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Edwardson TGW, Levasseur MD, Tetter S, Steinauer A, Hori M, Hilvert D. Protein Cages: From Fundamentals to Advanced Applications. Chem Rev 2022; 122:9145-9197. [PMID: 35394752 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Proteins that self-assemble into polyhedral shell-like structures are useful molecular containers both in nature and in the laboratory. Here we review efforts to repurpose diverse protein cages, including viral capsids, ferritins, bacterial microcompartments, and designed capsules, as vaccines, drug delivery vehicles, targeted imaging agents, nanoreactors, templates for controlled materials synthesis, building blocks for higher-order architectures, and more. A deep understanding of the principles underlying the construction, function, and evolution of natural systems has been key to tailoring selective cargo encapsulation and interactions with both biological systems and synthetic materials through protein engineering and directed evolution. The ability to adapt and design increasingly sophisticated capsid structures and functions stands to benefit the fields of catalysis, materials science, and medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Stephan Tetter
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, ETH Zurich, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Angela Steinauer
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, ETH Zurich, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Mao Hori
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, ETH Zurich, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Donald Hilvert
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, ETH Zurich, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
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2
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Universal stabilization of the influenza hemagglutinin by structure-based redesign of the pH switch regions. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:2115379119. [PMID: 35131851 PMCID: PMC8833195 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2115379119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
For an efficacious vaccine immunogen, influenza hemagglutinin (HA) needs to maintain a stable quaternary structure, which is contrary to the inherently dynamic and metastable nature of class I fusion proteins. In this study, we stabilized HA with three substitutions within its pH-sensitive regions where the refolding starts. An X-ray structure reveals how these substitutions stabilize the intersubunit β-sheet in the base and form an interprotomeric aliphatic layer across the stem while the native prefusion HA fold is retained. The identification of the stabilizing substitutions increases our understanding of how the pH sensitivity is structurally accomplished in HA and possibly other pH-sensitive class I fusion proteins. Our stabilization approach in combination with the occasional back mutation of rare amino acids to consensus results in well-expressing stable trimeric HAs. This repair and stabilization approach, which proves broadly applicable to all tested influenza A HAs of group 1 and 2, will improve the developability of influenza vaccines based on different types of platforms and formats and can potentially improve efficacy.
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3
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Zahmati S, Taghizadeh M, Haghighat S, Jalalirad R, Mahdavi M. Recombinant hemagglutinin of swine H1N1 influenza virus expression in the insect cells: Formulation in Montanide ISA71 adjuvant and the potency studies. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF BASIC MEDICAL SCIENCES 2021; 24:1546-1553. [PMID: 35317113 PMCID: PMC8917850 DOI: 10.22038/ijbms.2021.57053.12716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2021] [Accepted: 09/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Objectives Influenza is a highly contagious disease, which affects the respiratory system and seasonal influenza is common throughout the world. Influenza vaccination is an effective way to reduce the risk of death and hospitalization. This study aims at the expression of swine recombinant hemagglutinin protein in the baculovirus expression system and it offers a comparison of the immunologic parameters with the commercial vaccine. Materials and Methods The HA gene from the swine H1N1 strain of the Influenza virus was cloned into the Bac-To-Bac expression system in pFastBAC HTA vector and was transformed into Escherichia coli TOP10 strain. After the confirmation, the vector was transfected into the SF9 insect cell line. The recombinant HA was evaluated by SDS-PAGE and western blot. After formulation in Montanide ISA71 adjuvant, the immunization test was performed comparatively with Alum adjuvant, commercial vaccine in four groups of BALB/c mice, of which one group was control without any vaccination. Two weeks after the last immunization, the antibody response was assessed with HI assay, and experimental mice were challenged with mouse-adapted Influenza A/PR8/34 (H1N1) virus through nasal inhalation. Results The immunoassay results revealed that the candidate vaccine induced the antibody response as the commercial one did but it did not significantly reduce the mortality rate, body loss, and severe fever. Conclusion To summarize, the results showed that the recombinant protein with the MontanideTM ISA- 71 adjuvant developed a more appropriate level of immunity than Alum adjuvant, so it might be used as a safe and reliable vaccine against H1N1 virus for further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Zahmati
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Advanced science and Technology, Tehran Medical sciences Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Morteza Taghizadeh
- Department of Research and Development, Razi Vaccine and Serum Research institute, Agricultural Research Education and Extension Organization
| | - Setareh Haghighat
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Advanced science and Technology, Tehran Medical sciences Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Mehdi Mahdavi
- Production and Research Complex, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Karaj, Iran
- Advanced Therapy Medicinal Product Department, Breast Cancer Research Center, Motamed Cancer Institute, Academic Center for Education
- Culture and Research, Tehran, Iran
- Recombinant Vaccine Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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4
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Coding-Complete Genome Sequences of Six Influenza Type A Strains Circulating in Lithuania in the 2009-2010 Epidemic Season. Microbiol Resour Announc 2021; 10:10/1/e01274-20. [PMID: 33414352 PMCID: PMC8407728 DOI: 10.1128/mra.01274-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Here, we report the coding-complete genome sequences of six influenza A(H1N1) strains that were detected in Vilnius, Lithuania, among patients exhibiting influenza-like symptoms during the 2009–2010 epidemic season, in a national influenza surveillance. Several mutations were found in genes encoding hemagglutinin and neuraminidase, in comparison with the A/California/07/2009 reference strain (GenBank accession numbers NC026433 and NC026434). Here, we report the coding-complete genome sequences of six influenza A(H1N1) strains that were detected in Vilnius, Lithuania, among patients exhibiting influenza-like symptoms during the 2009–2010 epidemic season, within national influenza surveillance. Several mutations were found in genes encoding hemagglutinin and neuraminidase, in comparison with the A/California/07/2009 reference strain (GenBank accession numbers NC_026433 and NC_026434).
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Cell-Based Influenza A/H1N1pdm09 Vaccine Viruses Containing Chimeric Hemagglutinin with Improved Membrane Fusion Ability. Vaccines (Basel) 2020; 8:vaccines8030458. [PMID: 32825107 PMCID: PMC7565828 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines8030458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2020] [Revised: 08/07/2020] [Accepted: 08/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The H1N1 influenza pandemic vaccine has been developed from the A/California/07/09 (Cal) virus and the well-known high-yield A/Puerto Rico/8/34 (PR8) virus by classical reassortment and reverse genetics (RG) in eggs. Previous studies have suggested that Cal-derived chimeric hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA) improve virus yields. However, the cell-based vaccine of the H1N1 pandemic virus has been less investigated. RG viruses that contained Cal-derived chimeric HA and NA could be rescued in Madin-Darby canine kidney cells that expressed α2,6-sialyltransferase (MDCK-SIAT1). The viral growth kinetics and chimeric HA and NA properties were analyzed. We attempted to generate various RG viruses that contained Cal-derived chimeric HA and NA, but half of them could not be rescued in MDCK-SIAT1 cells. When both the 3'- and 5'-terminal regions of Cal HA viral RNA were replaced with the corresponding regions of PR8 HA, the RG viruses were rescued. Our results were largely consistent with those of previous studies, in which the N- and C-terminal chimeric HA slightly improved virus yield. Importantly, the chimeric HA, compared to Cal HA, showed cell fusion ability at a broader pH range, likely due to amino acid substitutions in the transmembrane region of HA. The rescued RG virus with high virus yield harbored the chimeric HA capable of cell fusion at a broader range of pH.
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6
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Ting-Hui-Lin, Chia MY, Lin CY, Yeh YQ, Jeng US, Wu WG, Lee MS. Improving immunogenicity of influenza virus H7N9 recombinant hemagglutinin for vaccine development. Vaccine 2020; 37:1897-1903. [PMID: 30857635 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2018.09.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2018] [Revised: 09/08/2018] [Accepted: 09/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Human infections of novel avian influenza A virus (H7N9) emerged in early 2013 and caused about 40% case-fatality through 2017. Therefore, development of influenza H7N9 vaccines is critical for pandemic preparedness. Currently, there are three means of production of commercial influenza vaccines: egg-based, mammalian cell-based, and insect cell-based platforms. The insect cell-based platform has the advantage of high speed in producing recombinant protein. In this study, we evaluate the stability and immunogenicity of two different influenza H7 HA expression constructs generated using the baculovirus system, including membrane-based full-length HA (mH7) and secreted ectodomain-based H7 (sH7). The mH7 construct could form an oligomer-rosette structure and had a high hemagglutinin (HA) titer 8192. In contrast to mH7, the sH7 construct could not form an oligomer-rosette structure and did not have HA titer before cross-linking with anti-His antibody. Thermal stability tests showed that the sH7 and mH7 constructs were unstable at 43 °C and 52 °C, respectively. In a mice immunization study, the mH7 construct but not the sH7 construct could induce robust HI and neutralizing antibody titers. In conclusion, further development of the mH7 vaccine candidate is desirable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting-Hui-Lin
- National Institute of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Miaoli County, Taiwan; College of Life Science, National Tsing-Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Min-Yuan Chia
- National Institute of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Miaoli County, Taiwan; Department of Veterinary Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Yang Lin
- National Institute of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Miaoli County, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Qi Yeh
- National Synchrotron Radiation Research Center, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - U-Ser Jeng
- National Synchrotron Radiation Research Center, Hsinchu, Taiwan; Department of Chemical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Guey Wu
- College of Life Science, National Tsing-Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Min-Shi Lee
- National Institute of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Miaoli County, Taiwan.
