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Holderried F, Stegemann-Philipps C, Herrmann-Werner A, Festl-Wietek T, Holderried M, Eickhoff C, Mahling M. A Language Model-Powered Simulated Patient With Automated Feedback for History Taking: Prospective Study. JMIR MEDICAL EDUCATION 2024; 10:e59213. [PMID: 39150749 DOI: 10.2196/59213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2024] [Revised: 05/21/2024] [Accepted: 06/27/2024] [Indexed: 08/17/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although history taking is fundamental for diagnosing medical conditions, teaching and providing feedback on the skill can be challenging due to resource constraints. Virtual simulated patients and web-based chatbots have thus emerged as educational tools, with recent advancements in artificial intelligence (AI) such as large language models (LLMs) enhancing their realism and potential to provide feedback. OBJECTIVE In our study, we aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of a Generative Pretrained Transformer (GPT) 4 model to provide structured feedback on medical students' performance in history taking with a simulated patient. METHODS We conducted a prospective study involving medical students performing history taking with a GPT-powered chatbot. To that end, we designed a chatbot to simulate patients' responses and provide immediate feedback on the comprehensiveness of the students' history taking. Students' interactions with the chatbot were analyzed, and feedback from the chatbot was compared with feedback from a human rater. We measured interrater reliability and performed a descriptive analysis to assess the quality of feedback. RESULTS Most of the study's participants were in their third year of medical school. A total of 1894 question-answer pairs from 106 conversations were included in our analysis. GPT-4's role-play and responses were medically plausible in more than 99% of cases. Interrater reliability between GPT-4 and the human rater showed "almost perfect" agreement (Cohen κ=0.832). Less agreement (κ<0.6) detected for 8 out of 45 feedback categories highlighted topics about which the model's assessments were overly specific or diverged from human judgement. CONCLUSIONS The GPT model was effective in providing structured feedback on history-taking dialogs provided by medical students. Although we unraveled some limitations regarding the specificity of feedback for certain feedback categories, the overall high agreement with human raters suggests that LLMs can be a valuable tool for medical education. Our findings, thus, advocate the careful integration of AI-driven feedback mechanisms in medical training and highlight important aspects when LLMs are used in that context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Friederike Holderried
- Tübingen Institute for Medical Education (TIME), Medical Faculty, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | | | - Anne Herrmann-Werner
- Tübingen Institute for Medical Education (TIME), Medical Faculty, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Teresa Festl-Wietek
- Tübingen Institute for Medical Education (TIME), Medical Faculty, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Martin Holderried
- Department of Medical Development, Process and Quality Management, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Carsten Eickhoff
- Institute for Applied Medical Informatics, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Moritz Mahling
- Tübingen Institute for Medical Education (TIME), Medical Faculty, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- Department of Medical Development, Process and Quality Management, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
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Zerbini G, Reicherts P, Reicherts M, Roob N, Schneider P, Dankert A, Greiner SK, Kadmon M, Lechner V, Roos M, Schimmel M, Strube W, Temizel S, Uhrmacher L, Kunz M. Communication skills of medical students: Evaluation of a new communication curriculum at the University of Augsburg. GMS JOURNAL FOR MEDICAL EDUCATION 2024; 41:Doc26. [PMID: 39131896 PMCID: PMC11310792 DOI: 10.3205/zma001681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Revised: 01/29/2024] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 08/13/2024]
Abstract
Objectives Teaching communication skills plays a pivotal role in medical curricula. The aim of this article is to describe and evaluate a new communication curriculum developed at the Faculty of Medicine, University of Augsburg (KomCuA), which was conceptualized by an interdisciplinary team based on recommended quality standards (i.e., helical, integrated, longitudinal). Methods A total of 150 medical students enrolled in the 1st, 3rd, and ≥5th semester participated in the study. They completed an online survey (numerical rating scales and validated questionnaires) evaluating their current communication skills, how these developed across the curriculum in terms of quality and self-confidence, and how helpful they considered practicing in small group tutorials with simulated patients. The students' attitudes towards communication and empathy in the context of medical care were additionally assessed. The students' responses were compared across semesters using one-way univariate analysis of variance (ANOVA). Results Overall, students reported improved communications skills due to attending the KomCuA and further considered practicing with simulated patients as being very helpful (large effect sizes). Compared to 1st semester students, 3rd and ≥5th semester students reported better communication skills (medium to large effect sizes). Additionally, ≥5th semester students showed stronger agreement towards the relevance of empathy in the context of medical care (medium effect size) compared to both 1st and 3rd semester students. Conclusion The KomCuA has shown to be an effective communication curriculum to support medical students in the development of their communication skills and positive attitudes towards empathy. Additional studies assessing students' communication skills and empathic attitudes longitudinally are warranted to confirm the present results and to gain further knowledge on how these essential skills and attitudes develop across medical curricula.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Zerbini
- University of Augsburg, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Psychology and Sociology, Institute of Theoretical Medicine, Augsburg, Germany
| | - Philipp Reicherts
- University of Augsburg, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Psychology and Sociology, Institute of Theoretical Medicine, Augsburg, Germany
| | - Miriam Reicherts
- University of Augsburg, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Psychology and Sociology, Institute of Theoretical Medicine, Augsburg, Germany
- University of Augsburg, Faculty of Medicine, Medical Education Sciences (DEMEDA), Augsburg, Germany
| | - Nina Roob
- University of Augsburg, Faculty of Medicine, Medical Education Sciences (DEMEDA), Augsburg, Germany
| | - Pia Schneider
- University of Augsburg, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Psychology and Sociology, Institute of Theoretical Medicine, Augsburg, Germany
| | - Andrea Dankert
- University Hospital Augsburg, Psychooncology Service, CCCA, Augsburg, Germany
| | - Sophie-Kathrin Greiner
- University of Augsburg, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy, and Psychosomatics, Augsburg, Germany
| | - Martina Kadmon
- University of Augsburg, Faculty of Medicine, Deanery, Augsburg, Germany
| | - Veronika Lechner
- University Hospital Augsburg, Psychooncology Service, CCCA, Augsburg, Germany
| | - Marco Roos
- University of Augsburg, Faculty of Medicine, Department of General Practice, Augsburg, Germany
| | - Mareike Schimmel
- University of Augsburg, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Augsburg, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Strube
- University of Augsburg, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy, and Psychosomatics, Augsburg, Germany
| | - Selin Temizel
- University of Augsburg, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Hygiene and Environmental Medicine, Augsburg, Germany
| | - Luise Uhrmacher
- University of Augsburg, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Hematology and Oncology, Augsburg, Germany
| | - Miriam Kunz
- University of Augsburg, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Psychology and Sociology, Institute of Theoretical Medicine, Augsburg, Germany
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Arumugam K, Nandagopal H, Joseph J, Balaji JN, Surapaneni KM. EMBRACE (Empowering Medical students' skills in BReaking bAd news with Compassion and Empathy) module improves the skills of undergraduate medical students in effectively breaking the bad news: a case-control study. ADVANCES IN PHYSIOLOGY EDUCATION 2024; 48:356-365. [PMID: 38482563 DOI: 10.1152/advan.00224.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2023] [Revised: 12/05/2023] [Accepted: 03/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/17/2024]
Abstract
Effective communication skills are pivotal in health care, particularly when conveying distressing information to patients and their families. However, medical education still lacks the adoption of a universal model that can be incorporated into the curricula to train and assess students in effectively communicating with patients. This study aims to assess the impact of training undergraduate medical students to deliver bad news effectively using the Empowering Medical students' skills in BReaking bAd news with Compassion and Empathy (EMBRACE) module. This randomized case-control study involved medical students from the first, second, and third professional years (study group, n = 75; control group, n = 75). For the study group, the EMBRACE modules were distributed. Then, a 1-hour training session on effectively delivering bad news was followed by a multiple-choice question test and objective structured clinical examination with response, interpretation, and communication skills stations. Participants' feedback was obtained on a five-point Likert scale. There was a highly significant improvement in knowledge and skills among the study group compared to controls with a P value less than 0.0001. Of the participants, 98.76% perceived that the training equipped them with practical skills, and 98.77% felt that the facilitator had demonstrated the steps of delivering bad news clearly and effectively. Only 4.44% of participants were confident in effectively interacting with patients before the session, and an overwhelming 81.11% gained confidence in their communication skills after the training. With demonstrated significant improvement in knowledge and skills, this study supports the adoption of EMBRACE modules in undergraduate medical education, ultimately improving patient experiences, doctor-patient relationships, and health outcomes.NEW & NOTEWORTHY The Empowering Medical students' skills in BReaking bAd news with Compassion and Empathy (EMBRACE) module is noteworthy for its holistic approach to training medical students in the delicate art of delivering distressing news to patients. It not only incorporates the evidence-based setting, perception, invitation, knowledge, emotions, and strategy (SPIKES) method but also distinguishes itself by providing real-life conversation examples and self-assessment cases, which make the training highly relatable and practical for students to actively engage in their learning and personal development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaviya Arumugam
- First Professional MBBS, Panimalar Medical College Hospital & Research Institute, Varadharajapuram, Poonamallee, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Harshavardhini Nandagopal
- First Professional MBBS, Panimalar Medical College Hospital & Research Institute, Varadharajapuram, Poonamallee, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Joseline Joseph
- First Professional MBBS, Panimalar Medical College Hospital & Research Institute, Varadharajapuram, Poonamallee, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Jyotsna Needamangalam Balaji
- Third Professional MBBS: Part 1, Panimalar Medical College Hospital & Research Institute, Varadharajapuram, Poonamallee, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Krishna Mohan Surapaneni
- Department of Biochemistry, Panimalar Medical College Hospital & Research Institute, Varadharajapuram, Poonamallee, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
- Department of Medical Education, Panimalar Medical College Hospital & Research Institute, Varadharajapuram, Poonamallee, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
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Holderried F, Stegemann-Philipps C, Herschbach L, Moldt JA, Nevins A, Griewatz J, Holderried M, Herrmann-Werner A, Festl-Wietek T, Mahling M. A Generative Pretrained Transformer (GPT)-Powered Chatbot as a Simulated Patient to Practice History Taking: Prospective, Mixed Methods Study. JMIR MEDICAL EDUCATION 2024; 10:e53961. [PMID: 38227363 PMCID: PMC10828948 DOI: 10.2196/53961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2023] [Revised: 12/09/2023] [Accepted: 12/14/2023] [Indexed: 01/17/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Communication is a core competency of medical professionals and of utmost importance for patient safety. Although medical curricula emphasize communication training, traditional formats, such as real or simulated patient interactions, can present psychological stress and are limited in repetition. The recent emergence of large language models (LLMs), such as generative pretrained transformer (GPT), offers an opportunity to overcome these restrictions. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to explore the feasibility of a GPT-driven chatbot to practice history taking, one of the core competencies of communication. METHODS We developed an interactive chatbot interface using GPT-3.5 and a specific prompt including a chatbot-optimized illness script and a behavioral component. Following a mixed methods approach, we invited medical students to voluntarily practice history taking. To determine whether GPT provides suitable answers as a simulated patient, the conversations were recorded and analyzed using quantitative and qualitative approaches. We analyzed the extent to which the questions and answers aligned with the provided script, as well as the medical plausibility of the answers. Finally, the students filled out the Chatbot Usability Questionnaire (CUQ). RESULTS A total of 28 students practiced with our chatbot (mean age 23.4, SD 2.9 years). We recorded a total of 826 question-answer pairs (QAPs), with a median of 27.5 QAPs per conversation and 94.7% (n=782) pertaining to history taking. When questions were explicitly covered by the script (n=502, 60.3%), the GPT-provided answers were mostly based on explicit script information (n=471, 94.4%). For questions not covered by the script (n=195, 23.4%), the GPT answers used 56.4% (n=110) fictitious information. Regarding plausibility, 842 (97.9%) of 860 QAPs were rated as plausible. Of the 14 (2.1%) implausible answers, GPT provided answers rated as socially desirable, leaving role identity, ignoring script information, illogical reasoning, and calculation error. Despite these results, the CUQ revealed an overall positive user experience (77/100 points). CONCLUSIONS Our data showed that LLMs, such as GPT, can provide a simulated patient experience and yield a good user experience and a majority of plausible answers. Our analysis revealed that GPT-provided answers use either explicit script information or are based on available information, which can be understood as abductive reasoning. Although rare, the GPT-based chatbot provides implausible information in some instances, with the major tendency being socially desirable instead of medically plausible information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Friederike Holderried
- Tübingen Institute for Medical Education, Eberhard Karls University, Tübingen, Germany
| | | | - Lea Herschbach
- Tübingen Institute for Medical Education, Eberhard Karls University, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Julia-Astrid Moldt
- Tübingen Institute for Medical Education, Eberhard Karls University, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Andrew Nevins
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Jan Griewatz
- Tübingen Institute for Medical Education, Eberhard Karls University, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Martin Holderried
- Department of Medical Development, Process and Quality Management, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Anne Herrmann-Werner
- Tübingen Institute for Medical Education, Eberhard Karls University, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Teresa Festl-Wietek
- Tübingen Institute for Medical Education, Eberhard Karls University, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Moritz Mahling
- Tübingen Institute for Medical Education, Eberhard Karls University, Tübingen, Germany
- Department of Diabetology, Endocrinology, Nephrology, Section of Nephrology and Hypertension, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
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Rindge ME, Strainge L, O'Connor MK. A neuropsychological feedback model for memory clinic trainees. BMC MEDICAL EDUCATION 2024; 24:40. [PMID: 38191384 PMCID: PMC10773085 DOI: 10.1186/s12909-023-04903-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2023] [Accepted: 11/24/2023] [Indexed: 01/10/2024]
Abstract
Memory clinics that specialize in evaluating and treating cognitive decline in older adults are increasingly common and serve as an important training setting for neuropsychology practicum students, interns, and postdoctoral residents. Following a neuropsychological evaluation, trainees are tasked with sharing results, diagnoses, and treatment recommendations, a practice referred to as feedback. Despite the importance and complexity of providing feedback in this setting, no specific model of feedback delivery exists to guide trainees when learning this crucial skill within a memory clinic. The following article presents a feedback model for memory clinic trainees and details its development based on best practices available in the literature. The feedback model aims to promote trainees' confidence in their clinical skills and increase patient and visit partner understanding of evaluation results. It is also our hope that this model will advance the field of education within neuropsychology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa E Rindge
- Neuropsychology Service, Bedford VA Healthcare System, 200 Springs Rd, Bedford, MA, 01730, USA.
