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Unger-Manhart N, Morokutti-Kurz M, Zieglmayer PU, Lemell P, Savli M, Zieglmayer R, Prieschl-Grassauer E. Carrageenan-Containing Nasal Spray Alleviates Allergic Symptoms in Participants with Grass Pollen Allergy: A Randomized, Controlled, Crossover Clinical Trial. Int J Gen Med 2024; 17:419-428. [PMID: 38333020 PMCID: PMC10850985 DOI: 10.2147/ijgm.s447359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 02/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Purpose Nonpharmacological, barrier-forming nasal sprays are used to manage symptoms of allergic rhinitis. We aim to evaluate the safety and effectiveness of Callergin (investigational product, IP), a nasal spray containing barrier-forming iota-carrageenan, in the treatment of allergic rhinitis (AR). Methods In this randomized, controlled, crossover trial, adults with grass pollen allergy underwent a treatment sequence with IP, VisAlpin (comparator product, CP), and no treatment in random order. Treatment blocks consisted in prophylactic administration of the assigned treatment or no treatment, followed by a 3-hr allergen exposure, and were separated by a washout period of 7 days. Primary endpoint was a mean change from baseline in "Total Nasal Symptom Score" (TNSS, sum of rhinorrhea, itching, sneezing, and congestion scores) over 3 hr, recorded every 15 min during the challenge period. Results A total of 42 participants underwent randomization. Exposure to grass pollen for 3 hr induced a notable TNSS increase from baseline in all participants at all times. Mean TNSS change from baseline over 3 hr was lower when participants received IP compared to no treatment, although the difference did not reach statistical significance (untreated 6.96 ± 2.30; IP 6.59 ± 1.93; difference 0.37 points [95% CI (confidence interval) -0.17 to 0.91]; p=0.170). In a post-hoc analysis, mean TNSS at 3 hr was significantly reduced after IP treatment compared to no treatment (untreated 8.29 ± 2.64; IP 7.70 ± 2.56; difference 0.60 points [95% CI -0.10 to 1.29] p=0.028). While all individual nasal symptoms contributed to this effect, rhinorrhea (p=0.013) and congestion (p=0.076) contributed most. Consistently, nasal secretion weight was slightly reduced with IP treatment (p=0.119). IP was safe and well-tolerated, with similar incidence of adverse events across treatment groups. Conclusion Prophylactic treatment with the iota-carrageenan nasal spray IP is safe, well-tolerated, and alleviates nasal allergy symptoms in adults with grass pollen-induced AR. Trial Registration NCT04531358.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Petra U Zieglmayer
- Vienna Challenge Chamber, Vienna, Austria
- Competence Center for Allergology and Immunology, Karl Landsteiner University, Krems, Austria
| | | | - Markus Savli
- Biostatistik & Consulting GmbH, Zurich, Switzerland
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Halley C, Honeywill C, Kang J, Pierse N, Robertson O, Rawlinson W, Stelzer-Braid S, Willink R, Crane J. Preventing upper respiratory tract infections with prophylactic nasal carrageenan: a feasibility study. Future Microbiol 2023; 18:1319-1328. [PMID: 37830932 DOI: 10.2217/fmb-2021-0122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2021] [Accepted: 08/04/2023] [Indexed: 10/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Aim: To observe upper respiratory tract infection (URTI) symptoms, rhinovirus levels and compliance with daily carrageenan nasal spray. Methods: 102 adults were randomized to carrageenan or saline placebo three times daily for 8 weeks and URTI symptoms were recorded. A control group (n = 42) only recorded URTI symptoms. Participants collected nasal swabs when symptomatic. Results: Regular daily carrageenan prophylaxis resulted in consistent but nonsignificant reductions in URTI symptoms versus the placebo group. Saline placebo decreased and increased some cold symptoms compared with no treatment. Conclusion: Daily prophylactic administration of antiviral carrageenan may not significantly reduce URTI symptoms. Due to low compliance, use in a population with specific reasons to avoid URTIs may be more appropriate. Disease-specific outcomes may be more useful than symptom reporting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Halley
- Department of Medicine, University of Otago, 23A Mein Street, Wellington, 6021, New Zealand
| | - Claire Honeywill
- Department of Medicine, University of Otago, 23A Mein Street, Wellington, 6021, New Zealand
| | - Janice Kang
- Department of Medicine, University of Otago, 23A Mein Street, Wellington, 6021, New Zealand
| | - Nevil Pierse
- Department of Public Health, University of Otago, 23A Mein Street, Wellington, 6021, New Zealand
| | - Oliver Robertson
- Department of Public Health, University of Otago, 23A Mein Street, Wellington, 6021, New Zealand
| | - William Rawlinson
- Virology Research Laboratory, Level 3 Campus Centre, Prince of Wales Hospital, Randwick, NSW 2031, Australia
| | - Sacha Stelzer-Braid
- Virology Research Laboratory, Level 3 Campus Centre, Prince of Wales Hospital, Randwick, NSW 2031, Australia
- University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Robin Willink
- Biostatistical Group, University of Otago, 23A Mein Street, Wellington, 6021, New Zealand
| | - Julian Crane
- Department of Medicine, University of Otago, 23A Mein Street, Wellington, 6021, New Zealand
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3
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Low Z, Lani R, Tiong V, Poh C, AbuBakar S, Hassandarvish P. COVID-19 Therapeutic Potential of Natural Products. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24119589. [PMID: 37298539 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24119589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2023] [Revised: 05/26/2023] [Accepted: 05/29/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite the fact that coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) treatment and management are now considerably regulated, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is still one of the leading causes of death in 2022. The availability of COVID-19 vaccines, FDA-approved antivirals, and monoclonal antibodies in low-income countries still poses an issue to be addressed. Natural products, particularly traditional Chinese medicines (TCMs) and medicinal plant extracts (or their active component), have challenged the dominance of drug repurposing and synthetic compound libraries in COVID-19 therapeutics. Their abundant resources and excellent antiviral performance make natural products a relatively cheap and readily available alternative for COVID-19 therapeutics. Here, we deliberately review the anti-SARS-CoV-2 mechanisms of the natural products, their potency (pharmacological profiles), and application strategies for COVID-19 intervention. In light of their advantages, this review is intended to acknowledge the potential of natural products as COVID-19 therapeutic candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaoxuan Low
- Tropical Infectious Diseases Research & Education Centre (TIDREC), Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia
| | - Rafidah Lani
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia
| | - Vunjia Tiong
- Tropical Infectious Diseases Research & Education Centre (TIDREC), Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia
| | - Chitlaa Poh
- Centre for Virus and Vaccine Research, School of Medical and Life Sciences, Sunway University, Petaling Jaya 47500, Malaysia
| | - Sazaly AbuBakar
- Tropical Infectious Diseases Research & Education Centre (TIDREC), Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia
| | - Pouya Hassandarvish
- Tropical Infectious Diseases Research & Education Centre (TIDREC), Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia
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Herbal Medicines for Rhinosinusitis: A Systematic Review and Network Meta-analysis. Curr Allergy Asthma Rep 2023; 23:93-109. [PMID: 36609950 DOI: 10.1007/s11882-022-01060-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW To analyze and compare the effects of herbal medicines (HMs) for treating different forms of rhinosinusitis. RECENT FINDINGS Forty-seven randomized controlled trials evaluating 18 HMs in six different rhinosinusitis populations were included in the network meta-analysis. Certainty of evidence was assessed using the Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) approach. For the common cold, Pelargonium sidoides offered the most beneficial effect on symptom improvement (moderate certainty of evidence). For acute post-viral rhinosinusitis, Cineole and Pelargonium sidoides were the most effective treatments for controlling symptoms (moderate certainty), while Spicae aetheroleum was most effective for health-related quality of life (HRQoL) improvement (moderate certainty). For chronic rhinosinusitis without nasal polyps (CRSsNP), Origanum vulgare was the most beneficial treatment for improving symptoms and HRQoL (low certainty). Evidence of HMs for acute bacterial rhinosinusitis, chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps, and unclassified chronic rhinosinusitis was restricted to a limited number of studies. Adverse events should be of concern in some HMs, such as Spicae aetheroleum or Mytorl. Several HMs improved patient-important outcomes, above minimal clinically important differences, in treating common cold, acute post-viral rhinosinusitis, and CRSsNP. Further studies with adequate sample sizes and long-term follow-ups are warranted to support the current evidence. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER AND DATE OF REGISTRATION PROSPERO ID: CRD42022328265 May 10, 2022.
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Antiviral Activity and Mechanisms of Seaweeds Bioactive Compounds on Enveloped Viruses-A Review. Mar Drugs 2022; 20:md20060385. [PMID: 35736188 PMCID: PMC9228758 DOI: 10.3390/md20060385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2022] [Revised: 06/02/2022] [Accepted: 06/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In the last decades, the interest in seaweed has significantly increased. Bioactive compounds from seaweed’s currently receive major attention from pharmaceutical companies as they express several interesting biological activities which are beneficial for humans. The structural diversity of seaweed metabolites provides diverse biological activities which are expressed through diverse mechanisms of actions. This review mainly focuses on the antiviral activity of seaweed’s extracts, highlighting the mechanisms of actions of some seaweed molecules against infection caused by different types of enveloped viruses: influenza, Lentivirus (HIV-1), Herpes viruses, and coronaviruses. Seaweed metabolites with antiviral properties can act trough different pathways by increasing the host’s defense system or through targeting and blocking virus replication before it enters host cells. Several studies have already established the large antiviral spectrum of seaweed’s bioactive compounds. Throughout this review, antiviral mechanisms and medical applications of seaweed’s bioactive compounds are analyzed, suggesting seaweed’s potential source of antiviral compounds for the formulation of novel and natural antiviral drugs.
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Robinson TE, Moakes RJA, Grover LM. Low Acyl Gellan as an Excipient to Improve the Sprayability and Mucoadhesion of Iota Carrageenan in a Nasal Spray to Prevent Infection With SARS-CoV-2. FRONTIERS IN MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY 2022; 3:687681. [PMID: 35047933 PMCID: PMC8757866 DOI: 10.3389/fmedt.2021.687681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The COVID-19 global pandemic, as well as the widespread persistence of influenza and the common cold, create the need for new medical devices such as nasal sprays to prevent viral infection and transmission. Carrageenan, a sulfated polysaccharide, has a broad, non-pharmacological antiviral capacity, however it performs poorly in two key areas; spray coverage and mucoadhesion. Therefore gellan, another polysaccharide, was investigated as an excipient to improve these properties. It was found that viscoelastic relaxation time was the key predictor of spray coverage, and by reducing this value from 2.5 to 0.25 s, a mix of gellan and carrageenan gave more than four times the coverage of carrageenan alone (p < 0.0001). Gellan also demonstrated enhanced adhesion to a mucus analog that increased significantly with time (p < 0.0001), suggesting the development of specific gellan–mucin interactions. This property was conferred to carrageenan on mixing the two polymers. Together, this data suggests that gellan is a promising excipient to improve both sprayability and mucoadhesion of carrageenan for use in antiviral nasal sprays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas E Robinson
- Healthcare Technologies Institute, School of Chemical Engineering, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Richard J A Moakes
- Healthcare Technologies Institute, School of Chemical Engineering, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Liam M Grover
- Healthcare Technologies Institute, School of Chemical Engineering, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
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7
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Bovard D, van der Toorn M, Schlage WK, Constant S, Renggli K, Peitsch MC, Hoeng J. Iota-carrageenan extracted from red algae is a potent inhibitor of SARS-CoV-2 infection in reconstituted human airway epithelia. Biochem Biophys Rep 2021; 29:101187. [PMID: 34931176 PMCID: PMC8673819 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrep.2021.101187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Revised: 12/09/2021] [Accepted: 12/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Iota-carrageenan (IC) nasal spray, a medical device approved for treating respiratory viral infections, has previously been shown to inhibit the ability of a variety of respiratory viruses, including severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), to enter and replicate in the cell by interfering with the virus binding to the cell surface. The aim of this study was to further investigate the efficacy and safety of IC in SARS-CoV-2 infection in advanced in vitro models of the human respiratory epithelium, the primary target and entry port for SARS-CoV-2. We extended the in vitro safety assessment of nebulized IC in a 3-dimensional model of reconstituted human bronchial epithelium, and we demonstrated the efficacy of IC in protecting reconstituted nasal epithelium against viral infection and replication of a patient-derived SARS-CoV-2 strain. The results obtained from these two advanced models of human respiratory tract epithelia confirm previous findings from in vitro SARS-CoV-2 infection assays and demonstrate that topically applied IC can effectively prevent SARS-CoV-2 infection and replication. Moreover, the absence of toxicity and functional and structural impairment of the mucociliary epithelium demonstrates that the nebulized IC is well tolerated. IC had a potent antiviral effect in SARS-CoV-2 infected organotypic nasal epithelial cultures. Topical application (nasal drops) was non-toxic at anti-virally efficient doses. Aerosolized IC had no adverse effects on reconstituted human bronchial epithelium.