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7
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Tsai CH, Wei SC, Jan JT, Liao LL, Chang CJ, Chao YC. Generation of Stable Influenza Virus Hemagglutinin through Structure-Guided Recombination. ACS Synth Biol 2019; 8:2472-2482. [PMID: 31565926 DOI: 10.1021/acssynbio.9b00094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Hemagglutinin (HA) is the major surface antigen of influenza virus and the most promising influenza vaccine immunogen. In 2013, the devastating H7N9 influenza virus was identified in China, which induced high mortality. The HA of this virus (H7) is relatively unstable, making it challenging to produce an effective vaccine. To improve the stability of HA protein from H7N9 influenza virus for better vaccine antigens without impairing immunogenicity, we recombined the HA from H7N9 (H7) with a more stable HA from H3N2 (H3) by structure-guided recombination, resulting in six chimeric HAs, FrA-FrF. Two of these chimeric HAs, FrB and FrC, exhibited proper hemagglutination activity and presented improved thermal stability compared to the original H7. Mice immunized with FrB and FrC elicited H7-specific antibodies comparable to those induced by parental H7, and the antisera collected from these immunized mice successfully inhibited H7N9 infection in a microneutralization assay. These results suggest that our structural-recombination approach can create stabilizing chimeric antigens while maintaining proper immunogenicity, which may not only benefit the construction of more stable HA vaccines to fight against H7N9 infection, but also facilitate effective vaccine improvements for other influenza viruses or infectious pathogens. In addition, this study also demonstrates the potential for better engineering of multimeric protein complexes like HA to achieve improved function, which are often immunologically or pharmaceutically important but difficult to modify.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Hsuan Tsai
- Molecular and Cell Biology, Taiwan International Graduate Program, Academia Sinica and Graduate Institute of Life Science, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei 115, Taiwan, ROC
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan, ROC
- Graduate Institute of Life Sciences, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei 114, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Sung-Chan Wei
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan, ROC
- Graduate Institute of Life Sciences, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei 114, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Jia-Tsrong Jan
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Lin-Li Liao
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Chia-Jung Chang
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Yu-Chan Chao
- Molecular and Cell Biology, Taiwan International Graduate Program, Academia Sinica and Graduate Institute of Life Science, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei 115, Taiwan, ROC
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan, ROC
- Graduate Institute of Life Sciences, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei 114, Taiwan, ROC
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, College of Bioresources and Agriculture, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan, ROC
- Department of Life Sciences, College of Life Sciences, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan, ROC
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Lemieux M, Lorbetskie B, Luebbert C, Walrond L, Li C, Li X, Cyr T, Sauvé S, Johnston M, Farnsworth A. The differential effect of sub-micron level HA aggregates on influenza potency assays. Vaccine 2019; 37:5276-5287. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2019.07.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2019] [Revised: 07/09/2019] [Accepted: 07/13/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Parker L, Ritter L, Wu W, Maeso R, Bright H, Dibben O. Haemagglutinin stability was not the primary cause of the reduced effectiveness of live attenuated influenza vaccine against A/H1N1pdm09 viruses in the 2013-2014 and 2015-2016 seasons. Vaccine 2019; 37:4543-4550. [PMID: 31279567 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2019.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2019] [Revised: 06/07/2019] [Accepted: 06/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
During the 2013-2014 influenza season, the quadrivalent live attenuated influenza vaccine (QLAIV), had lower than expected vaccine effectiveness (VE) against circulating A/H1N1pdm09 viruses in the USA. The underlying reason proposed for this was that the A/H1N1pdm09 vaccine strain, A/California/07/2009 (A/CA09), had a thermally unstable haemagglutinin (HA) protein. Consequently, a new A/H1N1pdm09 candidate strain, A/Bolivia/559/2013 (A/BOL13), was developed for inclusion in the 2015-2016 QLAIV. A key parameter for selection of A/BOL13 was its more thermostable HA phenotype compared with A/CA09. During the 2015-2016 season, QLAIV containing A/BOL13 was found in some studies to have improved, but still with suboptimal, VE against circulating A/H1N1pdm09 viruses and was not recommended for use by the CDC in the US market in the 2016-2017 influenza season. This suggested that improved HA thermostability had not entirely resolved the reduced VE observed. One hypothesis for this was that, by improving thermostability, the A/BOL13 HA protein had been over-stabilised, compromising its activation at the low endosomal pH required for successful viral entry. Here we demonstrate that, while the A/BOL13 HA protein is more stable than that of A/CA09, its thermal and pH stability were comparable with historically efficacious LAIV strains, suggesting that the HA had not been over-stabilised. Furthermore, studies simulating potential heat exposure during distribution by exposing QLAIV nasal sprayers to 33 °C for 4 h showed that, while remaining within product specification, A/CA09 viral potency was statistically decreased after 12 weeks at 2-8 °C. These data suggest that although unfavourable HA protein stability may have contributed to the reduced VE of A/CA09 in 2013-2014, it was unlikely to have affected A/BOL13 in 2015-2016. We conclude that HA stability was not the primary cause of the reduced effectiveness of LAIV against A/H1N1pdm09 viruses in the 2013-2014 and 2015-2016 seasons.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Wen Wu
- Flu-BPD, AstraZeneca, Liverpool, UK
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10
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Bleckmann M, Schürig M, Endres M, Samuels A, Gebauer D, Konisch N, van den Heuvel J. Identifying parameters to improve the reproducibility of transient gene expression in High Five cells. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0217878. [PMID: 31170233 PMCID: PMC6553862 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0217878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2019] [Accepted: 05/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Virus-free, transient gene expression (TGE) in High Five cells was recently presented as an efficient protein production method. However, published TGE protocols have not been standardized to a general protocol. Therefore, reproducibility and implementation of the method in other labs remains difficult. The aim of this study is to analyse the parameters determining the reproducibility of the TGE in insect cells. Here, we identified that using linear 40 kDa PEI instead of 25 kDa PEI was one of the most important aspects to improve TGE. Furthermore, DNA amount, DNA:PEI ratio, growth phase of the cells before transfection, passage number, the origin of the High-Five cell isolates and the type of cultivation medium were considered. Interestingly, a correlation of the passage number to the DNA content of single cells (ploidy) and to the transfection efficacy could be shown. The optimal conditions for critical parameters were used to establish a robust TGE method. Finally, we compared the achieved product yields in High Five cells using our improved TGE method with both the baculoviral expression system and TGE in the mammalian HEK293-6E cell line. In conclusion, the presented robust TGE protocol in High Five cells is easy to establish and produces ample amounts of high-quality recombinant protein, bridging the gap in expression level of this method to the well-established mammalian TGE in HEK293 cells as well as to the baculoviral expression vector system (BEVS).
