular motor and respiratory systems. The study included 63 patients subjected to a protocol consisting of hydroponic treatment, hydrokinesitherapy associated with ozonized vascular pathway, and mud therapy associated with cardiorespiratory treatment performed in aquatic environment and aided by neuromuscular manual therapy. The therapeutic protocol consisted of rehabilitation sessions 5 days a week for 2 months. The outcome measures were spirometry tests and the following evaluation instruments: Tinetti Gait and Balance assessment scale, Functional Independence Measurement, visual analogue scale, and the EQ-5D-5 L instrument. The tests were applied before and after the protocol completion. The findings demonstrate a general increase in patients' everyday living autonomy and quality of life, with a particular improvement in respiratory function tests. We conclude that the integrated thermal approach holds promise in therapeutic rehabilitation of disabilities.

BENEFITS AND USE OF AQUATIC THERAPY DURING REHABILITATION AFTER ACL RECONSTRUCTION -A CLINICAL COMMENTARY

Outcomes after long-term injuries such as anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACLR) need improving. One area which has received limited research attention is the use of aquatic therapy to optimize the functional recovery process after injury. There is still limited understanding of what the benefits of the pool can bring for rehabilitation and particularly what and when can be done in the pool after injury. This clinical commentary describes how the application of the properties of water can support the functional recovery process after ACLR. Here it is proposed that the main properties (density, hydrostatic pressure, buoyancy and viscosity) of aquatic therapy, if applied correctly to rehabilitation practices, can be used to achieve six primary goals after ACLR : 1) assist in the reduction of pain and swelling; 2) support the recovery of gait; 3) support the maintenance and/ or development of cardiovascular fitness; 4) help accelerate and optimize motor pattern retraining; 5) allow for earlier introduction of plyometrics and power training and 6) support the between session recovery and optimal load management, particularly in the later phases of rehabilitation. If implemented correctly, the presented phased protocol can support practitioners in implementing or delivering aquatic therapy rehabilitation services to their injured athletes. To support implementation, the authors have provided a specific protocol and supplementary videos for the use of aquatic therapy after ACLR.

LEVEL OF EVIDENCE

5.

Investigation the EMG Activities of Lower Limb Muscles When Doing Squatting Exercise in Water and on Land

(1) Background: Squatting is one of the common closed-kinetic chain (CKC) exercises for knee rehabilitation. Some patients cannot perform squatting exercises on land occasionally due to knee pain. Several studies had suggested that lower limb muscle activities are lower in water than on land while performing CKC exercises. The purpose of this study is to investigate the surface electromyography (sEMG) activities of Rectus femoris (RF) and Biceps femoris (BF) muscles when doing a squatting exercise in water and on land. (2) Methods: This was a cross-sectional experimental study. A total of 20 healthy participants (10 males, 10 females) were recruited by convenience sampling. The sEMG of RF and BF muscles in water and on land were collected and the knee motions were videotaped. Participants were instructed to perform closed kinetic-chain back squatting exercises at a specific speed (30 beats per minute) in water and on land at angular speed of 45°/s. Eight repetitions of the squatting exercise (0–90° knee flexion) were performed. The mean percentage maximal voluntary contraction (%MVC) between two muscles was compared in two conditions. The %MVC of RF and BF muscles at different specific knee flexion angles (30°, 60° and 90° knee flexion) was also identified. (3) Result: Muscle activities of RF (p = 0.01) and BF (p < 0.01) muscles were significantly lower in water than on land. The %MVC of RF and BF muscles was found to be 15.01% and 10.68% lower in water than on land respectively. For different knee angle phases, the differences in %MVC between land and water had significant difference for both RF muscles and BF muscles. (4) Conclusion: This study found a difference of mean percentage MVC of RF and BF muscles between land and water in different phases of squatting. The water medium reduced the two muscles’ activities to a similar extent. The result showed that the aquatic environment allows an individual to perform squatting with less muscle activation which may serve as an alternative knee exercise option for patients who encounter difficulty in land squatting due to lower limb muscle weakness or a high level of knee pain.