| | - Lauren Strainge
- Neuropsychology Service, Bedford VA Healthcare System, 200 Springs Rd, Bedford, MA, 01730, USA
| | - Maureen K O'Connor
- Neuropsychology Service, Bedford VA Healthcare System, 200 Springs Rd, Bedford, MA, 01730, USA
- Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center (GRECC), Bedford VA Healthcare System, Bedford, MA, USA
- Department of Neurology, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
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Jammes C, Ward M, Geng X, Burke A, Langley J. Visual Intelligence Education as a Tool for Enhancing Medical Students' Self-Perception of Communication Skills. JOURNAL OF MEDICAL EDUCATION AND CURRICULAR DEVELOPMENT 2024; 11:23821205241231470. [PMID: 38379776 PMCID: PMC10878234 DOI: 10.1177/23821205241231470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2023] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 02/22/2024]
Abstract
Objective Visual arts-based exposure and training are effective tools to enhance medical education. The visual arts can increase emotional intelligence and critical thinking skills. This study, conducted at Georgetown University School of Medicine (GUSoM) and the National Gallery of Art (NGA) in Washington, DC, was designed to measure the effect of a visual arts elective course on medical students' self-perception of their communication skills. Methods This 6-week course involved lessons at the NGA and GUSoM for16 second-year medical students. The intervention students were age and gender-matched to14 second-year medical student control participants who took different elective courses. Prior to and following the intervention, the participants completed the Communication Skills Attitude Scale (CSAS). Statistical analysis was performed with either the 2-sided t-test or 2-sided Wilcoxon rank-sum test. Results There were no statistically significant differences in the presurvey scores between the groups. However, there were 6 CSAS questions in the postsurveys that had statistically significant differences between the 2 groups. Within each group, there were also numerous statistically significant differences between their presurvey and postsurvey responses, with positive changes occurring in the intervention group (IG) and primarily negative changes occurring in the control group (CG). The NGA course improved the self-perception of communication skills, with students reporting stronger views on the importance of communication skills in teamwork and patient rapport. The CG, on the other hand, did not have as many improved perceptions of communication skills and had stronger opinions regarding not needing the ability to communicate well to be a good physician. Conclusion This study indicates that medical student communication skills can benefit from exposure to visual arts activities and experiences. Future physicians must become effective communicators, and this study paves the way for research investigating the relationship between visual arts education and the development of a physician's communication skills.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chloé Jammes
- Internal Medicine & Pediatrics Resident, Baystate Medical Center, Springfield, MA, USA
| | - Madeleine Ward
- Internal Medicine & Pediatrics Resident, The Warren Alpert Medical School of Medicine at Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Xue Geng
- Department of Biostatistics, Bioinformatics and Biomathematics, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Amy Burke
- Internal Medicine & Pediatrics, MedStar Georgetown University Hospital, Georgetown University School of Medicine, Washington DC, USA
| | - Julia Langley
- Division of Oncology, Georgetown Lombardi Arts and Humanities Program, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington DC, USA
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Amru K, Hamid F, Afandi IN, Amalia A, Mannyu B, Nelwan BJ, Mappaware NA. The Association of "First 1000 Days of Life" Training Program on Communication Skill and Empathy of Undergraduate Medical Students: A Cross-Sectional Study. JOURNAL OF ADVANCES IN MEDICAL EDUCATION & PROFESSIONALISM 2023; 11:222-229. [PMID: 37901761 PMCID: PMC10611933 DOI: 10.30476/jamp.2023.98979.1820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2023] [Accepted: 08/05/2023] [Indexed: 10/31/2023]
Abstract
Introduction 1000 First Days of Life (1000FDL) training program is carried out for 2 years from the 3rd to 6th semester; in this program, students are asked to accompany pregnant women until their children are 2 years old. This study aimed to analyse undergraduate medical students' communication skills and empathy levels and determine the association between communication skills and empathy after the training program. Methods This is a cross-sectional study in which 176 undergraduate medical students in Hasanuddin University participated; they were enrolled in 1000FDL training program and selected using purposive sampling. Data were collected using Modified Arabic Version of the ABIM's Patient Assessment (MAV-ABIM) and Jefferson Scale of Empathy - Student Version (JSE-S) questionnaires to assess their level of communication skills and empathy. In this study, demographic data were obtained using a semi-open-ended questionnaire. Data were analysed using descriptive statistics, Chi-Square, and Spearman tests. Results Communication skill was very good (83.5%), good (15.9%), and inadequate (0.6%), while the empathy level was high (9.1%), medium (25%), and low (65.9%). There was no significant difference between the level of communication skills (p-value 0.168) and empathy (p=0.145) based on gender, but there was a significant difference between <12 or >12 times interaction with the empathy level (p<0.001). The association between the level of communication showed that the level of empathy was significant (p<0.001, r=0.399). Conclusion Undergraduate medical students had very good communication skills but low empathy levels. There was a positive association between communication skills and empathy level after the training program. The students' empathy level can be improved by increasing the frequency of interaction with patients in experiential learning through training programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khaeriah Amru
- Department of Medical Education, Faculty of Medicine, Hasanuddin University, Makassar, Indonesia
| | - Firdaus Hamid
- Department of Medical Education, Faculty of Medicine, Hasanuddin University, Makassar, Indonesia
- Departement of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Hasanuddin University, Makassar, Indonesia
| | - Ichlas Nanang Afandi
- Department of Medical Education, Faculty of Medicine, Hasanuddin University, Makassar, Indonesia
- Psychology Study Program, Faculty of Medicine, Hasanuddin University, Makassar, Indonesia
| | - Asty Amalia
- Department of Medical Education, Faculty of Medicine, Hasanuddin University, Makassar, Indonesia
- Departement of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Hasanuddin University, Makassar, Indonesia
| | - Budu Mannyu
- Department of Medical Education, Faculty of Medicine, Hasanuddin University, Makassar, Indonesia
- Departement of Opthalmology, Faculty of Medicine, Hasanuddin University, Makassar, Indonesia
| | - Berti Julian Nelwan
- Department of Medical Education, Faculty of Medicine, Hasanuddin University, Makassar, Indonesia
- Department of Anatomical Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Hasanuddin University, Makassar, Indonesia
| | - Nasruddin Andi Mappaware
- Department of Medical Education, Faculty of Medicine, Hasanuddin University, Makassar, Indonesia
- Departement of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Faculty of Medicine, Hasanuddin University, Makassar, Indonesia
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Prasanna SAS, Abeysena HTCS, Alagiyawanna MAAP. Development and validation of the interpersonal communication assessment tool for assessing the interpersonal communication skills of public health midwives. BMC Health Serv Res 2023; 23:539. [PMID: 37226213 DOI: 10.1186/s12913-023-09511-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2022] [Accepted: 05/06/2023] [Indexed: 05/26/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Interpersonal Communication Skills (IPCS) are one of the core clinical skills that should be developed by the Public Health Midwives (PHMs), who are grass-root level public healthcare providers in primary healthcare settings in Sri Lanka. This study aimed to develop and validate the Interpersonal Communication Assessment Tool (IPCAT), an observational rating scale, to assess the IPCS of PHMs. METHODS Item generation, item reduction, instrument drafting, and development of the tool's rating guide were made by an expert panel. A cross-sectional study was conducted in five randomly selected Medical Officer of Health (MOH) areas, the smallest public health administrative division in the district of Colombo, Sri Lanka, to identify the factor structure, which is the correlational relationship between a number of variables in the tool. A sample of 164 PHMs was recruited. The data on IPCS were collected by video-recording the provider-client interaction using simulated clients. All recorded videos were rated by a rater using the drafted IPCAT, which included a Likert scale of 1(poor) to 5 (excellent). Exploratory factor analysis was conducted using the Principal Axis Factoring extraction method and the Varimax rotation technique to explore the factors. Three independent raters were used to rate ten randomly selected videos to assess the tool's internal consistency and inter-rater reliability. RESULTS The IPCAT obtained a five-factor model with 22 items, and all five factors explained 65% of the total variance. The resulting factors were "Engaging" (six items on making rapport), "Delivering" (four items on paying respect), "Questioning" (four items on asking questions), "Responding" (four items on empathy), and "Ending" (four items to assess the skills of ending a conversation productively). The internal consistency, Cronbach's Alpha value, for all five factors was above 0.8, and the inter-rater reliability (ICC) was excellent (0.95). CONCLUSIONS The Interpersonal Communication Assessment Tool is a valid and reliable tool for assessing the interpersonal communication skills of Public Health Midwives. TRIAL REGISTRATION Clinical Trial Registry, Sri Lanka. Ref No, SLCTR/2020/006(February 4th,2020).