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Affiliation(s)
- Maren Bleckmann
- Department Recombinant Protein Expression Facility, Rudolf Virchow Centre, Würzburg, Bavaria, Germany
| | - Margitta Schürig
- Department Recombinant Protein Expression, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Lower Saxony, Germany
| | - Michelle Endres
- Department Recombinant Protein Expression Facility, Rudolf Virchow Centre, Würzburg, Bavaria, Germany
| | - Anke Samuels
- Department Recombinant Protein Expression, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Lower Saxony, Germany
| | - Daniela Gebauer
- Department Recombinant Protein Expression, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Lower Saxony, Germany
| | - Nadine Konisch
- Department Recombinant Protein Expression, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Lower Saxony, Germany
| | - Joop van den Heuvel
- Department Recombinant Protein Expression, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Lower Saxony, Germany
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Trucchi C, Paganino C, Amicizia D, Orsi A, Tisa V, Piazza MF, Icardi G, Ansaldi F. Universal influenza virus vaccines: what needs to happen next? Expert Opin Biol Ther 2019; 19:671-683. [PMID: 30957589 DOI: 10.1080/14712598.2019.1604671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Influenza occurs worldwide and causes significant disease burden in terms of morbidity, associated complications, hospitalizations, and deaths. Vaccination constitutes the primary approach for controlling influenza. Current influenza vaccines elicit a strain-specific response yet occasionally exhibit suboptimal effectiveness. This review describes the limits of available immunization tools and the future prospects and potentiality of universal influenza vaccines. AREAS COVERED New 'universal' vaccines, which are presently under development, are expected to overcome the problems related to the high variability of influenza viruses, such as the need for seasonal vaccine updates and re-vaccination. Here, we explore vaccines based on the highly conserved epitopes of the HA, NA, or extracellular domain of the influenza M2 protein, along with those based on the internal proteins such as NP and M1. EXPERT OPINION The development of a universal influenza vaccine that confers protection against homologous, drifted, and shifted influenza virus strains could obviate the need for annual reformulation and mitigate disease burden. The scientific community has long been awaiting the advent of universal influenza vaccines; these are currently under development in laboratories worldwide. If such vaccines are immunogenic, efficacious, and able to confer long-lasting immunity, they might be integrated with or supplant traditional influenza vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia Trucchi
- a Health Planning Unit , Liguria Health Authority (A.Li.Sa) , Genoa , Italy.,b Hygiene Unit , Ospedale Policlinico San Martino IRCCS teaching hospital , Genoa , Italy
| | - Chiara Paganino
- a Health Planning Unit , Liguria Health Authority (A.Li.Sa) , Genoa , Italy
| | - Daniela Amicizia
- a Health Planning Unit , Liguria Health Authority (A.Li.Sa) , Genoa , Italy.,b Hygiene Unit , Ospedale Policlinico San Martino IRCCS teaching hospital , Genoa , Italy.,c Department of Health Sciences , University of Genoa , Genoa , Italy
| | - Andrea Orsi
- b Hygiene Unit , Ospedale Policlinico San Martino IRCCS teaching hospital , Genoa , Italy.,c Department of Health Sciences , University of Genoa , Genoa , Italy
| | - Valentino Tisa
- c Department of Health Sciences , University of Genoa , Genoa , Italy
| | - Maria Francesca Piazza
- a Health Planning Unit , Liguria Health Authority (A.Li.Sa) , Genoa , Italy.,c Department of Health Sciences , University of Genoa , Genoa , Italy
| | - Giancarlo Icardi
- b Hygiene Unit , Ospedale Policlinico San Martino IRCCS teaching hospital , Genoa , Italy.,c Department of Health Sciences , University of Genoa , Genoa , Italy
| | - Filippo Ansaldi
- a Health Planning Unit , Liguria Health Authority (A.Li.Sa) , Genoa , Italy.,b Hygiene Unit , Ospedale Policlinico San Martino IRCCS teaching hospital , Genoa , Italy.,c Department of Health Sciences , University of Genoa , Genoa , Italy
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12
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Wei JCJ, Haridass IN, Crichton ML, Mohammed YH, Meliga SC, Sanchez WY, Grice JE, Benson HAE, Roberts MS, Kendall MAF. Space- and time-resolved investigation on diffusion kinetics of human skin following macromolecule delivery by microneedle arrays. Sci Rep 2018; 8:17759. [PMID: 30531828 PMCID: PMC6288161 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-36009-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2018] [Accepted: 11/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Microscale medical devices are being developed for targeted skin delivery of vaccines and the extraction of biomarkers, with the potential to revolutionise healthcare in both developing and developed countries. The effective clinical development of these devices is dependent on understanding the macro-molecular diffusion properties of skin. We hypothesised that diffusion varied according to specific skin layers. Using three different molecular weights of rhodamine dextran (RD) (MW of 70, 500 and 2000 kDa) relevant to the vaccine and therapeutic scales, we deposited molecules to a range of depths (0-300 µm) in ex vivo human skin using the Nanopatch device. We observed significant dissipation of RD as diffusion with 70 and 500 kDa within the 30 min timeframe, which varied with MW and skin layer. Using multiphoton microscopy, image analysis and a Fick's law analysis with 2D cartesian and axisymmetric cylindrical coordinates, we reported experimental trends of epidermal and dermal diffusivity values ranging from 1-8 µm2 s-1 to 1-20 µm2 s-1 respectively, with a significant decrease in the dermal-epidermal junction of 0.7-3 µm2 s-1. In breaching the stratum corneum (SC) and dermal-epidermal junction barriers, we have demonstrated practical application, delivery and targeting of macromolecules to both epidermal and dermal antigen presenting cells, providing a sound knowledge base for future development of skin-targeting clinical technologies in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan C J Wei
- Diamantina Institute, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, QLD, 4102, Australia
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Isha N Haridass
- Diamantina Institute, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, QLD, 4102, Australia
- School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, Bentley, WA, 6102, Australia
| | - Michael L Crichton
- Institute of Mechanical, Process and Energy Engineering, School of Engineering and Physical Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, EH14 4AS, United Kingdom
| | - Yousuf H Mohammed
- Diamantina Institute, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, QLD, 4102, Australia
| | - Stefano C Meliga
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Washington Y Sanchez
- Diamantina Institute, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, QLD, 4102, Australia
| | - Jeffrey E Grice
- Diamantina Institute, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, QLD, 4102, Australia
| | - Heather A E Benson
- School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, Bentley, WA, 6102, Australia
| | - Michael S Roberts
- Diamantina Institute, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, QLD, 4102, Australia.
- Basil Hetzel Institute for Translational Health Research, School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA, 5011, Australia.
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Aliev TK, Dement’yeva IG, Toporova VA, Argentova VV, Pozdnyakova LP, Bokov MN, Votchitseva YA, Dolgikh DA, Varfolomeyev SD, Sveshnikov PG, Kirpichnikov MP. The Development and Study of Recombinant Immunoglobulin A to Hemagglutinins of the Influenza Virus. Acta Naturae 2018; 10:30-36. [PMID: 30116613 PMCID: PMC6087826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
We obtained recombinant variants of human antibody FI6 broadly specific to hemagglutinins of the influenza A virus. On the basis of a bi-promoter (CMV, hEF1-HTLV) vector, we developed genetic constructs for the expression of the heavy and light chains of the immunoglobulins of IgA1-, IgA2m1-, and IgG-isotypes. Following transfection and selection, stable Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cell lines were produced. The antibodies of IgA1-, IgA2m1-, and IgG-isotypes were purified from culture media. We performed an immunochemical characterization and studied their interactions with influenza A strains of the H1N1- and H3N2-subtypes. It was shown that recombinant FI6 variants of the IgA-isotype retain the properties of the parental IgG antibody to demonstrate specificity to all the strains tested. The strongest binding was observed for the H1N1 subtype, which belongs to hemagglutinins of phylogenetic group I.
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Affiliation(s)
- T. K. Aliev
- Lomonosov Moscow State University, Department of Chemistry, Leninskie gory 1, bldg. 3, Moscow, 119991, Russia
| | - I. G. Dement’yeva
- Russian Research Center for Molecular Diagnostics and Therapy, Simferopolsky Blvd. 8, Moscow, 117149 , Russia
| | - V. A. Toporova
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Miklukho-Maklaya Str. 16/10, Moscow, 117997, Russia
| | - V. V. Argentova
- Lomonosov Moscow State University, Faculty of Biology, Leninskie gory 1, bldg. 12, Moscow, 119991 , Russia
| | - L. P. Pozdnyakova
- Russian Research Center for Molecular Diagnostics and Therapy, Simferopolsky Blvd. 8, Moscow, 117149 , Russia
| | - M. N. Bokov
- Russian Research Center for Molecular Diagnostics and Therapy, Simferopolsky Blvd. 8, Moscow, 117149 , Russia
| | - Yu. A. Votchitseva
- Lomonosov Moscow State University, Faculty of Biology, Leninskie gory 1, bldg. 12, Moscow, 119991 , Russia
| | - D. A. Dolgikh
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Miklukho-Maklaya Str. 16/10, Moscow, 117997, Russia
- Lomonosov Moscow State University, Faculty of Biology, Leninskie gory 1, bldg. 12, Moscow, 119991 , Russia
| | - S. D. Varfolomeyev
- Lomonosov Moscow State University, Department of Chemistry, Leninskie gory 1, bldg. 3, Moscow, 119991, Russia
| | - P. G. Sveshnikov
- Russian Research Center for Molecular Diagnostics and Therapy, Simferopolsky Blvd. 8, Moscow, 117149 , Russia
| | - M. P. Kirpichnikov
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Miklukho-Maklaya Str. 16/10, Moscow, 117997, Russia
- Lomonosov Moscow State University, Faculty of Biology, Leninskie gory 1, bldg. 12, Moscow, 119991 , Russia
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14
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Ustinov NB, Zavyalova EG, Smirnova IG, Kopylov AM. The Power and Limitations of Influenza Virus Hemagglutinin Assays. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2018; 82:1234-1248. [PMID: 29223151 DOI: 10.1134/s0006297917110025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Influenza virus hemagglutinins (HAs) are surface proteins that bind to sialic acid residues at the host cell surface and ensure further virus internalization. Development of methods for the inhibition of these processes drives progress in the design of new antiviral drugs. The state of the isolated HA (i.e. combining tertiary structure and extent of oligomerization) is defined by multiple factors, like the HA source and purification method, posttranslational modifications, pH, etc. The HA state affects HA functional activity and significantly impacts the results of numerous HA assays. In this review, we analyze the power and limitations of currently used HA assays regarding the state of HA.
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Affiliation(s)
- N B Ustinov
- Lomonosov Moscow State University, Faculty of Chemistry, Moscow, 119991, Russia.