Evaluation of Changes in Levels of Hyperandrogenism, Hirsutism and Menstrual Regulation After a Period of Aquatic High Intensity Interval Training in Women with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome

Background

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a polygenic endocrine disorder in women of reproductive ages which will lead to infertility. This study is aimed to determine changes in levels of hyperandrogenism, hirsutism and menstrual regulation after a period of aquatic high intensity interval training (AHIIT) in women with PCOS.

Methods

Thirty patients with PCOS having age between 20 and 35 and body mass index (BMI) ≥30 kg/m² in obstetrics and gynaecology clinics in Isfahan were selected based on Rotterdam Diagnostic Criteria. They were randomly divided into experimental (AHIIT + metformin, N = 15) and control groups (metformin, N = 15). The exercises were done for 12 weeks, three sessions of 20 minutes. Metformin (1500 mg) was taken daily for 3 consecutive days for 12 weeks. Kolmogorov-Smirnov test, t-test, Covariance and Wilcoxon were applied (P value < 0.05).

Results

After 12 weeks, no significant difference was observed in waist-to-hip ratio (WHR), but in AHIIT, the BMI and fat mass significantly decreased and levels of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), free testosterone (FT) and sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG) increased compared to control group (P < 0.05). While levels of improvement of total testosterone (TT), dehydroepiandrosterone sulphate (DHEAS), FT, luteinising hormone (LH) and free androgen index (FAI) were not significant between the two groups (P > 0.05). Furthermore, there was a significant decrease in homeostatic assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) and hirsutism severity in experimental group (P < 0.05). In both groups, the order of menstrual cycles improved significantly (P < 0.05).

Conclusions

Doing AHIIT besides drug therapy can be effective for PCOS patients.

Kinematic Comparison of Aquatic- and Land-Based Stationary Exercises in Overweight and Normal Weight Children

PURPOSE

This study examined lower extremity kinematics in healthy weight (HW) and overweight (OW) children during water- and land-based stationary exercises (stationary running, frontal kick, and butt kick) at light submaximal intensity.

METHODS

Participants included OW (N = 10; body fat percentage: 34.97 [8.60]) and HW (N = 15; body fat percentage: 18.33 [4.87]) children, aged 10 to 13 years. Spatiotemporal data, lower extremity joint kinematics, and rating of perceived exertion (RPE) were collected during water- and land-based stationary exercises. Repeated measures analysis of variance compared kinematic variables and RPE between groups and environments. A polygon area function compared coordination patterns between environments.

RESULTS

RPE responses were significantly greater in OW than HW children on land (13.6 [0.7] vs 11.6 [0.7]; P < .001), whereas the RPE responses were similar between groups in water (11.2 [0.7] vs 11.1 [0.8]; P > .05). OW children were significantly more upright than HW children during land-based exercise, whereas there were no differences observed between groups during aquatic-based exercise. The duration of stance and swing phases, angular velocity, and cadence were significantly lower in water than on land.

CONCLUSION

Compared with HW children, OW children performed stationary exercises in a more upright posture on land, with higher RPE. However, these differences diminished in water. Aquatic-based exercise may be effective in minimizing the effects of excess mass on OW children's ability to complete physical activity.

Impact of water therapy on pain management in patients with fibromyalgia: current perspectives

Exercise-related interventions have been recommended as one of the main components in the management of fibromyalgia syndrome (FMS). Water therapy, which combines water's physical properties and exercise benefits, has proven effective in improving the clinical symptoms of FMS, especially pain, considered the hallmark of this syndrome. However, to our knowledge, the mechanisms underlying water therapy effects on pain are still scarcely explored in the literature. Therefore, this narrative review aimed to present the current perspectives on water therapy and the physiological basis for the mechanisms supporting its use for pain management in patients with FMS. Furthermore, the effects of water therapy on the musculoskeletal, neuromuscular, cardiovascular, respiratory, and neuroendocrine systems and inflammation are also addressed. Taking into account the aspects reviewed herein, water therapy is recommended as a nonpharmacologic therapeutic approach in the management of FMS patients, improving pain, fatigue, and quality of life. Future studies should focus on clarifying whether mechanisms and long-lasting effects are superior to other types of nonpharmacological interventions, as well as the economic and societal impacts that this intervention may present.