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Key Words
- 3D, 3-dimensional
- AE, after exposure
- ALI, air–liquid interface
- Air–liquid interface
- BE, before exposure
- Bronchial epithelium
- CBF, ciliary beating frequency
- COVID-19
- COVID19, Coronavirus disease 2019
- DMMB, Dimethylmethylene blue
- IC, Iota-carrageenan
- Iota-carrageenan
- LDH, lactate dehydrogenase
- MOI, multiplicity of infection
- NHBE, normal human bronchial epithelial
- Nasal epithelium
- Nasal spray
- PBS, phosphate-buffered saline
- SARS-CoV-2
- SARS-CoV-2, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2
- SSPL, spike-pseudotyped lentivirus
- TEER, transepithelial electrical resistance
- hACE2, human angiotensin I-converting enzyme 2
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Affiliation(s)
- David Bovard
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A, Quai Jeanrenaud 5, 2000, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Marco van der Toorn
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A, Quai Jeanrenaud 5, 2000, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Walter K Schlage
- Biology Consultant, Max-Baermann-Str. 21, 51429, Bergisch Gladbach, Germany
| | - Samuel Constant
- Epithelix Sarl, 18 Chemin des Aulx, Plan-les-Ouates, 1228, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Kasper Renggli
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A, Quai Jeanrenaud 5, 2000, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Manuel C Peitsch
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A, Quai Jeanrenaud 5, 2000, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Julia Hoeng
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A, Quai Jeanrenaud 5, 2000, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
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8
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Varese A, Paletta A, Ceballos A, Palacios CA, Figueroa JM, Dugour AV. Iota-Carrageenan Prevents the Replication of SARS-CoV-2 in a Human Respiratory Epithelium Cell Line in vitro. FRONTIERS IN VIROLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.3389/fviro.2021.746824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Iota-carrageenan is a sulfated polysaccharide extracted from red seaweeds, which, formulated into a nasal spray, has already been proven safe and effective in viral upper respiratory infections. In Calu-3, a human respiratory epithelium cell line, we explored the activity of a formula of iota-carrageenan and sodium chloride against SARS-CoV-2. In this study, the assayed formula, already approved as a nasal spray for human use, effectively inhibited SARS-CoV-2 infection, providing a more substantial reference for clinical studies or developments.
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9
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Fröba M, Große M, Setz C, Rauch P, Auth J, Spanaus L, Münch J, Ruetalo N, Schindler M, Morokutti-Kurz M, Graf P, Prieschl-Grassauer E, Grassauer A, Schubert U. Iota-Carrageenan Inhibits Replication of SARS-CoV-2 and the Respective Variants of Concern Alpha, Beta, Gamma and Delta. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222413202. [PMID: 34947999 PMCID: PMC8709357 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222413202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2021] [Revised: 12/01/2021] [Accepted: 12/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic continues to spread around the world and remains a major public health threat. Vaccine inefficiency, vaccination breakthroughs and lack of supply, especially in developing countries, as well as the fact that a non-negligible part of the population either refuse vaccination or cannot be vaccinated due to age, pre-existing illness or non-response to existing vaccines intensify this issue. This might also contribute to the emergence of new variants, being more efficiently transmitted, more virulent and more capable of escaping naturally acquired and vaccine-induced immunity. Hence, the need of effective and viable prevention options to reduce viral transmission is of outmost importance. In this study, we investigated the antiviral effect of iota-, lambda- and kappa-carrageenan, sulfated polysaccharides extracted from red seaweed, on SARS-CoV-2 Wuhan type and the spreading variants of concern (VOCs) Alpha, Beta, Gamma and Delta. Carrageenans as part of broadly used nasal and mouth sprays as well as lozenges have the potential of first line defense to inhibit the infection and transmission of SARS-CoV-2. Here, we demonstrate by using a SARS-CoV-2 spike pseudotyped lentivirus particles (SSPL) system and patient-isolated SARS-CoV-2 VOCs to infect transgenic A549ACE2/TMPRSS2 and Calu-3 human lung cells that all three carrageenan types exert antiviral activity. Iota-carrageenan exhibits antiviral activity with comparable IC50 values against the SARS-CoV-2 Wuhan type and the VOCs. Altogether, these results indicate that iota-carrageenan might be effective for prophylaxis and treatment of SARS-CoV-2 infections independent of the present and potentially future variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Fröba
- Institute of Virology, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), 91054 Erlangen, Germany; (M.F.); (M.G.); (C.S.); (P.R.); (J.A.); (L.S.)
| | - Maximilian Große
- Institute of Virology, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), 91054 Erlangen, Germany; (M.F.); (M.G.); (C.S.); (P.R.); (J.A.); (L.S.)
| | - Christian Setz
- Institute of Virology, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), 91054 Erlangen, Germany; (M.F.); (M.G.); (C.S.); (P.R.); (J.A.); (L.S.)
| | - Pia Rauch
- Institute of Virology, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), 91054 Erlangen, Germany; (M.F.); (M.G.); (C.S.); (P.R.); (J.A.); (L.S.)
| | - Janina Auth
- Institute of Virology, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), 91054 Erlangen, Germany; (M.F.); (M.G.); (C.S.); (P.R.); (J.A.); (L.S.)
| | - Lucas Spanaus
- Institute of Virology, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), 91054 Erlangen, Germany; (M.F.); (M.G.); (C.S.); (P.R.); (J.A.); (L.S.)
| | - Jan Münch
- Institute of Molecular Virology, Ulm University Medical Center, 89081 Ulm, Germany;
| | - Natalia Ruetalo
- Institute for Medical Virology and Epidemiology of Viral Diseases, University Hospital Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany; (N.R.); (M.S.)
| | - Michael Schindler
- Institute for Medical Virology and Epidemiology of Viral Diseases, University Hospital Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany; (N.R.); (M.S.)
| | | | - Philipp Graf
- Marinomed Biotech AG, A-2100 Korneuburg, Austria; (M.M.-K.); (P.G.); (E.P.-G.); (A.G.)
| | | | - Andreas Grassauer
- Marinomed Biotech AG, A-2100 Korneuburg, Austria; (M.M.-K.); (P.G.); (E.P.-G.); (A.G.)
| | - Ulrich Schubert
- Institute of Virology, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), 91054 Erlangen, Germany; (M.F.); (M.G.); (C.S.); (P.R.); (J.A.); (L.S.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-9131-85-26478
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Bansal S, Jonsson CB, Taylor SL, Figueroa JM, Dugour AV, Palacios C, Vega JC. Iota-carrageenan and xylitol inhibit SARS-CoV-2 in Vero cell culture. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0259943. [PMID: 34797868 PMCID: PMC8604354 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0259943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2020] [Accepted: 11/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Last year observed a global pandemic caused by SARS-CoV-2 (severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus 2) infection affecting millions of individuals worldwide. There is an urgent unmet need to provide an easily producible and affordable medicine to prevent transmission and provide early treatment for this disease. Since the nasal cavity and the rhinopharynx are the sites of initial replication of SARS-CoV-2, a nasal spray may be an effective option to target SARS-CoV-2 infection. In this study, we tested the antiviral action of three candidate nasal spray formulations against SARS-CoV-2 in vitro. We determined that iota-carrageenan in concentrations as low as 6 μg/mL inhibits SARS-CoV-2 in vitro. The concentrations of iota-carrageenan with activity against SARS-CoV-2 in vitro may be easily achieved through the application of nasal sprays as commonly used in several countries. Recently a double-blind, placebo-controlled study showed that iota-carrageenan in isotonic sodium chloride reduces ca. five times the risk of infection by SARS-CoV-2 in health care personnel. Further, xylitol at a concentration of 50 mg/mL (ca. 329 mM) was found to exert some antiviral action, though this preliminary finding needs further confirmation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shruti Bansal
- Regional Biocontainment Laboratory, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Colleen B. Jonsson
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Biochemistry, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
| | | | - Juan Manuel Figueroa
- Respiratory Research Group, Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología Dr. César Milstein—(Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas CONICET- Fundación Pablo Cassará), Ciudad de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Andrea Vanesa Dugour
- Respiratory Research Group, Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología Dr. César Milstein—(Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas CONICET- Fundación Pablo Cassará), Ciudad de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Carlos Palacios
- Respiratory Research Group, Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología Dr. César Milstein—(Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas CONICET- Fundación Pablo Cassará), Ciudad de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Julio César Vega
- Department of Research and Development, Amcyte Pharma Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
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Virucidal Activity of Nasal Sprays Against Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2. J Hosp Infect 2021; 120:9-13. [PMID: 34752803 PMCID: PMC8572043 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhin.2021.10.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2021] [Revised: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 10/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The highest viral loads of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 are detectable in the oral cavity, so a potential reduction of infectious virus by nasal and oral sprays could reduce transmission. Therefore, the inactivation capacity of nine nasal and oral sprays was evaluated according to EN 14476. One nasal spray based on sodium hypochlorite and one oral spray containing essential oils reduced viral titres by two to three orders of magnitude. Although clinical data are still sparse, nasal and oral sprays display a more convenient application for elderly people or those who are unable to rinse/gargle.
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12
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Wang DY, Eccles R, Bell J, Chua AH, Salvi S, Schellack N, Marks P, Wong YC. Management of acute upper respiratory tract infection: the role of early intervention. Expert Rev Respir Med 2021; 15:1517-1523. [PMID: 34613861 DOI: 10.1080/17476348.2021.1988569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Upper respiratory tract infection (URTI) is an illness caused by an acute infection by viruses or bacteria of the nose, sinuses, pharynx, and larynx. Most URTIs are short, mild, and self-limiting, but some can lead to serious complications, resulting in heavy social and economic burden on individuals and society. AREAS COVERED This article presents the management guidelines and consensus established through the Delphi method during an expert roundtable conducted in November 2020 and results of a targeted literature review. EXPERT OPINION The current acute URTI management strategies aim toward symptom alleviation and prevention of URTI virus transmission. The effectiveness of these strategies is highly increased with early intervention, administered prior to the peaking of viral shedding. This reduces the chances of developing a full-blown acute URTI, decreases symptom severity, and reduces viral transmission. Mucoadhesive gel nasal sprays have shown promising results for early intervention of acute URTI. They act by creating a barrier that can trap virus particles, thereby preventing invasion of the mucosa by the virus. Additionally, they deliver broad spectrum activity that is effective against a wide variety of pathogens that cause acute URTI. Acute URTI warrants greater attention and proactive management in reducing its burden.