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Affiliation(s)
| | - H T C S Abeysena
- Department of Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Kelaniya, Gampaha, Sri Lanka
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Rosewater JB, Kollipara SA, Mintz MD. Student Reflections on the Paucity of Psychotherapy Education in U.S. Medical Schools. Am J Psychother 2022; 75:191-193. [PMID: 35786990 DOI: 10.1176/appi.psychotherapy.20210033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jacob B Rosewater
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami (Rosewater, Mintz); Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Basseterre, Saint Kitts and Nevis (Kollipara)
| | - Sai A Kollipara
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami (Rosewater, Mintz); Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Basseterre, Saint Kitts and Nevis (Kollipara)
| | - Mika D Mintz
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami (Rosewater, Mintz); Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Basseterre, Saint Kitts and Nevis (Kollipara)
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Venktaramana V, Loh EKY, Wong CJW, Yeo JW, Teo AYT, Chiam CSY, Foo DJM, Teo F, Liang J, Raveendran V, Chng LCL, Xiao S, Chong K, Quek SL, Chiang CLL, Toh RQE, Ng CWH, Lim EG, Leong S, Tay KT, Chan A, Chia EWY, Tan LHS, Ong YT, Sheri K, Ng JX, Chin AMC, Zhou JX, Chiam M, Lee ASI, Mason S, Krishna LKR. A systematic scoping review of communication skills training in medical schools between 2000 and 2020. MEDICAL TEACHER 2022; 44:997-1006. [PMID: 35653622 DOI: 10.1080/0142159x.2022.2054693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Communication skills training (CST) remains poorly represented and prioritised in medical schools despite its importance. A systematic scoping review (SSR) of CST is proposed to better appreciate current variability in their structure, content, and assessment. This is to guide their future design in medical school curricula. METHODS The Systematic Evidence-Based Approach (SEBA) was used to guide concurrent SSRs of teaching and assessment in CST. After independent database searches, concurrent thematic and content analysis of included articles were conducted separately. Resultant themes/categories were combined via the jigsaw perspective to provide a more holistic view of the data. These were then compared to tabulated summaries of the included articles to create funnelled domains. RESULTS 52,300 papers were identified, 150 full-text articles included, and four funnelled domains were identified: Indications, Design, Assessment, and Barriers and Enablers of CST. CSTs confer numerous benefits to physicians and patients. It saw increased confidence, improved diagnostic capabilities and better clinical management, as well as greater patient satisfaction and treatment compliance. Skills may be divided into core, prerequisite competencies, and advanced skills pertinent to more challenging and nuanced scenarios - such as population or setting-specific situations. CST teaching and assessment modalities were found to align with Miller's Pyramid, with didactic teaching gradually infused with experiential approaches to enhance their understanding and integration. A plethora of CST frameworks, teaching and assessment methods were identified and are presented together. CONCLUSION While variable in approach, content and assessment, CST in medical schools often employ stage-based curricula to instil competency-based topics of increasing complexity throughout medical school education. This process builds on the application of prior knowledge and skills, influencing practice and, potentially, the students' professional identity formation. In addition, the institution plays a critical role in overseeing training, ensuring longitudinal guidance and holistic assessments of the students' progress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vaishnavi Venktaramana
- Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Division of Supportive and Palliative Care, National Cancer Centre Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Eleanor Kei Ying Loh
- Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Division of Supportive and Palliative Care, National Cancer Centre Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Clarissa Jing Wen Wong
- Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Division of Supportive and Palliative Care, National Cancer Centre Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Jun Wei Yeo
- Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Division of Supportive and Palliative Care, National Cancer Centre Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Andrea York Tiang Teo
- Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Division of Supportive and Palliative Care, National Cancer Centre Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Celest Sin Yu Chiam
- Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Division of Supportive and Palliative Care, National Cancer Centre Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Dillon Jie Ming Foo
- Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Division of Supportive and Palliative Care, National Cancer Centre Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Faith Teo
- Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Division of Supportive and Palliative Care, National Cancer Centre Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Jonathan Liang
- Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Division of Supportive and Palliative Care, National Cancer Centre Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Vijayprasanth Raveendran
- Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Division of Supportive and Palliative Care, National Cancer Centre Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Luke Cheng Lin Chng
- Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Division of Supportive and Palliative Care, National Cancer Centre Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Shiwei Xiao
- Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Division of Supportive and Palliative Care, National Cancer Centre Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Kevin Chong
- Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Division of Supportive and Palliative Care, National Cancer Centre Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Seng Leong Quek
- Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Division of Supportive and Palliative Care, National Cancer Centre Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Christine Li Ling Chiang
- Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Division of Supportive and Palliative Care, National Cancer Centre Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Rachelle Qi En Toh
- Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Division of Supportive and Palliative Care, National Cancer Centre Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Caleb Wei Hao Ng
- Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Division of Supportive and Palliative Care, National Cancer Centre Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Elijah Gin Lim
- Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Division of Supportive and Palliative Care, National Cancer Centre Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Shariel Leong
- Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Division of Supportive and Palliative Care, National Cancer Centre Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Kuang Teck Tay
- Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Division of Supportive and Palliative Care, National Cancer Centre Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Amos Chan
- Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Division of Supportive and Palliative Care, National Cancer Centre Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Elisha Wan Ying Chia
- Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Division of Supportive and Palliative Care, National Cancer Centre Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Laura Hui Shuen Tan
- Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Division of Supportive and Palliative Care, National Cancer Centre Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Yun Ting Ong
- Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Division of Supportive and Palliative Care, National Cancer Centre Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Krish Sheri
- Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Division of Supportive and Palliative Care, National Cancer Centre Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Jun Xuan Ng
- Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Division of Supportive and Palliative Care, National Cancer Centre Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Annelissa Mien Chew Chin
- Medical Library, National University of Singapore Libraries, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Jamie Xuelian Zhou
- Division of Supportive and Palliative Care, National Cancer Centre Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Min Chiam
- Division of Cancer Education, National Cancer Centre Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Alexia Sze Inn Lee
- Division of Cancer Education, National Cancer Centre Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Stephen Mason
- Palliative Care Unit Liverpool, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Lalit Kumar Radha Krishna
- Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Division of Supportive and Palliative Care, National Cancer Centre Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
- Division of Cancer Education, National Cancer Centre Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Palliative Care Unit Liverpool, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
- Centre of Biomedical Ethics, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- PalC, The Palliative Care Centre for Excellence in Research and Education Singapore, Dover Park Hospice, Singapore, Singapore
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Panda S, DAS A, DAS R, Shullai WK, Sharma N, Sarma A. Teaching and Learning Medical Professionalism: an Input from Experienced Faculty and Young Graduates in a Tertiary Care Institute. MAEDICA 2022; 17:371-379. [PMID: 36032628 PMCID: PMC9375877 DOI: 10.26574/maedica.2022.17.2.371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Introduction: Medical professionalism is of paramount importance especially in today's day and age. This study gives an insight on the preferred methods of teaching and learning professionalism among the young MBBS graduates and experienced faculty in a medical teaching institute. Material and methods: This was an observational study conducted in the Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology from January 2019 to January 2020. It included 60 interns and 60 faculty members, who were interviewed for nine different methods of teaching and learning professionalism: (a) professional role model; (b) early clinical exposure; (c) recruiting faculty who had compressive training in medical education before joining the medical institute; (d) teaching and assessing communication skills to each student; (e) conducting seminar, didactic lecture and small group discussion; (f) reflective practice; (g) mentorship; (h) faculty development programme; (i) hidden curriculum. Each participant's response was analyzed using Wilcoxon rank-sum test on SPSS software version 22. Results:Interns preferred early clinical exposure, recruiting faculty with prior comprehensive training in medical education and reflective practice as preferred methods, while faculty members preferred teaching and assessing communication skills for every student, early clinical exposure and mentorship. Conclusion:Early clinical exposure, teaching and assessing communication skills, mentorship and reflective practice are the preferred methods of teaching and learning medical professionalism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subrat Panda
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, NEIGRIHMS, Shillong, Meghalaya, India
| | - Ananya DAS
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, NEIGRIHMS, Shillong, Meghalaya, India
| | - Rituparna DAS
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, NEIGRIHMS, Shillong, Meghalaya, India
| | | | - Nalini Sharma
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, NEIGRIHMS, Shillong, Meghalaya, India
| | - Anusuya Sarma
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, NEIGRIHMS, Shillong, Meghalaya, India
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Schneider A, Messerer DAC, Kühn V, Horneffer A, Bugaj TJ, Nikendei C, Kühl M, Kühl SJ. Randomised controlled monocentric trial to compare the impact of using professional actors or peers for communication training in a competency-based inverted biochemistry classroom in preclinical medical education. BMJ Open 2022; 12:e050823. [PMID: 35618331 PMCID: PMC9137345 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2021-050823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE In medical education, biochemistry topics are usually knowledge based, and students often are unaware of their clinical relevance. To improve students' awareness of the relevance, we integrated communication skills training into biochemistry education. No studies before have examined the difference between peer and standardised patient (SP) role plays where students explain the biochemical background of a disease in patient-centred language. Therefore, we evaluated whether students' self-perceived competency in Canadian Medical Education Directives for Specialists (CanMEDS) roles and their opinion of the quality of role play differ if the layperson is played by peers or SPs. METHODS We randomly assigned medical students in a preclinical semester to one of the two groups. The groups used predefined scripts to role play a physician-parent consultation with either a peer (peer group) or an SP (SP group) in the parent role. Students then assessed the activity's effects on their competency in CanMEDS roles and motivation and the relevance of the role play. To determine whether students achieved biochemistry learning goals, we evaluated results of a biochemistry exam. RESULTS Students' self-perceived competency improved in both groups. The SP group rated their competency in the roles 'Scholar' and 'Professional' significantly higher than the peer group did. The peer group rated their competency in the role of 'Medical Expert' significantly higher if they played the role of the parent rather than physician or observer. The SP group agreed more that they were motivated by the role play and wanted to receive more role play-based teaching. The SP group perceived the role play as being realistic and rated the feedback discussion as more beneficial. The examination results were the same in both groups. CONCLUSION We showed that role plays in a biochemistry seminar improve students' self-perceived competency. The use of SPs has some advantages, such as being more realistic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Achim Schneider
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biolog, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
- Office of the Dean of Studies, Medical Faculty, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - David Alexander Christian Messerer
- Institute of Clinical and Experimental Trauma Immunology, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
- Department of Transfusion Medicine and Hemostaseology, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg, University Hospital Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Veronika Kühn
- Office of the Dean of Studies, Medical Faculty, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Astrid Horneffer
- Office of the Dean of Studies, Medical Faculty, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Till Johannes Bugaj
- Department of General Internal Medicine and Psychosomatics, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Christoph Nikendei
- Department of General Internal Medicine and Psychosomatics, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Michael Kühl
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biolog, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Susanne Julia Kühl
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biolog, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
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Kötter T, Rose SI, Goetz K, Steinhäuser J. The predictive validity of admission criteria for the results of clinical competency assessment with an emphasis on family medicine in the fifth year of medical education: an observational study. BMC MEDICAL EDUCATION 2022; 22:269. [PMID: 35413869 PMCID: PMC9003966 DOI: 10.1186/s12909-022-03293-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2021] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In many countries, the number of applicants to medical schools exceeds the number of available places. This offers the need, as well as the opportunity to medical schools to select those applicants most suitable for later work as a doctor. However, there is no generally accepted definition of a 'good doctor'. Clinical competencies may serve as surrogates. The aim of this study was to compare medical students in Germany selected based either on their pre-university grade point average alone or based on the result of a university-specific selection procedure regarding their clinical competencies with an emphasis on family medicine in the later years of training. METHODS We used the 'Allgemeinarztbarometer Ausbildung' (Undergraduate Family Medicine Barometer), an instrument developed to assess clinical competencies with an emphasis on family medicine, to compare students in the pre-university grade point average admission-quota and the university-specific selection procedure admission-quota in the fifth year of training. Students were judged by their supervising general practitioners after a two-week practical course. Competencies were rated on a five-point Likert-scale (1 = 'totally agree' i.e. the student is very competent to 5 = 'totally disagree' i.e. the student is not competent at all). RESULTS We included 94 students (66% female). Students in the university-specific selection procedure quota (n = 80) showed better mean scores in every item of the Undergraduate Family Medicine Barometer. We found a statistically significant difference between the two groups for the item assessing communication skills (M [university-specific selection procedure quota] = 1.81, SD = 0.84 vs. M [pu-GPA quota] = 2.38, SD = 0.96; t[91] = -2.23, p = .03; medium effect size). Logistic regression revealed no statistically significant age or gender contribution. CONCLUSIONS Despite the small sample-size, our results indicate, that students selected via an university-specific selection procedure show better communicative competencies in the later years of training.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Kötter
- Institute of Family Medicine, University Medical Centre Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Lübeck, Ratzeburger Allee 160, 23562 Lübeck, Germany
- Institute of Social Medicine and Epidemiology, University Medical Centre Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Lübeck, Ratzeburger Allee 160, 23562 Lübeck, Germany
| | - Silvia Isabelle Rose
- Institute of Family Medicine, University Medical Centre Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Lübeck, Ratzeburger Allee 160, 23562 Lübeck, Germany
- Institute of Social Medicine and Epidemiology, University Medical Centre Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Lübeck, Ratzeburger Allee 160, 23562 Lübeck, Germany
| | - Katja Goetz
- Institute of Family Medicine, University Medical Centre Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Lübeck, Ratzeburger Allee 160, 23562 Lübeck, Germany
| | - Jost Steinhäuser
- Institute of Family Medicine, University Medical Centre Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Lübeck, Ratzeburger Allee 160, 23562 Lübeck, Germany
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Steriu A, Bratu EC, Cioran NV, Brînduşe LA. Validation of the Romanian Communication Skills Ability Scale - CSAS-RO - A Tool for Medical Schools. JOURNAL OF MEDICAL EDUCATION AND CURRICULAR DEVELOPMENT 2022; 9:23821205221096375. [PMID: 35572843 PMCID: PMC9102120 DOI: 10.1177/23821205221096375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED In medicine ability to communicate requires training and continuous development. AIM To validate the Communication Skills Ability Scale in Romanian. Study design: cross-sectional observational interrupted large case series. Sample and setting: all year 5 medical undergraduate students enrolled at UMF Carol Davila, Bucharest (UMFCD). A two field tests study: 1) 2nd semester of the 2017/2018 academic year (n = 361); 2) 2018/2019 academic year (n = 703). METHODOLOGY The Romanian translation of CSAS® was used. RESULTS The CSAS-RO confirms the 2-Factor scale; internal consistency: Cronbach-α coefficient was 0.894 for the PAS (0.870 CSAS®) and 0.754 for the NAS (0.805 CSAS®) All item-total and item-rest correlations satisfied the criterion of more than 0.30, ranging from 0.32 to 0.71 with the exception of items 17 (field test 1) and item 11 (field test 2). CONCLUSION CSAS-RO is valid to use with medical students. The reuse of the scale with a longitudinal study design will allow to assess any new educational needs for communication ability in medical students plus add the remaining property to test (the test-retest reliability).