Improvement in muscular strength and aerobic capacities in elderly people occurs independently of physical training type or exercise model

OBJECTIVES

Progressive decline of physiological processes with aging is normal. Aging is also associated with decreased functional capacity and onset of many diseases. This study evaluated the changes in physical fitness (PF), body composition (BC), and lipid profile (LP) in elderly men completing different training protocols.

METHODS

Fifty-five men (age 60-80 years) were randomized into the following groups: without training, aerobic training on dry land, combined training on dry land, and combined training in water. Training was conducted for 8 weeks, and PF, LP, and BC were assessed at the beginning and end of the intervention.

RESULTS

Significant improvements were observed in all parameters; however, combined programs on land or in water were more effective at improving strength and aerobic fitness. Combined exercise produced greater effects on BC and LP and some muscle fitness parameters; however, improvements in muscular and aerobic capacities occurred independently of exercise type or model.

CONCLUSION

These results indicate that the effects of training occur regardless of training type or model, and are directly associated with training periodization, adherence, and regularity.

Time- and Kellgren⁻Lawrence Grade-Dependent Changes in Intra-Articularly Transplanted Stromal Vascular Fraction in Osteoarthritic Patients

Knee osteoarthritis (OA) is one of the most prevalent disorders in elderly population. Among various therapeutic alternatives, we employed stromal vascular fraction (SVF), a heterogeneous cell population, to regenerate damaged knee cartilage. OA patients were classified on the basis of age, gender, body mass index (BMI), and x-ray-derived Kellgren-Lawrence (KL) grade. They were treated with SVF and followed-up for 24 months. Visual analogue scale (VAS) and Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis (WOMAC) Index were used to determine treatment efficacy. Cartilage healing was assessed using the MRI-based Outerbridge score (OS) and evaluation of bone marrow edema (BME) lesions, while a placebo group was used as a control. Time- and KL-dependent changes were also monitored. We observed a decreasing trend in VAS score and WOMAC index in the SVF-treated group up to 24 months, as compared with the placebo group. Besides, a significant increase and decrease in Lysholm and OS, respectively, were observed in the treatment group. Compared with the values before treatment, the greatly reduced WOMAC scores of KL3 than KL2 groups at 24 months, indicate more improvement in the KL3 group. Highly decreased BME in the treated group was also noted. In conclusion, the SVF therapy is effective in the recovery of OA patients of KL3 grade in 24 months.

Aquatic exercise improves motor impairments in people with Parkinson's disease, with similar or greater benefits than land-based exercise: a systematic review

QUESTIONS

What are the effects of aquatic exercise on disease severity, (non-)motor impairments, activity performance, fear of falling, and quality of life in people with Parkinson's disease (PD)? Does aquatic exercise have greater effects on these outcomes than other forms of exercise in people with PD?

DESIGN

Systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials.

PARTICIPANTS

People with idiopathic PD.

INTERVENTION

Supervised aquatic exercise programs ≥ 2 weeks.

OUTCOMES MEASURES

The primary outcomes were disease severity, motor impairments, activity performance, and fear of falling. The secondary outcomes were non-motor impairments and quality of life.

RESULTS

Of the 129 identified records, seven trials met the inclusion criteria and six were meta-analysed (159 participants). One trial assessed the effect of aquatic exercise compared with control and found a significant improvement in the Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale Part III (MD -4.6, 95% CI -7.5 to -1.7) in favour of aquatic exercise. Six studies compared aquatic exercise with land-based exercise after intervention (mean 7.2 weeks of training (SD 2.2); 159 participants). The effect of aquatic exercise was superior to land-based exercise on the Berg Balance Scale (MD 2.7, 95% CI 1.6 to 3.9), the Falls Efficacy Scale (MD -4.0, 95% CI -6.1 to -1.8) and the 39-item Parkinson's Disease Questionnaire (MD -6.0, 95% CI -11.3 to -0.6), with no other significant effects identified. The significant benefit on the Berg Balance Scale was maintained at the follow-up assessment (MD 6.3, 95% CI 2.1 to 10.5, 54 participants).

CONCLUSION

Aquatic exercise improves motor impairments in people with PD significantly more than no intervention. It also has slightly to moderately greater benefits than land-based exercise on balance capacity, fear of falling, and health-related quality of life. On other outcomes, the benefits of aquatic exercise are similar to those of land-based exercise.