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Affiliation(s)
- De Yun Wang
- Department of Otolaryngology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Ronald Eccles
- School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - John Bell
- Graduate School of Health, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Antonio Hao Chua
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, St. Luke's Medical Center- Global City, Philippines
| | - Sundeep Salvi
- Department of Clinical Research, Pulmocare Research and Education (Pure) Foundation, India
| | - Natalie Schellack
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Paulette Marks
- Personal Health Care, Procter & Gamble South African Trading (Pty) Ltd, South Africa
| | - Yong Chiat Wong
- Personal Health Care, Procter & Gamble International Operations SA Singapore Branch, Singapore
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Morokutti-Kurz M, Unger-Manhart N, Graf P, Rauch P, Kodnar J, Große M, Setz C, Savli M, Ehrenreich F, Grassauer A, Prieschl-Grassauer E, Schubert U. The Saliva of Probands Sucking an Iota-Carrageenan Containing Lozenge Inhibits Viral Binding and Replication of the Most Predominant Common Cold Viruses and SARS-CoV-2. Int J Gen Med 2021; 14:5241-5249. [PMID: 34526804 PMCID: PMC8437468 DOI: 10.2147/ijgm.s325861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 08/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The aim of this study was to investigate whether sucking of an iota-carrageenan containing lozenge releases sufficient iota-carrageenan into the saliva of healthy subjects to neutralize representatives of the most common respiratory virus families causing common cold and SARS-CoV-2. PATIENTS AND METHODS In this monocentric, open label, prospective clinical trial, 31 healthy subjects were included to suck a commercially available iota-carrageenan containing lozenge. Saliva samples from 27 subjects were used for ex vivo efficacy analysis. The study's primary objective was to assess if the mean iota-carrageenan concentration of the saliva samples exceeded 5 µg/mL, which is the concentration known to reduce replication of human rhinovirus (hRV) 1a and 8 by 90%. The iota-carrageenan concentration of the saliva samples was analyzed by UV-Vis spectroscopy. The antiviral effectiveness of the individual saliva samples was determined in vitro against a panel of respiratory viruses including hRV1a, hRV8, human coronavirus OC43, influenza virus A H1N1pdm09, coxsackievirus A10, parainfluenza virus 3 and SARS-CoV-2 using standard virological assays. RESULTS The mean iota-carrageenan concentration detected in the saliva exceeds the concentration needed to inhibit 90% of hRV1a and hRV8 replication by 134-fold (95% CI 116.3-160.8-fold; p < 0.001). Thus, the study met the primary endpoint. Furthermore, the iota-carrageenan saliva concentration was 60 to 30,351-fold higher than needed to reduce viral replication/binding of all tested viruses by at least 90% (p < 0.001). The effect was most pronounced in hCoV OC43; in case of SARS-CoV-2, the IC90 was exceeded by 121-fold (p < 0.001). CONCLUSION Sucking an iota-carrageenan containing lozenge releases sufficient iota-carrageenan to neutralize and inactivate the most abundant respiratory viruses as well as pandemic SARS-CoV-2. The lozenges are therefore an appropriate measure to reduce the viral load at the site of infection, hereby presumably limiting transmission within a population as well as translocation to the lower respiratory tract. TRIAL REGISTRATION NCT04533906.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Pia Rauch
- Institute of Virology, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
| | | | - Maximilian Große
- Institute of Virology, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
| | - Christian Setz
- Institute of Virology, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
| | - Markus Savli
- Biostatistik & Consulting Savli, Hartberg, 8230, Austria
| | | | | | | | - Ulrich Schubert
- Institute of Virology, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
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14
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Hemilä H, Chalker E. Carrageenan nasal spray may double the rate of recovery from coronavirus and influenza virus infections: Re-analysis of randomized trial data. Pharmacol Res Perspect 2021; 9:e00810. [PMID: 34128358 PMCID: PMC8204093 DOI: 10.1002/prp2.810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 05/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
In this individual patient data meta-analysis we examined datasets of two randomized placebo-controlled trials which investigated the effect of nasal carrageenan separately on children and adults. In both trials, iota-carrageenan was administered nasally three times per day for 7 days for patients with the common cold and follow-up lasted for 21 days. We used Cox regression to estimate the effect of carrageenan on recovery rate. We also used quantile regression to calculate the effect of carrageenan on colds of differing lengths. Nasal carrageenan increased the recovery rate from all colds by 54% (95% CI 15%-105%; p = .003). The increase in recovery rate was 139% for coronavirus infections, 119% for influenza A infections, and 70% for rhinovirus infections. The mean duration of all colds in the placebo groups of the first four quintiles were 4.0, 6.8, 8.8, and 13.7 days, respectively. The fifth quintile contained patients with censored data. The 13.7-day colds were shortened by 3.8 days (28% reduction), and 8.8-day colds by 1.3 days (15% reduction). Carrageenan had no meaningful effect on shorter colds. In the placebo group, 21 patients had colds lasting over 20 days, compared with six patients in the carrageenan group, which corresponds to a 71% (p = .003) reduction in the risk of longer colds. Given that carrageenan has an effect on diverse virus groups, and effects at the clinical level on two old coronaviruses, it seems plausible that carrageenan may have an effect on COVID-19. Further research on nasal iota-carrageenan is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harri Hemilä
- Department of Public HealthUniversity of HelsinkiHelsinkiFinland
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15
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Álvarez-Viñas M, Souto S, Flórez-Fernández N, Torres MD, Bandín I, Domínguez H. Antiviral Activity of Carrageenans and Processing Implications. Mar Drugs 2021; 19:437. [PMID: 34436276 PMCID: PMC8400836 DOI: 10.3390/md19080437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2021] [Revised: 07/23/2021] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Carrageenan and carrageenan oligosaccharides are red seaweed sulfated carbohydrates with well-known antiviral properties, mainly through the blocking of the viral attachment stage. They also exhibit other interesting biological properties and can be used to prepare different drug delivery systems for controlled administration. The most active forms are λ-, ι-, and κ-carrageenans, the degree and sulfation position being determined in their properties. They can be obtained from sustainable worldwide available resources and the influence of manufacturing on composition, structure, and antiviral properties should be considered. This review presents a survey of the antiviral properties of carrageenan in relation to the processing conditions, particularly those assisted by intensification technologies during the extraction stage, and discusses the possibility of further chemical modifications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milena Álvarez-Viñas
- CINBIO, Faculty of Science, Universidade de Vigo, Campus Ourense, As Lagoas, 32004 Ourense, Spain; (M.Á.-V.); (N.F.-F.); (M.D.T.)
| | - Sandra Souto
- Departamento de Microbioloxía e Parasitoloxía, Instituto de Acuicultura, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain; (S.S.); (I.B.)
| | - Noelia Flórez-Fernández
- CINBIO, Faculty of Science, Universidade de Vigo, Campus Ourense, As Lagoas, 32004 Ourense, Spain; (M.Á.-V.); (N.F.-F.); (M.D.T.)
| | - Maria Dolores Torres
- CINBIO, Faculty of Science, Universidade de Vigo, Campus Ourense, As Lagoas, 32004 Ourense, Spain; (M.Á.-V.); (N.F.-F.); (M.D.T.)
| | - Isabel Bandín
- Departamento de Microbioloxía e Parasitoloxía, Instituto de Acuicultura, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain; (S.S.); (I.B.)
| | - Herminia Domínguez
- CINBIO, Faculty of Science, Universidade de Vigo, Campus Ourense, As Lagoas, 32004 Ourense, Spain; (M.Á.-V.); (N.F.-F.); (M.D.T.)
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16
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The antiviral activity of iota-, kappa-, and lambda-carrageenan against COVID-19: A critical review. CLINICAL EPIDEMIOLOGY AND GLOBAL HEALTH 2021; 12:100826. [PMID: 34222718 PMCID: PMC8240443 DOI: 10.1016/j.cegh.2021.100826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2021] [Revised: 05/22/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective There is no specific antiviral treatment available for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Among the possible natural constituents is carrageenan, a polymer derived from marine algae that possesses a variety of antiviral properties. The purpose of this review was to summarize the evidence supporting carrageenan subtypes' antiviral activity against the emerging severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), the causative agent of COVID-19. Methods PubMed/MEDLINE and Google Scholar searches were conducted for publications using the terms 'carrageenan', 'iota carrageenan', 'kappa carrageenan', lambda-carrageenan', 'coronavirus', 'common cold', 'rhinovirus', and 'SARS-CoV-2' search was also done in grey literature to increase our understanding. A search for the word "carrageenan" was also carried out. Most of the publications were discussed in narrative. Results Carrageenan has been shown to have potent antiviral activity against both coronaviruses (coronavirus NL63, SARS-CoV-2) and non-coronaviruses such as dengue virus, herpes simplex virus, cytomegalovirus, vaccinia virus, vesicular stomatitis virus, sindbis virus, human immunodeficiency virus, influenza virus, human papillomavirus, rabies virus, junin virus, tacaribe virus, African swine fever, bovine herpes virus, suid herpes virus, and rhinovirus. No in vivo study has been conducted using carrageenan as an anti-SARS-CoV-2 agent. The majority of the in vivo research was done on influenza, a respiratory virus that causes common cold together with coronavirus. Thus, various clinical trials were conducted to determine the transferability of these in vitro data to clinical effectiveness against SARS-CoV-2. When combined with oral ivermectin, nasally administered iota-carrageenan improved outcome in COVID-19 patients. It is still being tested in clinics for single-dose administration. Conclusion Though the carrageenan exhibited potent antiviral activity against SARS-CoV-2 and was used to treat COVID-19 under emergency protocol in conjunction with oral medications such as ivermectin, there is no solid evidence from clinical trials to support its efficacy. Thus, clinical trials are required to assess its efficacy for COVID-19 treatment prior to broad application.
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Schütz D, Conzelmann C, Fois G, Groß R, Weil T, Wettstein L, Stenger S, Zelikin A, Hoffmann TK, Frick M, Müller JA, Münch J. Carrageenan-containing over-the-counter nasal and oral sprays inhibit SARS-CoV-2 infection of airway epithelial cultures. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2021; 320:L750-L756. [PMID: 33561380 PMCID: PMC8384564 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00552.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2020] [Revised: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 02/04/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Pharmaceutical interventions are urgently needed to prevent severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection and transmission. As SARS-CoV-2 infects and spreads via the nasopharyngeal airways, we analyzed the antiviral effect of selected nasal and oral sprays on virus infection in vitro. Two nose sprays showed virucidal activity but were cytotoxic precluding further analysis in cell culture. One nasal and one mouth spray suppressed SARS-CoV-2 infection of TMPRSS2-expressing Vero E6 cells and primary differentiated human airway epithelial cultures. The antiviral activity in both sprays could be attributed to polyanionic ι- and κ-carrageenans. Thus, application of carrageenan-containing nasal and mouth sprays may reduce the risk of acquiring SARS-CoV-2 infection and may limit viral spread, warranting further clinical evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Desiree Schütz
- Institute of Molecular Virology, Ulm University Medical Center, Ulm, Germany
| | - Carina Conzelmann
- Institute of Molecular Virology, Ulm University Medical Center, Ulm, Germany
| | - Giorgio Fois
- Institute of General Physiology, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Rüdiger Groß
- Institute of Molecular Virology, Ulm University Medical Center, Ulm, Germany
| | - Tatjana Weil
- Institute of Molecular Virology, Ulm University Medical Center, Ulm, Germany
| | - Lukas Wettstein
- Institute of Molecular Virology, Ulm University Medical Center, Ulm, Germany
| | - Steffen Stenger
- Institute for Microbiology and Hygiene, Ulm University Medical Center, Ulm, Germany
| | - Alexander Zelikin
- Department of Chemistry and iNano Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Centre, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Thomas K Hoffmann
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Manfred Frick
- Institute of General Physiology, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Janis A Müller
- Institute of Molecular Virology, Ulm University Medical Center, Ulm, Germany
| | - Jan Münch
- Institute of Molecular Virology, Ulm University Medical Center, Ulm, Germany
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18
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Iota-carrageenan neutralizes SARS-CoV-2 and inhibits viral replication in vitro. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0237480. [PMID: 33596218 PMCID: PMC7888609 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0237480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2020] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In the absence of a vaccine and other effective prophylactic or therapeutic countermeasures the severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) remains a significant public health threat. Attachment and entry of coronaviruses including SARS-CoV-2 is mainly mediated by the spike glycoprotein. Here, we show that iota-carrageenan can inhibit the cell entry of the SARS-CoV-2 spike pseudotyped lentivirus in a dose dependent manner. SARS-CoV-2 spike pseudotyped lentivirus particles were efficiently neutralized with an IC50 value of 2.6 μg/ml iota-carrageenan. Experiments with patient isolated wild type SARS-CoV-2 virus showed an inhibition of replication in a similar range. In vitro data on iota-carrageenan against various Rhino- and endemic Coronaviruses showed similar IC50 values and translated readily into clinical effectiveness when a nasal spray containing iota-carrageenan demonstrated a reduction of severity and duration of symptoms of common cold caused by various respiratory viruses. Accordingly, our in vitro data on SARS-CoV-2 spike pseudotyped lentivirus and replication competent SARS-CoV-2 suggest that administration of iota-carrageenan may be an effective and safe prophylaxis or treatment for SARS-CoV-2 infections.