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Tan XH, Foo MA, Lim SLH, Lim MBXY, Chin AMC, Zhou J, Chiam M, Krishna LKR. Teaching and assessing communication skills in the postgraduate medical setting: a systematic scoping review. BMC MEDICAL EDUCATION 2021; 21:483. [PMID: 34503497 PMCID: PMC8431930 DOI: 10.1186/s12909-021-02892-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Poor communication skills can potentially compromise patient care. However, as communication skills training (CST) programs are not seen as a priority to many clinical departments, there is a discernible absence of a standardised, recommended framework for these programs to be built upon. This systematic scoping review (SSR) aims to gather prevailing data on existing CSTs to identify key factors in teaching and assessing communication skills in the postgraduate medical setting. METHODS Independent searches across seven bibliographic databases (PubMed, PsycINFO, EMBASE, ERIC, CINAHL, Scopus and Google Scholar) were carried out. Krishna's Systematic Evidence-Based Approach (SEBA) was used to guide concurrent thematic and content analysis of the data. The themes and categories identified were compared and combined where possible in keeping with this approach and then compared with the tabulated summaries of the included articles. RESULTS Twenty-five thousand eight hundred ninety-four abstracts were identified, and 151 articles were included and analysed. The Split Approach revealed similar categories and themes: curriculum design, teaching methods, curriculum content, assessment methods, integration into curriculum, and facilitators and barriers to CST. Amidst a wide variety of curricula designs, efforts to develop the requisite knowledge, skills and attitudes set out by the ACGME current teaching and assessment methods in CST maybe categorised into didactic and interactive methods and assessed along Kirkpatrick's Four Levels of Learning Evaluation. CONCLUSIONS A major flaw in existing CSTs is a lack of curriculum structure, focus and standardisation. Based upon the findings and current design principles identified in this SSR in SEBA, we forward a stepwise approach to designing CST programs. These involve 1) defining goals and learning objectives, 2) identifying target population and ideal characteristics, 3) determining curriculum structure, 4) ensuring adequate resources and mitigating barriers, 5) determining curriculum content, and 6) assessing learners and adopting quality improvement processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiu Hui Tan
- Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 11 Hospital Dr, Singapore, 169610, Singapore
- Division of Supportive and Palliative Care, National Cancer Centre Singapore, 11 Hospital Crescent, Singapore, 169610, Singapore
| | - Malia Alexandra Foo
- Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 11 Hospital Dr, Singapore, 169610, Singapore
- Division of Supportive and Palliative Care, National Cancer Centre Singapore, 11 Hospital Crescent, Singapore, 169610, Singapore
| | - Shaun Li He Lim
- Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 11 Hospital Dr, Singapore, 169610, Singapore
- Division of Supportive and Palliative Care, National Cancer Centre Singapore, 11 Hospital Crescent, Singapore, 169610, Singapore
| | - Marie Bernadette Xin Yi Lim
- Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 11 Hospital Dr, Singapore, 169610, Singapore
- Division of Supportive and Palliative Care, National Cancer Centre Singapore, 11 Hospital Crescent, Singapore, 169610, Singapore
| | - Annelissa Mien Chew Chin
- Medical Library, National University of Singapore Libraries, Block MD 6, 14 Medical Drive, #05-01, Singapore, 117599, Singapore
| | - Jamie Zhou
- Division of Supportive and Palliative Care, National Cancer Centre Singapore, 11 Hospital Crescent, Singapore, 169610, Singapore
- Lien Centre of Palliative Care, Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School, 8College Road, Singapore, 169857, Singapore
- Duke-NUS Medical School, National University of Singapore, 8 College Rd, Singapore, 169857, Singapore
| | - Min Chiam
- Division of Cancer Education, National Cancer Centre Singapore, 11 Hospital Crescent, Singapore, 169610, Singapore
| | - Lalit Kumar Radha Krishna
- Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 11 Hospital Dr, Singapore, 169610, Singapore.
- Division of Supportive and Palliative Care, National Cancer Centre Singapore, 11 Hospital Crescent, Singapore, 169610, Singapore.
- Duke-NUS Medical School, National University of Singapore, 8 College Rd, Singapore, 169857, Singapore.
- Division of Cancer Education, National Cancer Centre Singapore, 11 Hospital Crescent, Singapore, 169610, Singapore.
- Palliative Care Institute Liverpool, Academic Palliative & End of Life Care Centre, Cancer Research Centre, University of Liverpool, 200 London Rd, Liverpool, L3 9TA, UK.
- Centre of Biomedical Ethics, National University of Singapore, Block MD 11, 10 Medical Drive, #02-03, Singapore, 117597, Singapore.
- PalC, The Palliative Care Centre for Excellence in Research and Education, PalC c/o Dover Park Hospice, 10 Jalan Tan Tock Seng, Singapore, 308436, Singapore.
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Cross-Cultural Adaptation and Psychometric Properties of the Malay Version of the Communication Skills Attitude Scale (CSAS) among Medical Students in Malaysia. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18073778. [PMID: 33916335 PMCID: PMC8038565 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18073778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2021] [Revised: 04/02/2021] [Accepted: 04/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Communication is one of the fundamental skills in the medical profession. The Communication Skills Attitude Scale (CSAS) is a widely used questionnaire to measure the attitudes of medical students toward learning communication skills. It has been adapted and translated into many languages. The objective of this study was to adapt and translate the CSAS into the Malay language and determine its psychometric properties in medical students. This is a cross-sectional study involving 218 first-year Universiti Teknologi MARA students. Content validation, cross-cultural adaptation, translation, and face validation of the 26-item CSAS were performed according to established guidelines. Principal component analysis with direct oblimin rotation was used to determine the underlying structure of the CSAS-Malay. The reliability was assessed using Cronbach's α coefficient for internal consistency and using the intraclass correlation coefficient for the test-retest reliability. Although the contents of the CSAS-Malay and the original version were conceptually equivalent, item 11 was removed during the content validation stage due to a low item content validity index (I-CVI < 1.00). Two subscales were derived from the remaining 25 items, which were the Positive Attitude Scale and the Negative Attitude Scale. Items 1 and 15 were removed due to poor factor loadings. The total variance explained by the final two-factor solution with three items removed was 30.8%. Cronbach's α coefficients for both the Positive and Negative Attitude Scales in the final questionnaire were 0.815 and 0.614, respectively. It also showed a good reproducibility with intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) values of 0.725-0.950 for all the items. This study provided preliminary information about the psychometric properties of the CSAS-Malay. The final 23-item questionnaire had a good construct validity, an acceptable internal consistency, and at least a moderate test-retest reproducibility. It can be used to assess the attitudes of medical students toward learning communication skills. Future research to improve the generalizability of the questionnaire should include medical students from other universities with diverse backgrounds.
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Gärtner J, Prediger S, Harendza S. Development and pilot test of ComCare - a questionnaire for quick assessment of communicative and social competences in medical students after interviews with simulated patients. GMS JOURNAL FOR MEDICAL EDUCATION 2021; 38:Doc68. [PMID: 33824904 PMCID: PMC7994874 DOI: 10.3205/zma001464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Revised: 10/17/2020] [Accepted: 11/20/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Background: Physicians' communicative and social competences are highly relevant for doctor-patient relationships. Simulation-based learning is frequently used to provide students with learning experiences resembling realistic medical situations. This study aims to assess communication and interpersonal skills in medical students after simulated consultations with a newly designed short questionnaire. Methods: In 2019, 103 final year students participated in a simulated consultation hour seeing four simulated patients. Communicative and social competences were assessed by a questionnaire including items for communication (Com) and interpersonal (Care) skills. The questionnaire was used by the simulated patients (ComCareP) after each consultation and as self-assessment by the students (ComCareD) after the fourth consultation. An explorative factor analysis was performed and the results of ComCareP and ComCareD were compared with respect to students' sex and advancement in their final year. Results: All ComCareP items loaded on one factor, which explained 50.7% of the variance. The participants self-assessed their communication and interpersonal skills significantly better than the simulated patients. No significant differences were found for students' sexes or advancement in their final year except for the item "responding to patients' needs satisfactorily" which was significantly lower in students at the end of their final year. Patients' general "satisfaction with the consultation" was higher while physicians' general "satisfaction with the consultation" was lower than their total ComCare mean score. The general satisfaction with the consultation showed a significant positive correlation with both ComCares' total mean scores. Conclusion: The ComCare measures communication and interpersonal skills as one factor. It can be used directly after consultations and shows significant positive correlation with the general satisfaction with a consultation. Since simulated patients' satisfaction with the consultation was higher than their ComCare score, other factors than communication and interpersonal skills could play a role for patient satisfaction with a conversation and need to be further investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Gärtner
- University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Department of Internal Medicine, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Sarah Prediger
- University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Department of Internal Medicine, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Sigrid Harendza
- University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Department of Internal Medicine, Hamburg, Germany
- University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, III. Medical Clinic, Hamburg, Germany
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Piumatti G, Cerutti B, Perron NJ. Assessing communication skills during OSCE: need for integrated psychometric approaches. BMC MEDICAL EDUCATION 2021; 21:106. [PMID: 33593345 PMCID: PMC7887794 DOI: 10.1186/s12909-021-02552-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2019] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Physicians' communication skills (CS) are known to significantly affect the quality of health care. Communication skills training programs are part of most undergraduate medical curricula and are usually assessed in Objective Structured Clinical Examinations (OSCE) throughout the curriculum. The adoption of reliable measurement instruments is thus essential to evaluate such skills. METHODS Using Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA), Multi-Group Confirmatory Factor Analysis (MGCFA) and Item Response Theory analysis (IRT) the current retrospective study tested the factorial validity and reliability of a four-item global rating scale developed by Hodges and McIlroy to measure CS among 296 third- and fourth-year medical students at the Faculty of Medicine in Geneva, Switzerland, during OSCEs. RESULTS EFA results at each station showed good reliability scores. However, measurement invariance assessments through MGCFA across different stations (i.e., same students undergoing six or three stations) and across different groups of stations (i.e., different students undergoing groups of six or three stations) were not satisfactory, failing to meet the minimum requirements to establish measurement invariance and thus possibly affecting reliable comparisons between students' communication scores across stations. IRT revealed that the four communication items provided overlapping information focusing especially on high levels of the communication spectrum. CONCLUSIONS Using this four-item set in its current form it may be difficult to adequately differentiate between students who are poor in CS from those who perform better. Future directions in best-practices to assess CS among medical students in the context of OSCE may thus focus on (1) training examiners so to obtain scores that are more coherent across stations; and (2) evaluating items in terms of their ability to cover a wider spectrum of medical students' CS. In this respect, IRT can prove to be very useful for the continuous evaluation of CS measurement instruments in performance-based assessments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Piumatti
- Division of Primary Care, Population Epidemiology Unit, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland.
- Institute of Public Health, Faculty of BioMedical Sciences, Università della Svizzera Italiana, Lugano, Switzerland.