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15
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Dehghan S, Kheiri MT, Abnous K, Eskandari M, Tafaghodi M. Preparation, characterization and immunological evaluation of alginate nanoparticles loaded with whole inactivated influenza virus: Dry powder formulation for nasal immunization in rabbits. Microb Pathog 2017; 115:74-85. [PMID: 29223454 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2017.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2017] [Revised: 12/04/2017] [Accepted: 12/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
It has become important to explore more efficient and feasible influenza vaccines, since epidemics of influenza virus cause hundreds of thousands of deaths all around the world. Improving immunogenicity of parentral influenza vaccines has given rise to mucosal delivery routes. In this study, alginate nanoparticles (NPs) were efficiently synthetized by ionic gelation method and influenza virus and CpG ODN or Quillaja Saponin (QS) adjuvants were actively incorporated into alginate NPs. The prepared particles were evaluated for both humoral and cellular immune responses in rabbits' nostrils. The vaccination started with a prime dose and followed by three boosters (two intranasal (IN) on days 45 and 60 and the last dose, intramuscular (IM) on day 75). HAI titer had increased in all the samples; although, only in the group received WV + CPG suspension reached to the protective HAI titer. All the immunized rabbits elicited significantly high sIgA levels on day 75, compared to the negative and the IM groups. At the end of the study, IN administration of CpG ODN adjuvant with virus antigen induced higher IgG level than the groups vaccinated with alginate NPs with or without CpG ODN (P < 0.001). As for the cellular immunity, CpG ODN was capable of inducing significant levels of IL-4 and TNF-α, either through inoculation along with the virus suspension or as incorporated in alginate NPs. According to the obtained data, CpG ODN adjuvant showed higher immunogenic potential as part of a vaccine delivery system than QS. Moreover, applying alginate polymer as a nasal delivery system carrier was not deemed immunogenic against influenza whole virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Solmaz Dehghan
- School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | | | - Khalil Abnous
- School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Maryam Eskandari
- School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mohsen Tafaghodi
- School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Nanotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
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16
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Jacob SI, Khogeer B, Bampos N, Sheppard T, Schwartz R, Lowe CR. Development and Application of Synthetic Affinity Ligands for the Purification of Ferritin-Based Influenza Antigens. Bioconjug Chem 2017; 28:1931-1943. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.7b00253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Shaleem I. Jacob
- Department
of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB3 0AS, United Kingdom
| | - Basmah Khogeer
- Department
of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB3 0AS, United Kingdom
| | - Nick Bampos
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
| | - Tom Sheppard
- Department
of Chemistry, University College London, London, WC1H 0AJ, United Kingdom
| | - Richard Schwartz
- Vaccine
Production Program Laboratory, National Institute of Health, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20878, United States
| | - Christopher R. Lowe
- Department
of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB3 0AS, United Kingdom
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17
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Choi Y, Kwon SY, Oh HJ, Shim S, Chang S, Chung HJ, Kim DK, Park Y, Lee Y. Application of recombinant hemagglutinin proteins as alternative antigen standards for pandemic influenza vaccines. Biotechnol Lett 2017; 39:1375-1380. [PMID: 28612264 DOI: 10.1007/s10529-017-2372-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2017] [Accepted: 05/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The single radial immunodiffusion (SRID) assay, used to quantify hemagglutinin (HA) in influenza vaccines, requires reference reagents; however, because centralized production of reference reagents may slow the emergency deployment of vaccines, alternatives are needed. RESULTS We investigated the production of HA proteins using recombinant DNA technology, rather than a traditional egg-based production process. The HA proteins were then used in an SRID assay as a reference antigen. We found that HA can be quantified in both egg-based and cell-based influenza vaccines when recombinant HAs (rHAs) are used as the reference antigen. Furthermore, we confirmed that rHAs obtained from strains with pandemic potential, such as H5N1, H7N3, H7N9, and H9N2 strains, can be utilized in the SRID assay. The rHA production process takes just one month, in contrast to the traditional process that takes three to four months. CONCLUSIONS The use of rHAs may reduce the time required to produce reference reagents and facilitate timely introduction of vaccines during emergencies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yejin Choi
- Vaccines Division, National Institute of Food and Drug Safety Evaluation, 187 Osongsaengmyeoung 2-ro, Osong-eup, Heungdoek-gu, Cheongju-si, Chungcheongbuk-do, 28159, Republic of Korea
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Natural Sciences, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju-si, Chungcheongbuk-do, 28644, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong Yi Kwon
- Vaccines Division, National Institute of Food and Drug Safety Evaluation, 187 Osongsaengmyeoung 2-ro, Osong-eup, Heungdoek-gu, Cheongju-si, Chungcheongbuk-do, 28159, Republic of Korea
| | - Ho Jung Oh
- Vaccines Division, National Institute of Food and Drug Safety Evaluation, 187 Osongsaengmyeoung 2-ro, Osong-eup, Heungdoek-gu, Cheongju-si, Chungcheongbuk-do, 28159, Republic of Korea.
| | - Sunbo Shim
- Vaccines Division, National Institute of Food and Drug Safety Evaluation, 187 Osongsaengmyeoung 2-ro, Osong-eup, Heungdoek-gu, Cheongju-si, Chungcheongbuk-do, 28159, Republic of Korea
| | - Seokkee Chang
- Vaccines Division, National Institute of Food and Drug Safety Evaluation, 187 Osongsaengmyeoung 2-ro, Osong-eup, Heungdoek-gu, Cheongju-si, Chungcheongbuk-do, 28159, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye Joo Chung
- Vaccines Division, National Institute of Food and Drug Safety Evaluation, 187 Osongsaengmyeoung 2-ro, Osong-eup, Heungdoek-gu, Cheongju-si, Chungcheongbuk-do, 28159, Republic of Korea
| | - Do Keun Kim
- Biologics Division, National Institute of Food and Drug Safety Evaluation, 187 Osongsaengmyeoung 2-ro, Osong-eup, Heungdoek-gu, Cheongju-si, Chungcheongbuk-do, 28159, Republic of Korea
| | - Younsang Park
- Vaccines Division, National Institute of Food and Drug Safety Evaluation, 187 Osongsaengmyeoung 2-ro, Osong-eup, Heungdoek-gu, Cheongju-si, Chungcheongbuk-do, 28159, Republic of Korea
| | - Younghee Lee
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Natural Sciences, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju-si, Chungcheongbuk-do, 28644, Republic of Korea
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Honda-Okubo Y, Rajapaksha H, Sajkov D, Gordon D, Cox MMJ, Petrovsky N. Panblok-H1+advax H1N1/2009pdm vaccine: Insights into rapid development of a delta inulin adjuvanted recombinant pandemic influenza vaccine. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2017; 13:1-11. [PMID: 28301280 PMCID: PMC5489286 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2017.1279765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Timely vaccine supply is critical during influenza pandemics but is impeded by current virus-based manufacturing methods. The 2009 H1N1/2009pdm 'swine flu' pandemic reinforced the need for innovation in pandemic vaccine design. We report on insights gained during rapid development of a pandemic vaccine based on recombinant haemagglutinin (rHA) formulated with Advax™ delta inulin adjuvant (Panblok-H1/Advax). Panblok-H1/Advax was designed and manufactured within 1 month of the pandemic declaration by WHO and successfully entered human clinical testing in under 3 months from first isolation and sequencing of the novel pandemic virus, requiring several major challenges to be overcome. Panblok-H1/Advax successfully induced neutralising antibodies against the pandemic strain, but also induced cross-neutralising antibodies in a subset of subjects against an H1N1 strain (A/Puerto Rico/8/34) derived from the 1918 Spanish flu, highlighting the possibility to use Advax to induce more broadly cross-protective antibody responses. Interestingly, the rHA from H1N1/2009pdm exhibited variants in the receptor binding domain that had a major impact on receptor binding and hemagglutination ability. We used an in silico structural modeling approach to better understand the unusual behavior of the novel hemagglutinin, thereby demonstrating the power of computational modeling approaches for rapid characterization of new pandemic viruses. While challenges remain in ensuring ultrafast vaccine access for the entire population in response to future pandemics, the adjuvanted recombinant Panblok-H1/Advax vaccine proved its utility during a real-life pandemic situation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshikazu Honda-Okubo
- a Vaxine Pty Ltd, Flinders Medical Centre , Adelaide , Australia.,b Department of Endocrinology , Flinders University , Adelaide , Australia
| | - Harinda Rajapaksha
- a Vaxine Pty Ltd, Flinders Medical Centre , Adelaide , Australia.,b Department of Endocrinology , Flinders University , Adelaide , Australia
| | - Dimitar Sajkov
- c Australian Respiratory and Sleep Medicine Institute , Adelaide , Australia
| | - David Gordon
- d Microbiology and Infectious Diseases Department , Flinders Medical Centre , Adelaide , Australia
| | | | - Nikolai Petrovsky
- a Vaxine Pty Ltd, Flinders Medical Centre , Adelaide , Australia.,b Department of Endocrinology , Flinders University , Adelaide , Australia
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19
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Wang SF, Tseng SP, Loh EW, Wang WH, Li MC, Chen KH, Tsai WC, Lee YM, Chen HY, Liu FT, Arthur Chen YM, Huang JC. Generation and characterization of new monoclonal antibodies against swine origin 2009 influenza A (H1N1) virus and evaluation of their prophylactic and therapeutic efficacy in a mouse model. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 67:8-17. [PMID: 27984103 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2016.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2016] [Revised: 10/25/2016] [Accepted: 10/25/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
In 2009, a swine-origin influenza A virus - A(H1N1)pdm09 - emerged and has became a pandemic strain circulating worldwide. The hemagglutinin (HA) of influenza virus is a potential target for the development of anti-viral therapeutic agents. Here, we generated mAbs by immunization of baculovirus-insect expressing trimeric recombinant HA of the A(H1N1)pdm09 strain. Results indicated that the mAbs recognized two novel neutralizing and protective epitopes-"STAS" and "FRSK" which located near Cb and Ca1 antigenic regions respectively and were conserved in almost 2009-2016 influenza H1N1 stains. The mAb 12E11 demonstrated higher protective efficacy than mAb 8B10 in mice challenge assay. Both mAb pretreatments significantly reduced virus titers and pro-inflammatory cytokines in mice lung postinfection (p < 0.01), and showed prophylactic and therapeutic efficacies even 48 h postinfection (p < 0.05). Combination therapy using the mAbs with oseltamivir pre- and post-treatment showed synergistic therapeutic effect in mice model (p < 0.01). Further investigation for clinical application in humans is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng-Fan Wang
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan; Center for Infectious Disease and Cancer Research, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan.