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19
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Antiviral Potential of Algal Metabolites-A Comprehensive Review. Mar Drugs 2021; 19:md19020094. [PMID: 33562153 PMCID: PMC7914423 DOI: 10.3390/md19020094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2020] [Revised: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Historically, algae have stimulated significant economic interest particularly as a source of fertilizers, feeds, foods and pharmaceutical precursors. However, there is increasing interest in exploiting algal diversity for their antiviral potential. Here, we present an overview of 50-years of scientific and technological developments in the field of algae antivirals. After bibliometric analysis of 999 scientific references, a survey of 16 clinical trials and analysis of 84 patents, it was possible to identify the dominant algae, molecules and viruses that have been shaping and driving this promising field of research. A description of the most promising discoveries is presented according to molecule class. We observed a diverse range of algae and respective molecules displaying significant antiviral effects against an equally diverse range of viruses. Some natural algae molecules, like carrageenan, cyanovirin or griffithsin, are now considered prime reference molecules for their outstanding antiviral capacity. Crucially, while many algae antiviral applications have already reached successful commercialization, the large spectrum of algae antiviral capacities already identified suggests a strong potential for future expansion of this field.
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20
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Bichiri D, Rente AR, Jesus Â. Safety and efficacy of iota-carrageenan nasal spray in treatment and prevention of the common cold. Med Pharm Rep 2021; 94:28-34. [PMID: 33629045 PMCID: PMC7880062 DOI: 10.15386/mpr-1817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2020] [Revised: 10/16/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The common cold is one of the most frequent viral infections in humans. Although benign, its symptoms result in economic burden and can lead to severe or even fatal complications in children, elderly and groups with comorbidities. The main purpose of the treatment is the relief of symptoms; however, the medication is often associated with adverse effects. Iota-carrageenan is a polysaccharide that reveals antiviral activity by binding to viruses, inhibiting its replications and, consequently, its viral propagation. This systematic review of the literature aims to compare the effectiveness of an iota-carrageenan nasal spray to placebo. This systematic review was conducted through research in Cochrane Database, PubMed, Science Direct, SpringerLink, Oxford Journals, Elsevier, ClinicalKey, Wiley Online Library, Embase databases, in order to collect randomized and controlled clinical trials. In total, the research provided four articles regarding clinical trials for comparing iota-carrageenan nasal spray with placebo. The results show it has potent antiviral activity compared to placebo and a favorable safety profile. Although further research is needed, the concept of a physical barrier capable of reducing viral penetration of epithelial cells in the nasal mucosa is appealing, and could lead to alternative approaches, with positive impact on global health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Bichiri
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Iuliu Haţieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Ana Rita Rente
- Centro de Investigação em Saúde e Ambiente, Escola Superior de Saúde, Instituto Politécnico do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Ângelo Jesus
- Centro de Investigação em Saúde e Ambiente, Escola Superior de Saúde, Instituto Politécnico do Porto, Porto, Portugal
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21
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Stathis C, Victoria N, Loomis K, Nguyen SA, Eggers M, Septimus E, Safdar N. Review of the use of nasal and oral antiseptics during a global pandemic. Future Microbiol 2021; 16:119-130. [PMID: 33464122 PMCID: PMC7842245 DOI: 10.2217/fmb-2020-0286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A review of nasal sprays and gargles with antiviral properties suggests that a number of commonly used antiseptics including povidone-iodine, Listerine®, iota-carrageenan and chlorhexidine should be studied in clinical trials to mitigate both the progression and transmission of SARS-CoV-2. Several of these antiseptics have demonstrated the ability to cut the viral load of SARS-CoV-2 by 3-4 log10 in 15-30 s in vitro. In addition, hypertonic saline targets viral replication by increasing hypochlorous acid inside the cell. A number of clinical trials are in process to study these interventions both for prevention of transmission, prophylaxis after exposure, and to diminish progression by reduction of viral load in the early stages of infection.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Shaun A Nguyen
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head & Neck Surgery, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
| | - Maren Eggers
- Prof Dr G Enders MVZ Laboratory & Institute of Virology, Infectious Diseases, Stuttgart, BW 70193, Germany
| | - Edward Septimus
- Department of Population Medicine, Harvard Medical School & the Harvard Pilgrim Healthcare Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Nasia Safdar
- Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine & Public Health, Madison, WI, USA & The William S Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital, Madison, WI 53726, USA
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22
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Hsue VB, Itamura K, Wu AW, Illing EA, Sokoloski KJ, Weaver BA, Anthony BP, Hughes N, Ting JY, Higgins TS. Topical Oral and Intranasal Antiviral Agents for Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19). ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2021; 1327:169-189. [PMID: 34279838 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-71697-4_14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
With the largest viral loads in both symptomatic and asymptomatic patients with Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) present in the oral and nasal cavities, agents that act on these two areas have the potential for large therapeutic and prophylactic benefit. A literature review was conducted to elucidate the possible agents useful in treatment of SARS-CoV-2. These agents were evaluated for their current applications, adverse reactions, their current state of study, and any future considerations in their management of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-2019). Our review has found that, while there are many promising agents with proven efficacy in their in-vitro efficacy against SARS-CoV-2, more clinical trials and in-vivo studies, as well as safety trials, must be conducted before these agents can be effectively implemented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor B Hsue
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Cedars Sinai, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Kyohei Itamura
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Cedars Sinai, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Arthur W Wu
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Cedars Sinai, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Elisa A Illing
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Kevin J Sokoloski
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Bree A Weaver
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Departments of Internal Medicine and Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Benjamin P Anthony
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Nathan Hughes
- Pharmacy Operations, Kindred Healthcare Support Center, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Jonathan Y Ting
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Thomas S Higgins
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery and Communicative Disorders, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA. .,Rhinology, Sinus & Skull Base, Kentuckiana Ear, Nose, and Throat, Louisville, KY, USA.
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23
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Burton MJ, Clarkson JE, Goulao B, Glenny AM, McBain AJ, Schilder AG, Webster KE, Worthington HV. Use of antimicrobial mouthwashes (gargling) and nasal sprays by healthcare workers to protect them when treating patients with suspected or confirmed COVID-19 infection. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2020; 9:CD013626. [PMID: 32936949 PMCID: PMC8202127 DOI: 10.1002/14651858.cd013626.pub2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND COVID-19 infection poses a serious risk to patients and - due to its contagious nature - to those healthcare workers (HCWs) treating them. If the mouth and nose of HCWs are irrigated with antimicrobial solutions, this may help reduce the risk of active infection being passed from infected patients to HCWs through droplet transmission or direct contact. However, the use of such antimicrobial solutions may be associated with harms related to the toxicity of the solutions themselves, or alterations in the natural microbial flora of the mouth or nose. Understanding these possible side effects is particularly important when the HCWs are otherwise fit and well. OBJECTIVES To assess the benefits and harms of antimicrobial mouthwashes and nasal sprays used by healthcare workers (HCWs) to protect themselves when treating patients with suspected or confirmed COVID-19 infection. SEARCH METHODS Information Specialists from Cochrane ENT and Cochrane Oral Health searched the Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL 2020, Issue 6); Ovid MEDLINE; Ovid Embase and additional sources for published and unpublished trials. The date of the search was 1 June 2020. SELECTION CRITERIA: This is a question that urgently requires evidence, however at the present time we did not anticipate finding many completed randomised controlled trials (RCTs). We therefore planned to include the following types of studies: RCTs; quasi-RCTs; non-randomised controlled trials; prospective cohort studies; retrospective cohort studies; cross-sectional studies; controlled before-and-after studies. We set no minimum duration for the studies. We sought studies comparing any antimicrobial mouthwash and/or nasal spray (alone or in combination) at any concentration, delivered to HCWs, with or without the same intervention being given to the patients with COVID-19. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS We used standard Cochrane methodological procedures. Our primary outcomes were: 1) incidence of symptomatic or test-positive COVID-19 infection in HCWs; 2) significant adverse event: anosmia (or disturbance in sense of smell). Our secondary outcomes were: 3) viral content of aerosol, when present (if intervention administered to patients); 4) other adverse events: changes in microbiome in oral cavity, nasal cavity, oro- or nasopharynx; 5) other adverse events: allergy, irritation/burning of nasal, oral or oropharyngeal mucosa (e.g. erosions, ulcers, bleeding), long-term staining of mucous membranes or teeth, accidental ingestion. We planned to use GRADE to assess the certainty of the evidence for each outcome. MAIN RESULTS We found no completed studies to include in this review. We identified three ongoing studies (including two RCTs), which aim to enrol nearly 700 participants. The interventions included in these trials are povidone iodine, nitric oxide and GLS-1200 oral spray (the constituent of this spray is unclear and may not be antimicrobial in nature). AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS: We identified no studies for inclusion in this review. This is not surprising given the relatively recent emergence of COVID-19 infection. It is promising that the question posed in this review is being addressed by two RCTs and a non-randomised study. We are concerned that only one of the ongoing studies specifically states that it will evaluate adverse events and it is not clear if this will include changes in the sense of smell or to the oral and nasal microbiota, and any consequences thereof. Very few interventions have large and dramatic effect sizes. If a positive treatment effect is demonstrated when studies are available for inclusion in this review, it may not be large. In these circumstances in particular, where those receiving the intervention are otherwise fit and well, it may be a challenge to weigh up the benefits against the harms if the latter are of uncertain frequency and severity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Janet E Clarkson
- Division of Oral Health Sciences, Dundee Dental School, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
| | - Beatriz Goulao
- Heath Services Research Unit, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
| | - Anne-Marie Glenny
- Division of Dentistry, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Andrew J McBain
- Division of Pharmacy and Optometry, School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Anne Gm Schilder
- evidENT, Ear Institute, University College London, London, UK
- National Institute of Health Research, University College London Hospitals Biomedical Research Centre, London, UK
| | - Katie E Webster
- Cochrane ENT, Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Helen V Worthington
- Cochrane Oral Health, Division of Dentistry, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
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Burton MJ, Clarkson JE, Goulao B, Glenny AM, McBain AJ, Schilder AG, Webster KE, Worthington HV. Antimicrobial mouthwashes (gargling) and nasal sprays to protect healthcare workers when undertaking aerosol-generating procedures (AGPs) on patients without suspected or confirmed COVID-19 infection. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2020; 9:CD013628. [PMID: 32936947 PMCID: PMC8188293 DOI: 10.1002/14651858.cd013628.pub2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND COVID-19 infection poses a serious risk to patients and - due to its contagious nature - to those healthcare workers (HCWs) treating them. The risks of transmission of infection are greater when a patient is undergoing an aerosol-generating procedure (AGP). Not all those with COVID-19 infection are symptomatic, or suspected of harbouring the infection. If a patient who is not known to have or suspected of having COVID-19 infection is to undergo an AGP, it would nonetheless be sensible to minimise the risk to those HCWs treating them. If the mouth and nose of an individual undergoing an AGP are irrigated with antimicrobial solutions, this may be a simple and safe method of reducing the risk of any covert infection being passed to HCWs through droplet transmission or direct contact. Alternatively, the use of antimicrobial solutions by the HCW may decrease the chance of them acquiring COVID-19 infection. However, the use of such antimicrobial solutions may be associated with harms related to the toxicity of the solutions themselves or alterations in the natural microbial flora of the mouth or nose. OBJECTIVES To assess the benefits and harms of antimicrobial mouthwashes and nasal sprays administered to HCWs and/or patients when undertaking AGPs on patients without suspected or confirmed COVID-19 infection. SEARCH METHODS Information Specialists from Cochrane ENT and Cochrane Oral Health searched the Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL 2020, Issue 6); Ovid MEDLINE; Ovid Embase and additional sources for published and unpublished trials. The date of the search was 1 June 2020. SELECTION CRITERIA: This is a question that urgently requires evidence, however at the present time we did not anticipate finding many completed RCTs. We therefore planned to include the following types of studies: randomised controlled trials (RCTs); quasi-RCTs; non-randomised controlled trials; prospective cohort studies; retrospective cohort studies; cross-sectional studies; controlled before-and-after studies. We set no minimum duration for the studies. We sought studies comparing any antimicrobial mouthwash and/or nasal spray (alone or in combination) at any concentration, delivered to the patient or HCW before and/or after an AGP. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS We used standard Cochrane methodological procedures. Our primary outcomes were: 1) incidence of symptomatic or test-positive COVID-19 infection in HCWs or patients; 2) significant adverse event: anosmia (or disturbance in sense of smell). Our secondary outcomes were: 3) COVID-19 viral content of aerosol (when present); 4) change in COVID-19 viral load at site(s) of irrigation; 5) other adverse events: changes in microbiome in oral cavity, nasal cavity, oro- or nasopharynx; 6) other adverse events: allergy, irritation/burning of nasal, oral or oropharyngeal mucosa (e.g. erosions, ulcers, bleeding), long-term staining of mucous membranes or teeth, accidental ingestion. We planned to use GRADE to assess the certainty of the evidence for each outcome. MAIN RESULTS We found no completed studies to include in this review. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS: We identified no studies for inclusion in this review, nor any ongoing studies. The absence of completed studies is not surprising given the relatively recent emergence of COVID-19 infection. However, we are disappointed that this important clinical question is not being addressed by ongoing studies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Janet E Clarkson