TRIAL REGISTRATION

PROSPERO CRD42017077370.

Aquatic Exercise at Thermoneutral Water Temperature Enhances Antitumor Immune Responses

Despite the broad rehabilitative potential of aquatic exercises, the relationship between aquatic exercise and the immune system has not been fully elucidated to date. In particular, there are few specific and delicate immunological approaches to the effect of water temperature on immunity. Thus, we examined the effect of water temperature on immunity during aquatic exercise. The animal tumor model was adopted to examine the impact of aquatic exercise at thermoneutral temperature (TT; 29°C) on immunity compared with aquatic exercise at body temperature (BT; 36°C). Tumor-bearing mice were made to swim in TT water or in BT water for 3 wk and immune cells and their functional activity were analyzed using FACS. Tumor growth was significantly suppressed in mice that exercised in TT than in BT water. The tumor control correlated with the increased number of NK (2-fold), γδT cells (2.5-fold), NKT (2.5-fold), and cytotoxic CD8⁺ T cells (1.6-fold), which play a critical role in anti-tumor immune responses. Furthermore, the functional activity was dramatically improved in the TT group, showing enhanced production of IFNγ in CD8⁺ T cells compared with the BT group. This study demonstrates that aquatic exercise in TT water may improve protective immune responses more effectively than in BT water. Although the effects of water temperature on immune function need further verification in humans, this study suggests that water temperature in human hydrotherapy may be important for improving immune function.

Force during functional exercises on land and in water in older adults with and without knee osteoarthritis: Implications for rehabilitation

BACKGROUND

Closed kinetic chain and plyometric exercises are commonly used in aquatic rehabilitation because they are believed to reduce joint loading whilst replicating functional tasks. However, the forces and relationship to land-based functional movement is unknown. This study aims to compare vertical ground reaction force during squats, calf raises and jumping in older adults with and without knee osteoarthritis on land and in water.

METHODS

Forty one participants (Healthy n = 21; Knee osteoarthritis n = 20; Age 68.5 (4.4) years) completed squats and calf raises at slow, medium and maximal speeds and jumping at maximal speed on land and in waist and chest depth water. Vertical ground reaction force and pain rating was measured in each environment.

RESULTS

Force in all exercises was significantly greater on land than in chest depth water (p < 0.005). Peak force was significantly greater at maximal speed compared to slow speed (p < 0.001). The pattern of force in squats at slow speed in water was different to on land, with force highest at the start and end of the exercise and decreasing in the central phase. Pain ratings were significantly lower (p < 0.001) in water compared to on land in squats.

CONCLUSIONS

Closed kinetic chain exercises offer inherently different loading in an aquatic environment. Body weight squats and calf raises in water could be defined as either neuromotor or low load, high velocity training. Maximal speed exercise in water produces higher relative load compared to slow speed and minimal pain providing an opportunity for clinicians to use greater speed to address power deficits.

Head-Out Aquatic Exercise for Generally Healthy Postmenopausal Women: A Systematic Review

BACKGROUND

Aquatic exercise (AE) is a method for exercise and rehabilitation to enhance function for various clients.

OBJECTIVES

Investigate the effects of head-out AE interventions on the physiological and psychological outcomes of healthy postmenopausal women of age 50-70 years.

SEARCH STRATEGIES

Databases searched included Scopus, ScienceDirect, ResearchGate, PubMed/MEDLINE, PEDro, CINAHL, The Cochrane Library, Nursing & Allied Health Collection: Comprehensive, JSTOR, and OTSeeker.com, through January 2015. Search Criteria: Randomized controlled trial and quasi-randomized controlled trial studies.

DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS

Two researchers scanned studies based on inclusion and exclusion criteria. Studies included were critically appraised using the Physiotherapy Evidence Database scale (PEDro scale).

RESULTS

A total of 15 studies including postmenopausal women and head-out AE intervention were reviewed. Considerable variation existed in the interventions and assessments. Outcome measures showed anthropometric measures (body mass index, circumference, skinfolds, and body fat) were inconclusive; upper and lower body strength improved; flexibility improved; all functional movements (short-distance walk, long-distance walk/run, power, agility, balance and falls) improved; bone density improved; biochemical and hormonal variables were inconclusive; and quality of life outcomes improved.