| | - Sung-Pin Tseng
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan
| | - El-Wui Loh
- Center for Evidence-based Health Care, Taipei Medical University, Shuang Ho Hospital, New Taipei City 23561, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Hung Wang
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Chun Li
- Department of Pediatrics, Taipei City Hospital, Yang-Ming Branch, Taipei 11146, Taiwan
| | - Kuan-Hsuan Chen
- Center for Infectious Disease and Cancer Research, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan
| | - Wan-Chi Tsai
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan
| | - Yuan-Ming Lee
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, National Yang-Ming University Hospital, Yi-Lan 260, Taiwan
| | - Huan-Yuan Chen
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11578, Taiwan; Department of Dermatology, University of California at Davis, CA 95816, USA
| | - Fu-Tong Liu
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11578, Taiwan; Department of Dermatology, University of California at Davis, CA 95816, USA
| | - Yi-Ming Arthur Chen
- Center for Infectious Disease and Cancer Research, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan; Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan.
| | - Jason C Huang
- Department of Biotechnology and Laboratory Science in Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei 11272, Taiwan; AIDS Prevention and Research Center, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei 11272, Taiwan.
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20
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Characterization of Influenza Vaccine Hemagglutinin Complexes by Cryo-Electron Microscopy and Image Analyses Reveals Structural Polymorphisms. CLINICAL AND VACCINE IMMUNOLOGY : CVI 2016; 23:483-495. [PMID: 27074939 PMCID: PMC4895014 DOI: 10.1128/cvi.00085-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2016] [Accepted: 04/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Influenza virus afflicts millions of people worldwide on an annual basis. There is an ever-present risk that animal viruses will cross the species barrier to cause epidemics and pandemics resulting in great morbidity and mortality. Zoonosis outbreaks, such as the H7N9 outbreak, underscore the need to better understand the molecular organization of viral immunogens, such as recombinant influenza virus hemagglutinin (HA) proteins, used in influenza virus subunit vaccines in order to optimize vaccine efficacy. Here, using cryo-electron microscopy and image analysis, we show that recombinant H7 HA in vaccines formed macromolecular complexes consisting of variable numbers of HA subunits (range, 6 to 8). In addition, HA complexes were distributed across at least four distinct structural classes (polymorphisms). Three-dimensional (3D) reconstruction and molecular modeling indicated that HA was in the prefusion state and suggested that the oligomerization and the structural polymorphisms observed were due to hydrophobic interactions involving the transmembrane regions. These experiments suggest that characterization of the molecular structures of influenza virus HA complexes used in subunit vaccines will lead to better understanding of the differences in vaccine efficacy and to the optimization of subunit vaccines to prevent influenza virus infection.
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21
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Formulation Studies During Preclinical Development of Influenza Hemagglutinin and Virus-Like Particle Vaccine Candidates. Methods Mol Biol 2016. [PMID: 27076313 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-3389-1_27] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
Abstract
A critical element of vaccine formulation studies is the identification of chemical and physical degradation pathways that compromise structural integrity, and which may in turn affect the clinical safety and efficacy, of macromolecular antigens. Formulation development helps optimize and maintain the long-term storage stability and viability of vaccine antigens in pharmaceutically relevant dosage forms. The protocols presented in this manuscript highlight the use of accelerated stability studies for the formulation of influenza vaccine candidates including virus-like particles (VLP) and particle forming hemagglutinin (HA) antigens. Three case studies, each targeting a different facet of preclinical vaccine formulation development, are reviewed: (1) excipient screening experiments to mitigate VLP physical degradation, (2) methods for monitoring a specific chemical perturbation of the recombinant HA antigen and elucidating its effect on in vitro potency, and (3) maintaining HA conformational stability in the presence of freeze-thaw and freeze-drying stresses.
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22
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Challenges and opportunities of using liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry methods to develop complex vaccine antigens as pharmaceutical dosage forms. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2016; 1032:23-38. [PMID: 27071526 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2016.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2016] [Revised: 03/31/2016] [Accepted: 04/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Liquid chromatographic methods, combined with mass spectrometry, offer exciting and important opportunities to better characterize complex vaccine antigens including recombinant proteins, virus-like particles, inactivated viruses, polysaccharides, and protein-polysaccharide conjugates. The current abilities and limitations of these physicochemical methods to complement traditional in vitro and in vivo vaccine potency assays are explored in this review through the use of illustrative case studies. Various applications of these state-of-the art techniques are illustrated that include the analysis of influenza vaccines (inactivated whole virus and recombinant hemagglutinin), virus-like particle vaccines (human papillomavirus and hepatitis B), and polysaccharide linked to protein carrier vaccines (pneumococcal). Examples of utilizing these analytical methods to characterize vaccine antigens in the presence of adjuvants, which are often included to boost immune responses as part of the final vaccine dosage form, are also presented. Some of the challenges of using chromatographic and LC-MS as physicochemical assays to routinely test complex vaccine antigens are also discussed.
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23
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Zhang X, Xin L, Li S, Fang M, Zhang J, Xia N, Zhao Q. Lessons learned from successful human vaccines: Delineating key epitopes by dissecting the capsid proteins. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2016; 11:1277-92. [PMID: 25751641 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2015.1016675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Recombinant VLP-based vaccines have been successfully used against 3 diseases caused by viral infections: Hepatitis B, cervical cancer and hepatitis E. The VLP approach is attracting increasing attention in vaccine design and development for human and veterinary use. This review summarizes the clinically relevant epitopes on the VLP antigens in successful human vaccines. These virion-like epitopes, which can be delineated with molecular biology, cryo-electron microscopy and x-ray crystallographic methods, are the prerequisites for these efficacious vaccines to elicit functional antibodies. The critical epitopes and key factors influencing these epitopes are discussed for the HEV, HPV and HBV vaccines. A pentamer (for HPV) or a dimer (for HEV and HBV), rather than a monomer, is the basic building block harboring critical epitopes for the assembly of VLP antigen. The processing and formulation of VLP-based vaccines need to be developed to promote the formation and stabilization of these epitopes in the recombinant antigens. Delineating the critical epitopes is essential for antigen design in the early phase of vaccine development and for critical quality attribute analysis in the commercial phase of vaccine manufacturing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Zhang
- a State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics; National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases; Xiamen University ; Xiamen , Fujian , PR China
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24
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Vrdoljak A, Allen EA, Ferrara F, Temperton NJ, Crean AM, Moore AC. Induction of broad immunity by thermostabilised vaccines incorporated in dissolvable microneedles using novel fabrication methods. J Control Release 2016; 225:192-204. [PMID: 26774221 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2016.01.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2015] [Revised: 01/10/2016] [Accepted: 01/11/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Dissolvable microneedle (DMN) patches for immunization have multiple benefits, including vaccine stability and ease-of-use. However, conventional DMN fabrication methods have several drawbacks. Here we describe a novel, microfluidic, drop dispensing-based dissolvable microneedle production method that overcomes these issues. Uniquely, heterogeneous arrays, consisting of microneedles of diverse composition, can be easily produced on the same patch. Robustness of the process was demonstrated by incorporating and stabilizing adenovirus and MVA vaccines. Clinically-available trivalent inactivated influenza vaccine (TIV) in DMN patches is fully stable for greater than 6months at 40°C. Immunization using low dose TIV-loaded DMN patches induced significantly higher antibody responses compared to intramuscular-based immunization in mice. TIV-loaded patches also induced a broader, heterosubtypic neutralizing antibody response. By addressing issues that will be faced in large-scale fill-finish DMN fabrication processes and demonstrating superior thermostable characteristics and immunogenicity, this study progresses the translation of this microneedle platform to eventual clinical deployment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anto Vrdoljak
- School of Pharmacy, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Evin A Allen
- School of Pharmacy, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | | | | | - Abina M Crean
- School of Pharmacy, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Anne C Moore
- School of Pharmacy, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Pharmacology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.