- Division of Oral Health Sciences, Dundee Dental School, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
| | - Beatriz Goulao
- Heath Services Research Unit, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
| | - Anne-Marie Glenny
- Division of Dentistry, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Andrew J McBain
- Division of Pharmacy and Optometry, School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Anne Gm Schilder
- evidENT, Ear Institute, University College London, London, UK
- National Institute of Health Research, University College London Hospitals Biomedical Research Centre, London, UK
| | - Katie E Webster
- Cochrane ENT, Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Helen V Worthington
- Cochrane Oral Health, Division of Dentistry, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
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Burton MJ, Clarkson JE, Goulao B, Glenny AM, McBain AJ, Schilder AG, Webster KE, Worthington HV. Antimicrobial mouthwashes (gargling) and nasal sprays administered to patients with suspected or confirmed COVID-19 infection to improve patient outcomes and to protect healthcare workers treating them. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2020; 9:CD013627. [PMID: 32936948 PMCID: PMC8187985 DOI: 10.1002/14651858.cd013627.pub2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND COVID-19 infection poses a serious risk to patients and - due to its contagious nature - to those healthcare workers (HCWs) treating them. If the mouth and nose of patients with infection are irrigated with antimicrobial solutions, this may help the patients by killing any coronavirus present at those sites. It may also reduce the risk of the active infection being passed to HCWs through droplet transmission or direct contact. However, the use of such antimicrobial solutions may be associated with harms related to the toxicity of the solutions themselves or alterations in the natural microbial flora of the mouth or nose. OBJECTIVES To assess the benefits and harms of antimicrobial mouthwashes and nasal sprays administered to patients with suspected or confirmed COVID-19 infection to both the patients and the HCWs caring for them. SEARCH METHODS Information Specialists from Cochrane ENT and Cochrane Oral Health searched the Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL 2020, Issue 6); Ovid MEDLINE; Ovid Embase and additional sources for published and unpublished trials. The date of the search was 1 June 2020. SELECTION CRITERIA: This is a question that urgently requires evidence, however at the present time we did not anticipate finding many completed RCTs. We therefore planned to include the following types of studies: randomised controlled trials (RCTs); quasi-RCTs; non-randomised controlled trials; prospective cohort studies; retrospective cohort studies; cross-sectional studies; controlled before-and-after studies. We set no minimum duration for the studies. We sought studies comparing antimicrobial mouthwash and/or nasal spray (alone or in combination) at any concentration, delivered with any frequency or dosage to suspected/confirmed COVID-19 patients. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS We used standard Cochrane methodological procedures. Our primary outcomes were: 1) RECOVERY* (www.recoverytrial.net) outcomes in patients (mortality; hospitalisation status; use of ventilation; use of renal dialysis or haemofiltration); 2) incidence of symptomatic or test-positive COVID-19 infection in HCWs; 3) significant adverse event: anosmia (or disturbance in sense of smell). Our secondary outcomes were: 4) change in COVID-19 viral load in patients; 5) COVID-19 viral content of aerosol (when present); 6) other adverse events: changes in microbiome in oral cavity, nasal cavity, oro- or nasopharynx; 7) other adverse events: allergy, irritation/burning of nasal, oral or oropharyngeal mucosa (e.g. erosions, ulcers, bleeding), long-term staining of mucous membranes or teeth, accidental ingestion. We planned to use GRADE to assess the certainty of the evidence for each outcome. MAIN RESULTS We found no completed studies to include in this review. We identified 16 ongoing studies (including 14 RCTs), which aim to enrol nearly 1250 participants. The interventions included in these trials are ArtemiC (artemisinin, curcumin, frankincense and vitamin C), Citrox (a bioflavonoid), cetylpyridinium chloride, chlorhexidine, chlorine dioxide, essential oils, hydrogen peroxide, hypertonic saline, Kerecis spray (omega 3 viruxide - containing neem oil and St John's wort), neem extract, nitric oxide releasing solution, povidone iodine and saline with baby shampoo. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS: We identified no studies for inclusion in this review. This is not surprising given the relatively recent emergence of COVID-19 infection. It is promising that the question posed in this review is being addressed by a number of RCTs and other studies. We are concerned that few of the ongoing studies specifically state that they will evaluate adverse events such as changes in the sense of smell or to the oral and nasal microbiota, and any consequences thereof. Very few interventions have large and dramatic effect sizes. If a positive treatment effect is demonstrated when studies are available for inclusion in this review, it may not be large. In these circumstances in particular it may be a challenge to weigh up the benefits against the harms if the latter are of uncertain frequency and severity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Janet E Clarkson
- Division of Oral Health Sciences, Dundee Dental School, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
| | - Beatriz Goulao
- Heath Services Research Unit, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
| | - Anne-Marie Glenny
- Division of Dentistry, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Andrew J McBain
- Division of Pharmacy and Optometry, School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Anne Gm Schilder
- evidENT, Ear Institute, University College London, London, UK
- National Institute of Health Research, University College London Hospitals Biomedical Research Centre, London, UK
| | - Katie E Webster
- Cochrane ENT, Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Helen V Worthington
- Cochrane Oral Health, Division of Dentistry, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
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Rosales-Mendoza S, García-Silva I, González-Ortega O, Sandoval-Vargas JM, Malla A, Vimolmangkang S. The Potential of Algal Biotechnology to Produce Antiviral Compounds and Biopharmaceuticals. Molecules 2020; 25:E4049. [PMID: 32899754 PMCID: PMC7571207 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25184049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2020] [Revised: 08/31/2020] [Accepted: 09/01/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The emergence of the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus has led to an unprecedented pandemic, which demands urgent development of antiviral drugs and antibodies; as well as prophylactic approaches, namely vaccines. Algae biotechnology has much to offer in this scenario given the diversity of such organisms, which are a valuable source of antiviral and anti-inflammatory compounds that can also be used to produce vaccines and antibodies. Antivirals with possible activity against SARS-CoV-2 are summarized, based on previously reported activity against Coronaviruses or other enveloped or respiratory viruses. Moreover, the potential of algae-derived anti-inflammatory compounds to treat severe cases of COVID-19 is contemplated. The scenario of producing biopharmaceuticals in recombinant algae is presented and the cases of algae-made vaccines targeting viral diseases is highlighted as valuable references for the development of anti-SARS-CoV-2 vaccines. Successful cases in the production of functional antibodies are described. Perspectives on how specific algae species and genetic engineering techniques can be applied for the production of anti-viral compounds antibodies and vaccines against SARS-CoV-2 are provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio Rosales-Mendoza
- Laboratorio de Biofarmacéuticos Recombinantes, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, Av. Dr. Manuel Nava 6, San Luis Potosí 78210, Mexico; (I.G.-S.); (O.G.-O.); (J.M.S.-V.)
- Sección de Biotecnología, Centro de Investigación en Ciencias de la Salud y Biomedicina, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, Av. Sierra Leona 550, Lomas 2. Sección, San Luis Potosí 78210, Mexico
| | - Ileana García-Silva
- Laboratorio de Biofarmacéuticos Recombinantes, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, Av. Dr. Manuel Nava 6, San Luis Potosí 78210, Mexico; (I.G.-S.); (O.G.-O.); (J.M.S.-V.)
- Sección de Biotecnología, Centro de Investigación en Ciencias de la Salud y Biomedicina, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, Av. Sierra Leona 550, Lomas 2. Sección, San Luis Potosí 78210, Mexico
| | - Omar González-Ortega
- Laboratorio de Biofarmacéuticos Recombinantes, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, Av. Dr. Manuel Nava 6, San Luis Potosí 78210, Mexico; (I.G.-S.); (O.G.-O.); (J.M.S.-V.)
| | - José M. Sandoval-Vargas
- Laboratorio de Biofarmacéuticos Recombinantes, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, Av. Dr. Manuel Nava 6, San Luis Potosí 78210, Mexico; (I.G.-S.); (O.G.-O.); (J.M.S.-V.)
- Sección de Biotecnología, Centro de Investigación en Ciencias de la Salud y Biomedicina, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, Av. Sierra Leona 550, Lomas 2. Sección, San Luis Potosí 78210, Mexico
| | - Ashwini Malla
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Pharmaceutical Botany, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand;
- Research Unit for Plant-Produced Pharmaceuticals, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Sornkanok Vimolmangkang
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Pharmaceutical Botany, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand;
- Research Unit for Plant-Produced Pharmaceuticals, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
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Lee C. Carrageenans as Broad-Spectrum Microbicides: Current Status and Challenges. Mar Drugs 2020; 18:md18090435. [PMID: 32825645 PMCID: PMC7551811 DOI: 10.3390/md18090435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2020] [Revised: 08/09/2020] [Accepted: 08/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Different kinds of red algae are enriched with chemically diverse carbohydrates. In particular, a group of sulfated polysaccharides, which were isolated from the cell walls of red algae, gained a large amount of attention due to their broad-spectrum antimicrobial activities. Within that group, carrageenans (CGs) were expected to be the first clinically applicable microbicides that could prevent various viral infections due to their superior antiviral potency and desirable safety profiles in subclinical studies. However, their anticipated beneficial effects could not be validated in human studies. To assess the value of a second attempt at pharmacologically developing CGs as a new class of preventive microbicides, all preclinical and clinical development processes of CG-based microbicides need to be thoroughly re-evaluated. In this review, the in vitro toxicities; in vivo safety profiles; and in vitro, ex vivo, and in vivo antiviral activities of CGs are summarized according to the study volume of their target viruses, which include human immunodeficiency virus, herpesviruses, respiratory viruses, human papillomavirus, dengue virus, and other viruses along with a description of their antiviral modes of action and development of antiviral resistance. This evaluation of the strengths and weaknesses of CGs will help provide future research directions that may lead to the successful development of CG-based antimicrobial prophylactics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Choongho Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Dongguk University, Goyang 10326, Korea
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Dev Kumar G, Mishra A, Dunn L, Townsend A, Oguadinma IC, Bright KR, Gerba CP. Biocides and Novel Antimicrobial Agents for the Mitigation of Coronaviruses. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:1351. [PMID: 32655532 PMCID: PMC7324725 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.01351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Accepted: 05/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In December, 2019, a highly infectious and rapidly spreading new pneumonia of unknown cause was reported to the Chinese WHO Country Office. A cluster of these cases had appeared in Wuhan, a city in the Hubei Province of China. These infections were found to be caused by a new coronavirus which was given the name "2019 novel coronavirus" (2019-nCoV). It was later renamed "severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2," or SARS-CoV-2 by the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses on February 11, 2020. It was named SARS-CoV-2 due to its close genetic similarity to the coronavirus which caused the SARS outbreak in 2002 (SARS-CoV-1). The aim of this review is to provide information, primarily to the food industry, regarding a range of biocides effective in eliminating or reducing the presence of coronaviruses from fomites, skin, oral/nasal mucosa, air, and food contact surfaces. As several EPA approved sanitizers against SARS-CoV-2 are commonly used by food processors, these compounds are primarily discussed as much of the industry already has them on site and is familiar with their application and use. Specifically, we focused on the effects of alcohols, povidone iodine, quaternary ammonium compounds, hydrogen peroxide, sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl), peroxyacetic acid (PAA), chlorine dioxide, ozone, ultraviolet light, metals, and plant-based antimicrobials. This review highlights the differences in the resistance or susceptibility of different strains of coronaviruses, or similar viruses, to these antimicrobial agents.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Abhinav Mishra
- Department of Food Science and Technology, The University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Laurel Dunn
- Department of Food Science and Technology, The University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Anna Townsend
- Department of Food Science and Technology, The University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | | | - Kelly R. Bright
- Department of Soil, Water and Environmental Science, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
| | - Charles P. Gerba
- Department of Soil, Water and Environmental Science, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
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29
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Burton MJ, Clarkson JE, Goulao B, Glenny AM, McBain AJ, Schilder AGM, Webster KE, Worthington HV. Antimicrobial mouthwashes (gargling) and nasal sprays administered to patients with suspected or confirmed COVID-19 infection to improve patient outcomes and to protect healthcare workers treating them. Hippokratia 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.cd013627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Janet E Clarkson
- Division of Oral Health Sciences; Dundee Dental School, University of Dundee; Dundee UK
| | - Beatriz Goulao
- Heath Services Research Unit; University of Aberdeen; Aberdeen UK
| | - Anne-Marie Glenny
- Division of Dentistry, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health; The University of Manchester; Manchester UK
| | - Andrew J McBain
- Division of Pharmacy and Optometry, School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health; The University of Manchester; Manchester UK
| | - Anne GM Schilder
- evidENT, Ear Institute; University College London; London UK
- National Institute of Health Research; University College London Hospitals Biomedical Research Centre; London UK
| | - Katie E Webster
- Cochrane ENT; Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Oxford; Oxford UK
| | - Helen V Worthington
- Cochrane Oral Health; Division of Dentistry, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester; Manchester UK
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Abstract
Introduction:
The common cold syndrome of acute upper respiratory tract viral infection is the most common disease among mankind and is an extremely common illness in children. There is a great need for a safe and effective antiviral treatment with minimal side effects. The challenge in developing a treatment is the numerous and varied respiratory viruses that cause this common illness and the need for a treatment with good tolerability and safety.