CONCLUSIONS

Head-out AE appears to be an effective training and conditioning method for postmenopausal women to improve strength, flexibility, functional movements, bone density, and quality of life.

Is aquatic exercise more effective than land-based exercise for knee osteoarthritis?

BACKGROUND

This study aimed to systemically review the effectiveness of aquatic exercise (AQE) compared to land-based exercise (LBE) in treating knee osteoarthritis (OA).

METHODS

The Medline, Embase, Web of Science, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Clinical Trials, CINAHL, and psyclNFO databases were comprehensively searched for randomized controlled trials (RCTs) evaluating the effectiveness of AQE and LBE for knee OA from their inception date to September 24, 2018. The risk of bias was examined using the Cochrane Collaboration Tool, and Review Manager 5.3 was used for data collation and analysis.

RESULTS

Eight RCTs were included, involving a total of 579 patients. The meta-analysis showed that there was no significant difference between AQE and LBE for pain relief, physical function, and improvement in the quality of life, for both short- and long-term interventions, in patients with knee OA. However, the adherence and satisfaction level for AQE was higher than for LBE. Compared to no intervention, AQE showed a mild effect for elevating activities of daily living (standardized mean difference [SMD]: -0.55, 95% confidence interval [CI] [-0.94, -0.16], P = .005) and a high effect for improving sports and recreational activities (SMD: -1.03, 95% CI [-1.82, -0.25], P = .01).

CONCLUSION

AQE is comparable to LBE for treating knee OA.

Effects of 12-week aquatic exercise on cardiorespiratory fitness, knee isokinetic function, and Western Ontario and McMaster University osteoarthritis index in patients with knee osteoarthritis women

The purpose of this study is to investigate the risk factors of metabolic syndrome, cardiorespiratory fitness, knee isokinetic function, and osteoarthritis index inpatients with knee osteoarthritis women. Subjects were divided into the exercise group (n=9, aged 60.89±5.06), and the control groups (n=8, aged 61.25±1.91). Aquatic exercise was performed for 12 weeks, 3 times a week, 60 min a day. The changes of metabolic syndrome risk factors, cardiorespiratory fitness, knee isokinetic function, and WOMAC index (Western Ontario and McMaster University osteoarthritis index) were measured and analyzed at pre- and postexercise program for verifying exercise effectiveness. As a result, fasting blood glucose (P<0.05), glycosylated hemoglobin (P<0.01), and triglyceride (P<0.05) were significantly decreased in the risk factors of metabolic syndrome. The maximum oxygen uptake in cardiorespiratory fitness was not significantly different. The left and right extensor muscles of knee isokinetic function increased significantly (P<0.01, P<0.01, respectively). There was no significant difference in flexor muscles. Osteoarthritis index was significantly improved in stiffness (P<0.01) and physical function (P<0.05). In conclusion, aquatic exercise can be regarded as an effective exercise program for managing metabolic syndrome risk factors, increasing muscle function, and improving osteoarthritis index in patients with osteoarthritis of the knee.

[Physical therapy options in rheumatic diseases: what is evidence-based?]

Rheumatic diseases usually progress towards morphological and functional deficits and thus cause impairment of physical health and function. Based on this fact, physiotherapeutic options are elementary and indispensable. This article focuses on the significance and importance of physiotherapy in inflammatory and degenerative rheumatic diseases. Furthermore, an overview is presented on the consequences of rheumatic diseases, the reality of supply of physiotherapy, the principles and therapeutic options, and the evidence.

Patient education and rehabilitation after hip arthroplasty in an Italian spa center: a pilot study on its feasibility