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25
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López-Sagaseta J, Malito E, Rappuoli R, Bottomley MJ. Self-assembling protein nanoparticles in the design of vaccines. Comput Struct Biotechnol J 2015; 14:58-68. [PMID: 26862374 PMCID: PMC4706605 DOI: 10.1016/j.csbj.2015.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 234] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2015] [Accepted: 11/10/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
For over 100 years, vaccines have been one of the most effective medical interventions for reducing infectious disease, and are estimated to save millions of lives globally each year. Nevertheless, many diseases are not yet preventable by vaccination. This large unmet medical need demands further research and the development of novel vaccines with high efficacy and safety. Compared to the 19th and early 20th century vaccines that were made of killed, inactivated, or live-attenuated pathogens, modern vaccines containing isolated, highly purified antigenic protein subunits are safer but tend to induce lower levels of protective immunity. One strategy to overcome the latter is to design antigen nanoparticles: assemblies of polypeptides that present multiple copies of subunit antigens in well-ordered arrays with defined orientations that can potentially mimic the repetitiveness, geometry, size, and shape of the natural host-pathogen surface interactions. Such nanoparticles offer a collective strength of multiple binding sites (avidity) and can provide improved antigen stability and immunogenicity. Several exciting advances have emerged lately, including preclinical evidence that this strategy may be applicable for the development of innovative new vaccines, for example, protecting against influenza, human immunodeficiency virus, and respiratory syncytial virus. Here, we provide a concise review of a critical selection of data that demonstrate the potential of this field. In addition, we highlight how the use of self-assembling protein nanoparticles can be effectively combined with the emerging discipline of structural vaccinology for maximum impact in the rational design of vaccine antigens.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Enrico Malito
- GlaxoSmithKline Vaccines S.r.l., Via Fiorentina 1, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Rino Rappuoli
- GlaxoSmithKline Vaccines S.r.l., Via Fiorentina 1, 53100 Siena, Italy
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26
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Improved stability of recombinant hemagglutinin using a formulation containing sodium thioglycolate. Vaccine 2015; 33:6011-6. [PMID: 26409814 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2015.09.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2015] [Revised: 09/05/2015] [Accepted: 09/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
This study was designed to improve the stability of liquid formulations of recombinant influenza hemagglutinin (rHA) and to understand the mechanism of early loss of potency for rHA. The potency of rHA derived from several influenza strains was determined using single radial immunodiffusion (SRID), and the structure of the rHA was characterized using SDS-PAGE and dynamic light scattering. rHA formed disulfide cross-linked multimers, and potency decreased during extended storage. To reduce disulfide-mediated cross-linking and early potency loss, rHA was formulated with sodium thioglycolate (STG) and citrate. Addition of 80 mM STG and 55 mM sodium citrate inhibited disulfide-mediated cross-linking without affecting protein function for each rHA tested. The shelf life of the rHA formulation with STG-citrate, based on potency as determined by SRID, was extended as much as 20-fold, compared to a control formulation without STG-citrate. STG-citrate did not have a significant effect on the immunogenicity of H1 A/California/7/2009 rHA in mice.
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Intermonomer Interactions in Hemagglutinin Subunits HA1 and HA2 Affecting Hemagglutinin Stability and Influenza Virus Infectivity. J Virol 2015; 89:10602-11. [PMID: 26269180 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00939-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2015] [Accepted: 08/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Influenza virus hemagglutinin (HA) mediates virus entry by binding to cell surface receptors and fusing the viral and endosomal membranes following uptake by endocytosis. The acidic environment of endosomes triggers a large-scale conformational change in the transmembrane subunit of HA (HA2) involving a loop (B loop)-to-helix transition, which releases the fusion peptide at the HA2 N terminus from an interior pocket within the HA trimer. Subsequent insertion of the fusion peptide into the endosomal membrane initiates fusion. The acid stability of HA is influenced by residues in the fusion peptide, fusion peptide pocket, coiled-coil regions of HA2, and interactions between the surface (HA1) and HA2 subunits, but details are not fully understood and vary among strains. Current evidence suggests that the HA from the circulating pandemic 2009 H1N1 influenza A virus [A(H1N1)pdm09] is less stable than the HAs from other seasonal influenza virus strains. Here we show that residue 205 in HA1 and residue 399 in the B loop of HA2 (residue 72, HA2 numbering) in different monomers of the trimeric A(H1N1)pdm09 HA are involved in functionally important intermolecular interactions and that a conserved histidine in this pair helps regulate HA stability. An arginine-lysine pair at this location destabilizes HA at acidic pH and mediates fusion at a higher pH, while a glutamate-lysine pair enhances HA stability and requires a lower pH to induce fusion. Our findings identify key residues in HA1 and HA2 that interact to help regulate H1N1 HA stability and virus infectivity. IMPORTANCE Influenza virus hemagglutinin (HA) is the principal antigen in inactivated influenza vaccines and the target of protective antibodies. However, the influenza A virus HA is highly variable, necessitating frequent vaccine changes to match circulating strains. Sequence changes in HA affect not only antigenicity but also HA stability, which has important implications for vaccine production, as well as viral adaptation to hosts. HA from the pandemic 2009 H1N1 influenza A virus is less stable than other recent seasonal influenza virus HAs, but the molecular interactions that contribute to HA stability are not fully understood. Here we identify molecular interactions between specific residues in the surface and transmembrane subunits of HA that help regulate the HA conformational changes needed for HA stability and virus entry. These findings contribute to our understanding of the molecular mechanisms controlling HA function and antigen stability.
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Meghrous J, Khramtsov N, Buckland BC, Cox MM, Palomares LA, Srivastava IK. Dissolved carbon dioxide determines the productivity of a recombinant hemagglutinin component of an influenza vaccine produced by insect cells. Biotechnol Bioeng 2015; 112:2267-75. [DOI: 10.1002/bit.25634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2014] [Revised: 04/01/2015] [Accepted: 05/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jamal Meghrous
- Protein Sciences Corporation; 1000 Research Parkway Meriden Connecticut 06450
| | - Nikolai Khramtsov
- Protein Sciences Corporation; 1000 Research Parkway Meriden Connecticut 06450
| | - Barry C. Buckland
- Protein Sciences Corporation; 1000 Research Parkway Meriden Connecticut 06450
- University College London; London; United Kingdom
| | - Manon M.J. Cox
- Protein Sciences Corporation; 1000 Research Parkway Meriden Connecticut 06450
| | - Laura A. Palomares
- Protein Sciences Corporation; 1000 Research Parkway Meriden Connecticut 06450
- Instituto de Biotecnologí; a; Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México; Cuernavaca Mexico
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Felberbaum RS. The baculovirus expression vector system: A commercial manufacturing platform for viral vaccines and gene therapy vectors. Biotechnol J 2015; 10:702-14. [PMID: 25800821 PMCID: PMC7159335 DOI: 10.1002/biot.201400438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2014] [Revised: 01/12/2015] [Accepted: 02/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The baculovirus expression vector system (BEVS) platform has become an established manufacturing platform for the production of viral vaccines and gene therapy vectors. Nine BEVS-derived products have been approved - four for human use (Cervarix(®), Provenge(®), Glybera(®) and Flublok(®)) and five for veterinary use (Porcilis(®) Pesti, BAYOVAC CSF E2(®), Circumvent(®) PCV, Ingelvac CircoFLEX(®) and Porcilis(®) PCV). The BEVS platform offers many advantages, including manufacturing speed, flexible product design, inherent safety and scalability. This combination of features and product approvals has previously attracted interest from academic researchers, and more recently from industry leaders, to utilize BEVS to develop next generation vaccines, vectors for gene therapy, and other biopharmaceutical complex proteins. In this review, we explore the BEVS platform, detailing how it works, platform features and limitations and important considerations for manufacturing and regulatory approval. To underscore the growth in opportunities for BEVS-derived products, we discuss the latest product developments in the gene therapy and influenza vaccine fields that follow in the wake of the recent product approvals of Glybera(®) and Flublok(®), respectively. We anticipate that the utility of the platform will expand even further as new BEVS-derived products attain licensure. Finally, we touch on some of the areas where new BEVS-derived products are likely to emerge.
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Influenza virus M2 protein ion channel activity helps to maintain pandemic 2009 H1N1 virus hemagglutinin fusion competence during transport to the cell surface. J Virol 2014; 89:1975-85. [PMID: 25473053 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.03253-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED The influenza virus hemagglutinin (HA) envelope protein mediates virus entry by first binding to cell surface receptors and then fusing viral and endosomal membranes during endocytosis. Cleavage of the HA precursor (HA0) into a surface receptor-binding subunit (HA1) and a fusion-inducing transmembrane subunit (HA2) by host cell enzymes primes HA for fusion competence by repositioning the fusion peptide to the newly created N terminus of HA2. We previously reported that the influenza virus M2 protein enhances pandemic 2009 influenza A virus [(H1N1)pdm09] HA-pseudovirus infectivity, but the mechanism was unclear. In this study, using cell-cell fusion and HA-pseudovirus infectivity assays, we found that the ion channel function of M2 was required for enhancement of HA fusion and HA-pseudovirus infectivity. The M2 activity was needed only during HA biosynthesis, and proteolysis experiments indicated that M2 proton channel activity helped to protect (H1N1)pdm09 HA from premature conformational changes as it traversed low-pH compartments during transport to the cell surface. While M2 has previously been shown to protect avian influenza virus HA proteins of the H5 and H7 subtypes that have polybasic cleavage motifs, this study demonstrates that M2 can protect HA proteins from human H1N1 strains that lack a polybasic cleavage motif. This finding suggests that M2 proton channel activity may play a wider role in preserving HA fusion competence among a variety of HA subtypes, including HA proteins from emerging strains that may have reduced HA stability. IMPORTANCE Influenza virus infects cells when the hemagglutinin (HA) surface protein undergoes irreversible pH-induced conformational changes after the virus is taken into the cell by endocytosis. HA fusion competence is primed when host cell enzymes cleave the HA precursor. The proton channel function of influenza virus M2 protein has previously been shown to protect avian influenza virus HA proteins that contain a polybasic cleavage site from pH-induced conformational changes during biosynthesis, but this effect is less well understood for human influenza virus HA proteins that lack polybasic cleavage sites. Using assays that focus on HA entry and fusion, we found that the M2 protein also protects (H1N1)pdm09 influenza A virus HA from premature conformational changes as it transits low-pH compartments during biosynthesis. This work suggests that M2 may play a wider role in preserving HA function in a variety of influenza virus subtypes that infect humans and may be especially important for HA proteins that are less stable.