Explanation:
All respiratory viruses must reach the cell surface by passing through respiratory fluid and mucus, and this common feature may allow for the development of antivirals that capture viruses during this transit.
This article discusses how large polyanionic molecules such as iota-carrageenan may trap positively charged respiratory viruses. Iota-carrageenan is a large polysaccharide molecule which is neither absorbed from the respiratory tract nor metabolised. It, therefore, does not have any pharmacological properties. Iota-carrageenan nasal spray has been shown to reduce the titres of respiratory viruses and to reduce the severity of symptoms in placebo-controlled clinical trials, including children and adults. The results of four clinical trials are presented.
Conclusion:
Iota-carrageenan is a good candidate as a safe and effective non-specific antiviral treatment for common cold, and more research is justified on polyanionic molecules like carrageenans as antivirals.
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Basharat U, Aiche MM, Kim MM, Sohal M, Chang EH. Are rhinoviruses implicated in the pathogenesis of sinusitis and chronic rhinosinusitis exacerbations? A comprehensive review. Int Forum Allergy Rhinol 2019; 9:1159-1188. [DOI: 10.1002/alr.22403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2019] [Accepted: 06/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Usmaan Basharat
- Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck SurgeryUniversity of Arizona College of Medicine Tucson AZ
| | - Mazen M. Aiche
- Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck SurgeryUniversity of Arizona College of Medicine Tucson AZ
| | - Marianne M. Kim
- Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck SurgeryUniversity of Arizona College of Medicine Tucson AZ
| | - Maheep Sohal
- Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck SurgeryUniversity of Arizona College of Medicine Tucson AZ
| | - Eugene H. Chang
- Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck SurgeryUniversity of Arizona College of Medicine Tucson AZ
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Besednova N, Zaporozhets T, Kuznetsova T, Makarenkova I, Fedyanina L, Kryzhanovsky S, Malyarenko O, Ermakova S. Metabolites of Seaweeds as Potential Agents for the Prevention and Therapy of Influenza Infection. Mar Drugs 2019; 17:E373. [PMID: 31234532 PMCID: PMC6627559 DOI: 10.3390/md17060373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2019] [Revised: 06/19/2019] [Accepted: 06/20/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
CONTEXT Seaweed metabolites (fucoidans, carrageenans, ulvans, lectins, and polyphenols) are biologically active compounds that target proteins or genes of the influenza virus and host components that are necessary for replication and reproduction of the virus. OBJECTIVE This review gathers the information available in the literature regarding to the useful properties of seaweeds metabolites as potential agents for the prevention and therapy of influenza infection. MATERIALS AND METHODS The sources of scientific literature were found in various electronic databases (i.e., PubMed, Web of Science, and ScienceDirect) and library search. The retrospective search depth is 25 years. RESULTS Influenza is a serious medical and social problem for humanity. Recently developed drugs are quite effective against currently circulating influenza virus strains, but their use can lead to the selection of resistant viral strains. In this regard, new therapeutic approaches and drugs with a broad spectrum of activity are needed. Metabolites of seaweeds fulfill these requirements. This review presents the results of in vitro and in vivo experimental and clinical studies about the effectiveness of these compounds in combating influenza infection and explains the necessity of their use as a potential basis for the creation of new drugs with a broad spectrum of activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Besednova
- Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution, Somov Research Institute of Epidemiology and Microbiology, Sel'skaya street, 1, Vladivostok 690087, Russia.
| | - Tatiana Zaporozhets
- Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution, Somov Research Institute of Epidemiology and Microbiology, Sel'skaya street, 1, Vladivostok 690087, Russia.
| | - Tatiana Kuznetsova
- Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution, Somov Research Institute of Epidemiology and Microbiology, Sel'skaya street, 1, Vladivostok 690087, Russia.
| | - Ilona Makarenkova
- Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution, Somov Research Institute of Epidemiology and Microbiology, Sel'skaya street, 1, Vladivostok 690087, Russia.
| | - Lydmila Fedyanina
- Far Eastern Federal University, School of Biomedicine, bldg. M25 FEFU Campus, Ajax Bay, Russky Isl., Vladivostok 690922, Russia.
| | - Sergey Kryzhanovsky
- Far Eastern Federal University, School of Biomedicine, bldg. M25 FEFU Campus, Ajax Bay, Russky Isl., Vladivostok 690922, Russia.
| | - Olesya Malyarenko
- G.B. Elyakov Pacific Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Far Eastern Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Pr. 100-letiya Vladivostoka, 159, Vladivostok 690022, Russia.
| | - Svetlana Ermakova
- G.B. Elyakov Pacific Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Far Eastern Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Pr. 100-letiya Vladivostoka, 159, Vladivostok 690022, Russia.
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Dennie L. Safety and Efficacy of 0.5% Carbomer 980 Gel for Treatment of Symptoms of Common Cold: Results of 2 Randomized Trials. Drugs R D 2019; 19:191-200. [PMID: 31004286 PMCID: PMC6544708 DOI: 10.1007/s40268-019-0270-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Two studies of intranasal 0.5% carbomer 980 gel were conducted evaluating nasal tolerability in healthy volunteers and safety and efficacy in adults with common cold symptoms. METHODS Study 1 randomly assigned healthy adults to 0.5% carbomer 980 gel (n = 20) or placebo (n = 10) administered intranasally four times daily for 7 days. Nasal examinations were conducted at baseline and daily throughout the study. The primary endpoint was local nasal tolerability. Study 2 randomly assigned adults with an investigator-confirmed diagnosis of symptomatic common cold to 0.5% carbomer 980 gel (n = 87) or placebo (n = 81), administered intranasally four times daily for 7 days (except for day 1, where subjects who received their first dose mid-day administered only three doses). The primary efficacy endpoint was the average nasal symptom score over days 1‒4 (ANSS1-4). Secondary efficacy endpoints included ANSS over days 1‒7 and average total symptom score (ATSS). Adverse events (AEs) were recorded throughout the study. RESULTS In study 1, subjects assigned to 0.5% carbomer 980 gel had no mucosal grading higher than grade 1B (superficial nasal mucosal erosion) and low incidences of mucosal bleeding and crusting. In study 2, there were no statistically significant differences between treatments for any efficacy endpoints. Active treatment was well-tolerated; the most commonly reported AEs were headache, myalgia, and cough. CONCLUSION While 0.5% carbomer 980 gel nasal spray demonstrated good local nasal tolerability in healthy volunteers, the spray did not significantly impact the course of infection or resolution of cold symptoms in subjects with common cold.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lara Dennie
- Clinical Research Innovation, GlaxoSmithKline Consumer Healthcare, 184 Liberty Corner Rd, Warren, NJ, 07059, USA.
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Synthetic sulfonated derivatives of poly(allylamine hydrochloride) as inhibitors of human metapneumovirus. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0214646. [PMID: 30921418 PMCID: PMC6438514 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0214646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2019] [Accepted: 03/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Human metapneumovirus (hMPV) is a widely distributed pathogen responsible for acute upper and lower respiratory infections of varying severity. Previously, we reported that N-sulfonated derivatives of poly(allylamine hydrochloride) (NSPAHs) efficiently inhibit replication of the influenza virus in vitro and ex vivo. Here, we show a dose dependent inhibition of hMPV infection by NSPAHs in LLC-MK2 cells. The results showed strong antiviral properties of NSPAHs. While the activity of NSPAHs is comparable to those of carrageenans, they show better physicochemical properties and may be delivered at high concentrations. The functional assays showed that tested polymers block hMPV release from infected cells and, consequently, constrain virus spread. Moreover, further studies on viruses utilizing different egress mechanisms suggest that observed antiviral effect depend on selective inhibition of viruses budding from the cell surface.
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35
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Dutot M, Grassin-Delyle S, Salvator H, Brollo M, Rat P, Fagon R, Naline E, Devillier P. A marine-sourced fucoidan solution inhibits Toll-like-receptor-3-induced cytokine release by human bronchial epithelial cells. Int J Biol Macromol 2019; 130:429-436. [PMID: 30797011 PMCID: PMC7112488 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.02.113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2018] [Revised: 02/08/2019] [Accepted: 02/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Fucoidans are sulfated polysaccharides from brown algae, known to have immunomodulatory activity. Their effects on the response of airway epithelial cells to Toll-like receptor 3 (TLR3) stimulation have not been characterized. Our objective was to evaluate the effects of a marine-sourced fucoidan solution (MFS) on the TLR3-induced expression and/or production of cytokines and prostaglandin by human primary bronchial epithelial cells as a model of the airway epithelium. The cells were incubated with MFS in the presence or absence of Poly(I:C) (a TLR3 agonist that mimics viral RNA). Cytokine expression and production were assessed using RT-qPCR and ELISA. The expression of cyclooxygenase-2 and the production of prostaglandin E2 were also measured. Relative to control, exposure to MFS was associated with lower Poly(I:C)-induced mRNA expression of various cytokines and chemokines, and lower COX-2 production. The MFS inhibited the production of some cytokines (IL-1α, IL-1β, TNFα, and IL-6), chemokines (CCL5, CCL22, CXCL1, CXCL5 and CXCL8) and prostaglandin E2 but did not alter the production of IL-12/25, CCL2 and CCL20. At clinically relevant concentrations, the MFS inhibited the TLR3-mediated production of inflammatory mediators by human primary bronchial epithelial cells - suggesting that locally applied MFS might help to reduce airway inflammation in viral infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Dutot
- Yslab, F-29000 Quimper, France; CNRS UMR 8038, Laboratoire de Chimie-Toxicologie Analytique et Cellulaire, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Faculté de Pharmacie de Paris, F-75006 Paris, France.