- Faculty of Medicine, Unit of Development and Research in Medical Education (UDREM), University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.
| | - Bernard Cerutti
- Faculty of Medicine, Unit of Development and Research in Medical Education (UDREM), University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Noëlle Junod Perron
- Faculty of Medicine, Unit of Development and Research in Medical Education (UDREM), University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
- Institute of Primary Care, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland
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Ngantcha P, Amith M, Tao C, Roberts K. Patient-Provider Communication Training Models for Interactive Speech Devices. DIGITAL HUMAN MODELING AND APPLICATIONS IN HEALTH, SAFETY, ERGONOMICS AND RISK MANAGEMENT : HUMAN BODY, MOTION AND BEHAVIOR : 12TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE, DHM 2021, HELD AS PART OF THE 23RD HCI INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE, HCII 2021, VIR... 2021; 12777:250-268. [PMID: 34541586 PMCID: PMC8445497 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-77817-0_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Patient-provider communication plays a major role in healthcare with its main goal being to improve the patient's health and build a trustworthy relationship between the patient and the doctor. Provider's efficiency and effectiveness in communication can be improved through training in order to meet the essential elements of communication that are relevant during medical encounters. We surmised that speech-enabled conversational agents could be used as a training tool. In this study, we propose designing an ontology-based interaction model that can direct software agents to train dental and medical students. We transformed sample scenario scripts into a formalized ontology training model that links utterances of the user and the machine that expresses patient-provider communication. We created two instance-based models from the ontology to test the operational execution of the model using a prototype software engine. The assessment revealed that the dialogue engine was able to handle about 62% of the dialogue links. Future direction of this work will focus on further enhancing and capturing the features of patient-provider communication, and eventual deployment for pilot testing.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Muhammad Amith
- School of Biomedical Informatics, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Cui Tao
- School of Biomedical Informatics, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Kirk Roberts
- School of Biomedical Informatics, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
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20
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D'souza PC, Rasquinha SL, D'souza TL, Jain A, Kulkarni V, Pai K. Effect of a Single-Session Communication Skills Training on Empathy in Medical Students. ACADEMIC PSYCHIATRY : THE JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN ASSOCIATION OF DIRECTORS OF PSYCHIATRIC RESIDENCY TRAINING AND THE ASSOCIATION FOR ACADEMIC PSYCHIATRY 2020; 44:289-294. [PMID: 31811627 DOI: 10.1007/s40596-019-01158-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2019] [Accepted: 11/25/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Empathy scores have been found to decline over the years spent in medical school. The authors aimed to evaluate the change in empathy levels in medical students following a single-session communication skills training. METHODS Eighty-two second-year medical students were randomized into intervention and control groups. The intervention comprised of a single-session empathetic communication skills training using PowerPoint, video clips, and roleplay. Empathy was assessed using the Jefferson Scale of Empathy-Student version (JSE) at baseline, post-intervention (for the intervention group), and at follow up after 3 weeks. RESULTS The mean JSE score of the intervention group was 109.7 ± 11.8 at baseline, with significant improvement post-intervention (114.2 ± 10.6, p = 0.014). However, the score declined at the 3-week follow-up (106.8 ± 11.8). The mean baseline JSE score of the control group was 107.5 ± 12.4, with a decline at follow-up (101.8 ± 16.0). Though both groups showed a decline in the JSE score at follow-up, the decline was significant only for the control group (p = 0.020), which did not receive the training. CONCLUSIONS The study showed significant improvement immediately, and lower decline at follow-up, in empathy levels following a communication skills training. The findings suggest a need to incorporate a regular training program into the existing medical curriculum, to enhance empathy and prevent its decline over the years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prima Cheryl D'souza
- Kasturba Medical College, Mangalore, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, India
| | | | - Trina Lucille D'souza
- Kasturba Medical College, Mangalore, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, India
| | - Animesh Jain
- Kasturba Medical College, Mangalore, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, India
| | - Vaman Kulkarni
- Kasturba Medical College, Mangalore, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, India
| | - Keshava Pai
- Kasturba Medical College, Mangalore, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, India
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McKivett A, Paul D, Hudson N. Healing Conversations: Developing a Practical Framework for Clinical Communication Between Aboriginal Communities and Healthcare Practitioners. J Immigr Minor Health 2019; 21:596-605. [PMID: 30066058 DOI: 10.1007/s10903-018-0793-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
In recognition of the ongoing health disparities experienced by Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples (hereafter Aboriginal), this scoping review explores the role and impact of the clinical communication process on Aboriginal healthcare provision. A medical education lens is applied, looking at the utility of a tailored clinical communication framework to assist health practitioners work more effectively with Aboriginal peoples and communities. The initial framework, building on existing communication guides, proposes four domains: content, process, relational and environmental. It places emphasis on critical self-reflection of the health practitioner's own cultural identity and will be guided by collective Aboriginal worldviews in select Australian settings. Using a two-eyed seeing approach the framework will be developed and tested in health professional education. The aim of this research journey is to enable health practitioners to have more effective healthcare conversations with Aboriginal peoples, working toward more socially just and equitable healthcare interactions and outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea McKivett
- School of Medicine, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia.
| | - David Paul
- School of Medicine Fremantle, The University of Notre Dame Australia, Fremantle, WA, Australia
| | - Nicky Hudson
- University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
- University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW, Australia
- University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia
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22
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Bhagat PR, Prajapati KM, Bhatt RB, Prajapati VK, Dureja R, Tank GP. Development and introduction of a communication skills module for postgraduate students of ophthalmology. Indian J Ophthalmol 2019; 67:1810-1815. [PMID: 31638038 PMCID: PMC6836600 DOI: 10.4103/ijo.ijo_366_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Effective communication lies at the heart of a patient--doctor relationship. Communication skills (CS) teaching and assessment is not a part of the postgraduate (PG) curriculum. Lack of effective CS in current PG students' results in patient distrust and dissatisfaction, conflicts, and compromised healthcare. The regulatory authorities of medical education have recognized the need to inculcate soft skills among medical graduates, one of which is CS. The purpose of this study was to assess the need for teaching CS to ophthalmology PG students and develop and introduce a module for the same. Methods In this prospective, interventional study done at the ophthalmology department of a tertiary hospital, a validated 8 day CS workshop was conducted for 60 PG students through interactive lectures, observations, video sessions, and role plays. Feedbacks were obtained through narratives, validated Google survey, reflections and verbal method and analyzed. Results In the needs assessment done on 27 departmental faculties, 20 faculties found poor communication to be a major reason for patient complaints. All faculties agreed that CS should be taught to medical students. Statistically significant improvement in CS awareness was noted among students after the workshop. Lack of CS training, work burden, and language were identified as main barriers to effective communication. All the students were satisfied with the workshop and wanted it to be conducted regularly. Conclusion This study establishes that CS training is essential to improve patient satisfaction and patient-doctor relationships. Barriers to effective CS could be identified, for which possible solutions could be found.
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Affiliation(s)
- Purvi R Bhagat
- Glaucoma Clinic, M and J Western Regional Institute of Ophthalmology, B. J. Medical College and Civil Hospital, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India
| | - Kamini M Prajapati
- Glaucoma Clinic, M and J Western Regional Institute of Ophthalmology, B. J. Medical College and Civil Hospital, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India
| | - Rupal B Bhatt
- Glaucoma Clinic, M and J Western Regional Institute of Ophthalmology, B. J. Medical College and Civil Hospital, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India
| | - Vipul K Prajapati
- Glaucoma Clinic, M and J Western Regional Institute of Ophthalmology, B. J. Medical College and Civil Hospital, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India
| | - Rohit Dureja
- Glaucoma Clinic, M and J Western Regional Institute of Ophthalmology, B. J. Medical College and Civil Hospital, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India
| | - Gunjan P Tank
- Glaucoma Clinic, M and J Western Regional Institute of Ophthalmology, B. J. Medical College and Civil Hospital, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India
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Lo WL, Hsieh MC. Teaching communication skills: Using Gagne's model as an illustration. Tzu Chi Med J 2019; 32:19-25. [PMID: 32110515 PMCID: PMC7015010 DOI: 10.4103/tcmj.tcmj_59_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2019] [Revised: 05/14/2019] [Accepted: 05/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Communication skills is an essential competence for physicians. Good communication skills correlate with higher patient satisfaction and overall patient outcome. Therefore, such training should start as early as in the undergraduate curriculum with experiential methods and more advanced skills to be integrated at different levels. Design of the training program should prepare for the transfer of communication skills into the clinical setting. Supervision from clinician educators could enhance the transfer of communication skills. Faculty development programs could help clinician educators to develop teaching skills needed in teaching communication. Continuous feedback from teachers and reflective practice of the learners are essential for effective learning of communication skills. The design of the teaching should be based on theory such as adult learning theory or experiential learning. Gagne's model provides a template for the systemic design of instructional events, and this article will illustrate an example of teaching communication skills based on the model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Lin Lo
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hualien Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, Hualien, Taiwan.,Department of Medical Education, Hualien Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, Hualien, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Chen Hsieh
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hualien Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, Hualien, Taiwan.,Department of Medical Education, Hualien Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, Hualien, Taiwan.,School of Medicine, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan
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Lombardo L, Ehlers J, Lutz G. Is your mind set? - how are intra- and interpersonal competences dealt with in medical education? A multi-professional qualitative study. BMC MEDICAL EDUCATION 2019; 19:317. [PMID: 31438949 PMCID: PMC6704522 DOI: 10.1186/s12909-019-1748-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2019] [Accepted: 08/12/2019] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Professional intrapersonal and interpersonal competences (IICs) form an important part of medical expertise but are given little attention during clinical training. In other professional fields such as psychotherapy, education and aviation, training in IICs is an integral part of education and practice. In medicine, IICs tend to actually decline during studies. To date it is unclear why IICs are given less attention in medicine, despite evidence for their importance in the treatment process. In view of this, the study examined the role of IICs in the treatment process, the current situation of IIC training in medicine and, most importantly, the reasons for the comparatively low focus on IICs in the clinical training of medical students. METHODS Semi-structured interviews were carried out with 21 experts from a variety of medical specialties and non-medical professions that provide a training with a stronger focus on IIC development. The interviews were evaluated using grounded theory. RESULTS The experts confirmed the idea that IICs are an equally important component in the treatment process, along with medical knowledge and technical skills. They also described large differences between the IICs possessed by physicians but noted a general developmental need. The key shortcoming was perceived to be a deep-seated defensiveness towards learning from mistakes and deficits e.g. through reflection and feedback. The interaction of different factors that seem to be reasons for this defensiveness and perpetuate it were identified: lack of support in dealing with insecurities in the face of responsibility; the notion of medicine as a science with the categories of right and wrong answers; and a range of pressures arising from the setting, such as hierarchical, economic and competition pressures. CONCLUSION Our study showed, that the defensive attitude towards learning from mistakes and deficits especially in the field of IICs appears to be a subtle but powerful obstacle for implementing IICs in medical training, in contrast to other professional fields. This obstacle is sustained by various underlying barrier factors. We therefore propose that changes should be made within a cultural transformation targeting this defensive mindset and culture and its presumed reasons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Lombardo
- Institute for Didactics and Educational Research in Health Care, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Health, Witten/Herdecke University, Alfred-Herrhausen-Straße 50, 58455 Witten, Germany
- Integrated Curriculum for Anthroposophic Medicine (ICURAM), Medical Theory, Integrative and Anthroposophic Medicine, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Health, Witten/Herdecke University, Alfred-Herrhausen-Straße 50, 58455 Witten, Germany
| | - Jan Ehlers
- Chair for Didactics and Educational Research in Health Care, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Health, Witten/Herdecke University, Alfred-Herrhausen-Straße 50, 58455 Witten, Germany
| | - Gabriele Lutz
- Integrated Curriculum for Anthroposophic Medicine (ICURAM), Chair for Medical Theory, Integrative and Anthroposophic Medicine, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Health, Witten / Herdecke University, Gerhard Kienle Weg 4, 58313 Herdecke, Germany
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine, Gemeinschaftskrankenhaus Herdecke, Gerhard Kienle Weg 4, 58313 Herdecke, Germany
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Javaeed A. General Needs Assessment of the Undergraduate Medical Students to Integrate Courses on Medical Ethics, Time Management and Communication Skills into the Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery Curriculum of Pakistani Medical Colleges. Cureus 2019; 11:e4433. [PMID: 31245220 PMCID: PMC6559698 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.4433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
In Pakistan, medical ethics, time management, and communication skills are not taught to medical students and are not a part of the curriculum of Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery (MBBS) developed jointly by Higher Education Commission and the Pakistan Medical & Dental Council. The objective of this general needs assessment was to assess the significance of these courses for undergraduate medical students. The literature review of the two online databases (PubMed and ERIC (Education Resources Information Centre)) was conducted in January 2018. The current literature emphasizes the significance of these undergraduate medical courses for medical students in Pakistan.