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Castelán-Vega JA, Magaña-Hernández A, Jiménez-Alberto A, Ribas-Aparicio RM. The hemagglutinin of the influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 is mutating towards stability. Adv Appl Bioinform Chem 2014; 7:37-44. [PMID: 25328411 PMCID: PMC4198066 DOI: 10.2147/aabc.s68934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The last influenza A pandemic provided an excellent opportunity to study the adaptation of the influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 virus to the human host. Particularly, due to the availability of sequences taken from isolates since the beginning of the pandemic until date, we could monitor amino acid changes that occurred in the hemagglutinin (HA) as the virus spread worldwide and became the dominant H1N1 strain. HA is crucial to viral infection because it binds to sialidated cell-receptors and mediates fusion of cell and viral membranes; because antibodies that bind to HA may block virus entry to the cell, this protein is subjected to high selective pressure. Multiple alignment analysis of sequences of the HA from isolates taken since 2009 to date allowed us to find amino acid changes that were positively selected as the pandemic progressed. We found nine changes that became prevalent: HA1 subunits D104N, K166Q, S188T, S206T, A259T, and K285E; and HA2 subunits E47K, S124N, and E172K. Most of these changes were located in areas involved in inter- and intrachain interactions, while only two (K166Q and S188T) were located in known antigenic sites. We conclude that selective pressure on HA was aimed to improve its functionality and hence virus fitness, rather than at avoidance of immune recognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan A Castelán-Vega
- Departamento de Microbiología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Anastasia Magaña-Hernández
- Departamento de Microbiología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Alicia Jiménez-Alberto
- Departamento de Microbiología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Rosa María Ribas-Aparicio
- Departamento de Microbiología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City, Mexico
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Hufton SE, Risley P, Ball CR, Major D, Engelhardt OG, Poole S. The breadth of cross sub-type neutralisation activity of a single domain antibody to influenza hemagglutinin can be increased by antibody valency. PLoS One 2014; 9:e103294. [PMID: 25084445 PMCID: PMC4118869 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0103294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2014] [Accepted: 06/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The response to the 2009 A(H1N1) influenza pandemic has highlighted the need for additional strategies for intervention which preclude the prior availability of the influenza strain. Here, 18 single domain VHH antibodies against the 2009 A(H1N1) hemagglutinin (HA) have been isolated from a immune alpaca phage displayed library. These antibodies have been grouped as having either (i) non-neutralising, (ii) H1N1 restricted neutralising or (iii) broad cross-subtype neutralising activity. The ability to neutralise different viral subtypes, including highly pathogenic avian influenza (H5N1), correlated with the absence of hemagglutination inhibition activity, loss of binding to HA at acid pH and the absence of binding to the head domain containing the receptor binding site. This data supports their binding to epitopes in the HA stem region and a mechanism of action other than blocking viral attachment to cell surface receptors. After conversion of cross-neutralising antibodies R1a-B6 and R1a-A5 into a bivalent format, no significant enhancement in neutralisation activity was seen against A(H1N1) and A(H5N1) viruses. However, bivalent R1a-B6 showed an 18 fold enhancement in potency against A(H9N2) virus and, surprisingly, gained the ability to neutralise an A(H2N2) virus. This demonstrates that cross-neutralising antibodies, which make lower affinity interactions with the membrane proximal stem region of more divergent HA sub-types, can be optimised by bivalency so increasing their breadth of anti-viral activity. The broad neutralising activity and favourable characteristics, such as high stability, simple engineering into bivalent molecules and low cost production make these single domain antibodies attractive candidates for diagnostics and immunotherapy of pandemic influenza.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon E. Hufton
- Biotherapeutics Group, National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, a centre of the Medicines and Healthcare Products Regulatory Agency, South Mimms, Potters Bar, Hertfordshire, United Kingdom
| | - Paul Risley
- Biotherapeutics Group, National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, a centre of the Medicines and Healthcare Products Regulatory Agency, South Mimms, Potters Bar, Hertfordshire, United Kingdom
| | - Christina R. Ball
- Technology Development and Infrastructure, National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, a centre of the Medicines and Healthcare Products Regulatory Agency, South Mimms, Potters Bar, Hertfordshire, United Kingdom
| | - Diane Major
- Division of Virology, National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, a centre of the Medicines and Healthcare Products Regulatory Agency, South Mimms, Potters Bar, Hertfordshire, United Kingdom
| | - Othmar G. Engelhardt
- Division of Virology, National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, a centre of the Medicines and Healthcare Products Regulatory Agency, South Mimms, Potters Bar, Hertfordshire, United Kingdom
| | - Stephen Poole
- Biotherapeutics Group, National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, a centre of the Medicines and Healthcare Products Regulatory Agency, South Mimms, Potters Bar, Hertfordshire, United Kingdom
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Kumru OS, Joshi SB, Smith DE, Middaugh CR, Prusik T, Volkin DB. Vaccine instability in the cold chain: mechanisms, analysis and formulation strategies. Biologicals 2014; 42:237-59. [PMID: 24996452 DOI: 10.1016/j.biologicals.2014.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 230] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2013] [Revised: 05/12/2014] [Accepted: 05/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Instability of vaccines often emerges as a key challenge during clinical development (lab to clinic) as well as commercial distribution (factory to patient). To yield stable, efficacious vaccine dosage forms for human use, successful formulation strategies must address a combination of interrelated topics including stabilization of antigens, selection of appropriate adjuvants, and development of stability-indicating analytical methods. This review covers key concepts in understanding the causes and mechanisms of vaccine instability including (1) the complex and delicate nature of antigen structures (e.g., viruses, proteins, carbohydrates, protein-carbohydrate conjugates, etc.), (2) use of adjuvants to further enhance immune responses, (3) development of physicochemical and biological assays to assess vaccine integrity and potency, and (4) stabilization strategies to protect vaccine antigens and adjuvants (and their interactions) during storage. Despite these challenges, vaccines can usually be sufficiently stabilized for use as medicines through a combination of formulation approaches combined with maintenance of an efficient cold chain (manufacturing, distribution, storage and administration). Several illustrative case studies are described regarding mechanisms of vaccine instability along with formulation approaches for stabilization within the vaccine cold chain. These include live, attenuated (measles, polio) and inactivated (influenza, polio) viral vaccines as well as recombinant protein (hepatitis B) vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ozan S Kumru
- Macromolecule and Vaccine Stabilization Center, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66047, USA
| | - Sangeeta B Joshi
- Macromolecule and Vaccine Stabilization Center, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66047, USA
| | - Dawn E Smith
- Temptime Corporation, Morris Plains, NJ 07950, USA
| | - C Russell Middaugh
- Macromolecule and Vaccine Stabilization Center, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66047, USA
| | - Ted Prusik
- Temptime Corporation, Morris Plains, NJ 07950, USA
| | - David B Volkin
- Macromolecule and Vaccine Stabilization Center, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66047, USA.
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34
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Hickey JM, Holtz KM, Manikwar P, Joshi SB, Mcpherson CE, Buckland B, Srivastava IK, Middaugh CR, Volkin DB. Mechanism of a Decrease in Potency for the Recombinant Influenza A Virus Hemagglutinin H3 Antigen During Storage. J Pharm Sci 2014; 103:821-7. [DOI: 10.1002/jps.23848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2013] [Revised: 12/11/2013] [Accepted: 12/20/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Abstract
UNLABELLED The noncovalent interactions that mediate trimerization of the influenza hemagglutinin (HA) are important determinants of its biological activities. Recent studies have demonstrated that mutations in the HA trimer interface affect the thermal and pH sensitivities of HA, suggesting a possible impact on vaccine stability (). We used size exclusion chromatography analysis of recombinant HA ectodomain to compare the differences among recombinant trimeric HA proteins from early 2009 pandemic H1N1 viruses, which dissociate to monomers, with those of more recent virus HAs that can be expressed as trimers. We analyzed differences among the HA sequences and identified intermolecular interactions mediated by the residue at position 374 (HA0 numbering) of the HA2 subdomain as critical for HA trimer stability. Crystallographic analyses of HA from the recent H1N1 virus A/Washington/5/2011 highlight the structural basis for this observed phenotype. It remains to be seen whether more recent viruses with this mutation will yield more stable vaccines in the future. IMPORTANCE Hemagglutinins from the early 2009 H1N1 pandemic viruses are unable to maintain a trimeric complex when expressed in a recombinant system. However, HAs from 2010 and 2011 strains are more stable, and our work highlights that the improvement in stability can be attributed to an E374K substitution in the HA2 subunit of the stalk that emerged naturally in the circulating viruses.