| | - S Grassin-Delyle
- INSERM UMR 1173 et Plateforme de spectrométrie de masse MasSpecLab, UFR des Sciences de la Santé Simone Veil, Université Versailles Saint Quentin, Université Paris Saclay, Montigny-le-Bretonneux, France; Département des Maladies Respiratoires, Hôpital Foch, F-92150 Suresnes, France
| | - H Salvator
- Département des Maladies Respiratoires, Hôpital Foch, F-92150 Suresnes, France; Laboratoire de Pharmacologie Respiratoire, UPRES EA 220, UFR Sciences de la Santé Simone Veil, Université Versailles Saint Quentin en Yvelines, Université Paris-Saclay, F-92150 Suresnes, France
| | - M Brollo
- Département des Maladies Respiratoires, Hôpital Foch, F-92150 Suresnes, France
| | - P Rat
- CNRS UMR 8038, Laboratoire de Chimie-Toxicologie Analytique et Cellulaire, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Faculté de Pharmacie de Paris, F-75006 Paris, France
| | - R Fagon
- Yslab, F-29000 Quimper, France
| | - E Naline
- Département des Maladies Respiratoires, Hôpital Foch, F-92150 Suresnes, France; Laboratoire de Pharmacologie Respiratoire, UPRES EA 220, UFR Sciences de la Santé Simone Veil, Université Versailles Saint Quentin en Yvelines, Université Paris-Saclay, F-92150 Suresnes, France
| | - P Devillier
- Département des Maladies Respiratoires, Hôpital Foch, F-92150 Suresnes, France; Laboratoire de Pharmacologie Respiratoire, UPRES EA 220, UFR Sciences de la Santé Simone Veil, Université Versailles Saint Quentin en Yvelines, Université Paris-Saclay, F-92150 Suresnes, France
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Graf C, Bernkop-Schnürch A, Egyed A, Koller C, Prieschl-Grassauer E, Morokutti-Kurz M. Development of a nasal spray containing xylometazoline hydrochloride and iota-carrageenan for the symptomatic relief of nasal congestion caused by rhinitis and sinusitis. Int J Gen Med 2018; 11:275-283. [PMID: 30013382 PMCID: PMC6037157 DOI: 10.2147/ijgm.s167123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Xylometazoline hydrochloride (HCl) is a nasal decongestant that causes vasoconstriction in the nasal submucosa. It has been used for more than 50 years for the treatment of nasal congestion caused by rhinitis/sinusitis. Iota-carrageenan is effective against a broad variety of respiratory viruses, which are the most common cause of infections of the upper respiratory tract. Therefore, it is used as the active component in the antiviral nasal spray Coldamaris prophylactic (1.2 mg/mL iota-carrageenan in 0.5% NaCl) and other medical device nasal sprays that are approved and marketed in the EU. Recently, we developed a nasal spray formulation containing both xylometazoline HCl (0.05%) and iota-carrageenan (0.12%) that provides decongestion and antiviral protection of the nasal mucosa at the same time. RESULTS A set of in vitro experiments revealed that the vasoconstrictive properties of xylometazoline HCl and the antiviral effectiveness of iota-carrageenan against human rhinovirus (hRV) 1a, hRV8 and human coronavirus OC43 were maintained in the formulation containing these two compounds. Permeation experiments using bovine nasal mucosa showed that iota-carrageenan had no significant influence on the permeation of xylometazoline HCl. Finally, in the local tolerance and toxicity study, it was shown that the formulation was well tolerated at the application site with no occurrence of erythema or edema in the nostrils of all rabbits or any signs of toxicity in any of the organs and tissues inspected. CONCLUSION Investigations on compatibility of xylometazoline HCl and iota-carrageenan demonstrated that the substances do not influence each other, allowing both to fulfill their known specific clinical efficacy (xylometazoline HCl) and effectiveness (iota-carrageenan).
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Graf C, Bernkop-Schnürch A, Egyed A, Koller C, Prieschl-Grassauer E, Morokutti-Kurz M. Development of a nasal spray containing xylometazoline hydrochloride and iota-carrageenan for the symptomatic relief of nasal congestion caused by rhinitis and sinusitis. Int J Gen Med 2018. [PMID: 30013382 DOI: 10.2147/ijgms167123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Xylometazoline hydrochloride (HCl) is a nasal decongestant that causes vasoconstriction in the nasal submucosa. It has been used for more than 50 years for the treatment of nasal congestion caused by rhinitis/sinusitis. Iota-carrageenan is effective against a broad variety of respiratory viruses, which are the most common cause of infections of the upper respiratory tract. Therefore, it is used as the active component in the antiviral nasal spray Coldamaris prophylactic (1.2 mg/mL iota-carrageenan in 0.5% NaCl) and other medical device nasal sprays that are approved and marketed in the EU. Recently, we developed a nasal spray formulation containing both xylometazoline HCl (0.05%) and iota-carrageenan (0.12%) that provides decongestion and antiviral protection of the nasal mucosa at the same time. RESULTS A set of in vitro experiments revealed that the vasoconstrictive properties of xylometazoline HCl and the antiviral effectiveness of iota-carrageenan against human rhinovirus (hRV) 1a, hRV8 and human coronavirus OC43 were maintained in the formulation containing these two compounds. Permeation experiments using bovine nasal mucosa showed that iota-carrageenan had no significant influence on the permeation of xylometazoline HCl. Finally, in the local tolerance and toxicity study, it was shown that the formulation was well tolerated at the application site with no occurrence of erythema or edema in the nostrils of all rabbits or any signs of toxicity in any of the organs and tissues inspected. CONCLUSION Investigations on compatibility of xylometazoline HCl and iota-carrageenan demonstrated that the substances do not influence each other, allowing both to fulfill their known specific clinical efficacy (xylometazoline HCl) and effectiveness (iota-carrageenan).
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Ramezanpour M, Murphy J, Smith JLP, Vreugde S, Psaltis AJ. In vitro safety evaluation of human nasal epithelial cell monolayers exposed to carrageenan sinus wash. Int Forum Allergy Rhinol 2017; 7:1170-1177. [PMID: 29024522 DOI: 10.1002/alr.22021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2017] [Revised: 08/18/2017] [Accepted: 09/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Carrageenans have shown to reduce the viral load in nasal secretions and lower the incidence of secondary infections in children with common cold. Despite the widespread use of carrageenans in topical applications, the effect of carrageenans on the sinonasal epithelial barrier has not been elucidated. We investigate the effect of different carrageenans on the sinonasal epithelial barrier and inflammatory response in vitro. METHODS Iota and Kappa carrageenan delivered in saline irrigation solutions applied to air-liquid interface (ALI) cultures of primary human nasal epithelial cells from chronic rhinosinusitis patients and controls. Epithelial barrier structure was assessed by measuring the transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER) and immunolocalization of F actin. Ciliary beat frequency (CBF), toxicity, and inflammatory response was studied. RESULTS Kappa or Iota carrageenan in the different solutions was not toxic, did not have detrimental effects on epithelial barrier structure and CBF. Rather, application of Kappa carrageenan significantly increased TEER and suppressed interleukin 6 (IL-6) secretion in ALI cultures from CRS patients. CONCLUSION Kappa or Iota carrageenan solution was safe and did not negatively affect epithelial barrier function. Kappa carrageenan increased TEER and decreased IL-6 production in CRS patients, indicating positive effects on epithelial barrier function in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahnaz Ramezanpour
- Department of Surgery-Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Queen Elizabeth Hospital and the University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Jae Murphy
- Department of Surgery-Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Queen Elizabeth Hospital and the University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Jason L P Smith
- School of Biology, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Flinders University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Sarah Vreugde
- Department of Surgery-Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Queen Elizabeth Hospital and the University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Alkis James Psaltis
- Department of Surgery-Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Queen Elizabeth Hospital and the University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
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Laccourreye O, Werner A, Laccourreye L, Bonfils P. Benefits, pitfalls and risks of phytotherapy in clinical practice in otorhinolaryngology. Eur Ann Otorhinolaryngol Head Neck Dis 2017; 134:95-99. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anorl.2016.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Morokutti-Kurz M, Graf C, Prieschl-Grassauer E. Amylmetacresol/2,4-dichlorobenzyl alcohol, hexylresorcinol, or carrageenan lozenges as active treatments for sore throat. Int J Gen Med 2017; 10:53-60. [PMID: 28280379 PMCID: PMC5339006 DOI: 10.2147/ijgm.s120665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Up to 80% of sore throats are caused by viruses. Several over the counter products are available which provide symptomatic, not causal relief. For such lozenges, containing the antiseptics and local anesthetics amylmetacresol (AMC) and 2,4-dichlorobenzyl alcohol (DCBA) or hexylresorcinol (HR), recently an additional virucidal effect was published. Therefore, we tested a set of Strepsils® lozenges, containing either HR (Max [#2]) or AMC/DCBA (Original [#3], Extra Strong [#4], Warm [#5], Orange and Vitamin C [#6], Sugar free Lemon [#7], Children/Strawberry [#8] and Soothing Honey and Lemon [#9]) for their antiviral efficiency against representatives of respiratory viruses known to cause sore throat: human rhinovirus (HRV) 1a, HRV8, influenza virus A H1N1n, Coxsackievirus A10, and human coronavirus (hCoV) OC43. The lozenges were tested head to head with Coldamaris® lozenges (#1), which contain the patented antiviral iota-carrageenan. None of the tested AMC/DCBA or HR containing lozenges shows any antiviral effectiveness against HRV8 at the tested concentrations, whereas all are moderately active against HRV1a. Only lozenge #5 shows any activity against hCoV OC43 and Coxsackievirus A10 at the tested concentrations. Similarly, only lozenge #3 is moderately active against influenza A H1N1n virus. The data indicates that neither the isolated effect of the active ingredients nor the pH but rather one or more of the excipients of the specific formulations are responsible for the antiviral effect of some of the AMC/DCBA or HR containing lozenges. In contrast, carrageenan-containing lozenges are highly active against all viruses tested. In another experiment, we showed that binding and inactivation of virus particles by iota-carrageenan are fast and highly effective. During the residence time of the lozenge in the mouth, the viral titer is reduced by 85% and 91% for influenza A virus and hCoV OC43, respectively. Carrageenan-containing lozenges are, therefore, suitable as causative therapy against viral infections of the throat.
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Inhibition of Human Metapneumovirus Binding to Heparan Sulfate Blocks Infection in Human Lung Cells and Airway Tissues. J Virol 2016; 90:9237-50. [PMID: 27489270 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01362-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2016] [Accepted: 07/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Human metapneumovirus (HMPV), a recently discovered paramyxovirus, infects nearly 100% of the world population and causes severe respiratory disease in infants, the elderly, and immunocompromised patients. We previously showed that HMPV binds heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPGs) and that HMPV binding requires only the viral fusion (F) protein. To characterize the features of this interaction critical for HMPV binding and the role of this interaction in infection in relevant models, we utilized sulfated polysaccharides, heparan sulfate mimetics, and occluding compounds. Iota-carrageenan demonstrated potent anti-HMPV activity by inhibiting binding to lung cells mediated by the F protein. Furthermore, analysis of a minilibrary of variably sulfated derivatives of Escherichia coli K5 polysaccharide mimicking the HS structure revealed that the highly O-sulfated K5 polysaccharides inhibited HMPV infection, identifying a potential feature of HS critical for HMPV binding. The peptide dendrimer SB105-A10, which binds HS, reduced binding and infection in an F-dependent manner, suggesting that occlusion of HS at the target cell surface is sufficient to prevent infection. HMPV infection was also inhibited by these compounds during apical infection of polarized airway tissues, suggesting that these interactions take place during HMPV infection in a physiologically relevant model. These results reveal key features of the interaction between HMPV and HS, supporting the hypothesis that apical HS in the airway serves as a binding factor during infection, and HS modulating compounds may serve as a platform for potential antiviral development. IMPORTANCE Human metapneumovirus (HMPV) is a paramyxovirus that causes respiratory disease worldwide. It has been previously shown that HMPV requires binding to heparan sulfate on the surfaces of target cells for attachment and infection. In this study, we characterize the key features of this binding interaction using heparan sulfate mimetics, identify an important sulfate modification, and demonstrate that these interactions occur at the apical surface of polarized airway tissues. These findings provide insights into the initial binding step of HMPV infection that has potential for antiviral development.
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Eccles R, Winther B, Johnston SL, Robinson P, Trampisch M, Koelsch S. Efficacy and safety of iota-carrageenan nasal spray versus placebo in early treatment of the common cold in adults: the ICICC trial. Respir Res 2015; 16:121. [PMID: 26438038 PMCID: PMC4595062 DOI: 10.1186/s12931-015-0281-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2015] [Accepted: 09/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract Iota-carrageenan (I-C) is active against respiratory viruses in vitro and was effective as nasal spray in three previous clinical trials. The current trial served to further investigate I-C in patients with early common cold symptoms. Methods This randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind phase IV trial was conducted in 200 adult patients with self-diagnosed colds of <48 h’ duration that were confirmed by baseline cold symptom scores. Patients were to self-administer 0.12 % I-C or placebo spray (NaCl 0.5 %) four times daily for four to ten days and record symptom information for ten days. Common respiratory viruses were quantified by RT-PCR during pretreatment and on Day 3 or 4. The primary endpoint was the mean total symptom score (TSS) of eight cold symptoms on Days 2–4 (TSS2–4). Results Patients in both treatment groups had similar baseline TSSs (mean TSS: 6.75 for I-C and 6.79 for placebo). Viruses were detected in baseline samples from 53 of 98 I-C patients (54.1 %) and 54 of 97 placebo patients (55.7 %). Mean ± SE for TSS2–4 was 5.78 ± 0.25 for I-C patients and 6.39 ± 0.25 for placebo (p = 0.0895). Exploratory analyses after unblinding (TSS2–4 excluding a patient with aberrantly high symptom scores [TSS2–4, ex 1pt]; mean of TSS over Days 1–4 [TSS1–4]; change in TSS1–4 relative to baseline [TSS1–4, rel]) demonstrated treatment differences in favor of I-C (p = 0.0364, p = 0.0495 and p = 0.0421, respectively). For patients with quantifiable rhinovirus/enterovirus at baseline, there was a trend towards greater reduction of virus load at Day 3 or 4 (p = 0.0958; I-C: 90.2 % reduction in viral load; placebo: 72.0 %). Treatments were well tolerated with no differences in adverse event rates. Conclusions The primary endpoint did not demonstrate a statistically significant difference between I-C and placebo but showed a trend towards I-C benefit. Exploratory analyses indicated significant reduction of cold symptoms in the I-C group relative to placebo during the first four days when symptoms were most severe, and also substantiated I-C’s activity against rhinovirus/enterovirus. Trial registration NCT01944631 (clinicaltrials.gov)
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Affiliation(s)
- R Eccles
- Common Cold Centre, Cardiff School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - B Winther
- Respiratory Disease Study Center, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - S L Johnston
- Airway Disease Infection Section & MRC & Asthma UK Centre in Allergic Mechanisms of Asthma, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College, London, UK
| | - P Robinson
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals Inc., Therapeutic Area Virology, Ridgefield, CT, USA
| | - M Trampisch
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Biometrics & Data Management, Ingelheim/Rhein, 55216, Germany
| | - S Koelsch
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, CHC Development, Medicine & Regulatory Affairs, Ingelheim/Rhein, 55216, Germany.