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Nair BT. Role play - An effective tool to teach communication skills in pediatrics to medical undergraduates. JOURNAL OF EDUCATION AND HEALTH PROMOTION 2019; 8:18. [PMID: 30815489 PMCID: PMC6383693 DOI: 10.4103/jehp.jehp_162_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2018] [Accepted: 09/26/2018] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Communication skills are essential for medical practice throughout the life of a doctor. Traditional undergraduate medical teaching in pediatrics focuses on teaching students with theoretical and practical knowledge of diseases, their diagnosis, and treatment modalities. This study was done to use role play as a tool to teach basic communication skills to the final-year undergraduate students in pediatrics and to assess perceptions of students and faculty for using role play to teach counseling and communication skills in pediatrics. METHODS It was an observational, questionnaire-based study conducted in the Department of Pediatrics on the final-year medical undergraduates. Two modules for role play on common pediatric topics were designed and role play was conducted. At the end of the session, student and faculty feedback were taken by a prevalidated questionnaire with both close (using the 5-point Likert scale) and open-ended questions. In pre- and post-role play sessions, communication skills assessment scoring was done. Statistical evaluation of the collected data was then carried out using SPSS 22. RESULTS A total of 98 final-year students participated in this study. Role play was found to be the most preferred tool (33%) for teaching communication skills to the students. Majority of the students (88.78%) and faculty (91.67%) felt that role play helped in teaching communicating skills. Comparison of pre- and post-role play scores on communication skills showed statistically significant improvement (P < 0.001). CONCLUSION Role play can be used as an effective tool to teach communication skills to undergraduate medical students in pediatrics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bindu T. Nair
- Department of Paediatrics, Army College of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
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Dean S, Walsh S, Williams C, Zaslawski C, Morgan A, Levett-Jones T. The mystery shopper student learning experience in undergraduate health education: A case study. NURSE EDUCATION TODAY 2018; 70:69-76. [PMID: 30145537 DOI: 10.1016/j.nedt.2018.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2018] [Revised: 07/08/2018] [Accepted: 08/14/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sue Dean
- University of Technology Sydney, Faculty of Health, PO Box 123, Broadway, 2007, Australia.
| | - Sean Walsh
- University of Technology Sydney, School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, PO Box 123, Broadway, 2007, Australia.
| | - Claire Williams
- University of Technology Sydney, Faculty of Health, PO Box 123, Broadway, 2007, Australia
| | - Chris Zaslawski
- University of Technology Sydney, School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, PO Box 123, Broadway, 2007, Australia.
| | - Adam Morgan
- University of Technology Sydney, Institute for Interactive Media and Learning, PO Box 123, Broadway, 2007, Australia.
| | - Tracy Levett-Jones
- University of Technology Sydney, Faculty of Health, PO Box 123, Broadway, 2007, Australia.
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Jin HK, Choi JH, Kang JE, Rhie SJ. The effect of communication skills training on patient-pharmacist communication in pharmacy education: a meta-analysis. ADVANCES IN HEALTH SCIENCES EDUCATION : THEORY AND PRACTICE 2018; 23:633-652. [PMID: 28918571 DOI: 10.1007/s10459-017-9791-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2017] [Accepted: 08/05/2017] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Communication skills in pharmacy education and practice are increasingly regarded as a crucial component. However, thus far, estimating of the overall communication skills training (CST) effects in a variety of outcomes is lacking. The aim of this study was to synthesize the effects of CST in pharmacy education by performing a meta-analysis of CST studies. We searched MEDLINE, EMBASE, ERIC, CINAHL, PsycINFO, Cochrane Library, Web of Science, Communication and Mass Media Complete (CMMC), key journals, and bibliographic databases. The effect sizes (ESs) were extracted and pooled in random effects meta-analyses. We assessed the quality of the study using the Medical Education Research Study Quality Instrument (MERSQI). From 34,737 articles, 9 studies were included in this meta-analysis. The overall effect size for CST was 0.611 (95% CI 0.327-0.895), and it was statistically significant (p = 0.000). We found based on the subgroup analyses that CST has a large effect size when it used stand-alone courses, lecture-lab based courses, video recordings, feedback, training for 2 or more semesters, hours per week ≥5 h and external assessments. For the CST effect, the effect sizes were ranked in order of confidence, knowledge, skills, and attitudes. The result of the meta-regression is that the total number of attendees is significantly negatively correlated with the effect sizes of the CST. The findings of the present meta-analysis provide evidence that CST in pharmacy education may act as an efficient way to improve the communication competency of students, and it may serve as a guide for pharmacy educators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hye Kyung Jin
- College of Pharmacy, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, 03760, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Hee Choi
- Division of Life and Pharmaceutical Sciences Graduate School, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, 03760, Republic of Korea
- Department of Pharmacy, Konkuk University Medical Center, Seoul, 05030, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Eun Kang
- Division of Life and Pharmaceutical Sciences Graduate School, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, 03760, Republic of Korea
- Department of Pharmacy, National Medical Center, Seoul, 04564, Republic of Korea
| | - Sandy Jeong Rhie
- College of Pharmacy, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, 03760, Republic of Korea.
- Division of Life and Pharmaceutical Sciences Graduate School, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, 03760, Republic of Korea.
- Ewha Womans University Mokdong Hospital, Seoul, 07985, Republic of Korea.
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Rieckmann P, Centonze D, Elovaara I, Giovannoni G, Havrdová E, Kesselring J, Kobelt G, Langdon D, Morrow SA, Oreja-Guevara C, Schippling S, Thalheim C, Thompson H, Vermersch P, Aston K, Bauer B, Demory C, Giambastiani MP, Hlavacova J, Nouvet-Gire J, Pepper G, Pontaga M, Rogan E, Rogalski C, van Galen P, Ben-Amor AF. Unmet needs, burden of treatment, and patient engagement in multiple sclerosis: A combined perspective from the MS in the 21st Century Steering Group. Mult Scler Relat Disord 2017; 19:153-160. [PMID: 29241142 DOI: 10.1016/j.msard.2017.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2017] [Accepted: 11/11/2017] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Patient engagement is vital in multiple sclerosis (MS) in order to optimise outcomes for patients, society and healthcare systems. It is essential to involve all stakeholders in potential solutions, working in a multidisciplinary way to ensure that people with MS (PwMS) are included in shared decision-making and disease management. To start this process, a collaborative, open environment between PwMS and healthcare professionals (HCPs) is required so that similarities and disparities in the perception of key areas in patient care and unmet needs can be identified. With this patient-centred approach in mind, in 2016 the MS in the 21st Century Steering Group formed a unique collaboration to include PwMS in the Steering Group to provide a platform for the patient voice. METHODS The MS in the 21st Century initiative set out to foster engagement through a series of open-forum joint workshops. The aims of these workshops were: to identify similarities and disparities in the perception and prioritisation in three key areas (unmet needs, the treatment burden in MS, and factors that impact patient engagement), and to provide practical advice on how the gaps in perception and understanding in these key areas could be bridged. RESULTS Combined practical advice and direction are provided here as eight actions: 1. Improve communication to raise the quality of HCP-patient interaction and optimise the limited time available for consultations. 2. Heighten the awareness of 'hidden' disease symptoms and how these can be managed. 3. Improve the dialogue surrounding the benefit versus risk issues of therapies to help patients become fully informed and active participants in their healthcare decisions. 4. Provide accurate, lucid information in an easily accessible format from reliable sources. 5. Encourage HCPs and multidisciplinary teams to acquire and share new knowledge and information among their teams and with PwMS. 6. Foster greater understanding and awareness of challenges faced by PwMS and HCPs in treating MS. 7. Collaborate to develop local education, communication and patient-engagement initiatives. 8. Motivate PwMS to become advocates for self-management in MS care. CONCLUSION Our study of PwMS and HCPs in the MS in the 21st Century initiative has highlighted eight practical actions. These actions identify how differences and gaps in unmet needs, treatment burden, and patient engagement between PwMS and HCPs can be bridged to improve MS disease management. Of particular interest now are patient-centred educational resources that can be used during time-limited consultations to enhance understanding of disease and improve communication. Actively bridging these gaps in a joint approach enables PwMS to take part in shared decision-making; with improved communication and reliable information, patients can make informed decisions with their HCPs, as part of their own personalised disease management.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Diego Centonze
- Università di Roma Tor Vergata, Rome & IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli, IS, Italy
| | | | - Gavin Giovannoni
- Blizard Institute, Bart's School of Medicine and Dentistry, London, UK
| | - Eva Havrdová
- Dept of Neurology and Center for Clinical Neuroscience, First Medical Faculty, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Birgit Bauer
- European Multiple Sclerosis Platform, Brussels, Belgium
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Emma Rogan
- European Multiple Sclerosis Platform, Brussels, Belgium
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Lujan HL, DiCarlo SE. Fool's gold and chasing unicorns: USMLE Step 1 has no clothes! ADVANCES IN PHYSIOLOGY EDUCATION 2017; 41:244-245. [PMID: 28442475 DOI: 10.1152/advan.00016.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2017] [Revised: 02/15/2017] [Accepted: 02/27/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Heidi L Lujan
- Department of Physiology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan
| | - Stephen E DiCarlo
- Department of Physiology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan
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Mehta KH, Shah VS, Patel KD. Developing competency in post-graduate students of anaesthesiology for taking informed consent for elective caesarean section. Indian J Anaesth 2017; 61:163-166. [PMID: 28250486 PMCID: PMC5330074 DOI: 10.4103/ija.ija_271_16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Aims: Post-graduate medical students (residents) generally lack effective communication skills required to obtain informed consent. The aim of this study was to assess role play and group discussion as teaching/learning tools for improving residents' knowledge on informed consent and competency in communicating while taking informed consent. Methods: This prospective, observational study was conducted on 30 anaesthesia residents. They were first observed while obtaining informed consent and their basic knowledge regarding communication skills was checked with a pre-test questionnaire. Then, lecture and group discussion were carried out to increase the knowledge base, and their knowledge gain was checked by the same questionnaire as a post-test. Communication skills were demonstrated by role play and residents were assessed by direct unobtrusive observation using a checklist. Feedback regarding effectiveness of programme was taken from students. Statistical analyses were done using Microsoft Office Excel and SPSS software. Results: Percentage gain was 122.37% for knowledge domain. For communication skills, mean ± standard deviation for checklist was 8.93 ± 1.43 before role play and it improved to 17.96 ± 1.29 after role play. Regarding effectiveness of role play as a teaching/learning tool, 76.66% of residents said they strongly agreed and 23.33% of residents said they agreed. Likert scale for evaluation of programme was graded 4 or 5 by all residents. Conclusion: The knowledge and communication skills required for obtaining informed consent was improved significantly after role playing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamla Harshad Mehta
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Smt. NHL Medical College, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India
| | - Vandana Saurin Shah
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Smt. NHL Medical College, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India
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Kollhoff M, Owings CS, Cathcart-Rake W. Preparing Medical Students for the Medical Interview. Kans J Med 2017; 10:22-24. [PMID: 29472962 PMCID: PMC5733408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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Saldert C, Forsgren E, Hartelius L. Teaching medical students about communication in speech-language disorders: Effects of a lecture and a workshop. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SPEECH-LANGUAGE PATHOLOGY 2016; 18:571-579. [PMID: 27063685 DOI: 10.3109/17549507.2016.1143975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study aims to explore the effects of an interactive workshop involving speech-language pathology students on medical students' knowledge about communication in relation to speech-language disorders. METHOD Fifty-nine medical students received a lecture about speech-language disorders. Twenty-six of them also participated in a workshop on communication with patients with speech-language disorders. All students completed a 12-item questionnaire exploring knowledge and attitudes towards communication before and after the lecture or the workshop. The results from the two groups' self-ratings of confidence in knowledge were compared with expert-ratings of their ability to choose suitable communicative strategies. RESULT Both the lecture and the workshop increased the students' confidence in knowledge about speech-language disorders and how to support communication. Only the workshop group also displayed a statistically significant increase in expert-rated ability and changed their attitude regarding responsibility for the communication in cases of speech-language disorders. There were no statistically significant correlations between the student's own confidence ratings and the experts' ratings of ability. CONCLUSION Increased confidence in knowledge from learning is not always reflected in actual knowledge in how to communicate. However, an interactive workshop proved to increase medical students' expert-rated ability and attitudes related to communication in cases of speech-language disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotta Saldert
- a Unit of Speech and Language Pathology, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology , University of Gothenburg , Gothenburg , Sweden and
- b University of Gothenburg Centre for Person-Centred Care (GPCC) , Gothenburg , Sweden
| | - Emma Forsgren
- a Unit of Speech and Language Pathology, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology , University of Gothenburg , Gothenburg , Sweden and
- b University of Gothenburg Centre for Person-Centred Care (GPCC) , Gothenburg , Sweden
| | - Lena Hartelius
- a Unit of Speech and Language Pathology, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology , University of Gothenburg , Gothenburg , Sweden and
- b University of Gothenburg Centre for Person-Centred Care (GPCC) , Gothenburg , Sweden