Nowadays, some spa centers are suitable for providing rehabilitative and preventive treatment in association with traditional spa therapy. This study aims to evaluate the feasibility and the effectiveness of an intensive rehabilitation program after hip arthroplasty in an Italian spa center. Early after total hip arthroplasty for severe osteoarthritis (≤ 10 days after the intervention), 12 consecutive patients (5 males and 7 females) aged between 50 and 85 years were enrolled for this study. All the patients performed a 2-week thermal multimodal rehabilitation program, which consisted of education and physical rehabilitative measures. Patients had 2-h and half/day session of land-based and hydrokinesitherapy (aquatic therapy) consisted in active and passive joint mobilization, respiratory and functional re-education exercises, gait and balance training, resistance exercise, and power training mainly for the upper limb associated to physical therapy modalities (electrotherapy and low-level laser therapy). An educational program was performed to both patients and families. Both before and after the rehabilitation treatment, patients underwent clinical evaluation, hip flexion/abduction range of motion, and Numeric Pain Rating Scale. Harris Hip Score (HHS) and SF-12 questionnaires (physical-PCS-12-and mental health component-MCS-12) were also administered. After the 2-week thermal spa treatment, hip flexion/abduction improved significantly (p < 0.05), but there was no statistically significant reduction in pain (p = 0.350). The HHS score improved significantly from 62.6 ± 12.8 to 82.15 ± 12.7 (p < 0.05), and the PCS-12 score from 36.37 ± 8.4 to 43.61 ± 8.95 (p < 0.05). There was no adverse event during spa treatment. After total hip arthroplasty, patients who underwent an intensive post-acute multimodal rehabilitation program showed an improvement in motor and functional recovery and a positive impact on quality of life. Therefore, we believe that the thermal setting is a suitable place for providing intensive rehabilitative treatment in orthopedic musculoskeletal disability.

Clinical Policy Recommendations from the VHA State-of-the-Art Conference on Non-Pharmacological Approaches to Chronic Musculoskeletal Pain

As a large national healthcare system, Veterans Health Administration (VHA) is ideally suited to build on its work to date and develop a safe, evidence-based, and comprehensive approach to the care of chronic musculoskeletal pain conditions that de-emphasizes opioid use and emphasizes non-pharmacological strategies. The VHA Office of Health Services Research and Development (HSR&D) held a state-of-the-art (SOTA) conference titled "Non-pharmacological Approaches to Chronic Musculoskeletal Pain Management" in November 2016. Goals of the conference were (1) to establish consensus on the current state of evidence regarding non-pharmacological approaches to chronic musculoskeletal pain to inform VHA policy in this area and (2) to begin to identify priorities for the future VHA research agenda. Workgroups were established and asked to reach consensus recommendations on clinical and research priorities for the following treatment strategies: psychological/behavioral therapies, exercise/movement therapies, manual therapies, and models for delivering multimodal pain care. Participants in the SOTA identified nine non-pharmacological therapies with sufficient evidence to be implemented across the VHA system as part of pain care. Participants further recommended that effective integration of these non-pharmacological approaches across the VHA and especially into VHA primary care, pain care, and mental health settings should be a priority, and that these treatments should be offered early in the course of pain treatment and delivered in a team-based, multimodal treatment setting concurrently with active self-care and self-management approaches. In addition, we recommend that VHA leadership and policy makers systematically address the barriers to implementation of these approaches by expanding opportunities for clinician and veteran education on the effectiveness of these strategies; supporting and funding further research to determine optimal dosage, duration, sequencing, combination, and frequency of treatment; emphasizing multimodal care with rigorous evaluation grounded in team-based approaches to test integrated models of delivery and stepped-care approaches; and working to address socioeconomic and cultural barriers to veterans' access to non-pharmacological approaches.

Effects of a dance-based aquatic exercise program in obese postmenopausal women with knee osteoarthritis: a randomized controlled trial

OBJECTIVE

To evaluate the effects of a dance-based aquatic exercise program on functionality, cardiorespiratory capacity, postexercise heart rate, and fatigue in obese postmenopausal women with knee osteoarthritis.

METHODS

A randomized controlled trial was performed. In all, 34 obese women diagnosed with knee osteoarthritis participated. Women were randomly allocated to an experimental group (n = 17) or a control group (n = 17). Participants in the experimental group were included in an 8-week dance-based aquatic exercise program conducted in community swimming pools. Those in the control group underwent a global aquatic exercise program. The primary outcome measure was functionality assessed with the Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index (WOMAC). Secondary outcomes were cardiorespiratory capacity evaluated with the 6-minute walk test, and postexercise heart rate and fatigue assessed using a visual analog scale. Variables were measured at baseline, after the intervention, and at 3-month follow-up.