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Cian RE, Drago SR, de Medina FS, Martínez-Augustin O. Proteins and Carbohydrates from Red Seaweeds: Evidence for Beneficial Effects on Gut Function and Microbiota. Mar Drugs 2015; 13:5358-83. [PMID: 26308006 PMCID: PMC4557026 DOI: 10.3390/md13085358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2015] [Revised: 07/22/2015] [Accepted: 08/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Based on their composition, marine algae, and namely red seaweeds, are good potential functional foods. Intestinal mucosal barrier function refers to the capacity of the intestine to provide adequate containment of luminal microorganisms and molecules. Here, we will first outline the component of seaweeds and will summarize the effects of these on the regulation of mucosal barrier function. Special attention will be paid to unique components of red seaweeds: proteins and derived peptides (e.g., phycobiliproteins, glycoproteins that contain “cellulose binding domains”, phycolectins and the related mycosporine-like amino acids) together with polysaccharides (e.g., floridean starch and sulfated galactans, such as carrageenans, agarans and “dl-hybrid”) and minerals. These compounds have been shown to exert prebiotic effects, to regulate intestinal epithelial cell, macrophage and lymphocyte proliferation and differentiation and to modulate the immune response. Molecular mechanisms of action of peptides and polysaccharides are starting to be elucidated, and evidence indicating the involvement of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), insulin-like growth factor receptor (IGFR), Toll-like receptors (TLR) and signal transduction pathways mediated by protein kinase B (PKB or AKT), nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) and mitogen activated protein kinases (MAPK) will also be summarized. The need for further research is clear, but in vivo experiments point to an overall antiinflammatory effect of these algae, indicating that they can reinforce membrane barrier function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raúl E Cian
- Instituto de Tecnología de Alimentos, Facultad de Ingeniería Química, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, 1° de Mayo 3250, (3000) Santa Fe, República Argentina.
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Av. Rivadavia 1917 (C1033AAJ), Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, República Argentina.
| | - Silvina R Drago
- Instituto de Tecnología de Alimentos, Facultad de Ingeniería Química, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, 1° de Mayo 3250, (3000) Santa Fe, República Argentina.
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Av. Rivadavia 1917 (C1033AAJ), Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, República Argentina.
| | - Fermín Sánchez de Medina
- Department of Pharmacology, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), Universidad de Granada, Campus de Cartuja s/n, 18071 Granada, Spain.
- Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología de los Alimentos José Mataix, Universidad de Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain.
| | - Olga Martínez-Augustin
- Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología de los Alimentos José Mataix, Universidad de Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain.
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology II, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), Universidad de Granada, Campus de Cartuja s/n, 18071 Granada, Spain.
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria. ibs. GRANADA, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain.
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Morokutti-Kurz M, König-Schuster M, Koller C, Graf C, Graf P, Kirchoff N, Reutterer B, Seifert JM, Unger H, Grassauer A, Prieschl-Grassauer E, Nakowitsch S. The Intranasal Application of Zanamivir and Carrageenan Is Synergistically Active against Influenza A Virus in the Murine Model. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0128794. [PMID: 26053018 PMCID: PMC4459876 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0128794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2015] [Accepted: 04/30/2015] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Carrageenan is a clinically proven and marketed compound for the treatment of viral upper respiratory tract infections. As infections caused by influenza virus are often accompanied by infections with other respiratory viruses the combination of a specific anti-influenza compound with the broadly active antiviral polymer has huge potential for the treatment of respiratory infections. Thus, the combination of the specific anti-influenza drug Zanamivir together with carrageenan in a formulation suitable for intranasal application was evaluated in-vitro and in-vivo. PRINCIPAL FINDINGS We show in-vitro that carrageenan and Zanamivir act synergistically against several influenza A virus strains (H1N1(09)pdm, H3N2, H5N1, H7N7). Moreover, we demonstrate in a lethal influenza model with a low pathogenic H7N7 virus (HA closely related to the avian influenza A(H7N9) virus) and a H1N1(09)pdm influenza virus in C57BL/6 mice that the combined use of both compounds significantly increases survival of infected animals in comparison with both mono-therapies or placebo. Remarkably, this benefit is maintained even when the treatment starts up to 72 hours post infection. CONCLUSION A nasal spray containing carrageenan and Zanamivir should therefore be tested for prevention and treatment of uncomplicated influenza in clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Hermann Unger
- Laboratory of Tropical Veterinary Medicine, Veterinary University Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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Hebar A, Koller C, Seifert JM, Chabicovsky M, Bodenteich A, Bernkop-Schnürch A, Grassauer A, Prieschl-Grassauer E. Non-clinical safety evaluation of intranasal iota-carrageenan. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0122911. [PMID: 25875737 PMCID: PMC4395440 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0122911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2014] [Accepted: 02/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Carrageenan has been widely used as food additive for decades and therefore, an extended oral data set is available in the public domain. Less data are available for other routes of administration, especially intranasal administration. The current publication describes the non-clinical safety and toxicity of native (non-degraded) iota-carrageenan when applied intranasally or via inhalation. Intranasally applied iota-carrageenan is a topically applied, locally acting compound with no need of systemic bioavailability for the drug’s action. Animal experiments included repeated dose local tolerance and toxicity studies with intranasally applied 0.12% iota-carrageenan for 7 or 28 days in New Zealand White rabbits and nebulized 0.12% iota-carrageenan administered to F344 rats for 7 days. Permeation studies revealed no penetration of iota-carrageenan across nasal mucosa, demonstrating that iota-carrageenan does not reach the blood stream. Consistent with this, no relevant toxic or secondary pharmacological effects due to systemic exposure were observed in the rabbit or rat repeated dose toxicity studies. Data do not provide any evidence for local intolerance or toxicity, when carrageenan is applied intranasally or by inhalation. No signs for immunogenicity or immunotoxicity have been observed in the in vivo studies. This is substantiated by in vitro assays showing no stimulation of a panel of pro-inflammatory cytokines by iota-carrageenan. In conclusion, 0.12% iota-carrageenan is safe for clinical use via intranasal application.
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Koenighofer M, Lion T, Bodenteich A, Prieschl-Grassauer E, Grassauer A, Unger H, Mueller CA, Fazekas T. Carrageenan nasal spray in virus confirmed common cold: individual patient data analysis of two randomized controlled trials. Multidiscip Respir Med 2014; 9:57. [PMID: 25411637 PMCID: PMC4236476 DOI: 10.1186/2049-6958-9-57] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2014] [Accepted: 10/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Clinical trials applying iota-carrageenan nasal spray have previously shown to reduce duration of virus-confirmed common cold. The present study pooled data of two similar clinical trials to provide further evidence for the antiviral effectiveness of carrageenan. Methods Individual patient data were analyzed from two randomized double blind placebo controlled trials assessing the therapeutic effectiveness of carrageenan nasal spray in acute common cold. Patients with virus-confirmed common cold (n = 254, verum 126, placebo 128) were included and the following parameters were appraised: duration of disease, number of patients with relapses, number of respiratory viruses and viral titers at inclusion (visit 1) compared to days 3–5 (visit 2). Results Carrageenan treated patients showed a significant reduction in duration of disease of almost 2 days (p < 0.05) as well as significantly fewer relapses during 21 days of observation period (p < 0.05). The virus clearance between visit 1 and visit 2 was significantly more pronounced in the carrageenan group (p < 0.05). In both studies, virus-confirmed common cold was caused by three main virus subtypes: human rhinovirus (46%), human coronavirus (25%) and influenza A (14%) virus. Carrageenan nasal spray showed significant antiviral efficacy in all three virus subgroups, the highest effectiveness was observed in human corona virus-infected patients. The reduced duration of disease was 3 days (p < 0.01) and the number of relapses was three times less (p < 0.01) in carrageenan treated corona-virus-infected patients compared to control patients. Conclusions Administration of carrageenan nasal spray in children as well as in adults suffering from virus-confirmed common cold reduced duration of disease, increased viral clearance and reduced relapses of symptoms. Carrageenan nasal spray appeared as an effective treatment of common cold in children and adults. Trial registration Pooled data from ISRCTN52519535 and ISRCTN80148028
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Koenighofer
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Thomas Lion
- Children's Cancer Research Institute and Lab DiaLabordiagnostik, Zimmermannplatz 8, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | | | | | - Andreas Grassauer
- Marinomed Biotechnologie GmbH, Veterinaerplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria
| | - Hermann Unger
- Laboratory of Tropical Veterinary Medicine, Veterinary University Vienna, Veterinaerplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria
| | - Christian A Mueller
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Tamás Fazekas
- St. Anna Children's Hospital, Kinderspitalgasse 6, 1090 Vienna, Austria
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Abstract
The common cold is the most frequent, although generally mild, human disease. Human Rhinoviruses are the prevalent causative agents, but other viruses are also implicated. Being so common, viral colds, have significant implications on public health and quality of life, but may also be life-threatening for vulnerable groups of patients. Specific diagnosis and treatment of the common cold still remain unmet needs. Molecular diagnostic techniques allow specific detection of known pathogens as well as the identification of newly emerging viruses. Although a number of medications or natural treatments have been shown to have some effect, either on the number or on the severity of common colds, no single agent is considerably effective. Virus-specific management remains in most cases a challenging potential as many factors have to be taken into account, including the diversity of the viral genomes, the heterogeneity of affected individuals, as well as the complexity of this long standing host-virus relationship.
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Efficacy of a carrageenan nasal spray in patients with common cold: a randomized controlled trial. Respir Res 2013; 14:124. [PMID: 24219370 PMCID: PMC3840586 DOI: 10.1186/1465-9921-14-124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2013] [Accepted: 11/10/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The common cold is the most widespread viral infection in humans. Iota-carrageenan has previously shown antiviral effectiveness against cold viruses in clinical trials. This study investigated the efficacy of a carrageenan-containing nasal spray on the duration of the common cold and nasal fluid viral load in adult patients. Methods In a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial, 211 patients suffering from early symptoms of the common cold were treated for seven days. Application was performed three times daily with either a carrageenan-supplemented nasal spray or saline solution as placebo with an overall observation period of 21 days. The primary endpoint was the duration of disease defined as the time until the last day with symptoms followed by all other days in the study period without symptoms. During the study, but prior unblinding, the definition of disease duration was adapted from the original protocol that defines disease duration as the time period of symptoms followed by 48 hours without symptoms. Results In patients showing a laboratory-confirmed cold virus infection and adherence to the protocol, alleviation of symptoms was 2.1 days faster in the carrageenan group in comparison to placebo (p = 0.037). The primary endpoint that had been prespecified but was changed before unblinding was not met. Viral titers in nasal fluids showed a significantly greater decrease in carrageenan patients in the intention-to-treat population (p = 0.024) and in the per protocol population (p = 0.018) between days 1 and 3/4. Conclusions In adults with common cold virus infections, direct local administration of carrageenan with nasal sprays reduced the duration of cold symptoms. A significant reduction of viral load in the nasal wash fluids of patients confirmed similar findings from earlier trials in children and adults. Trial registration Current Controlled Trials ISRCTN80148028
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