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Taveira-Gomes I, Mota-Cardoso R, Figueiredo-Braga M. Communication skills in medical students - An exploratory study before and after clerkships. Porto Biomed J 2016; 1:173-180. [PMID: 32258571 PMCID: PMC6806961 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbj.2016.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2016] [Accepted: 08/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Effective communication is the cornerstone of a fruitful patient-physician relationship. Teaching clinical communication has become a pivotal goal in medical education. However, approaches measuring the maintenance of learned skills are needed since a decline in some communication skills during medical school has been reported. OBJECTIVE Explore medical students' communication skills in a simulated clinical encounter before and after clerkships. METHODS Two-hundred-fifty-five undergraduate students attending the second year of medical course, at the Faculty of Medicine of University of Porto, completed a 1.5-h per week course over 4 months on basic communication skills. The students' final evaluation consisted in an interview with a simulated patient, assessed by a teacher using a standardized framework. Three years later, while attending clerkships, 68 students from the same population completed a re-evaluation interview following the same procedure. RESULTS Medical students maintained a communication skill mean level similar to that of the original post-training evaluation, but significant differences in specific communication abilities were detected in this group of students. Empathic attitudes and ability to collect information improved whereas interview structure and non-verbal behavior showed a decline during clerkships expressing a balance between the competencies that improved, those that declined, and those that remained unchanged. CONCLUSION Present findings emphasize the importance of patient contact, context and clinical role models on the maintenance of learned skills, underscoring the importance of an integrated approach of clinical communication teaching throughout medical school.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Taveira-Gomes
- Medical Psychology Unit, Department of Clinical Neurosciences and Mental Health, Faculty of Medicine of University of Porto, Portugal
- Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Resident at Centro Hospitalar do Porto, Portugal
| | - Rui Mota-Cardoso
- Medical Psychology Unit, Department of Clinical Neurosciences and Mental Health, Faculty of Medicine of University of Porto, Portugal
| | - Margarida Figueiredo-Braga
- Medical Psychology Unit, Department of Clinical Neurosciences and Mental Health, Faculty of Medicine of University of Porto, Portugal
- I3S Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, University of Porto, Portugal
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Huang YC, Lin SH. An inventory for assessing interpersonal communication competence of college students. BRITISH JOURNAL OF GUIDANCE & COUNSELLING 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/03069885.2016.1237614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yun-Chen Huang
- Department & Graduate School of Accounting Information, National Taichung University of Science and Technology, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Shu-Hui Lin
- Department of Insurance and Finance, National Taichung University of Science and Technology, Taichung, Taiwan
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Carney PA, Palmer RT, Fuqua Miller M, Thayer EK, Estroff SE, Litzelman DK, Biagioli FE, Teal CR, Lambros A, Hatt WJ, Satterfield JM. Tools to Assess Behavioral and Social Science Competencies in Medical Education: A Systematic Review. ACADEMIC MEDICINE : JOURNAL OF THE ASSOCIATION OF AMERICAN MEDICAL COLLEGES 2016; 91:730-42. [PMID: 26796091 PMCID: PMC4846480 DOI: 10.1097/acm.0000000000001090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Behavioral and social science (BSS) competencies are needed to provide quality health care, but psychometrically validated measures to assess these competencies are difficult to find. Moreover, they have not been mapped to existing frameworks, like those from the Liaison Committee on Medical Education (LCME) and Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education (ACGME). This systematic review aimed to identify and evaluate the quality of assessment tools used to measure BSS competencies. METHOD The authors searched the literature published between January 2002 and March 2014 for articles reporting psychometric or other validity/reliability testing, using OVID, CINAHL, PubMed, ERIC, Research and Development Resource Base, SOCIOFILE, and PsycINFO. They reviewed 5,104 potentially relevant titles and abstracts. To guide their review, they mapped BSS competencies to existing LCME and ACGME frameworks. The final included articles fell into three categories: instrument development, which were of the highest quality; educational research, which were of the second highest quality; and curriculum evaluation, which were of lower quality. RESULTS Of the 114 included articles, 33 (29%) yielded strong evidence supporting tools to assess communication skills, cultural competence, empathy/compassion, behavioral health counseling, professionalism, and teamwork. Sixty-two (54%) articles yielded moderate evidence and 19 (17%) weak evidence. Articles mapped to all LCME standards and ACGME core competencies; the most common was communication skills. CONCLUSIONS These findings serve as a valuable resource for medical educators and researchers. More rigorous measurement validation and testing and more robust study designs are needed to understand how educational strategies contribute to BSS competency development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia A Carney
- P.A. Carney is professor of family medicine and of public health and preventive medicine, Oregon Health & Science University School of Medicine, Portland, Oregon. R.T. Palmer is assistant professor of family medicine, Oregon Health & Science University School of Medicine, Portland, Oregon. M.F. Miller is senior research assistant, Department of Family Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University School of Medicine, Portland, Oregon. E.K. Thayer is research assistant, Department of Family Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University School of Medicine, Portland, Oregon. S.E. Estroff is professor, Department of Social Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina. D.K. Litzelman is D. Craig Brater Professor of Medicine and senior director for research in health professions education and practice, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana. F.E. Biagioli is professor of family medicine, Oregon Health & Science University School of Medicine, Portland, Oregon. C.R. Teal is assistant professor, Department of Medicine, and director, Educational Evaluation and Research, Office of Undergraduate Medical Education, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas. A. Lambros is active emeritus associate professor, Social Sciences & Health Policy, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina. W.J. Hatt is programmer analyst, Department of Family Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University School of Medicine, Portland, Oregon. J.M. Satterfield is professor of clinical medicine, University of California, San Francisco, School of Medicine, San Francisco, California
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Cömert M, Zill JM, Christalle E, Dirmaier J, Härter M, Scholl I. Assessing Communication Skills of Medical Students in Objective Structured Clinical Examinations (OSCE)--A Systematic Review of Rating Scales. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0152717. [PMID: 27031506 PMCID: PMC4816391 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0152717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2015] [Accepted: 03/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Teaching and assessment of communication skills have become essential in medical education. The Objective Structured Clinical Examination (OSCE) has been found as an appropriate means to assess communication skills within medical education. Studies have demonstrated the importance of a valid assessment of medical students’ communication skills. Yet, the validity of the performance scores depends fundamentally on the quality of the rating scales used in an OSCE. Thus, this systematic review aimed at providing an overview of existing rating scales, describing their underlying definition of communication skills, determining the methodological quality of psychometric studies and the quality of psychometric properties of the identified rating scales. Methods We conducted a systematic review to identify psychometrically tested rating scales, which have been applied in OSCE settings to assess communication skills of medical students. Our search strategy comprised three databases (EMBASE, PsycINFO, and PubMed), reference tracking and consultation of experts. We included studies that reported psychometric properties of communication skills assessment rating scales used in OSCEs by examiners only. The methodological quality of included studies was assessed using the COnsensus based Standards for the selection of health status Measurement INstruments (COSMIN) checklist. The quality of psychometric properties was evaluated using the quality criteria of Terwee and colleagues. Results Data of twelve studies reporting on eight rating scales on communication skills assessment in OSCEs were included. Five of eight rating scales were explicitly developed based on a specific definition of communication skills. The methodological quality of studies was mainly poor. The psychometric quality of the eight rating scales was mainly intermediate. Discussion Our results reveal that future psychometric evaluation studies focusing on improving the methodological quality are needed in order to yield psychometrically sound results of the OSCEs assessing communication skills. This is especially important given that most OSCE rating scales are used for summative assessment, and thus have an impact on medical students’ academic success.
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Affiliation(s)
- Musa Cömert
- Department of Medical Psychology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Jördis Maria Zill
- Department of Medical Psychology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Eva Christalle
- Department of Medical Psychology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Jörg Dirmaier
- Department of Medical Psychology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Martin Härter
- Department of Medical Psychology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Isabelle Scholl
- Department of Medical Psychology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
- * E-mail:
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Choudhary A, Gupta V. Teaching communications skills to medical students: Introducing the fine art of medical practice. Int J Appl Basic Med Res 2015; 5:S41-4. [PMID: 26380210 PMCID: PMC4552065 DOI: 10.4103/2229-516x.162273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2015] [Accepted: 07/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Like many other people based professions, communications skills are essential to medical practice also. Traditional medical teaching in India does not address communication skills which are most essential in dealing with patients. Communication skills can be taught to medical students to increase clinical competence. OBJECTIVE To teach basic communication and counseling skills to fourth-year undergraduate students to increase their clinical competence. METHODOLOGY A total of 48, fourth-year MBBS students participated in the study. They were given training in basic communication and counseling skills and taught the patient interview technique according to Calgary-Cambridge guide format. Improvement in communication was assessed by change in pre- and post-training multiple choice questions, clinical patient examination, and Standardized Patient Satisfaction Questionnaire (SPSQ) scores. RESULTS AND ANALYSIS About 88% of the students in the sample were convinced of the importance of learning communication skills for effective practice. Almost 90% students were communicating better after training, as tested by improved SPSQ. As judged by Communication Skill Attitude Scale, student's positive attitude toward learning communication skill indicated that there is a necessity of communication skill training during undergraduate years. CONCLUSION The ability to communicate effectively is a core competency for medical practitioners. Inculcating habits of good communications skill during formative years will help the medical students and future practitioners. Regular courses on effective communication should be included in the medical school curriculum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anjali Choudhary
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shri Guru Ram Rai Institute of Medical and Health Sciences, Dehradun, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Vineeta Gupta
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shri Guru Ram Rai Institute of Medical and Health Sciences, Dehradun, Uttarakhand, India
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McDermott MP, Tischler VA, Cobb MA, Robbé IJ, Dean RS. Veterinarian-Client Communication Skills: Current State, Relevance, and Opportunities for Improvement. JOURNAL OF VETERINARY MEDICAL EDUCATION 2015; 42:305-314. [PMID: 26315212 DOI: 10.3138/jvme.0115-006r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Communication is increasingly recognized as a core skill for veterinary practitioners, and in recent years, attention to communication competency and skills training has increased. To gain an up-to-date assessment of the current state of veterinary communication skills and training, we conducted a survey among veterinary practitioners in the United Kingdom and United States in 2012/2013. The questionnaire was used to assess the current state, relevance, and adequacy of veterinary communication skills among veterinary practitioners, to assess interest in further training, and to understand perceived challenges in communicating with clients. There was an overall response rate of 29.6% (1,774 of 6,000 recipients), with a higher response rate for UK-based practitioners (39.7%) than practitioners in the US (19.5%). Ninety-eight percent of respondents agreed that communication skills were as important as or more important than clinical knowledge. Forty-one percent of respondents had received formal veterinary communication skills training during veterinary school, and 47% had received training post-graduation. Thirty-five percent said their veterinary communication skills training during veterinary school prepared them well or very well for communicating with clients about the health of their pets, compared to 61% of those receiving post-graduate training. Forty percent said they would be interested in further veterinary communication skills training, with the preferred methods being simulated consultations and online training. While there has been increased emphasis on communication skills training during and after veterinary school, there is a need for more relevant and accessible training.
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Rieckmann P, Boyko A, Centonze D, Elovaara I, Giovannoni G, Havrdová E, Hommes O, Kesselring J, Kobelt G, Langdon D, LeLorier J, Morrow SA, Oreja-Guevara C, Schippling S, Thalheim C, Thompson H, Vermersch P. Achieving patient engagement in multiple sclerosis: A perspective from the multiple sclerosis in the 21st Century Steering Group. Mult Scler Relat Disord 2015; 4:202-18. [DOI: 10.1016/j.msard.2015.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2014] [Revised: 01/30/2015] [Accepted: 02/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Bourquin C, Stiefel F, Mast MS, Bonvin R, Berney A. Well, you have hepatic metastases: Use of technical language by medical students in simulated patient interviews. PATIENT EDUCATION AND COUNSELING 2015; 98:323-30. [PMID: 25535013 DOI: 10.1016/j.pec.2014.11.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2014] [Revised: 10/21/2014] [Accepted: 11/13/2014] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This research explored medical students' use and perception of technical language in a practical training setting to enhance skills in breaking bad news in oncology. METHODS Terms potentially confusing to laypeople were selected from 108 videotaped interviews conducted in an undergraduate Communication Skills Training. A subset of these terms was included in a questionnaire completed by students (N=111) with the aim of gaining insight into their perceptions of different speech registers and of patient understanding. Excerpts of interviews were analyzed qualitatively to investigate students' communication strategies with respect to these technical terms. RESULTS Fewer than half of the terms were clarified. Students checked for simulated patients' understanding of the terms palliative and metastasis/to metastasize in 22-23% of the interviews. The term ambulatory was spontaneously explained in 75% of the interviews, hepatic and metastasis/to metastasize in 22-24%. Most provided explanations were in plain language; metastasis/to metastasize and ganglion/ganglionic were among terms most frequently explained in technical language. CONCLUSION A significant number of terms potentially unfamiliar and confusing to patients remained unclarified in training interviews conducted by senior medical students, even when they perceived the terms as technical. PRACTICE IMPLICATIONS This exploration may offer important insights for improving future physicians' skills.