RESULTS

A between-group analysis showed significant postintervention differences in functionality (aggregate postintervention WOMAC score of 37.30 ± 16.61 vs 41.83 ± 13.69; P = 0.048) in favor of the experimental group. In addition, significant between-group differences were found after the 8 weeks in cardiorespiratory capacity, postexercise heart rate, and fatigue. Follow-up continued to show significant differences between groups in function (aggregate WOMAC score of 38.60 ± 13.61 vs 42.60 ± 9.05; P = 0.038), postexercise heart rate, and fatigue.

CONCLUSIONS

An 8-week dance-based exercise program significantly improved function and cardiorespiratory capacity, and decreased postexercise heart rate and fatigue. Most of these improvements were maintained at 3-month follow-up in obese postmenopausal women.

Effectiveness of aquatic exercises compared to patient-education on health status in individuals with knee osteoarthritis: a randomized controlled trial

OBJECTIVE

To compare the effectiveness of aquatic exercises with patient-education in individuals with knee osteoarthritis.

DESIGN

Randomized controlled trial with blinded assessor and intention-to-treat analysis.

SETTING

Aquatic Physiotherapy Centre and Primary Health Care Unit.

SUBJECTS

A total of 60 patients, aged 68.3 (SD = 4.8) with clinical symptoms and radiographic grading (Kellgren-Lawrence 1-4) of knee osteoarthritis were included.

INTERVENTIONS

An eight-week treatment protocol of aquatic exercise ( n = 31) (16 individual sessions, twice a week) and an educational program (group sessions, once a week) ( n = 29).

MAIN MEASURES

Before, after eight-week intervention, and a three-month follow-up with results for the following outcome measures: pain, function, quality of life, functional mobility, and depression.

RESULTS

At the end of treatment, the WOMAC (Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index) functional capacity values reduced in favour of the aquatic exercise group for both the total score MD (mean difference) = -14.2; 95% CI (confidence interval) (-18; -10.5), P = 0.04 and the pain domain MD = -3.8 points; 95% CI (-8.71; -1), P = 0.021. The total score also reduced in the follow-up: MD = -12.3 points; 95% CI (-24.7; -6.1), P = 0.017. No differences were found for the outcomes functional mobility or depression.

CONCLUSION

Aquatic exercise improved pain and function after eight weeks, and function at the three-month follow-up compared to the patient-education program.

Hydrotherapy improves pain and function in older women with knee osteoarthritis: a randomized controlled trial

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Elderly women with knee osteoarthritis are at risk of developing limitations physical.

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Hidrotherapy improves pain, function, muscle power and strength in older women with knee osteoarthritis.

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Hydrotherapy is likely to be an effective treatment option for these patients.

Background

Currently, there is poor evidence of the effect of hydrotherapy alone on patients with hip or knee osteoarthritis.

Objectives

The study aimed to assess the impact of hydrotherapy on pain, function, and muscle function in older women with knee osteoarthritis.

Methods

A randomized controlled trial was conducted to evaluate the efficacy of hydrotherapy in women with knee osteoarthritis. Seventy-three women aged 65 and older were randomized to hydrotherapy (n = 36) or a control group (n = 37). The hydrotherapy group received the intervention program in a heated pool (twice per week for six weeks) and an educational protocol while the control group received an educational protocol only. Primary outcomes (before and post-treatment) were pain intensity (0–100) and function (0–100), assessed with the WOMAC questionnaire. Secondary outcomes (before and post-treatment) were knee extensor and knee flexor muscle performance (strength, power, and endurance), assessed by an isokinetic dynamometer. The magnitude of change between the groups for the outcomes was calculated using linear regression models adjusted by baseline outcome values.

Results

The hydrotherapy group had better outcomes for pain (adjusted mean difference = 11 points, 95% CI: 3–18) and function (adjusted mean difference = 12 points, 95% CI: 5–18). Patients receiving hydrotherapy had better performance for knee flexor and extensor strength, knee flexor power, and knee extensor endurance.

Conclusion

Older women with knee osteoarthritis are likely to have benefits from a course of hydrotherapy exercises.

Registry of clinical trials (Trial number RBR-8F57KR) – http://www.ensaiosclinicos.gov.br/rg/RBR-8f57kr/.