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Bardelli M, Alleri L, Angiolini F, Buricchi F, Tavarini S, Sammicheli C, Nuti S, Degl'Innocenti E, Isnardi I, Fragapane E, Del Giudice G, Castellino F, Galli G. Ex vivo analysis of human memory B lymphocytes specific for A and B influenza hemagglutinin by polychromatic flow-cytometry. PLoS One 2013; 8:e70620. [PMID: 23976947 PMCID: PMC3744578 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0070620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2013] [Accepted: 06/19/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding the impact that human memory B-cells (MBC), primed by previous infections or vaccination, exert on neutralizing antibody responses against drifted influenza hemagglutinin (HA) is key to design best protective vaccines. A major obstacle to these studies is the lack of practical tools to analyze HA-specific MBCs in human PBMCs ex vivo. We report here an efficient method to identify MBCs carrying HA-specific BCR in frozen PBMC samples. By using fluorochrome-tagged recombinant HA baits, and vaccine antigens from mismatched influenza strains to block BCR-independent binding, we developed a protocol suitable for quantitative, functional and molecular analysis of single MBCs specific for HA from up to two different influenza strains in the same tube. This approach will permit to identify the naive and MBC precursors of plasmablasts and novel MBCs appearing in the blood following infection or vaccination, thus clarifying the actual contribution of pre-existing MBCs in antibody responses against novel influenza viruses. Finally, this protocol can allow applying high throughput deep sequencing to analyze changes in the repertoire of HA+ B-cells in longitudinal samples from large cohorts of vaccinees and infected subjects with the ultimate goal of understanding the in vivo B-cell dynamics driving the evolution of broadly cross-protective antibody responses.
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MESH Headings
- Antibodies, Neutralizing/biosynthesis
- Antibodies, Neutralizing/immunology
- B-Lymphocytes/cytology
- B-Lymphocytes/immunology
- B-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- Cell Separation/methods
- Cross Reactions
- Flow Cytometry/methods
- Hemagglutinin Glycoproteins, Influenza Virus/genetics
- Hemagglutinin Glycoproteins, Influenza Virus/metabolism
- Humans
- Immunologic Memory
- Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype/chemistry
- Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype/immunology
- Influenza A Virus, H3N2 Subtype/chemistry
- Influenza A Virus, H3N2 Subtype/immunology
- Influenza B virus/chemistry
- Influenza B virus/immunology
- Influenza Vaccines/chemistry
- Influenza Vaccines/immunology
- Influenza, Human/immunology
- Influenza, Human/virology
- Protein Binding
- Single-Domain Antibodies/biosynthesis
- Single-Domain Antibodies/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Sandra Nuti
- Novartis Vaccines and Diagnostics srl, Siena, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Grazia Galli
- Novartis Vaccines and Diagnostics srl, Siena, Italy
- * E-mail:
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Cho KJ, Lee JH, Hong KW, Kim SH, Park Y, Lee JY, Kang S, Kim S, Yang JH, Kim EK, Seok JH, Unzai S, Park SY, Saelens X, Kim CJ, Lee JY, Kang C, Oh HB, Chung MS, Kim KH. Insight into structural diversity of influenza virus haemagglutinin. J Gen Virol 2013; 94:1712-1722. [DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.051136-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Influenza virus infects host cells through membrane fusion, a process mediated by the low pH-induced conformational change of the viral surface glycoprotein haemagglutinin (HA). We determined the structures and biochemical properties of the HA proteins from A/Korea/01/2009 (KR01), a 2009 pandemic strain, and A/Thailand/CU44/2006 (CU44), a seasonal strain. The crystal structure of KR01 HA revealed a V-shaped head-to-head arrangement, which is not seen in other HA proteins including CU44 HA. We isolated a broadly neutralizing H1-specific monoclonal antibody GC0757. The KR01 HA-Fab0757 complex structure also exhibited a head-to-head arrangement of HA. Both native and Fab complex structures reveal a different spatial orientation of HA1 relative to HA2, indicating that HA is flexible and dynamic at neutral pH. Further, the KR01 HA exhibited significantly lower protein stability and increased susceptibility to proteolytic cleavage compared with other HAs. Our structures provide important insights into the conformational flexibility of HA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ki Joon Cho
- Department of Biotechnology & Bioinformatics, College of Science & Technology, Korea University, Sejong 339-700, Korea
| | - Ji-Hye Lee
- Department of Biotechnology & Bioinformatics, College of Science & Technology, Korea University, Sejong 339-700, Korea
| | - Kwang W. Hong
- Antibody Engineering Laboratory, Central Research Center, Green Cross Corp., Yongin Kyunggi 446-799, Korea
| | - Se-Ho Kim
- Antibody Engineering Laboratory, Central Research Center, Green Cross Corp., Yongin Kyunggi 446-799, Korea
| | - Yiho Park
- Department of Biotechnology & Bioinformatics, College of Science & Technology, Korea University, Sejong 339-700, Korea
| | - Jun Young Lee
- Department of Biotechnology & Bioinformatics, College of Science & Technology, Korea University, Sejong 339-700, Korea
| | - Seokha Kang
- Department of Biotechnology & Bioinformatics, College of Science & Technology, Korea University, Sejong 339-700, Korea
| | - Sella Kim
- Department of Biotechnology & Bioinformatics, College of Science & Technology, Korea University, Sejong 339-700, Korea
| | - Ji Hoon Yang
- Department of Biotechnology & Bioinformatics, College of Science & Technology, Korea University, Sejong 339-700, Korea
| | - Eui-Ki Kim
- Department of Biotechnology & Bioinformatics, College of Science & Technology, Korea University, Sejong 339-700, Korea
| | - Jong Hyeon Seok
- Department of Biotechnology & Bioinformatics, College of Science & Technology, Korea University, Sejong 339-700, Korea
| | - Satoru Unzai
- Protein Design Laboratory, Yokohama City University, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan
| | - Sam Yong Park
- Protein Design Laboratory, Yokohama City University, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan
| | - Xavier Saelens
- Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
- Department for Molecular Biomedical Research, VIB, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Chul-Joong Kim
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungnam National University, DaeJeon 305-764, Korea
| | - Joo-Yeon Lee
- Influenza Virus Team, Center for Infectious Diseases, Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Osong Chungbuk 363-951, Korea
| | - Chun Kang
- Influenza Virus Team, Center for Infectious Diseases, Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Osong Chungbuk 363-951, Korea
| | - Hee-Bok Oh
- Influenza Virus Team, Center for Infectious Diseases, Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Osong Chungbuk 363-951, Korea
| | - Mi Sook Chung
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Duksung Women’s University, Seoul 132-714, Korea
| | - Kyung Hyun Kim
- Department of Biotechnology & Bioinformatics, College of Science & Technology, Korea University, Sejong 339-700, Korea
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An Y, Rininger JA, Jarvis DL, Jing X, Ye Z, Aumiller JJ, Eichelberger M, Cipollo JF. Comparative glycomics analysis of influenza Hemagglutinin (H5N1) produced in vaccine relevant cell platforms. J Proteome Res 2013; 12:3707-20. [PMID: 23848607 DOI: 10.1021/pr400329k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Hemagglutinin (HA) is the major antigen in influenza vaccines, and glycosylation is known to influence its antigenicity. Embryonated hen eggs are traditionally used for influenza vaccine production, but vaccines produced in mammalian and insect cells were recently licensed. This raises the concern that vaccines produced with different cell systems might not be equivalent due to differences in their glycosylation patterns. Thus, we developed an analytical method to monitor vaccine glycosylation through a combination of nanoLC/MS(E) and quantitative MALDI-TOF MS permethylation profiling. We then used this method to examine glycosylation of HAs from two different influenza H5N1 strains produced in five different platforms, including hen eggs, three different insect cell lines (High Five, expresSF+ and glycoengineered expresSF+), and a human cell line (HEK293). Our results demonstrated that (1) sequon utilization is not necessarily equivalent in different cell types, (2) there are quantitative and qualitative differences in the overall N-glycosylation patterns and structures produced by different cell types, (3) ∼20% of the N-glycans on the HAs produced by High Five cells are core α1,3-fucosylated structures, which may be allergenic in humans, and (4) our method can be used to monitor differences in glycosylation during the cellular glycoengineering stages of vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanming An
- Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
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39
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Abstract
H5N1 is a highly pathogenic avian influenza virus that can cause severe disease and death in humans. H5N1 is spreading rapidly in bird populations and there is great concern that this virus will begin to transmit between people and cause a global crisis. Vaccines are the cornerstone strategy for combating avian influenza but there are complex challenges for pandemic preparedness including the unpredictability of the vaccine target and the manufacturing requirement for rapid deployment. The less-than-optimal response against the 2009 H1N1 pandemic unmasked the limitations associated with influenza vaccine production and in 2010, the President's Council of Advisors on Science and Technology re-emphasized the need for new recombinant-based vaccines and adjuvants that can shorten production cycles, maximize immunogenicity and satisfy global demand. In this article, the authors review the efforts spent in developing an effective vaccine for H5N1 influenza and summarize clinical studies that highlight the progress made to date.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher H Clegg
- TRIA Bioscience Corp., Suite 250, 1616 Eastlake Avenue East, Seattle, WA 98102, USA.
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