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Affiliation(s)
- Céline Bourquin
- Psychiatric Liaison Service, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | - Friedrich Stiefel
- Psychiatric Liaison Service, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | | | - Raphael Bonvin
- Medical Education Unit, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, Lausanne University, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Alexandre Berney
- Psychiatric Liaison Service, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland
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Ferreira Padilla G, Ferrández Antón T, Baleriola Júlvez J, Almeida Cabrera R. [Communication skills in the curriculum of Medical students from Spain (1990-2014): From the Primary Health Care to the Bologna Plan. A descriptive study]. Aten Primaria 2014; 47:399-410. [PMID: 25435473 PMCID: PMC6983702 DOI: 10.1016/j.aprim.2014.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2014] [Revised: 09/09/2014] [Accepted: 09/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Objetivos Analizar el estado actual de la docencia en habilidades de comunicación en las facultades de Medicina (FM) españolas y el grado de implementación de las recomendaciones de la Agencia Nacional de Evaluación de la Calidad y Acreditación. Diseño Estudio descriptivo-comparativo, transversal, cuantitativo-cualitativo. Emplazamiento Ámbito docente-universitario. Participantes Toda la población de FM españolas. Criterios de inclusión: 1) impartir durante el curso 2013-2014 el Grado en Medicina homologado por la Agencia Nacional de Evaluación de la Calidad y Acreditación, y 2) ofrecer información de los planes de estudio y guías docentes (vía online, telefónica o e-mail). Variables 1) Existencia de asignaturas sobre habilidades de comunicación; 2) tipo de docencia; 3) formato de asignatura; 4) créditos; 5) duración, y 6) curso. Fueron analizadas con parámetros descriptivos y el coeficiente de Cohen (d). Resultados Cuarenta y dos FM: 10 privadas y 32 públicas. Treinta FM (71,43%) presentaron al menos una materia sobre habilidades de comunicación. El 78,12% de las FM públicas albergó esta enseñanza en el contexto de una asignatura, frente al 50,00% de las privadas. La media de créditos nacional por FM fue de 2,77 (σ = 2,41), inferior a los 5,0 créditos recomendados por la Agencia Nacional de Evaluación de la Calidad y Acreditación (diferencia relevante: d = 1,63 >> 0,8). El 63,63% albergó esta docencia durante el primer ciclo (moda: segundo curso). Conclusiones La carga en créditos destinada a esta competencia ha aumentado considerablemente desde 1990 hasta 2014 (d = 1,43 >> 0,8). Sin embargo, aún no se han integrado plenamente las recomendaciones al respecto en la mayoría de FM españolas. Las universidades públicas parecen estar más concienciadas con este tipo de enseñanza. Asimismo, sería interesante reforzar esta competencia en el sexto curso.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillermo Ferreira Padilla
- Grupo de Investigación ComunVista, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Católica de Valencia, Valencia, España (www.laboratoriodecomunicacion.wordpress.com).
| | - Teresa Ferrández Antón
- Grupo de Investigación ComunVista, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Católica de Valencia, Valencia, España (www.laboratoriodecomunicacion.wordpress.com)
| | - José Baleriola Júlvez
- Grupo de Investigación ComunVista, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Católica de Valencia, Valencia, España (www.laboratoriodecomunicacion.wordpress.com); Zona Básica n.° 8, EAP de La Vall d'Uixó n.° 1, Castellón, España
| | - Rut Almeida Cabrera
- Grupo de Investigación ComunVista, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Católica de Valencia, Valencia, España (www.laboratoriodecomunicacion.wordpress.com); Departamento de Análisis Matemático, Facultad de Matemáticas, Universidad de La Laguna, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, España
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Luttenberger K, Graessel E, Simon C, Donath C. From board to bedside - training the communication competences of medical students with role plays. BMC MEDICAL EDUCATION 2014; 14:135. [PMID: 24996804 PMCID: PMC4096752 DOI: 10.1186/1472-6920-14-135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2014] [Accepted: 06/30/2014] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Role plays and standardized patients are often used in medical education and have proven to be effective tools for enhancing the communication skills of medical students. Most course concepts need additional time and teaching staff, and there are only a few studies about role plays in the preclinical segment. METHODS We developed a highly consolidated concept for the curricular course of 2nd-year medical students, including ten role plays about five subjects: anamnesis, shared decision making, prevention, breaking bad news, and so-called "difficult interactions". Before the course, all students were asked about their expectations and attitudes toward the course. After the course, all students rated the course, their individual learning progress, whether their expectations had been fulfilled, and re-evaluated their attitudes. Questionnaires were self-report measures and had a quantitative and a short qualitative section and were analyzed with descriptive statistics. Group differences (sex, age, role played) were evaluated with t tests at a Bonferonni-corrected significance level of p = .03 and the non-parametric U-tests. RESULTS Implementing this practical course concept is possible without incurring additional costs. This paper not only shows how that can be done but also provides 5 examples of role scripts for different training subjects. The course concept was highly appreciated by the students. More than 75% felt that they had learned important communication techniques and would be better able to handle difficult situations. Playing the doctor's role was felt to be more useful than playing the patient's role. Women admitted a higher degree of shyness in the beginning and gave higher ratings to their learning progress than men. Students' most frequent wish in the qualitative analysis was to be able to play the doctor's role at least once. The students' answers showed a differentiated pattern, thus suggesting that the influence of social desirability was minimal. CONCLUSIONS Practical skills can be taught successfully in the preclinical stage of medical education even without an increase in resources. The course concept described in this article provides an effective means by which to do so.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Luttenberger
- Division of Medical Psychology and Medical Sociology, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Friedrich-Alexander-Universitaet Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Elmar Graessel
- Division of Medical Psychology and Medical Sociology, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Friedrich-Alexander-Universitaet Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Cosima Simon
- Division of Medical Psychology and Medical Sociology, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Friedrich-Alexander-Universitaet Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Carolin Donath
- Division of Medical Psychology and Medical Sociology, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Friedrich-Alexander-Universitaet Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
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Shirazi M, Labaf A, Monjazebi F, Jalili M, Mirzazadeh M, Ponzer S, Masiello I. Assessing medical students' communication skills by the use of standardized patients: emphasizing standardized patients' quality assurance. ACADEMIC PSYCHIATRY : THE JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN ASSOCIATION OF DIRECTORS OF PSYCHIATRIC RESIDENCY TRAINING AND THE ASSOCIATION FOR ACADEMIC PSYCHIATRY 2014; 38:354-60. [PMID: 24777713 DOI: 10.1007/s40596-014-0066-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2013] [Accepted: 02/17/2014] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The objective structured examination is one of the most valid, reliable, and effective tools for assessing clinical and communication skills, often by use of standard patients (SPs). SPs can also be assessors of those skills. One of the crucial areas when utilizing SP-based assessment is the quality and consistency assurance of their portrayal of the case and their ability to fill in checklists in an adequate way. The aim of this study was to assess the validity and reliability of SPs' ability to assess students' communication skill via a Calgary-Cambridge checklist. METHOD This cross-sectional and correlational study was conducted at the Tehran University of Medical Science. We first analyzed validity; the criterion validity of the SPs' filling in the checklists was assessed through determining the correlation between the SPs' completed checklists and the checklists filled in by three physician raters individually and then reproducibility: it was assessed by a test-retest approach inter-rater reliability. RESULT The mean correlation for assessing the validity of SPs' completed checklists by individual SPs was 0.81. The inter-rater reliability was calculated by kappa coefficient, and the total correlation among the three raters was 0.85. The reliability of the test-retest approach showed no significant differences between the test and re-test results. CONCLUSION The increased number of medical students and different faculties' responsibilities such as doing educational, research, and health services duties assessing medical student communication skills is a complex issue. The results of our study showed that trained SPs can be used as a valid tool to assess medical students' communication skills, which is also more cost effective and reduces work load of medical faculties.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Shirazi
- Tehran University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran
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Scholl I, Nicolai J, Pahlke S, Kriston L, Krupat E, Härter M. The German version of the Four Habits Coding Scheme - association between physicians' communication and shared decision making skills in the medical encounter. PATIENT EDUCATION AND COUNSELING 2014; 94:224-229. [PMID: 24286733 DOI: 10.1016/j.pec.2013.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2013] [Revised: 10/10/2013] [Accepted: 10/21/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To translate a measure of physicians' communication skills, the Four Habits Coding Scheme (4HCS), into German, to examine its psychometric properties, and to analyze its association with the OPTION Scale, which assesses physicians' shared decision making (SDM) behavior. METHODS We performed a secondary data analysis of 67 audio-recorded medical consultations. Reliability, internal consistency, and factorial validity of the translated 4HCS were analyzed. The association with the OPTION Scale was examined using correlation and linear regression. RESULTS Testing of reliability revealed intraclass correlation coefficients above .70. Results regarding internal consistency and factorial validity were inconclusive. The correlations between the OPTION score and the four dimensions of the 4HCS were .04 (p=.782), -.14 (p=.303), -.15 (p=.279) and .55 (p<.001), respectively. In multiple regression the four dimensions of the 4HCS explained substantial amount of variation in the OPTION scores (R(2)=.42, P<.001). CONCLUSION The measure showed good observer reliability, however further testing is necessary. Due to the strong interrelation of both measures, SDM should be seen in the context of broader communication skills. PRACTICE IMPLICATIONS The 4HCS can be used in research and medical education. Further studies are necessary that investigate SDM within the context of communication skills.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabelle Scholl
- Department of Medical Psychology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.
| | - Jennifer Nicolai
- Department of General Internal Medicine and Psychosomatics, Center for Psychosocial Medicine, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Stephanie Pahlke
- Department of Medical Psychology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Levente Kriston
- Department of Medical Psychology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Edward Krupat
- Center for Evaluation, Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA
| | - Martin Härter
- Department of Medical Psychology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
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Horowitz R, Gramling R, Quill T. Palliative care education in U.S. medical schools. MEDICAL EDUCATION 2014; 48:59-66. [PMID: 24330118 DOI: 10.1111/medu.12292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2013] [Revised: 03/21/2013] [Accepted: 06/04/2013] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Medical educators in the U.S.A. perceive the teaching of palliative care competencies as important, medical students experience it as valuable and effective, and demographic and societal forces fuel its necessity. Although it is encouraged by the Association of American Medical Colleges, the only palliative care-related mandate in U.S. medical schools is the Liaison Committee on Medical Education directive that end-of-life (EoL) care be included in medical school curricula, reinforcing the problematic conflation of EoL and palliative care. FINDINGS A review of US medical school surveys about the teaching of palliative and EoL care reveals varied and uneven approaches, ranging from 2 hours in the classroom on EoL to weeks of palliative care training or hospice-based clinical rotations. IMPLICATIONS Palliative care competencies are too complex and universally important to be relegated to a minimum of classroom time, random clinical exposures, and the hidden curriculum. RECOMMENDATIONS Given the reality of overstrained medical school curricula, developmentally appropriate, basic palliative care competencies should be defined and integrated into each year of the medical school curriculum, taking care to circumvent the twin threats of curricular overload and educational abandonment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Horowitz
- Department of Medicine/Palliative Care, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, USA
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Partschefeld E, Strauß B, Geyer M, Philipp S. Simulationspatienten in der Psychotherapieausbildung. PSYCHOTHERAPEUT 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s00278-013-1002-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Wu C, McLaughlin K. Bridging the gender gap in communication skills. ADVANCES IN HEALTH SCIENCES EDUCATION : THEORY AND PRACTICE 2013; 18:129-131. [PMID: 23108689 DOI: 10.1007/s10459-012-9420-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2012] [Accepted: 10/12/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Caren Wu
- Department of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
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